10

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 9:
Chemical Reaction Rates

Department of Education Republic of the Philippines

Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 9: Chemical Reaction Rates
First Edition, 2020

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 Lesson
Chemical Reaction Rates:
1 The Collision Theory

 OVERVIEW
Ever wondered why sugar dissolves faster in your hot coffee than in iced lemonade? Or perhaps,
you wondered why your favorite juice drink mix comes in powdered form and not in a bulk of
soluble cubes? In this lesson, we will learn about collision theory on how it affects how fast or
how slow a chemical reaction proceeds.

 Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe collision theory
2. Explain the requirements for a successful collision for a chemical reaction to
proceed.
3. Discuss the role of activation energy, collisions, and molecular orientation in
collision theory.
 Pre-Assessment
Direction: Write YAY if you think the statement is correct and write NAY if the statement is not
true. Write your answer in your paper.

1. For a chemical reaction to occur, molecules must have contact through collisions
2. All the reacting particles that collide results to the formation of a product.
3. No chemical process can take place without having at least a little energy to get
things started.
4. The higher the activation energy, the faster the reaction.
5. Doubling the concentration of the reactants, the frequency of collisions will also
double.
6. Collision Theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting particles
must be sufficiently far away from each other to disrupt the pre-existing bonds of the
reacting molecules and permit the creation of a new chemical species called the
product.
7. Any chemical reaction results in the breaking of pre-existing chemical bonds (which
requires energy) and the formation of new chemical bonds.
8. For a reaction to initiate between two different molecules, the pre-existing bonds
between the reacting species requires a significant disruption or rearrangement of
bonds.
9. Kinetic energy is the minimum quantity of energy, which the reacting species must
possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

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10. In an exothermic reaction, the reaction product is on a lower energy level than that of
the reactants.
 Prior Knowledge
Your previous lesson on chemical reactions pertain to the formation of a product
from a reactant. You also learned how to balance and classify types of chemical
reactions. Knowing all about chemical reactions, did you not wonder how a certain
reaction proceeds? How fast or how slow it will take on the process? These and some of
your other questions will be answered using this module.

b. PRESENTATION
It is a common scene in action movies when two vehicles speeds in a collision
course with each other ending a magnificent but destructive explosion. Apparently,
chemical reactions occur in a similar manner as two cars colliding each other. For the
case of chemical reactions, molecules must collide with each other to chemically react, or
precisely, bond. In this lesson we will discuss collision theory, a theory that explains such
phenomenon.

 Concept Development

Collision Theory
Introduced independently by Max Trautz and Willian Lewis in 1916 and 1918,
respectively, collision theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur, molecules
must collide with each other. Although, it should be noted that not all collisions results in
a chemical reaction.
More specifically, the theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur, the following
conditions must be met:
1. the molecules must have contact through collisions;
2. collision must have a sufficient kinetic energy when they collide; and
3. reacting particles must collide in an appropriate geometric orientation.
In the following section, we will thoroughly discuss the above-mentioned requirements for
an effective collision.

Requirement 1: Contact through Collision

Consider the elementary bimolecular reaction:

Figure 1 shows that the more molecules present, the more collisions will happen. If
the two molecules A and B are to react, they must come into contact with sufficient force
so that chemical bonds break. We call such an encounter a collision. If both A and B are

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 Figure 1. Molecules in collission
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/the-collision-theory/

gases, the frequency of collisions between A and B will be proportional to the

concentration of each gas. If we double the concentration of A, the frequency of A-B
collisions will double, and doubling the concentration of B will have the same effect.
Therefore, according to collision theory, the rate at which molecules collide will have an
impact on the overall reaction rate.
To understand further about the first requirement for a chemical reaction to
happen consider the reaction
N 2 ( g) +3 H 2 ( g) → 2 N H 3( g )

The equation above is the Haber process for making ammonia. Considering the
equation, collision theory states that N 2 ( g) molecules must encounter H 2 ( g) molecules to
produce ammonia ( N H 3 (g )). The encounter must be sufficiently close to disrupt the pre-
existing bonds between the two diatomic molecules. Such encounter is called “collision.”
The theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting particles must
be sufficiently close to each other to disrupt the pre-existing bonds of the reacting
molecules and permit the creation of a new chemical species called the product.

Requirement 2: Sufficiently Energetic

In the beginning of this lesson, we used two cars colliding as an example to
visualize two molecules reacting with each other after a collision. Just like two cars
colliding, when the cars approach each other in a relatively slow speed, the collision
would not result to a significant damage to both cars. Apparently, by the suggestions of
collision theory, chemical reactions occur in a similar manner.
When we talk about molecular collisions having sufficient kinetic energy, one way
to think about this is the molecules are moving “fast enough” towards each other.
1 2
Remember, kinetic energy is KE= m v ; that is, kinetic energy increases with speed.
2

We know that atoms group together because of molecular bonds, for a reaction to
initiate between two different molecules, the pre-existing bonds between the reacting
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species requires a significant disruption or rearrangement of bonds. According to collision
theory, this can only happen when the collision’s energy is equal or greater to the
minimum energy requirement to break such pre-existing bonds called activation energy.
Activation energy is the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must
possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.This can be illustrated by an energy
profile of a simple exothermic reaction given in a figure below.

