Module 5

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 5
MODULE-5
TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
Faraday’s Law
According to faraday’s experiment a static magnetic field cannot produce any current flow. But
with a time varying field, an electromotive force (emf) induces which may driv ea current in a closed path
or circuit. This emf is nothing but a voltage that induces from changing magnetic fields or motion of the
conductors in a magnetic field.
Faraday’s law can be stated as “ the magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the rate
of change of the magnetic flux through it, and its direction opposes the flux change”.
d∅
i. e, emf = − V (1)
dt
A nonzero value of d∅ may result from any of the following situations:

dt
1. A time-changing flux linking a stationary closed path.

2. Relative motion between a steady flux and a closed path.
3. A combination of the two.
The minus sign is an indication that the emf is in such a direction as to produce a current whose
Flux, if added to the original flux, would reduce the magnitude of the emf. This statement that the induced
voltage acts to produce an opposing flux is known as Lenz’s law.
If the closed path is that taken by an N-turn filamentary conductor, then the emf induced across
the coil is given by,
d∅
emf = −N V (2)
dt
The induced emf is a scalar quantity measured in volts. Thus the induced emf is given by,
emf = ∮ E ∙ dL (3)
Replacing ∅ in (1) with the surface integral of B,
∅ = ∫B ∙ dS
S
We have,
d
emf = ∮ E ∙ dL = − ∫B ∙ dS (4)
dt S
Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 1 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

The magnetic flux is the only time-varying quantity on the right side of (4) , and a partial
derivative may be taken under the integral sign,
𝛛
𝐞𝐦𝐟 = ∮ 𝐄 ∙ 𝐝𝐋 = − ∫ 𝐁 ∙ 𝐝𝐒 (𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒎𝒇) (𝟓)
𝐒 𝛛𝐭
This is the Faraday’s law in integral form. Applying Stoke’s theorem to the closed line integral,
we have,
∂
∫(∇ × E) ∙ dS = − ∫ B ∙ dS
S S ∂t
∂
i. e, (∇ × E) ∙ dS = − B ∙ dS
∂t
𝛛𝐁
(𝛁 × 𝐄) = − (𝟔)
𝛛𝐭
Equation(6) is one of Maxwell’s four equations as written in differential or point form. This is
the Faraday’s law in differential or point form.
For electro-static (5) and (6) becomes,
∮ E ∙ dL = 0 and ∇ × E = 0
Motional emf in a conductor
The force on a charge Q moving at a velocity ‘v’ in a magnetic field B is
F = Qv × B (7)
The force per unit charge , as given by (7) is called the motional electric field intensity Em,
i. e, Em = v × B (8)
the motional emf produced by the moving conductor is then,
emf = ∮ Em ∙ dL = ∮(v × B) ∙ dL (motinal emf) (9)
If the magnetic flux density is also changing with time , then we must include both contributions,
the transformer emf (5) and the motional emf (9).
𝛛
𝐞𝐦𝐟 = ∮ 𝐄 ∙ 𝐝𝐋 = − ∫ 𝐁 ∙ 𝐝𝐒 + ∮(𝐯 × 𝐁) ∙ 𝐝𝐋 (𝟏𝟎)
𝐒 𝛛𝐭

Displacement Current(Modification of Ampere’s circuital law for time

varying fields)
Faraday’s experimental law has been used to obtain one of Maxwell’s equations in differential
form,
∂B
(∇ × E) = − (11)
∂t
which shows that a time changing magnetic field produces an electric field.
For static electro-magnetic fields, according to Ampere’s circuital law,
∇×H = J (12)
Taking divergence on both sides ,
∇∙∇×H = ∇∙J
But according to vector identity , ‘divergence of the curl of any vector field is zero’, hence we can write,
∇∙∇×H ≡ 0 ≡ ∇∙J
But the equation of continuity is given by ,

∂ρv
∇∙J = − (13)
∂t
It shows that (12) can be true only if ∂ρv = 0. Thus (12) and (13) is not compatible for time
∂t
varying fields.
We must add an unknown term G to (12),
∇×H = J+G
Again taking divergence ,
i. e , ∇∙∇×H = ∇∙J+∇∙G
∂ρv
i. e , 0=− +∇∙G
∂t
∂ρv
thus ∇∙G=
∂t
replacing ρv with ∇ ∙ D,
∂ ∂D
∇∙G = (∇ ∙ D) = ∇ ∙ (14)
∂t ∂t

