GEC 6: ART APPRECIATION PRELIM COVERAGE

Art Definition

Defining art is a challenging task, as it is a concept that has been debated by philosophers,
scholars, and artists throughout history. Different perspectives offer various definitions,
emphasizing different aspects of the artistic experience. Here are a few notable definitions:

1. Leo Tolstoy: In his essay "What Is Art?" (1897), Tolstoy defines art as "a human activity
consisting in this, that one man consciously, by means of certain external signs, hands on
to others feelings he has lived through, and that other people are infected by these
feelings and also experience them."
2. John Dewey: The philosopher John Dewey, in his work "Art as Experience" (1934),
argues that art is a part of everyday experience. He defines art as a process of expression
that arises from the interaction between the artist and the environment.
3. Clive Bell: In his book "Art" (1914), Bell proposed the concept of "significant form." He
argued that art is a matter of form and that significant form produces an emotional
response in the viewer. Bell believed that the essence of art lies in its ability to evoke
aesthetic emotion.
4. Immanuel Kant: In his "Critique of Judgment" (1790), Kant distinguished between the
agreeable, the good, and the beautiful. He considered beauty, including artistic beauty, to
be a subjective experience based on a harmonious interplay of form and content.
5. Pablo Picasso: The renowned artist Picasso once said, "Art is the lie that enables us to
realize the truth." This statement suggests that art has a transformative and interpretive
quality that allows us to understand and engage with aspects of reality in a unique way.
6. Susan Sontag: In her essay "Against Interpretation" (1964), Sontag challenges the
tendency to analyze and interpret art excessively. She emphasizes the immediate and
sensual experience of art, arguing that it should be appreciated directly without the need
for intellectual interpretation.

These definitions provide a glimpse into the diverse ways in which thinkers and artists have
approached the question of what constitutes art. The variety of perspectives reflects the
multifaceted nature of art and its ability to elicit a wide range of responses and interpretations.

Art History

The history of art is a vast and complex subject that spans thousands of years and encompasses a
wide range of styles, movements, and cultures. Here is a brief overview of key periods in the
history of art:

1. Prehistoric Art (c. 30,000 BCE - 3,000 BCE): The earliest known forms of artistic
expression are found in cave paintings, sculptures, and artifacts created by prehistoric
humans.
 2. Ancient Art (c. 3,000 BCE - 476 CE):
o Mesopotamian Art: Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian civilizations
produced art that often had a religious or political purpose.
o Egyptian Art: Known for monumental architecture, sculptures, and paintings,
often focused on the afterlife and deities.
o Greek and Roman Art: Classical Greece produced sculptures, pottery, and
architecture that emphasized idealized human forms. Roman art continued and
adapted Greek traditions.
3. Medieval Art (c. 476 CE - 1400 CE):
o Early Christian and Byzantine Art: Characterized by religious themes and
iconography.
o Romanesque and Gothic Art: Medieval European art that featured intricate
architectural designs and religious narratives.
4. Renaissance (c. 14th - 17th centuries): A period of renewed interest in classical art and
humanism.
o Italian Renaissance: Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael
produced works that emphasized realism, perspective, and human anatomy.
o Northern Renaissance: Flourishing in Northern Europe, artists like Jan van Eyck
and Albrecht Dürer explored detailed realism and symbolism.
5. Baroque (c. 17th - 18th centuries): Characterized by dramatic and theatrical
compositions, often associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
o Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Bernini: Artists who exemplified Baroque styles.
6. Neoclassicism (c. 18th - 19th centuries): A return to classical themes and forms,
inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art.
7. Romanticism (c. late 18th - mid-19th centuries): Emphasized emotion, imagination,
and individualism in response to industrialization and Enlightenment rationalism.
8. Realism (c. mid-19th century): Focused on depicting everyday life with accuracy and
detail.
9. Impressionism (c. late 19th century): Artists like Monet and Renoir sought to capture
the effects of light and atmosphere in their paintings.
10. Post-Impressionism (c. late 19th - early 20th centuries): Artists like Van Gogh and
Cézanne pushed the boundaries of traditional artistic techniques.
11. Modern Art (c. late 19th - mid-20th centuries): A period of diverse styles and
movements, including Fauvism, Cubism, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism.
12. Contemporary Art (mid-20th century - present): Characterized by a wide range of
styles, mediums, and conceptual approaches, including Pop Art, Minimalism, and
Postmodernism.