Figure 2. Energy profile of a simple exothermic reaction

https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/16939/profile.gif?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=333&height=244

Figure 1 shows energy profile of a simple exothermic reaction. Take note that the
reaction product is on a lower energy level than that of the reactants. This happens
because any chemical reaction results in the breaking of pre-existing chemical bonds
(which requires energy) and the formation of new chemical bonds. Certain bonds must be
broken before new ones can be formed. Activation energy is needed in breaking some of
the original bonds.
If the reacting particles collide with less energy than the activation energy, the particles
will simply bounce off each other without reacting. The activation energy can be thought
of as the threshold to the reaction.

Requirement 3: Sufficiently Oriented

Collision theory suggests that not every collision with sufficient energy results to
chemical reaction. The reason for this is because there is a need for the molecules to
collide each other in an appropriate orientation. Such that necessary atoms align with
each other and bonds can break and re-form in the necessary form. Fortunately,
molecules in liquid and gas phase are in constant and random motion, there is always a
possibility that the molecules collide with each other in the right manner. Basically,
chemical reactions as describe by collision theory are continuous trial and error.
Let us consider the creation of chloroethane from reacting two gas molecules, ethene
and hydrogen chloride as shown in the equation below.
H 2 C=C H 2+ HCl→ C H 3 C H 2 Cl

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Figure 3 below shows that chloroethane can only be formed when H-Cl bond approaches
the carbon-carbon double bond of the ethane. No other collision between the reacting
species will provide the same result.

Figure 3. Molecules only react in proper orientation

https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/16938/collisions.gif?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=418&height=415

The reaction can only happen if the hydrogen end of the H-Cl bond approaches
the carbon-carbon double bond. Any other collision between the two molecules doesn't
work. The two simply bounce off each other.
Of the collision shown in the above diagram, only collision 1 may possibly lead to
reaction. You might be wondering why collision two will not result in a reaction
considering it is very much in the same orientation as collision one. This is because the
double bond has a high concentration of electrons (negatively charged) and the
approaching chlorine atom is also partially negative due to dipole created by the
electronegativity difference between it and hydrogen. The repulsion due to similarity of
charges would simply be strong enough to cause the molecules to bounce of each other.
To further understand collision theory and reaction rate, you could stream this video from
TEDEd where they compared rates of chemical reactions to two people starting to date.
You could use the link: https://youtu.be/OttRV5ykP7A, or you could scan the QR code
below to access the video.

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  Activities

Activity 1- Collision Theory

Answer thefollowing:
1. What are the requirements for a chemical reaction to occur?

2. Explain why all reactions have an activation energy, using your knowledge
of collision theory.

3. Describe how the activation energy of a reaction affects the overall rate of
the chemical reaction.

 Assessment
Filling the Blanks. Fill up with the word or words that best complete the statement.

1. Collision theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur molecules must
_____________ with each other.
2. To initiate chemical reaction, collision theory specifies that the the molecules must
have ____________ through collisions.
3. Molecules must have a __________________ when they collide;
4. The reacting particles must collide in an appropriate _________________ for
possible chemical reaction.
5. ___________________ is the minimum energy requirement for a collision for a
chemical reaction to happen.
6. According to the collision theory, reaction rate can be increased by increasing the
___________ of collisions .

c. APPLICATION
To further understand Collision Theory, watch the video presentation
given the QR Code and answer the given activity in youractivity notebook.

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=8&v=mBTSwJnZ6Sk&feature=emb_logo

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 Activity # 1: Collision Theory

For particles to react they must collide with sufficient

energy and in the right orientation. The greater the
number of collisions, the faster the rate of reaction.

Visualize reactions that have low and high system temperature in the boxes below. Use
arrows to represent particle/molecule motion.This is a 15 pt. activity.

Low Temperature High Temperature

d. GENERALIZATION
1. Collision theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur molecules must collide
with each other.
2. To initiate chemical reaction, collision theory specifies the following requirements:
a. the molecules must have contact through collisions;
b. collision must have a sufficient kinetic energy when they collide;
c. and, reacting particles must collide in an appropriate geometric orientation.
3. Activation energy is the minimum energy requirement for a collision for a chemical
reaction to happen.
4. Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is a branch of physical
chemistry that concerns with understanding the rate of chemical reactions
5. The following factors affect rate of chemical reaction:
a. Temperature of the system
b. Concentration of the reacting species
c. Particle size or surface area of reactants
d. Presence of catalyst