Comparing two sides of the equation (14) we get,
∂D
G=
∂t
Ampere’s circuital law in point form therefore becomes,
∂D
∇×H = J+ (15)
∂t
The additional term ∂D

as the dimensions of current density, amperes per square meter. Since it
∂t
results from time varying electric flux density , Maxwell termed it a displacement current density,
denoted by JD.
∴ ∇ × H = J + JD
∂D
where, JD =
∂t
and J = σE is the conduction current density = ρvv
In a non-conducting medium in which no volume charge density is present J=0, and then,
∂D
∇×H = (if J = 0) (16)
∂t
The total displacement current crossing any given surface is expressed by the surface integral ,
∂D
Id = ∫Jd ∙ dS = ∫ ∙ dS
S S ∂t
The time-varying version of Ampere’s circuital law by integrating (15) over the surface S,
∂D
∫(∇ × H) ∙ dS = ∫J ∙ dS + ∫ ∙ dS
S S S ∂t
And applying Stoke’s theorem,
∂D
∮ H ∙ dL = I + Id = I + ∫ ∙ dS (17)
S ∂t
Maxwell’s Equations in Point Form

There are four Maxwell’s equations which are given as follows:
For time-varying fields,
∂B
∇×E= − (18)
∂t

and
∂D
∇×H = J+ (19)
∂t
For non- time-varying fields,
∇ ∙ D = ρv (20)
and
∇∙B = 0 (21)
Equation (18) is the point form of Faraday’s law, shows that E, and hence D ,may have
circulation if a changing magnetic is present. Thus the lines of flux may form closed loop.
Equation (19) shows the point form or differential form of Maxwell’s equation derived from
Ampere’s circuital law.
Equation (20) states that charge density is a source of electric flux lenes.
Equation (21) shows that ‘magnetic charges’ or poles are not known to exit. Magnetic flux is
always found in closed loops and never diverges from a point source.
The above (18),(19),(20) and (21) are the Maxwell’s equations in point form.
Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form

Integrating equation (18) over a closed surface and applying stokes theorem , we obtain Faraday’s
law,
∂B
i. e, ∫∇ × E ∙ dS = − ∫ ∙ dS
S S ∂t
From Stokes theorem,
∂B
∮ E ∙ dL = − ∫ ∙ dS (22)
S ∂t
And the same process is applied to equation (19) gives the Ampere’s circuital law,
∂D
i. e, ∫∇ × H ∙ dS = ∫J ∙ dS + ∫ ∙ dS
S S S ∂t
From Stokes theorem,
∂D
∮ H ∙ dL = I + ∫ ∙ dS (23)
S ∂t

Gauss’s law for the electric field is obtained by integrating (20) throughout a volume and using
the divergence theorem,
i. e, ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv = ∫ ρv dv
vol vol
From divergence theorem,
∮D ∙ dS = ∫ ρv dv (24)
S vol
This shows that net electric displacement over a closed surface is equal to the total electric charge
enclosed by the surface.
Gauss’s law for the magnetic field is obtained by integrating equation (21)throughout a volume
and using the divergence theorem,
i. e, ∫ ∇ ∙ B dv = 0
vol
From divergence theorem,
∮B ∙ dS = 0 (25)
S
This shows that the net magnetic flux over any closed surface in a magnetic field is zero. The
above (22),(23),(24) and (25) are the Maxwell’s equations in integral form.
SOLVED QUESTION PAPER AND EXERCISE PROBLEMS
1).Let μ = 10−5 H⁄m , ε = 4 × 10−9 F⁄m , σ = 0 , and ρv = 0.Find k (including units) so that each of
the following pairs of fields satisfies Maxwell’s equations:
(a) D = 6ax − 2yay + 2zazn C⁄m2,
H = kxax + 10yay − 25zaz A⁄m
(b) E = (20y − kt)ax V⁄m,
H = (y + 2 × 106t)az A⁄m
SOLUTION:
(a) Given fields are non-time varying fields. Therefore Maxwell’s equation is,
∇∙B= 0
∴ ∇ ∙ μH = μ∇ ∙ H = 0