These are broad categories, and many artists and movements do not neatly fit into one
classification. The history of art is dynamic and continually evolving, reflecting changes in
society, culture, and technology.

Art Appreciation: Art appreciation involves understanding and valuing works of art. It goes
beyond a simple liking or disliking of a piece and delves into the reasons behind an artwork's
creation, the artist's intentions, and the historical and cultural context. Appreciating art often
involves developing an awareness of different artistic styles, techniques, and movements. It can
enhance one's ability to engage with and derive meaning from artistic expressions.

Creativity: Creativity is the ability to generate original ideas, solutions, or expressions. In the
context of art, creativity is a fundamental aspect of the artistic process. Artists use their creative
abilities to envision, design, and bring their ideas to life. It involves thinking outside
conventional boundaries, experimenting with different materials and techniques, and pushing the
limits of artistic expression. Creativity is not limited to the realm of visual arts but is a vital force
in various forms of human expression.

Imagination: Imagination is the ability to form mental images or concepts that are not present to
the senses. In art, imagination plays a crucial role in the generation of ideas and the visualization
of artistic concepts. Artists often draw upon their imaginative faculties to create works that
transport viewers to alternative realities, convey abstract concepts, or evoke emotions.
Imagination is not only about fantasy but also about the ability to see the world from new
perspectives and to recombine existing elements in novel ways.

Expression: Artistic expression is the communication of thoughts, feelings, and ideas through
various artistic mediums. It is a way for artists to convey their unique perspectives and engage
with their audience emotionally, intellectually, or aesthetically. Expression in art can be highly
personal, reflecting an artist's inner world, or it can serve broader societal or cultural purposes.
Artistic expression can take many forms, including visual arts, literature, music, dance, and
more.

Together, art appreciation, creativity, imagination, and expression contribute to the richness and
diversity of the art world. They empower both artists and audiences to explore, understand, and
connect with the profound and transformative aspects of human creativity. Whether as creators
or appreciators, individuals engage with art to make sense of the world, express their identities,
and find meaning in the human experience.

ASSUMPTIONS OF ART

1. Art is Universal:
o Assumption: Art has universal qualities that transcend cultural, geographical, and
temporal boundaries. Certain artistic themes, emotions, and aesthetic principles
may resonate with people across diverse backgrounds.
2. Art is Cultural:
o Assumption: Art is deeply connected to culture and reflects the values, beliefs,
and experiences of a particular society or community. Different cultures produce
distinct forms of art that are shaped by their unique histories, traditions, and
perspectives.
3. Art is Not Nature:
 o Assumption: Art is a human-made creation that distinguishes itself from the
natural world. While artists often draw inspiration from nature, the act of creating
art involves intentional human expression and interpretation.
4. Art Involves Experience:
o Assumption: The appreciation and understanding of art are enhanced through
personal experiences. Art is not only about the physical artwork but also about the
viewer's interaction with it. The context, emotions, and interpretations brought by
the viewer contribute to the overall experience of art.
5. Art as Expression:
o Assumption: Art serves as a means of personal and cultural expression. Artists
use various mediums to communicate their thoughts, feelings, and ideas,
providing a channel for self-expression and communication.
6. Art as a Form of Creation:
o Assumption: Art is a form of creative expression involving the intentional
arrangement of elements to produce a meaningful and aesthetically pleasing
result. This creation can take various forms, such as paintings, sculptures,
literature, music, and more.

These assumptions highlight the diverse and dynamic nature of art. While they provide a
foundational understanding, it's important to note that perspectives on art can vary widely.
Different cultures, individuals, and artistic movements may have unique interpretations and
beliefs about the nature and purpose of art. Art's universal and cultural aspects often coexist,
enriching the global tapestry of human creativity.