e. POST ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer by writing the letter in your answer sheet.
1. Which one of the following is NOT a key concept of the collision theory:
A. particles must collide in order to react
B. particles must collide with the proper orientation
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 C. particles must collide with sufficient energy to reach the activated complex in
order to react
D. particles must move slowly when they collide, otherwise they simply “bounce
off” one another
2. Activation energy is the amount of energy required to
A. make the reacting particles collide
B. form the bonds between the product molecules
C. convert the reactants into the activated complex
D. break the bonds between the reacting molecules.
3. The rate of a reaction depends on __________.
A. collision energy B. collision frequency
C. collision orientation D. all of the above
4. The minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction is called the
A. activation energy. B. energy of reaction.
C. entropy of reaction D. reaction mechanism energy
5. Which of the following are necessary for successful collisions to occur?
I. Favourable collision geometry.
II. Sufficient kinetic energy.
III. Large ∆H.
A. I only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
6. Which of the following statements about collisions is correct?
A. All colliding molecules must have the same energy
B. Particles do not need to collide before they react
C. Only fast-moving particles collide with each other
D. Reactions can happen if colliding particles have enough energy.
7. What is rate of reaction?
A. How fast a reaction is B. How big a reaction is
C. How loud a reaction is D. How much gas a reaction produces
8. What is required for a reaction to occur?
A. Collisons B. Collisions with sufficient energy
C. Nothing D. Sufficient Energy
9. In an exothermic reaction the products have
A. no energy B. more energy than the reactants
C. less energy than the reactants D. the same energy as the reactants
10. Which of the following correctly describes processes that happen during
reactions?

A. Bonds are broken in reactants, which is an exothermic process that takes in

energy
B. Bonds are broken in reactants, which is an endothermic process that gives out
energy
C. Bonds are made in products, which is an endothermic process that takes in
energy
D. Bonds are made in products, which is an exothermic process that gives out
energy
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 Lesson
Factors Affecting Rates of
2 Chemical Reaction

a. OVERVIEW
This lesson deals with chemical reaction rates which focuses on the factors which affect
how fast or how slow a chemical reaction proceeds. Here you will be able to familiarize how the
different factors influence the rate of chemical reaction.

 Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

 explain how the following factors affect reaction rates:

1. temperature,
2. concentration of reactants,
3. particle size or surface area of reactants,
4. and presence of catalysts
 Pre-Assessment
True or False. In a separate sheet of paper,DRAW if the statement is correct. If
the statement is faulty, DRAW .

1. When talking about molecules having sufficient kinetic energy, we mean that
molecules are moving fast enough to start a reaction.
2. Activation energy is the average energy requirement for collision to start a reaction.
3. Catalysts is a substance that increases the rate of reaction without being consumed
in the process.
4. The lower the kinetic energy of the molecules the faster is the rate of chemical
reaction.
5. Catalysts are not consumed during the process and they do not affect the net yield
of products; thus, they are included in stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes.
6. Increasing the concentration of the system increase the rate of reaction by giving
the reactants more kinetic energy.
7. Collision theory is a branch of physical chemistry that deals with understanding rate
of chemical reactions and how it can be controlled.
8. Chemical equations provide us information on the rate at which the reaction occurs.
9. Chemical reaction for heterogenous solutions takes place in the reactant’s
interphases or surfaces.
10. Activation energy is needed in breaking some of the original bonds to form new
bonds in a chemical reaction.
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  Prior Knowledge
Your previous lesson on chemical reaction rates pertains to how Collision Theory
influence rates of chemical reactions. Knowing all about Collision Theory, did you not
wonder how a certain reaction proceeds? How fast or how slow it will take on the
process? These and some of your other questions will be answered using this module.

b. PRESENTATION
In the previous section, we explored on the manner at which chemical reaction
proceeds as suggested by collision theory. Further examination and study of the theory
gave insights on how such reactions can be hastened or inhibited. In this section we will
discuss on the different factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions.

 Concept Development
From our previous discussion on Lesson 1, the balance chemical equation
between the reaction of ethene and hydrogen chloride, it shows us the molar relationship
between the reactants (ethene and hydrogen chloride) and the product (chloroethane),
however, it does not provide us information whether how fast or slow the reaction
proceeds. This information is obtained by studying the chemical kinetics of a reaction.
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is a branch of physical chemistry
that concerns with understanding the rate of chemical reactions (Vallero 2010).
With the growing body of knowledge of chemical kinetics, scientists have gained
insights on the control of chemical reaction rate to achieve desired outcomes. This can
be most easily done by influencing different variables that affect reaction rate, namely,
temperature, concentration of reactants, particle size or surface area of reactants, and
presence of catalysts.

Temperature of System
Collision theory states that in order for a chemical reaction to occur, reacting particles
must collide with sufficient kinetic energy. Increasing the temperature of the system
increases the average kinetic energy of the constituent particles. This means that the
particles move faster resulting to higher frequency of collisions per unit of time and higher
kinetic energy.

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 LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeM6hKm6Td4

With this, reaction rate increases with increasing temperature. Conversely, reaction rate
slows with decreasing temperature. In general, an increase in temperature of 10°C will
have double effect on reaction rate.
Watch the video presentation above for you to visualize how temperature affects
reaction rate. Scan the QR code or use the link given.