∂ ∂ ∂
∴ μ{ HX + HX + HX} = 0
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂ ∂ ∂
μ{ [kx] + [10y] + [−25z]} = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
k + 10 − 25 = 0
∴ 𝐤 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐀⁄𝐦𝟐
(b) Given E and H fields are time varying fields. Therefore Maxwell’s equation is,
∂D
∇×H = J+
∂t
Since J = σE = 0
∂D ∂ ∂
∴ ∇×H = = εE = ε E
∂t ∂t ∂t
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
| | = ε [(20y − kt)]ax
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
0 0 (y + 2 × 106t)
∂
a { [(y + 2 × 106t) − 0]} − a {0 − 0} + a {0 − 0} = ε[−k]a
X y z X
∂y
1ax = −εkax
∴ 𝐤 = −𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐕⁄𝐦𝐬
2).A homogeneous material has ε = 2 × 10−6 F⁄m and μ = 1.25 × 10−5 H⁄m and σ = 0 . Electric
field intensity E = 400 cos(109t − kz) ax V⁄m. If all the fields vary simultaneously , find D , B , H and
k using Maxwell’s equations.
SOLUTION:
Since D = εE = 2 × 10−6 × 400 cos(109t − kz) ax = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 − 𝐤𝐳) 𝐚𝐱 𝐂⁄𝐦𝟐 (1)
The Maxwell’s equation derived from Faraday’s law is,
∂B
∇×E = −
∂t
∂B
∴− = ∇×E
∂t

ax ay az
∂B ∂ ∂ ∂
− =| | = 400k sin(109t − kz)a y
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
400 cos(109t − kz) 0 0
∂B
= −400k sin(109t − kz)a
∂t y
Integrating both sides w.r.t. ’t’ , we get,
400k cos(109t − kz)

B= ay
109
∴ 𝐁 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗𝐤 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 − 𝐤𝐳) 𝐚𝐲 𝐓 (𝟐)
Since B = μH
B 400 × 10−9k cos(109t − kz) ay

∴H= =
μ 1.25 × 10−5
𝐇 = 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝐤 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 − 𝐤𝐳) 𝐚𝐲 𝐀⁄𝐦 (𝟑)
The Maxwell’s equation is given by,
∂D ∂D
∇×H = J+ = (J = σE = 0)
∂t ∂t
ax ay az
∂D ∂ ∂ ∂ = −32 × 10−3k2 sin(109t − kz)a
∴ =| |
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z X
0 32 × 10 k cos(109t − kz)
−3 0
Integrating w.r.t. ‘t’ , we get,
32 × 10−3k2 cos(109t − kz)ax

D=
109
𝐃 = 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝐤𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 − 𝐤𝐳)𝐚𝐱 𝐂⁄𝐦𝟐 (𝟒)
Comparing equations (1) and (4) we get,
800 × 10−6 = 32 × 10−12k2
𝐤 = ±𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
Substituting k values in (1) , (2) and (3) we get,
𝐁 = ±𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 ± 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐳) 𝐚𝐲 𝐓
𝐇 = ±𝟏𝟔𝟎𝐤 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 ± 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐳) 𝐚𝐲 𝐀⁄𝐦

𝐃 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝐤𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 ± 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐳)𝐚𝐱 𝐂⁄𝐦𝟐
3).Find the amplitude of displacement current density (JD) in the free space with in a large power
distribution transformer H = 106 cos(377t + 1.2566 × 106z)ay A⁄m.
SOLUTION:
The displacement current density is given by,
∂D
JD =
∂t
According to Maxwell’s equation , we have,
∂D ∂D
∇×H = J+ = (J = σE = 0 for free space)
∂t ∂t
∂D
∇×H = = JD
∂t
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
JD = ∇ × H = | |
∂x ∂y ∂z
0 106 cos(377t + 1.2566 × 106z) 0
∴ JD = 1.2566 × 1012 sin(377t + 1.2566 × 106z) A⁄m2
Therefore amplitude of displacement current density is,
𝐉𝐃 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝐀⁄𝐦𝟐
4).Given H = H mej(ωt+βz)aX A⁄m in free space find E.
SOLUTION:
The Maxwell’s equation is given by,
∂D ∂D
∇×H = J+ = (J = σE = 0 for free space)
∂t ∂t
ax ay az
∂D ∂ ∂ ∂
=∇×H = | j(ωt+βz)a
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z| = jβHm e y
Hmej(ωt+βz) 0 0
jβHmej(ωt+βz) β
D= ay = Hmej(ωt+βz)ay
jω ω

𝐄 = 𝐃 = 𝛽 𝐇 𝐞𝐣(𝜔𝐭+𝛽𝐳)𝐚 𝐕⁄𝐦
𝜀𝟎 𝜀𝟎𝜔 𝐦 𝐲
5).Determine the frequency at which conduction current density and displacement current density are
equal in a medium with 𝜎 = 2 × 10−4 S⁄mt and εr = 81.
SOLUTION:
The ratio of conduction current density and displacement current density is given by,
JC σ
| |=
JD ωε
If JC and JD are equal , then