FUNCTIONS OF ART

Personal Functions of Art:

1. Utilitarian:
o Assisting Daily Life: Some forms of art have practical applications, serving
utilitarian purposes. This includes objects like furniture, clothing, pottery, and
tools that are not only functional but also aesthetically designed.
2. Public Display:
o Decoration: Art is often created for the purpose of embellishing and enhancing
public or private spaces. Paintings, sculptures, murals, and other forms of visual
art are used to decorate environments and create visually appealing atmospheres.
o Monuments and Memorials: Art is employed to commemorate historical events,
individuals, or groups. Monuments and memorials serve as public displays of
remembrance and reflection.
3. Expression:
o Personal Expression: One of the primary functions of art is to serve as a medium
for personal expression. Artists use their chosen forms to communicate their
emotions, thoughts, and perspectives to the audience.
 o Self-Exploration: Creating art can be a process of self-discovery for the artist.
Through artistic expression, individuals may explore their own identities, beliefs,
and inner worlds.
o Catharsis: Both creating and experiencing art can provide a release of emotions
and a sense of catharsis. Art becomes a therapeutic outlet for expressing and
processing feelings.

Social and Cultural Functions:

1. Communication:
o Storytelling: Art has been a vital tool for storytelling throughout history. Visual
arts, literature, and performing arts convey narratives that communicate cultural
values, myths, and histories.
o Social Commentary: Artists often engage with societal issues, offering
commentary on politics, morality, and social norms through their work.
2. Cultural Identity:
o Preserving Culture: Art plays a role in preserving and transmitting cultural
heritage. Traditional art forms, rituals, and symbols contribute to the continuity of
cultural identity.
o Cultural Exchange: Art serves as a bridge between different cultures, facilitating
the exchange of ideas, aesthetics, and perspectives.
3. Education:
o Cognitive Development: Exposure to art can stimulate cognitive development,
fostering creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.
o Historical Insight: Art provides a visual record of historical periods, reflecting
the socio-political, economic, and cultural contexts of the time.

PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS OF ART

The physical functions of art refer to the tangible and practical aspects of artistic creations. Art
has been used throughout history to serve various physical purposes, often extending beyond
aesthetic or expressive dimensions. Here are some physical functions of art:

1. Decoration and Ornamentation:

o Architectural Detailing: Art is used to embellish architectural structures.
Sculptures, reliefs, and decorative elements add visual interest and aesthetic
appeal to buildings.
o Interior Design: Artistic elements such as paintings, murals, and sculptures are
employed in interior spaces to enhance the visual environment and create
atmospheres that suit specific purposes.
2. Functional Objects:
o Utilitarian Art: Some artworks are created with utilitarian functions, serving
practical purposes beyond their aesthetic value. Examples include artist-designed
furniture, ceramics, and textiles that blend functionality with artistic expression.
o Ceremonial Objects: Art is often integrated into ceremonial or ritualistic objects,
such as religious artifacts, cultural instruments, or ceremonial attire.
 3. Monumental Structures:
o Public Art and Sculptures: Large-scale sculptures and monuments serve
physical functions as landmarks and focal points in public spaces. They can
influence the layout and aesthetics of urban environments.
o Memorials and Statues: Art is employed to commemorate historical events,
individuals, or groups through the creation of memorials and statues.
4. Art in Technology:
o Industrial Design: The principles of art and design are often applied in the
creation of products, ranging from consumer goods to machinery, to improve
functionality and aesthetics.
o Digital Art and Interfaces: In the digital age, art plays a role in designing user
interfaces, graphics, and multimedia content for technological applications.
5. Environmental Art:
o Land Art: Artists create large-scale installations in natural landscapes using
natural materials. These works often interact with and alter the physical
environment.
o Site-Specific Art: Artworks designed for specific locations may integrate with
the natural or built environment, influencing the viewer's physical experience of
the space.
6. Textile Arts:
o Clothing and Fashion Design: Artistic expression is evident in the design of
clothing and accessories, where aesthetics meet functionality. Fashion can reflect
cultural trends, personal expression, and practical considerations.
7. Archaeological and Anthropological Artifacts:
o Cave Paintings and Petroglyphs: Early forms of art, such as cave paintings,
served practical purposes, possibly related to rituals, hunting practices, or
communication within communities.
o Cultural Artifacts: Art objects, including pottery, tools, and jewelry, can serve
as physical artifacts that provide insights into the daily lives, beliefs, and
technologies of past cultures.