Concentration of Reactants
The first requirement for a chemical reaction as dictated by collision theory is
reacting particles must collide with each other. Imagine a group of students is in a closed
room and the students are tasked to individually move at random directions. The
probability of two students bumping with each other is higher when there are many
students present in the room than few.
Reaction rate is affected in a similar manner. The amount of reactants, or more
precisely concentration, present in a solution affects the rate of reaction. The rate of
reaction increases with increasing concentration of reactants; conversely decreases with
decreasing concentration. If there is little to no probability of contact, reaction will less
likely occur. (Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYuMW-0qHEA)

Particle size or Surface Area of Reactants

We discussed in the previous section that when the reactants are dispersed in a
homogeneous solution, then the number of collisions per unit time is dependent to
temperature and concentration of reactants. However, for the case of heterogenous
solutions, “encounters” or collisions of the reacting species only happen in the interphase
(can be thought of as boundary) or surface between the phases.
Consequently, the frequency of collisions per unit of time in the case of
heterogenous solutions is significantly lower than that of homogenous solutions. To
increase the rate of reaction for such reactants, there is a need to increase the
surface area where collision between the reacting species could take place.
The video shows that in a reaction between a solid and a liquid, the surface area
of the solid will ultimately impact how fast the reaction occurs. This is because the liquid
and the solid can bump into each other only at the liquid-solid interface, which is on the
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surface of the solid. The solid molecules trapped within the body of the solid cannot react.
Therefore, increasing the surface area of the solid will expose more solid molecules to
the liquid, which allows for a faster reaction.

LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qq4nqbxYddY

This shows that the total exposed surface area will increase when a larger body is
divided into smaller pieces. Therefore, since a reaction takes place on the surface of a
substance, increasing the surface area should increase the quantity of the substance that
is available to react, and will thus increase the rate of the reaction as well.

Presence of Catalyst
In 1888 Svante Arrhenius suggested that particles must possess a certain
minimum amount of kinetic energy in order to react. Energy diagrams are used to
analyze the changes in energy that occur during a chemical reaction. The energy of the
reactants must be raised up over an energy barrier.
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction by
decreasing the activation energy of the reaction (Britannica 2015). Catalysts are not
consumed during the process and they do not affect the net yield of products; thus, they
are not included in stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes. A catalysts can increase the
rate of reaction by providing and alternative pathway that causes the activation energy of
the reaction to decrease (Flowers, Theopold, and Langley 2020).
Figure 1 shows the energy diagrams which is useful to illustrate the effect of a
catalyst on reaction rates. Catalysts decrease the activation energy required for a
reaction to proceed (shown by the smaller magnitude of the activation energy on the
energy diagram in Figure 1), and therefore increase the reaction rate. Remember that
with a catalyst, the average kinetic energy of the molecules remains the same but the
required energy decreases.

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 Figure 1. Catalyzed and uncatalayzed Activation energy
https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/56216/CNX_Chem_12_02_Coordinate.jpg?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=529&height=332

Here, a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction, without being consumed by the

reaction. It increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy for a reaction.
To explore more on the effects of catalyst on the speed of reaction, watch this
video presentation by scanning the QR code or using the link given below.

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kV0BqG0On9E

 Activities
A. Perform this activity to enhance your understanding about factors affecting
reaction rates. Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Activity 1: If You Can’t Explain it, You Don’t Understand it

1. A rule of thumb used by organic chemists is that the rate of a chemical reaction
can be doubled by increasing the reaction temperature by ten degrees Celsius.
Explain this drastic increase in reaction rate using your knowledge of collision
theory.

2. In your own words, describe what effect cooling has on the frequency at which
particles of reactants can collide. Provide a real life example as to how we use
temperature to alter reactions for our benefit.
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 3. In your own words, describe why an increase in concentration can result in a
change in the rate of a reaction. Provide a real life example as to how we adjust
concentration to adjust a reaction for our benefit.

4. What a catalysts do?

 Assessment
A. Complete the following table by indicating whether each of the following
scenarios would either increase or decrease the rate of reaction. You will get 1
pt. each for each correct answer. Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Scenario Increase/Decrease
1. Adding heat
2. Removing heat
3. Adding a catalyst
4. Diluting a solution
5. Removing an enzyme (catalyst)

B. Complete the following table by indicating which factor would have the greatest
impact on the rate of reaction. Choose from concentration, temperature, surface
area or catalyst. . You will get 1 pt. each for each correct answer. Write your
answer in your activity notebook.

Scenario Factor that has the greatest

impact on
the rate of reaction.
1. Blowing air on a campfire to help get it going.
2. Raw carrots are cut into thin slices for cooking.
3. Protein is broken down in the stomach by the
enzyme pepsin.
4. A Woolly Mammoth is found, perfectly
preserved, near the Arctic circle.
5. More bubbles appear when a concentrated
solution of hydrochloric acid is added to a
magnesium strip than when a dilute solution of
the acid is added.

16
 c. APPLICATION

Answer in your activity notebook.

1. A student performs 3 experiments using Zn and HCl. She varies the conditions of
the experiments as follows:
Experiment 1: zinc strip in 1.0 M HCl at 25 °C
Experiment 2: zinc strip in 2.0 M HCl at 25 °C
Experiment 3: zinc powder in 2.0 M HCl at 25 °C

In which experiment will the rate be the greatest? Explain why.

2. Aluminium reacts with both fluorine and bromine. Predict which of the two
nonmetals will react faster and explain why.