JC
| |=1
JD
σ
∴ =1
ωε
∴ σ = ωε = 2πfε0εr
σ
∴f= = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟖𝐊𝐇𝐳
2πε0εr
6).Show that ratio of amplitude of conduction current density and displacement current density is
𝜎
for an applied field E = E0 cos ωt.
𝜔𝗌
SOLUTION:
We have the conduction current density , JC = σE
∴ JC = σE0 cos ωt (1)
And the displacement current density is,

∂D ∂ ∂
JD = = εE = ε E
∂t ∂t ∂t
∂
JD = ε E0 cos ωt = −εE0 (ω)sin ωt
∂t
∴ JD = −εE0 (ω)sin ωt (2)
Therefore from (1) and (2)
𝐉𝐂 𝜎
| |=
𝐉𝐃 𝜔𝜀
7).Given E = Em sin(ωt − βz) ay in free space. Calculate D , B and H.

SOLUTION:
Since , D = ε0E for free space
∴ 𝐃 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝐄𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜔𝐭 − 𝛽𝐳) 𝐚𝐲 𝐂⁄𝐦𝟐
Maxwell’s equation is given by,
∂B
∇×E = −
∂t
ax ay az
∂B ∂ ∂ ∂
− = ∇ × E = | ∂x | = βEm cos(ωt − βz)ax
∂t ∂y ∂z
0 Em sin(ωt − βz) 0
∂B
= −βEm cos(ωt − βz)ax
∂t
𝛽
𝐁=− 𝐄𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜔𝐭 − 𝛽𝐳)𝐚𝐱 𝐓
𝜔
Since, B = μ0H
B 𝛽
∴H=μ =− 𝐄 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜔𝐭 − 𝛽𝐳)𝐚𝐱
0 𝛍𝟎𝜔 𝐦
𝛽
H=− 𝐄𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜔𝐭 − 𝛽𝐳)𝐚𝐱 𝐀⁄𝐦
𝟒𝛑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕𝜔
Em
8).Do the fields E = Em sin x sin t ay and H = cos x cos t a satisfy Maxwell’s equations?
z
μ0
SOLUTION:
We have the Maxwell’s equation,
∇ × E = − ∂B = − ∂ μ H = − ∂ μ Em cos x cos t a
∂t ∂t 0 z
∂t 0 μ0
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
| | = Em cos x sin t az
∂x ∂y ∂z
0 Em sin x sin t 0
Em cos x sin t az = Em cos x sin t az
Therefore LHS = RHS, hence given E and H fields are satisfy the Maxwell’s equation.

9).Find the displacement current density with in a parallel-plate capacitor having a dielectric with εr =
10, area of plates =0.01m2 , distance of separation=0.05mm and the capacitor voltage is 200 sin200 t.
SOLUTION:
The current is the rate of flow of charge. Therefore displacement current is,
dQ d d εS d
id = = CV = C V=( ) V (1)
dt dt dt d dt
Given, εr = 10, S =0.01m2 , d = 0.05 × 10−3m and V= 200 sin200 t
Therefore (1) becomes,
ε0εrS d 8.854 × 10−12 × 10 × 0.01

id = ( ) (200 sin200 t) = ( ) (200 × 200cos200 t)
d dt 0.05 × 10−3
id = 7.0832 × 10−4 cos200 t A
Therefore displacement current density is,
id 7.0832 × 10−4 cos200 t

Jd = = = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐭 𝐀⁄𝐦𝟐
S 0.01
10).Derive the continuity equation from Maxwell’s equation.
SOLUTION:

∂D
∇×H = J+ (1)
∂t
Take dot product on both side we get,
∂D
∇∙∇×H = ∇∙J+∇∙ (2)
∂t
But according to vector identity,
∇∙∇×H = 0
∂
0= ∇∙J+ ∇∙D (3)
∂t
According to Maxwell’s first equation or point form of Gauss’s law, ∇ ∙ D = ρv

∂
∇∙J+ ρv = 0
∂t
∴ 𝛁 ∙ 𝐉 = − 𝛒𝐯
𝐭
This is the continuity equation.
11).Determine the value of k such that following pairs of fields satisfies Maxwell’s equation in the region
where σ = 0 and ρv = 0.
E = [kx − 100t]ay V⁄m , H = [x + 20t]az A⁄m
μ = 0.25 H⁄m , ε = 0.01 F⁄m
SOLUTION:
∂B
∇×E = −
∂t
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
i. e, | | = − μH = −μ [x + 20t]az
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t ∂t
0 kx − 100t 0
∂
az { [kx − 100t]} = −0.25[20]az
∂x
i. e, kaz = −5az
∴ 𝐤 = −𝟓
12).Show that electric field E = 2x3ax + 4x4ay V⁄m can not arise from a static distribution of charges.
SOLUTION:
According to Maxwell’s equation , We have,
∂B
∇×E = −
∂t
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∴ ∇×E= | | = 16x3az
∂x ∂y ∂z
2x3 4x4 0
i. e, ∇×E≠ 0
Therefore given E field can not arise from a static distribution of charges.

