Microbiology 2

MICROBIOLOGY 2
HOW DOES BACTERIA REPRODUCE?
Bacteria reproduces by binary fission. In this process, the bacterium, which is a single
cell divides in to two identical daughter cells.
Binary fission begins when the DNA of the bacterium divides in to two (replica).
Replication of DNA starts at a location called the origin of replication, where the
chromosome is attached to the inner cell membrane.
Replication continues opposite directions along the chromosome until the terminus is
reached
The bacterial cell elongates and increases its cellular components
The center of the enlarged cell constricts until two daughter cells are formed, each
offspring receiving a complete copy of the genome and division of cytoplasm occurs
(cytokinesis)
The process of cytokiness and cell division is directed by a protein called FtsZ. FtsZ
assembles in to a Z ring on the cytoplasmic membrane
The Z ring is anchored by the binding protein and defines the division plane between
the two daughter cells
Additional proteins required for cell division are added to the Z ring to form a structure
called the Divisome which activates the production of peptidoglycan cell wall and
builds a septum that divides the two daughter cells.
Generation time
This is time it takes for the population to double through one round of Binary fission
BACTERIA GROWTH CURVE
In a closed system or batch culture (no food added, no wastes removed) bacteria will
grow in a predictable pattern, resulting in a growth curve composed of four distinct
phases of growth:
A. lag phase
B. Exponential or log phase
C. Stationary phase
D. Death or decline phase.
LAG PHASE
It is an adaptive period in microbial cells. The bacteria are adjusting to their new
environment. Cell may grow in size but not usually in number. If organisms have been
transferred from an identical medium, at the same temperature, the lag phase may be
very short. However, damaged cells will have a long lag period, since they must repair
themselves before they can engage in reproduction.
Cells in the lag period are synthesizing RNA, enzymes, and essential metabolites that
might be missing from their new environment (such as growth factors or
macromolecules), as well as adjusting to environmental changes such as changes in
temperature, pH, or oxygen availability. They can also be undertaking any necessary
repair of injured cells.
EXPONENTIAL/LOG PHASE
Growth is marked by predictable doubling of the population, one cell yielding 2,4,8
cells. Conditions are optimal for cell rapid growth, (the slope of the graph is steeper)
The number of new bacteria appearing per unit time is proportional to the present
population.
If growth is not limited, doubling will continue at a constant rate so both the number of
cells and the rate of population increase doubles with each consecutive time period.
For this type of exponential growth, plotting the natural logarithm of cell number
against time produces a straight line.
STATIONARY PHASE
The stationary phase is often due to a growth- limiting factor such as the depletion of an
essential nutrient, and/or the formation of an inhibitory product such as an organic
acid. Stationary phase results from a situation in which growth rate and death rate are
equal. The number of new cells created is limited by the growth factor and as a result
the rate of cell growth matches the rate of cell death. Resulting in the flattening of the
growth curve.
DEATH PHASE
At death phase (decline phase), bacteria die. This could be caused by lack of nutrients,
environmental temperature above or below the tolerance band for the species, or other
injurious condition. The steepness of the slope corresponds to how fast cells are losing
viability.
GROWTH CONDITIONS OF MICROBES
Moisture – Bacteria need moisture in order to grow. This is why they grow on foods
with high moisture content such as chicken. Foods that are dehydrated or freeze-dried
can be stored for much longer as the moisture has been removed.
Food – Food provides energy and nutrients for bacteria to grow. High risk
foods particularly protein foods such as chicken and dairy products are rich in nutrients
and moisture and so promote bacterial growth.
Time – If provided with the optimum conditions for growth, bacteria can multiply to
millions over a small period of time via binary fission. This is when a bacterium divide
in two every 20 minutes.
Suitable pH – Most bacteria reproduce best at a neutral pH level of 7. Acidic foods with
a pH below 7, or alkaline foods with a pH above 7, may stop or slow down the rate of
bacterial growth
Temperature - Is one of the most important environmental factors, controlling the rate
of cell division (multiplication) of microorganisms
We recognize 3 basic temperatures

 minimal temperature
 optimal temperature
 maximal temperature
Cardinal temperatures for microbial growth
Microorganisms belong to groups according to optimal temperature for division and

metabolism
 Psychrophilic bacteria (12-15 °C)

 Psychrotrophic bacteria (25-30 °C)
 Mesophilic bacteria (30-40 °C)
 Thermophilic bacteria (50-70 °C)
Effect of high temperatures
Killing effect of high temperatures (lethal temperature), at which under certain time are
all microorganisms killed (70 °C/10 min) denaturation of proteins, enzyme inactivation,
DNA and cytoplasmatic membrane disruption is dependent on:
Thermo resistance
Degree of microorganisms resistance depends on:
• Physiologic status of bacteria
• Their genetic properties

• Amount of bacteria
• Water content in substrate
• quantity of protective compounds (lipids, proteins, saccharides)
Sterilization
 One-time application of temperature higher than 100 °C

 Sterilization is defined as combination of temperature and time
 Sterilization of food survive certain spores (genus Bacillus and Clostridium)
 Practical (commercial) sterility x absolute sterility

Microbiology 2

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MICROBIOLOGY 2

HOW DOES BACTERIA REPRODUCE?

The bacterial cell elongates and increases its cellular components

BACTERIA GROWTH CURVE

GROWTH CONDITIONS OF MICROBES

We recognize 3 basic temperatures

Cardinal temperatures for microbial growth

Microorganisms belong to groups according to optimal temperature for division and

 Psychrophilic bacteria (12-15 °C)

Effect of high temperatures

• Physiologic status of bacteria

• Their genetic properties

• quantity of protective compounds (lipids, proteins, saccharides)

 One-time application of temperature higher than 100 °C

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