3. Which of the four factors affecting reaction rate is most important in each of the
following examples? Choose from concentration, temperature, surface area, and
catalyst.
a. Raw carrots are cut into thin slices for cooking.
b. Protein is broken down in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin.
c. A woolly mammoth is found, perfectly preserved, near the Arctic.
d. More bubbles appear when a concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid is
added to a magnesium strip than when a dilute solution of the acid is added.

d. GENERALIZATION
 Our understanding of the factors affecting rate of chemical reaction helped us progress as
a civilization.
 There are different factors that influence reaction rates such as temperature,
concentration of reactants, particle size or surface area of reactants, and presence of
catalysts
 Increasing the temperature of the system increases the average kinetic energy of the
constituent particles, increasing the frequency of collision, thus increasing the speed of
reaction.
 The rate of reaction increases with increasing concentration of reactants; conversely
decreases with decreasing concentration.
 The smaller the size of the particles, the greater the exposed surface area; increasing the
surface area should increase the quantity of the substance that is available to react, and
will thus increase the rate of the reaction.
 Enzymes are biological catalysts that regulate at which biochemical reactions proceed in
living organisms without itself being consumed or altered in the process.
 Enzymes are usually sensitive to heat, so they are denatured with the use of heating to
avoid food spoilage.

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 e. POST ASSESSMENT

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following will lower the rate of reaction?

A. adding an enzyme to the reaction
B. decreasing the temperature from 40˚C to 10˚C
C. breaking a chunk of calcium up into smaller pieces
D. increasing the amount of solute dissolved in a solution
2. When you walk through a crowded hallway at school, you are more likely to bump into
another person. To which of the following factors that affect rate of reaction is this analogy
referring?
A. catalyst B. concentration C. surface area D. temperature
3. Increasing which of the following will increase the frequency of collisions?
I. temperature II. surface area III. concentration

A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III
4. Which of the following are true about how temperature affects the rate of reaction?
I. heating causes the particles of the reactants to move more quickly
II. Ilowering the temperature will raise the energy level of the particles
III. increasing the temperature results in more collisions between the particles
A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III

5. Which one of the following factors does not affect the rate of a chemical reaction:
A. concentration B. humidity C. temperature D. nature of the reactants
6. The rate of a chemical reaction normally
A. increases as temperature decreases.
B. decreases when a catalyst is added.
C. increases as reactant concentration increases.
D. decreases as reactant concentration increases.
7. Crushing a solid into a powder will increase reaction rate because:
A. the particles will collide with more energy
B. the powdered form has more surface area.
C. the activation energy barrier will be lowered
D. the orientation of colliding particles will be improved
8. The series of steps that most reactions undergo, from initial reactants to final products, is
called the:
A. activation energy B. catalytic conversion
C. entropy of reaction D. reaction mechanism
9. What happens to a catalyst in a reaction?
A. It evaporates. B. It remains unchanged.
C. It is incorporated into the products. D. It is incorporated into the reactants.
10. It is generally believed that catalysts increase reaction rates by:
A. lowering the activation energy barrier
B. removing the activation energy barrier
C. providing an alternate activation energy barrier that is lower than the original barrier
18
 D. giving the reacting particles more energy, thus there will be more successful collisions

Lesson
Rate of Chemical Reaction
3 in Daily Life

a. OVERVIEW
If you would look into the length between the manufacturing date and expiration
date of almost any canned and processed goods, you would see that they could stay in
shelves for a long period of time without spoiling. Without having profound understanding
of chemical kinetics, food manufacturer would not have been able to perform necessary
steps for this to be possible.In this lesson, we will discuss how understanding factors that
affect chemical reaction rate benefit us in our daily life.

 Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. explain how the factors affecting rates of chemical reaction are applied in:
.1. food preservation and material production
.2. control of fire,
.3. pollution and
.4. corrosion
 Pre-Assessment
True or False. In a separate sheet of paper, write TRUE if the statement is correct. If the
statement is faulty, write False.
1. Enzymes are biological catalysts that are usually sensitive to heat, so they are
denatured with the use of heating to avoid food spoilage.
2. Storage of food at high temperatures prolongs the shelf life of many foods.
3. The rate of decomposition of food and other food products are slowed down by the
addition of catalysts.
4. Dry chemical fire extinguishers uses mainly bicarbonate powders, either NaHCO 3
or KHCO3.
5. Vitamin E is a natural antioxidant which is present in citrus fruits and vegetables.
6. Warm environment speeds up rate of chemical reaction, thus spoiling foods faster.
7. Chemical catalysts are substances that slows down reaction rates.
8. The thin layer that forms on the surface of the metal prevents oxygen from coming
into contact with more of the metal atoms and thus “protects” the remaining metal
from further corrosion.
9. Water should be used to put out electrical fires.

19
 10. Halon 1301 (C F 3 Br ¿ is used to create fire.
• Prior Knowledge
In the previous lesson, we explored collision theory and its suggestions to the
factors affecting rate of chemical reactions. In this lesson, we will discuss how such
understanding of chemical reaction rate is applied in real world scenarios. We will explore
what happens inside food production companies to construction sites and look how
principles of chemical reaction rate are used for our advantage.

b. PRESENTATION
Most of the foods we eat, clothes we wear, and materials we use most likely were made
from factories somewhere. These things had gone through several manufacturing
processes before we could consume or use them as they are today. Surely, such
processes use principles of chemical reaction rate to produce desirable products. In this
lesson, we will discuss how understanding factors that affect chemical reaction rate
benefit us in our daily life.