13).Show that an emf induced in a Faraday’s disc generator is
ωBa2
e=− (volts)
2
where ‘ω’ is the angular velocity in rad/sec , ‘B’ is the magnetic flux density in Tesla and ‘a’ is the radius
of the disc in meter.
SOLUTION:
Figure P13.1
According to Faraday’s law induced emf is,
d∅
e=− (1)
dt
where,
∅ = ∫B ∙ dS
S
i. e, ∅ = B ∫dS (2)
S
where , dS is along az direction
dS = ρdρd∅az

a ωt ρ2 a ωt a2 Ba2ωt
∅ = B∫ ∫ ρdρd∅ = B [ ] [∅] = B [ ] [ωt] =
ρ=0 ∅=0 2 0 0 2 2
d Ba2ωt
e=− [ ]
dt 2

𝜔𝐁𝐚𝟐
𝐞=− 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝟐
14).A circular conducting loop of radius 40cm lies in x-y plane and has resistance of 20Ω. If the magnetic
flux density in the region is given as, B = 0.2 cos 500tX ̂ + 0.75 sin 400t Ŷ + 1.2 cos 314t Ẑ. Determine
effective value of induced current in the loop.
SOLUTION:
Figure P13.1
We have,
Φ = ∫B ∙ dS
S
̂ + 0.75 sin 400t ̂Y+ 1.2 cos 314t Ẑ] ∙ ρdρd∅az = ∫[1.2 cos 314t ]ρdρd∅
Φ = ∫[0.2 cos 500tX
S S
0.4 2π ρ2 0.4 2π 0.42

Φ=∫ ∫ [1.2 cos 314t ]ρdρd∅ = 1.2 cos 314t [ ] [Φ] = 1.2 × 2π × cos 314t
ρ=0 Φ=0 2 0 0 2
dΦ d 0.42 0.42
∴ emf = − =− [1.2 × 2π × cos 314t ] = 1.2 × 2π × × 314 sin 314t
dt dt 2 2
Therefore induced current i = R ∙ emf
∴ 𝐢 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝐭 𝐊𝐀

UNIFORM PLANE WAVE
Wave Propagation in Free Space

Consider electromagnetic waves in free space with the medium is source less (ρv = J = 0).Under
these conditions, Maxwell’s equations may be written in terms of E and H only as,
∂𝐄
∇ × 𝐇 = ε0 (26)
∂t
∂𝐇
∇ × 𝐄 = −μ0 (27)
∂t
∇∙𝐄 = 0 (28)
∇∙𝐇 = 0 (29)
Equation (26) states that if electric field E is changing with time at some point , then magnetic
field H has curl at that point; therefore H varies spatially in a direction normal to its orientation
direction. Also , if E changing with time, then H will in general will also change with time, although not
necessarily in the same way.
Equation(27) is that a time-varying H generates E, which, having curl, varies spatially in the
direction normal to its orientation.
Figure 5.1
The existence of a uniform plane wave, in which both fields , E and H, lie in the transverse
plane- that is, the plane whose normal is the direction of propagation. By definition , both fields are of
constant magnitude in the transverse plane. For this reason , such a wave is sometimes called a
transverse electromagnetic(TEM) wave.
Consider that E = EXax , or that the electric field is polarized in x-direction. Assume that wave
travel is in the z-direction, therefore spatial variation of E only with z. Using (27) , the curl of E
reduces to a single term:

∂EX ∂𝐇 ∂Hy
∇×𝐄= ay = −μ0 = −μ0 ay (30)
∂z ∂t ∂t
The direction of the curl of E in (30) determines the direction of H, which is along y-direction.
Therefore , in a uniform plane wave , the directions of E and H and the direction of travel are mutually
orthogonal. Using the y-directed magnetic field , and the fact that it varies only in z, simplifies (26) to
read
∂Hy ∂𝐄 ∂EX
∇×𝐇 = − ax = ε0 = ε0 ax (31)
∂z ∂t ∂t
Equation (30) and (31) can be more briefly written:
∂EX ∂Hy
= −μ (32)
∂z 0 ∂t
∂Hy ∂EX
(33)
= −ε0
∂z ∂t
Differentiate (32) with respect to ‘z’ , gives,
∂2EX ∂2 Hy
= −μ0 (34)
∂z2 ∂t ∂z
Then, (33) is differentiated with respect ‘t’:
∂2 Hy ∂2EX
= −ε0 (35)
∂z ∂t ∂t2
Substituting (35) in (34) results in,
∂2EX ∂2EX
= μ0ε0 (36)
∂z2 ∂t2
This equation (36) is the x-polarized TEM electric field in free space. From (36) we have the propagation
velocity is:
1
v= = 3 × 108 m⁄s = c
√ μ0 ε 0
where c denotes the velocity of light in free space.
Similarly differentiating (32) with ‘t’ and (33) with ‘z’, yields the wave equation for the magnetic field.
∂2 Hy ∂2 Hy
= μ0ε0 (37)
∂z2 ∂t2
The relation between E and H field is given by,