These physical functions highlight the versatility of art, demonstrating its capacity to serve
utilitarian, structural, and practical purposes in addition to its expressive and aesthetic roles.

PHILOSOPHICAL IMPORTANCE OF ART: INTEGRITY, PROPORTION/CONSONANCE,

RADIANCE/CLARITY

The philosophical importance of art is often explored through various principles and concepts
that contribute to its understanding and appreciation. Let's delve into the philosophical
significance of art with a focus on integrity, proportion/consonance, and radiance/clarity:

1. Integrity:
 oPhilosophical Context: In the realm of art, integrity refers to the wholeness and
authenticity of the artistic expression. It involves the artist's commitment to their
vision and the sincerity with which they convey their ideas.
o Importance: Integrity in art is crucial for conveying genuine emotions and
meaningful messages. It speaks to the artist's commitment to their creative
process, resisting external pressures that might compromise the authenticity of
their work.
2. Proportion/Consonance:
o Philosophical Context: Proportion and consonance in art refer to the balanced
and harmonious arrangement of elements. This involves the relationship between
different components within an artwork, contributing to its overall aesthetic
appeal.
o Importance: Philosophically, proportion and consonance in art reflect an inherent
order and balance. This sense of harmony can evoke a sense of beauty and
resonate with viewers on a deep, often subconscious level. It speaks to the human
inclination towards order and symmetry.
3. Radiance/Clarity:
o Philosophical Context: Radiance and clarity in art pertain to the luminosity and
transparency of the artistic expression. It involves the ability of the artwork to
communicate its intended message with clarity and the brilliance with which it
engages the viewer.
o Importance: Philosophically, radiance and clarity emphasize the power of art to
illuminate and bring insight. Art that possesses radiance is thought to have the
ability to enlighten, inspire, and provide a clear understanding of complex ideas or
emotions. It aligns with the philosophical pursuit of knowledge and
enlightenment.

These philosophical principles contribute to the depth and meaning of art, shaping the way we
interpret and engage with creative expressions. They highlight the intrinsic connection between
art and human experiences, emphasizing the importance of sincerity, balance, and clarity in the
pursuit of artistic expression and understanding. Philosophical discussions surrounding these
concepts provide a framework for critically evaluating the impact and value of art in our lives.

SUBJECT TYPE: REPRESENTATION AND NON-REPRESENTATIONAL

The terms "representation" and "non-representational" refer to two different approaches in the
depiction of subjects in art. Let's explore these concepts:

1. Representation:
o Definition: In art, representation involves portraying recognizable elements from
the visible world. The artist creates a visual or sensory likeness of objects, people,
landscapes, or abstract concepts. The aim is to depict something that the viewer
can identify or relate to.
 o Characteristics: Representational art often employs realistic or figurative styles,
capturing details, proportions, and perspectives that mimic the appearance of the
subject in the real world.
o Purposes: Representation can serve various purposes, such as storytelling,
documentation, communication of ideas, and the exploration of aesthetic or
emotional qualities associated with the depicted subject.

Examples: Traditional portraiture, still life paintings, landscape art, and realistic
sculptures are forms of representational art.

2. Non-Representational (or Non-Objective) Art:

o Definition: Non-representational art, also known as non-objective or abstract art,
does not attempt to depict recognizable objects or scenes from the visible world.
Instead, it emphasizes shapes, colors, lines, and other formal elements to create
compositions that may lack a direct reference to specific subjects.
o Characteristics: Non-representational art often prioritizes abstraction, allowing
the artist to explore purely formal and expressive aspects without being
constrained by the need to represent recognizable objects.
o Purposes: Non-representational art can be exploratory and experimental,
focusing on the visual language itself rather than conveying a specific narrative or
recognizable subject. It may evoke emotions, provoke thought, or challenge
traditional notions of representation.

Examples: Abstract paintings by artists like Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, or

Jackson Pollock exemplify non-representational art. Additionally, some contemporary
digital or conceptual artworks may fall into this category.

It's important to note that these categories are not mutually exclusive, and many artists may
incorporate elements of both representation and abstraction in their works. The distinction
between the two types of art allows for a broad understanding of the diverse ways in which
artists engage with the visual language.