 Concept Development

Application of Reaction Rates in Food Preparation

Once a plant is harvested or an animal is slaughtered their tissues are deprived of
carbon or nitrogen, usually supplied when they are alive, and thus utilize their internal
carbohydrates, protein, or fat to supply energy (Labuza 1984). This process is done
through what we call as senescence, the continuation of enzymatic reactions in an aging
process. If senescence proceeds, the food products become more susceptible for surface
microorganisms which are obvious agent of deterioration.
Food products are processed, usually by heating, in order to denature enzymes so that
other reactions leading to loss of quality predominate which are significantly slower than
enzymatic action. Take note that enzymes are biological catalysts. Enzymes are usually
sensitive to heat, so they are denatured with the use of heating to avoid food spoilage.
The rate of decomposition of food and other food products are slowed down by the
addition of preservatives and antioxidants. Peeled fruits easily turn brown because of
atmospheric oxidation. However, this can be prevented by using antioxidants. Ascorbic
acid or vitamin C is a natural antioxidant which is present in citrus fruits and vegetables.
There are some components in food that readily decomposes because of change
in temperature. The freshness and flavor of tea depends on aflavin. L- tocopherol or
vitamin E is added to margarine, butter, and other shortening agents.
The efficiency of some industrial products depends on temperature. In most cases,
lowering the temperature decreases the rate of reaction, thus decreasing product yield.
An increase in temperature accelerates the rate of reaction, but also causes a decrease

20
in product yield. It is therefore necessary to find the balance the balance between the rate
of reaction and product yield.

Food preservation In Low temperature

Storage at low temperatures prolongs the shelf life of many foods. In general, low
temperatures reduce the growth rates of microorganisms and slow many of the physical
and chemical reactions that occur in foods.

Application of Reaction Rates in Material Production

Chemical inhibitors are substances that slows down reaction rates. Chemical
inhibitors are useful for a number of reasons. For one thing, reaction products often go on
to create an undesired new substance in a side reaction. Think of it like driving your car
off a mountain road. This doesn't result in reaching your destination or product. In
addition, some reactions put out lots of heat and extra heat may cause safety hazards,
your car's engine may catch fire, or increase the likelihood of unwanted side reactions,
such as a car crash. Inhibitors also prevent chemical damage or decay in finished
products. An anti-rust coating on your car is a good example of this.
In polymer chemistry, reaction inhibitors are used to modify the properties of the
final polymer product as well as to prolong usefulness. Did you know that the
polyethylene used to make milk jugs as well as plastic bags is made from the same
reactants? Longer polymer chains form into strong thin films. If you bubble oxygen gas
through the reaction vessel, a thicker, softer plastic is formed. Plasticizers and
crosslinkers are other classes of compounds added to a polymer chemistry reaction to
alter how flexible or rigid the final product will be.
As another example, silver metal is very reactive, so silver jewelry is often coated
with rhodium metal or a clear polymer to prevent the formation of dark colored silver
sulfides, which is often referred to as tarnish. The polymer coating is an inhibitor.

Application of Reaction Rates in Fire Control

Three things must come together to start a fire: the fuel (something that burns),
oxidizing agent (oxygen), and heat. For most cases, fire is extinguished by simply
sprinkling water to the fire. Every gram of water vaporized to steam absorbs 2259.4
Joules (540calories)of heat from the burning substance.This has a considerable cooling
effect. Furthermore, when water changes to steam, its volume increases 1700 times. This
large volume of steam displaces an equal volume ofair surrounding fire, thus preventing
contact of the burning material with air. This removes heat which stops combustion
reaction. Remember that temperature is factor of rate of chemical reaction.
Water should be used with care when putting out electrical fires. Water in itself is a
poor electrical conductor, but it containsimpurities which make it a conductor. As a
21
general rule, water should not be used to extinguish fires caused by carbide (kalburo),
peroxides, metallic sodium, and magnesium dust. These substances react with water
producing much heat. The products are flammable gases that easily ignite in the heat.
However, for extreme cases such as fire due to flammable liquids and live
electrical equipment where sprinkling water is not optional, Halon 1301 ( C F 3 Br ¿ is used
to extinguish fire (Tsan, Miziolekb, and Finnerty 2002). Halon 1301 works by reacting with
oxygen and other combustible hydrocarbons which are two requirements for combustion.
Carbon dioxide also is used in certain fire extinguishers. Carbon dioxide fire
extinguishers are used for fires involving flammable liquid and electrical equipment.
Carbon dioxide is noncombustible and unreactive toward most substances. It dooesnot
conduct electricity. As a gas, it can penetrate and spread over all parts of fire. Carbon
dioxide is produced by the reaction between sodium hydroxide(NaHCO 3, baking soda)
and acetic acid ( CH3COOH). , a fire extinguisher known as soda-acid type.
The modern typeof fire extinguisher stores carbon dioxide under pressure as a
liquid.When pressure is released, the liquid suddenly changes to gas and displaces a
large volume of air in the fire zone. The rapid expansion in volume of CO 2 produces a
cooling effect, which partially explains it fire extinguishing property.
Dry chemical fire extinguishers uses mainly bicarbonate powders, either NaHCO 3
or KHCO3. Heat decomposes NaHCO3, CO2, and as shown in the chemical equation
below;
2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