E
η=
H
where, η is the intrinsic impedance of the medium. It is given by,
μ
η=√
ε
for free space ,
μ0
= 120π = 377Ω
η0 = √
ε0
Phase velocity of the wave is given by,

ω
vp =
β
And the wavelength is ,
2π
λ=
β
Poynting’s Theorem and Wave Power

STATEMENT: At any point in an electromagnetic field, the power per unit area or power density vector
is given by the expression,
𝐒 = 𝐄 × 𝐇 W⁄m2
Where ‘S’ is known as Poynting vector.
In order to find the power flow associated with electromagnetic wave, it is necessary to develop a
power theorem for the electromagnetic field known as the Poyning theorem.
The development begins with one of Maxwell’s curl equations, in which we assume that the
medium may be conductive:
∂D
∇×H = J+ (38)
∂t
Take the scalar product of both sides of (38) with ‘E’ ,
∂D
E∙∇×H = E∙J+E∙ (39)
∂t
We have the vector identity,
∇ ∙ (E × H) = −E ∙ ∇ × H + H ∙ ∇ × E (40)

Using (40) in the left side of (39) results in ,
∂D
H ∙ ∇ × E − ∇ ∙ (E × H) = J ∙ E + E ∙ (41)
∂t
Where the curl of the electric field is given by other Maxwell curl equation,
∂B
i. e, ∇×E= −
∂t
∂B ∂D
−H ∙ − ∇ ∙ (E × H) = J ∙ E + E ∙
∂t ∂t
Or
∂E ∂H
−∇ ∙ (E × H) = J ∙ E + εE ∙ + μH ∙ (42)
∂t ∂t
The two time derivatives in (42) can be re-arranged as follows:
∂E ∂ 1
εE ∙ = ( D ∙ E) (43)
∂t ∂t 2
∂H ∂ 1
μH ∙ = ( B ∙ H) (44)
∂t ∂t 2
∂ 1 ∂ 1
−∇ ∙ (E × H) = J ∙ E + ( D ∙ E) + ( B ∙ H) (45)
∂t 2 ∂t 2
Integrate (45) throughout a volume,
1 ∂ ∂ 1
− ∫ ∇ ∙ (E × H) dv = ∫ J ∙ E dv + ∫ ( D ∙ E) dv + ∫ ( B ∙ H) dv (46)
vol vol vol ∂t 2 vol ∂t 2
The divergence theorem is then applied to the left-hand side of (46) , thus converting the volume
integral there into an integral over the surface that encloses the volume. On the right-hand side, the
operations of spatial integration and time differentiation are interchanged.

d 1 d 1
−∮ (E × H) ∙ dS = ∫ J ∙ E dv + ∫ D ∙ E dv + ∫ B ∙ H dv (47)
area vol dt vol 2 dt vol 2
Equation (47) is the Poynting theorem.

Figure 5.2
Thus the net power flowing out of a given volume ‘V’ is equal to the time rate of decrease in the
energy stored with in volume ‘V’ minus the ohmic power dissipated.
The sum of the expressions on the right of (47) must therefore be the total power flowing into this
volume, and so the total power flowing out of the volume is,
∮ (𝐄 × 𝐇) ∙ 𝐝𝐒 𝐖
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚
The cross product (𝐄 × 𝐇) is known as the Poynting theorem S,
∴ 𝐒 = 𝐄 × 𝐇 𝐖⁄𝐦𝟐
Skin Effect(PROPAGATION IN GOOD CONDUCTOR)

For a good conductor ,the specific criterion is,
σ
≫1
ωϵ′
A good conductor has a high conductivity and large conduction currents. The energy represented by the
wave travelling through the material therefore decreases as the wave propagates because ohmic losses are
continuously present.
The general expression for the propagation constant ′γ′ is ,
σ
γ = jk = jω√μϵ′√1 − j ′
ωϵ