SOURCE OF SUBJECT

The source of a subject in art can vary widely and depends on the artist's intention, inspiration,
and creative process. Here are some common sources of subjects in art:

1. Observation:
o Natural World: Many artists draw inspiration from the natural world, depicting
landscapes, animals, plants, and other elements observed in their surroundings.
o Human Form: Portraits and figurative art often derive from the observation of
people, capturing their expressions, poses, and interactions.
2. Imagination and Creativity:
 o Fantasy and Fiction: Artists often create imaginary worlds, fantastical creatures,
or scenes that exist only in their minds. This source allows for unlimited creative
freedom and expression.
o Abstract Concepts: Some artists explore abstract ideas, emotions, or
philosophies, using their creativity to represent concepts that may not have a
tangible, observable form.
3. Personal Experience and Emotion:
o Autobiographical Elements: Artists may draw from their own life experiences,
memories, and emotions to create works that are deeply personal and reflective of
their individual journeys.
o Social Commentary: Subjects derived from societal issues, political events, or
cultural phenomena may serve as a way for artists to engage with and comment
on the world around them.
4. Art Historical References:
o Artistic Tradition: Artists often reference or reinterpret themes, styles, or
techniques from art history. This can be a way of paying homage to earlier artists
or challenging established conventions.
o Iconography: Symbolic elements and iconography from religious, mythological,
or historical contexts can serve as sources of inspiration.
5. Photography and Technology:
o Photography: Many artists use photographs as source material for their artwork.
They may capture moments, scenes, or details through photography and then
reinterpret them in their chosen medium.
o Digital Media: Advances in technology allow artists to explore new ways of
creating and manipulating images, using digital tools to generate subjects that
may be entirely computer-generated.
6. Social and Cultural Influences:
o Cultural Heritage: Artists may draw from their cultural backgrounds, traditions,
or heritage, incorporating elements that reflect the richness of their cultural
identity.
o Contemporary Issues: Subjects may be derived from current events, social
issues, or cultural trends, providing a platform for artists to engage with the
present moment.
7. Dreams and Surrealism:
o Dreams and the Subconscious: Surrealist artists, in particular, draw inspiration
from dreams, the subconscious mind, and automatic writing to create works that
defy conventional reality.

Artists often combine multiple sources or adapt and reinterpret their chosen subjects,
contributing to the richness and diversity of artistic expression. The source of a subject is a
deeply personal aspect of an artist's practice and can greatly influence the meaning and impact of
the artwork.

KINDS OF SUBJECT
Subjects in art can be diverse and encompass a wide range of themes, content, and ideas. The
choice of subject matter contributes significantly to the meaning, emotion, and purpose of a work
of art. Here are some broad categories or kinds of subjects in art:

1. Portraiture:
o Focuses on representing individuals or groups of people.
o Captures facial expressions, body language, and personalities.
o Includes traditional portraits, self-portraits, and contemporary explorations of
identity.
2. Landscape:
o Depicts natural scenery, including mountains, rivers, forests, and skies.
o Emphasizes the portrayal of the environment and atmosphere.
o Landscape art can range from realistic to abstract interpretations.
3. Still Life:
o Features inanimate objects arranged in a composition.
o Often includes everyday items like flowers, fruit, food, and household objects.
o Artists use still life to explore composition, light, and symbolism.
4. Genre Scenes:
o Depicts scenes from everyday life, capturing ordinary activities and settings.
o Includes domestic scenes, marketplaces, street scenes, and social gatherings.
5. Historical or Narrative Scenes:
o Illustrates events, stories, or historical moments.
o Often involves characters and settings that convey a specific narrative.
o Can be realistic or fantastical, depending on the artist's interpretation.
6. Abstract or Non-Representational:
o Emphasizes form, color, line, and other visual elements rather than recognizable
subjects.
o Allows for a departure from literal representation, encouraging viewers to engage
with emotions, concepts, or purely visual experiences.
7. Symbolism and Allegory:
o Uses symbols and allegorical elements to convey deeper meanings.
o Often involves the representation of abstract concepts, virtues, or moral lessons.
8. Religious and Mythological Themes:
o Draws inspiration from religious texts, mythology, and folklore.
o Represents deities, mythological creatures, and religious narratives.
9. Political and Social Commentary:
o Addresses societal issues, political events, and cultural phenomena.
o Serves as a platform for artists to engage with and comment on contemporary
concerns.
10. Fantasy and Science Fiction:
o Explores imaginative and otherworldly themes.
o Involves fantastical creatures, futuristic landscapes, and speculative scenarios.
11. Surrealism and Dreamscapes:
o Incorporates dreamlike or surreal elements.
o Draws inspiration from the subconscious mind, dreams, and automatic writing.
12. Animal and Wildlife Art:
 o Focuses on the depiction of animals, both domestic and wild.
o Artists may explore the beauty, behavior, and symbolism associated with animals.
13. Everyday Objects and Pop Art:
o Incorporates commonplace items from popular culture.
o Reflects the influence of mass media, consumerism, and popular imagery.
14. Body and Anatomy:
o Explores the human body and its various forms.
o May include anatomical studies, figurative art, or representations of the human
form.