Application of Reaction Rates in Corrosion Prevention

Corrosion is the degradation of a metal caused by an electrochemical process.
Large sums of money are spent each year repairing the effects of, or preventing,
corrosion. Some metals, such as aluminum and copper, produce a protective layer when
they corrode in air. The thin layer that forms on the surface of the metal prevents oxygen
from coming into contact with more of the metal atoms and thus “protects” the remaining
metal from further corrosion.
4 F e(s )+ 3O2 →2 F e2 O3

Corrosion of iron ( Fe ) by reacting withO2 ( g) to form rust ( F e 2 O3 ) is perhaps the most

common example for corrosion as shown in the balanced equation above. There are
many ways of preventing corrosion of iron but the simplest process is applying a coating
to the metal’s surface protecting it from atmospheric oxygen. Virtually no oxygen
molecule come collide with iron, thus, no corrosion occurs
Iron corrodes (forms rust) when exposed to water and oxygen. The rust that forms
on iron metal flakes off, exposing fresh metal, which also corrodes. One way to prevent,

22
or slow, corrosion is by coating the metal. Coating prevents water and oxygen from
contacting the metal.
Paint or other coatings will slow corrosion, but they are not effective once
scratched. Zinc-plated or galvanized iron exploits the fact that zinc is more likely to
oxidize than iron. As long as the coating remains, even if scratched, the zinc will oxidize
before the iron.
Another method for protecting metals is cathodic protection. In this method, an
easily oxidized and inexpensive metal, often zinc or magnesium (the sacrificial anode), is
electrically connected to the metal that must be protected. The more active metal is the
sacrificial anode, and is the anode in a galvanic cell. The “protected” metal is the
cathode, and remains unoxidized. One advantage of cathodic protection is that the
sacrificial anode can be monitored and replaced if needed.

 Activities
Answer the following questions for you to further understand chemical reactions as
described by collision theory and the factors that affect reaction rate.Writeyour answer in
your activity notebook.
1. Most of us have refrigerators and freezer in our homes, why do you think there is a
need for cold environment to store foods? Why warm environments cannot work
just as well?

2. Based on your knowledge of factors affecting the rate of reaction, why is there a
danger of explosion in places like coal mines where there are large quantities of
powdered, combustible materials?

3. In a combustion engine, fuel is sprayed into the piston before ignition. Based on
your understanding of factors affecting rate of reactions, why do you think
engineers believe spraying, and not a steady stream of fuel, is efficient?
 Assessment
FILLING THE BLANKS. Fill in the blanks the correct word/words to complete the
statement.
1. ______________ in food products is the condition or process of deterioration due
to enzymatic action.
2. ____________ are biological catalysts that regulate at which biochemical
reactions proceed in living organisms without itself being consumed or altered in
the process.
3. Enzymes are usually sensitive to heat, so they are ____________ with the use of
heating to avoid food spoilage.

23
4. ____________ is used to extinguish fire since inhibit combustion by reacting
combustible hydrocarbons and oxidizing agent oxygen.
5. Corrosion of iron is prevented through painting by preventing the metal surface to
interact with_________________ .
6. _________ are usually used to increase the rate of industrial processes.
7. Corrosion of iron ( Fe ) by reacting withO2 ( g) forms ______________.
8. ____________ fire extinguishers are used for fires involving flammable liquid and
electrical equipment.
9. ____________ is a substance that slows down reaction rate.
10. Dry chemical fire extinguishers uses mainly bicarbonate powders, either
_________ or ____________.
c. Application
Identify around your home for object, food products, appliances, etc. that are designed and
made guided with the knowledge of factors that influence rate of chemical reaction. Illustrate (by
drawing or pasting a picture cut-out) the object you identified in the box below and give a short
explanation detailing why you picked the object. Five to seven sentences only.

________________________________________________
Name
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

RUBRICS for Scoring

Criteria Below Average Average Above Average Excellent Score
Drawing/illustration Few requried Some required Most required All required items
items are items are items are are represented
represented on represented on represented on on on drawing (9-
drawing (1-3 on drawing (4-6 on drawing (7-8 10 points)
points) points) points)
Technique/Art Art work lacks Art work shows Art work shows Art work shows a
Concepts technique and/or some technique good technique. mastery of
understanding of and All objects are advanced
art concepts. (1-3 understanding of placed in correct techniques in
points) art concepts. (4-6 space. (7-8 compositon. (9-
points) points) 10 points)
Explanation Few explanation Some explanation Most All required
(1-3 points) (4-6 points) expalanations are explanation are
present (7-8 present (9-10
points) points)
Total Score