σ
i. e, γ = jk = jω√μϵ′√−j ′
ωϵ
or γ = jk = j√−jωμσ
but −j = 1∠ − 90°
and
1
√1√−90° = 1∠ − 45° =
(1 − j)
√2
Therefore
ωμσ
jk = j(1 − j)√ = (1 + j)√πfμσ = α + jβ
2
hence
𝑎 = 𝛽 = √𝛑𝐟𝛍𝜎
Regardless of the parameters μ and σ of the conductor or of the frequency of the applied field, α and β
are equal. If we again assume only an Ex component travelling in the +z direction, then,
EX = EX0e−z√πfμσ cos(ωt − z√πfμσ)
Let the region z>0 be the good conductor and the region z<0 be a perfect dielectric. At the boundary
surface z=0, then () becomes,
EX = EX0 cos ωt (𝑧 = 0)
The conduction current density at any point within the conductor is directly related to E:
JX = σEX = σEX0e−z√πfμσ cos(ωt − z√πfμσ)
When such a wave propagates in good conductor , there is a large attenuation of the amplitude as shown
in Figure5.3.
The exponential factor is unity at z=0 and decreases to e−1 = 0.368 when
1
z=
√πfμσ
So over a distance (1⁄𝛼) the amplitude of the wave decreases to approximately 37% of its original value.
The distance through which the amplitude of the travelling wave decreases to 37% of the original
amplitude is called Skin depth or depth of penetration. This distance is denoted by δ .

1 1 1
δ= = =
√πfμσ α β
Figure5.3
It is an important parameter in decreasing conductor behavior in electromagnetic fields. From the
expression of the skin depth , it is clear that δ is inversely proportional to the square root of frequency. So
for the frequencies in the microwave range, the skin depth is very small for good conductors. And all the
fields and currents may be considered as confined to a very thin layer near the surface of the conductor.
This thin layer is nothing but the skin of the conductor , hence this effect is called Skin effect.
SOLVED QUESTION PAPER AND EXERCISE PROBLEMS
1). The magnetic field intensity of uniform plane wave in air is 20(A/m) in a y direction. The wave is
propagating in the az direction at an angular frequency of 2 × 109(rad⁄sec). Find: (i) phase shift
constant , (ii) wavelength , (iii) frequency , (iv) amplitude of the electric field intensity.
SOLUTION:
Given , Hm = 20 A⁄m , ω = 2 × 109(rad⁄sec)
(i) The phase shift constant β is given by,
β = ω√μ0ε0 = 2 × 109√4π × 10−7 × 8.854 × 10−12 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝐫𝐚𝐝⁄𝐦
(ii) Wavelength is given by,
2π 2π
λ= = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟖𝐦
β 6.6712
(iii) Frequency is given by,
ω 2 × 109
f= = = 𝟑𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝐌𝐇𝐳
2π 2π
(iv) For free space or air , the intrinsic impedance is given by, η0 = 377Ω
∴ Em = η0Hm = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐕⁄𝐦
2).A 10GHz plane wave travelling in a free space has an amplitude of E as EX = 10 V⁄m. Find β ,
η , v , λ and amplitude , direction of 𝐇.

SOLUTION:
In free space β = ω√μ0ε0 = 2πf√μ0ε0 = 2 × π × 10 × 109√4π × 10−7 × 8.854 × 10−12
∴ 𝛽 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟖 𝐫𝐚𝐝⁄𝐦
For the free space , intrinsic impedance is given by,
μ0 4π × 10−7
η=η =√ =√
0 = 𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟕𝟑 ≈ 𝟑𝟕𝟕Ω
ε0 8.854 × 10−12
The velocity of propagation v is given by,
ω 2 × π × 10 × 109
v= = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦⁄𝐬 ≈ 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦⁄𝐬 = 𝐜
β 209.58
The wavelength 𝜆 is given by,
2π 2π
λ= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝐦 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝐦
β 209.58
Let the 10GHz plane wave travels in z-direction which is normal to x-y plane. So when wave is
propagating in z-direction , both E and H field vectors in x-y plane. To get z-direction of wave
propagation, H must be directed in y-direction.
The intrinsic impedance η can be expressed in terms of amplitudes of E and H as,

EX
η= where EX = 10 V⁄m
Hy
EX
∴ Hy = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝐀⁄𝐦
η0
3).An E field ion free space is given as E = 800 cos(108t − βy) az V⁄m. Find : (i) β , (ii) λ (iii)H at
P(0.1,1.5,0.4) at t=8nsec
SOLUTION:
(i)For uniform plane wave in free space ,
ω 108
β= = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐫𝐚𝐝⁄𝐦
c 3 × 108
(ii)
2π 2π
λ= = = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝐦
β 0.333
(iii) The magnetic field intensity in the free space is given by,