These categories are not mutually exclusive, and many artworks may incorporate elements from
multiple kinds of subjects. The diversity of subjects in art reflects the richness of human
experiences, perspectives, and creative expressions.

CONTENT IN ART - LEVEL OF MEANING (FACTUAL, CONVENTIONAL AND

SUBJECTIVE)

The content in art encompasses various levels of meaning, ranging from factual and conventional
to subjective and interpretive. These levels reflect how viewers engage with and interpret the
visual elements presented in an artwork. Here are three levels of meaning in art:

1. Factual Level of Meaning:

o Description: At the factual level, the content of an artwork is based on
observable, tangible elements. This includes the identification and description of
what is physically present in the artwork.
o Objective Information: Factual meaning is often objective and verifiable. It
involves identifying specific subjects, objects, colors, shapes, and other visual
elements within the artwork.
o Example: Describing the elements in a portrait, such as the color of the subject's
clothing, the background setting, and facial features, constitutes the factual level
of meaning.
2. Conventional Level of Meaning:
o Cultural and Symbolic Associations: The conventional level involves
interpreting visual elements based on shared cultural or symbolic meanings.
Certain symbols, colors, or compositions may carry conventional meanings that
are widely understood within a particular cultural or historical context.
o Shared Understandings: Viewers rely on shared conventions and cultural
knowledge to derive meaning. Interpretations at this level are influenced by
societal norms, traditions, and established symbols.
o Example: The use of a red rose in an artwork may conventionally symbolize love
and passion due to its cultural associations.
3. Subjective or Interpretive Level of Meaning:
 o Personal Interpretation: At the subjective level, meaning becomes highly
individualized and dependent on the viewer's personal experiences, emotions, and
perspectives.
o Open to Interpretation: Artworks with subjective meaning invite a range of
interpretations, allowing viewers to bring their own experiences and emotions to
the interpretation process.
o Example: An abstract painting that lacks concrete representational elements may
encourage viewers to interpret the composition based on their own emotions,
memories, or associations.

These levels of meaning are not mutually exclusive, and viewers often engage with art on
multiple levels simultaneously. The richness of an artwork often lies in its ability to
accommodate various interpretations, allowing individuals to connect with it in different ways.
The interplay between factual, conventional, and subjective meaning contributes to the
complexity and depth of artistic communication.

ARTISTS VS. ARTISANS

The terms "artists" and "artisans" are often used to describe individuals involved in creative
endeavors, but they convey different connotations and emphasize distinct aspects of the creative
process. Here's a general distinction between artists and artisans:

1. Artists:
o Creative Expression: Artists are primarily associated with creative expression,
originality, and the pursuit of aesthetic or conceptual ideas. They are often seen as
individuals who engage in the exploration of emotions, concepts, and personal or
societal narratives through their work.
o Emphasis on Individual Vision: The work of an artist is typically driven by an
individual's vision and perspective. Artists often strive to communicate unique
and personal insights, pushing the boundaries of traditional forms and
experimenting with new ideas.
o Fine Arts: The term "artist" is commonly used in the context of fine arts,
encompassing disciplines such as painting, sculpture, literature, music, and other
forms of creative expression.
2. Artisans:
o Skill and Craftsmanship: Artisans, on the other hand, are often associated with
skill, craftsmanship, and the meticulous execution of a particular craft or trade.
Artisans place a strong emphasis on technical proficiency and the mastery of
traditional techniques.
o Functional and Decorative Objects: Artisans frequently produce objects with
both functional and decorative purposes. Their work often serves practical needs
while maintaining a high level of craftsmanship and aesthetic appeal.
 o Applied Arts: The term "artisan" is commonly used in the context of applied arts,
such as pottery, woodworking, metalworking, and other crafts that involve the
creation of tangible, often utilitarian, objects.