24
Modified from the source: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=yes&code=N7A24B&

d. GENERALIZATION
 Senescence in food products is the condition or process of deterioration due to enzymatic
action.
 Halon 1301 (C F 3 Br ¿ is used to extinguish fire since inhibit combustion by reacting
combustible hydrocarbons and oxidizing agent oxygen.
 Corrosion of iron is prevented through painting by preventing the metal surface to interact
with atmospheric oxygen.
 Chemical inhibitors are substances that slows down reaction rates.
 Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used for fires involving flammable liquid and
electrical equipment.
 In summary, the following are some of the useful application of the factors affecting the
rate of reaction in daily life:
1. Burning of charcoal
 When smaller pieces of charcoal are used, food can be cooked faster.
 Smaller pieces of charcoal have bigger total surface area which will burn faster to
produce more heat.
2. Storing food in a refrigerator
 The low temperature in the refrigerator will slow down the rate of decay of food by
microorganism.
 Hence, the food last longer.
3. Cooking solid food in different sizes
 Small pieces of food have a larger total surface area expose to heat.
 Thus, they can cooked faster.
4. Cooking of food in a pressure cooker
 High pressure in a pressure cooker will raise the boiling point of water.
 Thus, cooking is done at a much higher temperature than 100 °C and the food can
be cooked faster.
5. Industrial process/material production
 Catalyst are usually used to increase the rate of industrial processes.
 These enable the processes to be completed in a shorter time at low temperature
and pressure.
 Hence, the cost of production will be reduced.
e. Post Assessment

Multiple Choice. In a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer. If in doubt,
choose the best choice.

1. The ________ is the aging deterioration of plant and animal food products caused by
enzymatic action.
A. Degredation B. Rotting C. Senescence D.Spoilage
2. The most common method of denaturing enzymes to avoid food spoilage is
A. Adding reagents B. Freezing
25
 C. Heating D. pH adjustment

3. There are three things needed to start a fire. The combination of these three is called the
“Fire Triangle.” Which of the following is not included in the fire triangle?
A. Fuel B. Heat C. Igniter D. Oxidizer
4. Halon 1301 (C F 3 Br ¿ is used to Class B and C fires. It inhibits fire by reacting of the
following except,
A. Carbon dioxide B. Halogen C. Hydrocarbons D. Oxygen
5. Corrosion of iron is a combination reaction between F e ( s) atoms and O2 ( g) molecules to
form rust. Which of the following is the result of this reaction?
A. FeO B . F e 2 O3 C . F e 3 O2 D . Fe O3
6. Storing food in a refrigerator
A. Food spoils faster B. Speeds up rate of decay
C. Slows down rate of decayD. Provides extreme temperature
7. It is the degradation of a metal caused by an electrochemical process.
A. activation B. combustion C. corrosion C.denaturation
8. Which of the following substance is used in dry chemical fire extinguisher?
A. NaHCO3 B. Na2CO3 C. KNO3 D. NaClO3
9. Papain is an enzyme in green papayas. When chicken is cooked with agreen papaya, it
takes less time for the meat to become tender. What is the role of papaya in cooking
chicken?
A. a catalyst B. a reactant C. an antioxidant D. an inhibitor
10. Fresh meat and fish stored in a refrigerator shows signs of spoilage in less than a day.
What causes this spoilage?

A. Oxygen in air B. presence of microorganisms

C. temperature changes D. all of these

26
 Answer Key Lesson 1 Lesson 2

PRE-
ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT 1. Collide
2. Contact
1. YAY 3. sufficient kinetic energy
2. NAY 4. geometric orientation.
3. YAY 5. Activation energy ASSESSMENT POST
6. Frequency of collision L2- PRE- ASSESSM
4. NAY ASSESSMENT A.
ENT
5. YAY 1. Increase
6. NAY Post 1. 2. Decrease 1. B
ASSESSMENT 3. Increase 2. B
7. YAY 2. 4. Decrease 3. D
8. YAY 1. D 8. B 5. Decrease
3. 4. B
9. NAY 2. D 9. C 5. B
10. YAY 4. B.
3. D 10. D 6. C
1. Concentration
4. A 5. 7. B
2. surface area
5. B 6. 8. D
3. catalyst
6. D
9. B
7. 4. temperature 10. C
7. A 5. concentration
8.
9.
10.
L3 PRE ACTIVITIES
ASSESSMENT 1. Experiment 3 will exhibit the higher
1. TRUE rate. Having the zinc in powder form
exposes more Zn atoms to the
2. FALSE ASSESSMENT
action of the HCl. In addition, the
1. Senescence POST
3. FALSE higher concentration of HCl means ASSESSMENT
more HCl particles per unit volume, 2. Enzymes
4. TRUE increasing the frequency of 3. Denatured
1. B
5. FALSE collisions with the powdered Zn. 2. B
4. Halon 1301 ( 3. A
2. In this reaction, the fluorine and
6. TRUE C F 3 Br ¿ 4. B
bromine will remove electrons from
7. FALSE the aluminum. Fluorine has a higher 5. atmospheric oxygen 5. B
8. TRUE attraction for external electrons 6. Catalyst 6. C
because its atom is smaller with less 7. C
9. FALSE 7. rust ( F e 2 O 3 )
electron shells than the bromine. 8. A
10. FALSE 8. Carbon dioxide 9. A
The external electron from the
9. Inhibitor 10. D
aluminum thus feel a greater force
of attraction from the fluorine than 10. NaHCO3 or KHCO3.
the bromine, and the reaction with
fluorine will be faster.
3. a. surface area
b. catalyst
c. temperature
d. concentration

27
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