E
H=
η0
For free space , η0 = 377Ω . Since power flow is in y-direction and E is in z-direction, the direction of H
will be +x-direction.
800 cos(108t − βy)

∴H= ax = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟖𝐭 − 𝛽𝐲) 𝐚𝐱 𝐀⁄𝐦
377
(iv) H at P(0.1,1.5,0.4) at t=8nsec is given by,
H = 2.122 cos(108 × 8 × 10−9 − 0.3333 × 1.5) ax = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟗𝐚𝐱 𝐀⁄𝐦
4).The electric field in the free space is given by, 𝐄 = 𝟓𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟖𝐭 + 𝛽𝐱)𝐚𝐲 𝐕⁄𝐦
(i)Find the direction of wave propagation.
(ii)Calculate β and time it takes to travel a distance of 𝜆⁄2.
SOLUTION:
From the given expression of E, it is clear that β i.e, phase constant is associated with x. From the basics
of wave propagation , β factor is associated with the term representing of propagation.
Thus , direction of wave propagation is negative x-direction.
The wave is travelling in free space. In free space,
β = ω√μ0ε0
From expression of E , term associated with ‘t’ gives value of ω . Hence ω = 108
β = ω√μ0ε0 = 108√μ0ε0 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝐫𝐚𝐝⁄𝐦
In free space , the velocity of propagation equals to sped of light in free space.
v c 3 × 108
λ= = = 8 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝐦
f f 10 ⁄2π
To calculate the time taken to travel distance λ⁄2 , consider expression for velocity,
distance
velocity =
time
distance = λ⁄2 = 9.425m
velocity = 3 × 108 m⁄s
∴ 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟒𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐜

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 5

A nonzero value of d∅ may result from any of the following situations:

1. A time-changing flux linking a stationary closed path.

Replacing ∅ in (1) with the surface integral of B,

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 1 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

For electro-static (5) and (6) becomes,

Motional emf in a conductor

The force on a charge Q moving at a velocity ‘v’ in a magnetic field B is

the motional emf produced by the moving conductor is then,

emf = ∮ Em ∙ dL = ∮(v × B) ∙ dL (motinal emf) (9)

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 2 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

Displacement Current(Modification of Ampere’s circuital law for time

For static electro-magnetic fields, according to Ampere’s circuital law,

Taking divergence on both sides ,

But the equation of continuity is given by ,

We must add an unknown term G to (12),

Again taking divergence ,

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 3 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

Comparing two sides of the equation (14) we get,

The additional term ∂D

And applying Stoke’s theorem,

Maxwell’s Equations in Point Form

For time-varying fields,

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 4 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form

From Stokes theorem,

From Stokes theorem,

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 5 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

From divergence theorem,

From divergence theorem,

SOLVED QUESTION PAPER AND EXERCISE PROBLEMS

(a) D = 6ax − 2yay + 2zazn C⁄m2,

H = kxax + 10yay − 25zaz A⁄m

(b) E = (20y − kt)ax V⁄m,

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 6 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

∴ 𝐤 = −𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐕⁄𝐦𝐬

The Maxwell’s equation derived from Faraday’s law is,

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 7 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

Integrating both sides w.r.t. ’t’ , we get,

400k cos(109t − kz)

∴ 𝐁 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗𝐤 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 − 𝐤𝐳) 𝐚𝐲 𝐓 (𝟐)

B 400 × 10−9k cos(109t − kz) ay

𝐇 = 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝐤 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 − 𝐤𝐳) 𝐚𝐲 𝐀⁄𝐦 (𝟑)

The Maxwell’s equation is given by,

Integrating w.r.t. ‘t’ , we get,

32 × 10−3k2 cos(109t − kz)ax

Comparing equations (1) and (4) we get,

800 × 10−6 = 32 × 10−12k2

Substituting k values in (1) , (2) and (3) we get,

𝐁 = ±𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 ± 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐳) 𝐚𝐲 𝐓

𝐇 = ±𝟏𝟔𝟎𝐤 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 ± 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐳) 𝐚𝐲 𝐀⁄𝐦

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 8 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

𝐃 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝐤𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟗𝐭 ± 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐳)𝐚𝐱 𝐂⁄𝐦𝟐

The displacement current density is given by,

∴ JD = 1.2566 × 1012 sin(377t + 1.2566 × 106z) A⁄m2

Therefore amplitude of displacement current density is,

𝐉𝐃 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝐀⁄𝐦𝟐

4).Given H = H mej(ωt+βz)aX A⁄m in free space find E.

The Maxwell’s equation is given by,