While the distinction between artists and artisans can be useful in certain contexts, it's essential
to recognize that these categories are not mutually exclusive. In many cases, individuals may
embody qualities of both artists and artisans, particularly in fields where the boundary between
art and craft is blurred. Additionally, contemporary perspectives on creativity often challenge
traditional distinctions, emphasizing the value of both creative expression and skilled
craftsmanship. The terms are fluid and can be understood in various ways depending on the
cultural, historical, and individual contexts.

MANAGERS, CURATORS, BUYERS, COLLECTORS, ART DEALERS

In the art world, various roles contribute to the creation, promotion, and acquisition of artworks.
Here's an overview of the responsibilities and functions associated with managers, curators,
buyers, collectors, and art dealers:

1. Managers:
o Role: Art managers, often found in galleries or art institutions, handle the
administrative and operational aspects of the art business.
o Responsibilities: They may oversee day-to-day operations, manage finances,
coordinate exhibitions, and handle public relations. Art managers play a crucial
role in ensuring the smooth functioning of art-related organizations.
2. Curators:
o Role: Curators are responsible for selecting, organizing, and presenting artworks
in exhibitions. They work in museums, galleries, and other cultural institutions.
o Responsibilities: Curators research artists and artworks, develop exhibition
concepts, organize installations, and collaborate with artists. They also contribute
to the interpretation and contextualization of artworks.
3. Buyers:
o Role: Buyers, in the context of art, are individuals or institutions purchasing
artworks for personal enjoyment or investment.
o Responsibilities: Buyers research artists, attend art fairs and auctions, and make
informed decisions about acquiring artworks. Buyers may include private
collectors, corporations, or public institutions.
4. Collectors:
o Role: Art collectors are individuals who systematically acquire and appreciate
artworks. They can be private or institutional collectors.
o Responsibilities: Collectors develop a collection based on personal taste, artistic
value, and often with an eye toward historical or thematic coherence. Private
collectors may focus on building a personal art collection, while institutional
collectors contribute to public art collections.
5. Art Dealers:
 o Role: Art dealers are intermediaries between artists and buyers. They operate
galleries or work independently to promote and sell artworks.
o Responsibilities: Art dealers represent artists, organize exhibitions, negotiate
sales, and provide a platform for artists to showcase their work. They also play a
role in building the careers of emerging artists.

Each of these roles contributes to the overall ecosystem of the art world. While some individuals
may specialize in one area, there is often overlap between these roles, and individuals may wear
multiple hats, especially in smaller art enterprises. The collaboration between managers,
curators, buyers, collectors, and art dealers is essential for the vibrant and sustainable functioning
of the art market and cultural institutions.

ART PRODUCTION PROCESS: PREPRODUCTION, PRODUCTION, AND

POSTPRODUCTION

The art production process can be broadly categorized into three main stages: preproduction,
production, and postproduction. These stages are applicable to various forms of visual arts,
including painting, sculpture, film, and digital media. Here's an overview of each stage:

