Transformers

UNIT-3 TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers electrical power or
energy from one circuit to another circuit at constant frequency.
CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Magnetic core:
• Made of high graded silicon steel. CRGO Steel
• thin sheets (called laminations) to reduce losses.
• The laminations are insulated from each other by enamel insulation coating.
• The core of the transformer mainly serves two purposes as,
1. It provides support to the windings.
2.It provides a low reluctance path to the magnetic flux.
Windings: Inductive coils- made of copper

• Primary winding – input AC Supply
• Secondary winding- output voltage to Load
WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
Principle: Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction between two
coils which are magnetic coupled.
• When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, an alternating flux ϕm which is
called as the mutual flux is produced in the core.
• This alternating flux links both the windings magnetically and induces EMFs E1 in the
primary winding and E2 in the secondary winding
• If 𝑁1 > 𝑁2, then 𝐸1 > 𝐸2 ----→ step-down transformer.
• If 𝑁2 > 𝑁1, then 𝐸2 > 𝐸1 ---→ step-up transformer.
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
• It is an imaginary transformer
• windings have negligible (or zero) resistance.
• No leakage flux, i.e., whole of the flux is confined to the magnetic circuit.
• There are no losses due winding resistances, hysteresis and eddy currents.
Hence, the efficiency is 100 %.
• Input power = output power
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
• The windings have finite resistance.
• There is a leakage flux
• There are losses due to winding resistances, hysteresis and eddy currents.
• The efficiency is less than 100 %.
LOSSES IN THE TRANSFORMER
IRON LOSSES
Iron Losses also called core loss.
• Due to alternating flux in the core------→Occurs in the core of transformer
• Iron losses do not depend on change in load
• Constant at all the loads hence called as Constant Losses
• Two types namely hysteresis and eddy current loss.
Hysteresis Loss---→ due to magnetization and de magnetization of the core
(Magnetic field reversal for every half cycle)
•KȠ is a proportionality
•f is the supply frequency,
•Bmax is the maximum or peak value of the flux density.
Minimization: core is designed by using silicon steel material
EDDY CURRENT LOSS
➢ Due to circulating currents in the core within the body of conducting material
•Ke – coefficient of eddy current.

•Bm – maximum value of flux density in wb/m2
•T – thickness of lamination in meters
•F – frequency of reversal of the magnetic field in Hz
•V – the volume of magnetic material in m3
Minimization: by making the core with thin laminations.

COPPER LOSS OR OHMIC LOSS
• Occurs in primary and secondary windings
• Due to ohmic resistance of the windings
• primary Cu Losses= I12R1 Secondary Cu Losses= I22R2
• the total copper losses will be
• copper losses changes with changes in the load

• When load changes, I2 also changes---------→cu losses also changes
• also called as variable losses
• Total Losses = Constant Losses + Variable Losses
= Iron Loss+ Copper Losses
Iron Loss=Pi
Copper Loss= Pc for x fraction of the load, Then Cu Loss is x2 Pc
x =1/4 25% of full load

x =1 100% of full load
Total Losses= Pi+ x2 Pc

EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER
Output=
OC TEST AND SC TESTS ON 1-PH TRANSFORMER
OC TEST OR NO LOAD TEST
• Conducted to determine the no-load current and Iron losses.
• This test is performed on the LV of the transformer.
• HV Secondary winding is open circuited.
• The Apparatus required are
1. Single Phase Transformer:1-No
2. 1-Phase Variac Variac :1-No
3. Ammeter :1-No
4. Voltmeter :1-No
5. LPF Wattmeter :1-No all are connected to their primary winding.
• The nominal rated voltage is supplied to their primary winding with the help
of the ac source.
Procedure for Open Circuit Test
• Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
• Keep the autotransformer at its minimum output voltage position.
• Switch on the power supply and adjust the autotransformer to get the rated
supply voltage.
• Now note down the current and power shown by the ammeter and wattmeter
respectively.
• Let these are Io and Wo.
• The wattmeter reads the no load input power
• Wo = Pi = Iron losses
SC TEST (SHORT CIRCUIT TEST)
• The test is conducted on the high-voltage (HV) side of the transformer
• the low-voltage (LV) side (or the secondary) is short-circuited.
• To determine
1. Copper losses at full load as well as any load.
2. equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer
3.Voltage regulation at any load and power factor
• The Apparatus required are
1. Single Phase Transformer:1-No
2. 1-Phase Variac Variac :1-No
3. Ammeter :1-No
4. Voltmeter :1-No
5. UPF Wattmeter :1-No all are connected to their primary winding
• The wattmeter Wsc shows full load copper losses of the transformer.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Procedure for Short Circuit Test of Transformer
• Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
• Keep the auto transformer output at its minimum voltage position
• Switch on the AC supply.
• Increase the applied voltage very slowly, and adjust it to get the current equal
to the rated value of the winding.
• Note down the wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter readings.
• Let these are Wsc, Vsc and Isc
• The reading (Wsc) shown by the

wattmeter is almost entirely corresponding to full load cu loss
• We know that Wsc = VscIsccos φsc
or cos φsc = Wsc / (VscIsc)
The wattmeter reading Wsc indicates the full load copper loss.
Therefore, Wsc = Copper loss = I2scR01
or R01 = Wsc / I2sc
Where R01 is the total equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to the
primary.
Similarly Z01 = Vsc / Isc = (R201 + X201)1/2
or X01 = (Z201 – R201)1/2
Where X01 is the total equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to primary
REGULATION OF TRANSFORMER
• Definition: the change in secondary terminal voltage (V2) from no-load to full load
at constant primary voltage and temperature.
• When the transformer is loaded with continuous supply voltage, the terminal
voltage of the transformer varies.
• The variation of voltage depends on the load and its power factor.
• If E2 – secondary terminal voltage at no load
V2 – secondary terminal voltage at full load
Mathematically,

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UNIT-3 TRANSFORMERS

Windings: Inductive coils- made of copper

•Ke – coefficient of eddy current.

Minimization: by making the core with thin laminations.

• the total copper losses will be

• copper losses changes with changes in the load

x =1/4 25% of full load

Total Losses= Pi+ x2 Pc

• The reading (Wsc) shown by the

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