1. Preproduction:
o Conceptualization: The preproduction stage begins with the conceptualization of
the artwork. Artists brainstorm ideas, develop concepts, and define the message or
narrative they want to convey.
o Research: Artists may conduct research related to the chosen theme, historical
context, or artistic techniques. This phase involves gathering information that will
inform the creation of the artwork.
o Planning and Design: Detailed planning and design take place, outlining the
composition, structure, and visual elements of the artwork. Artists may create
sketches, storyboards, or prototypes to refine their vision.
o Material and Resource Gathering: Depending on the medium, artists gather
materials, tools, and resources needed for the production phase. This may involve
selecting canvases, acquiring sculpting materials, or preparing equipment for a
film or digital project.
2. Production:
o Execution: The production stage involves the actual creation of the artwork based
on the plans developed during preproduction. Artists apply their skills and
techniques to bring the concept to life.
o Material Manipulation: Artists work with materials, whether it's painting on
canvas, sculpting with clay, shooting scenes for a film, or using digital tools for a
multimedia project.
o Technical Execution: This phase requires the application of technical skills,
whether it's mastering brush strokes, sculpting techniques, camera operation, or
digital software proficiency.
 oIterative Process: Artists may go through multiple iterations and revisions during
the production stage, refining their work to achieve the desired outcome.
3. Postproduction:
o Editing and Refinement: In postproduction, artists review and edit their work to
ensure it aligns with their vision. This may involve adjusting colors, refining
details, or making changes to enhance the overall quality.
o Presentation: The final presentation of the artwork is prepared during
postproduction. This could include framing a painting, creating a film edit, or
formatting a digital artwork for display.
o Documentation: Artists may document their process, creating records such as
artist statements, descriptions, or photographs that provide context and insight
into the creation of the artwork.
o Promotion and Distribution: Postproduction extends to the promotion and
distribution of the artwork. This may involve marketing efforts, exhibitions, or
sharing the work through various channels, depending on the artist's goals.

The art production process is dynamic, and the delineation between these stages is not always
rigid. Artists may revisit earlier stages as they progress, and the creative process often involves a
continuous cycle of exploration, creation, and refinement. Each artist may adapt and personalize
these stages based on their medium, style, and individual approach to art-making.

MEDIUM, TECHNIQUES AND APPROACHES IN VISUAL ARTS

In visual arts, artists employ various mediums, techniques, and approaches to create their works.
The choice of medium, the application of techniques, and the overall artistic approach contribute
to the unique qualities and expressive nature of each artwork. Here's an overview of these aspects
in visual arts:

1. Medium:
o Definition: The medium in visual arts refers to the material or technique used by
an artist to create an artwork. It can include traditional materials like oil paint or
graphite, as well as newer mediums like digital software.
o Examples of Mediums:
 Painting: Oil, acrylic, watercolor, gouache.
 Drawing: Graphite, charcoal, ink, pastels.
 Sculpture: Clay, wood, metal, stone.
 Printmaking: Etching, lithography, woodcut.
 Digital Arts: Digital painting, 3D modeling, generative art.
 Mixed Media: Combining multiple materials in a single artwork.
2. Techniques:
o Definition: Techniques in visual arts refer to the specific methods and processes
artists use to manipulate their chosen medium. Techniques vary widely across
different art forms and styles.
o Examples of Techniques:
  Brushwork: The manner in which paint is applied with a brush,
influencing texture and visual effects.
 Chiaroscuro: The use of light and shadow to create a sense of volume and
three-dimensionality.
 Pointillism: Creating images through the application of tiny dots of color.
 Collage: Assembling various materials and textures to create a
composition.
 Glazing: Layering thin, translucent layers of paint to achieve a luminous
effect.
 Impasto: Thick application of paint, creating a textured surface.
3. Approaches:
o Definition: Artistic approaches encompass the overarching philosophies,
concepts, or methods that guide an artist's creative process. This includes the
conceptual framework, artistic philosophy, and thematic considerations.
o Examples of Approaches:
 Realism: Aiming for accurate representation of the subject, often
emphasizing detail and precision.
 Abstraction: Departing from realistic depiction, focusing on non-
representational or non-objective elements.
 Conceptual Art: Emphasizing ideas and concepts over traditional aesthetic
concerns, challenging the definition of art.
 Expressionism: Prioritizing emotional and subjective expression, often
involving bold colors and dynamic forms.
 Minimalism: Reducing artwork to its essential elements, often
characterized by simplicity and clean lines.
 Narrative Art: Using visual storytelling to convey a narrative or thematic
content.

Artists often combine multiple mediums, techniques, and approaches in their works, leading to
the emergence of diverse styles and movements in the visual arts. The exploration of these
elements allows for a rich and dynamic artistic landscape, where each artist can bring a unique
perspective to their creations.

MEDIUM, TECHNIQUES AND APPROACHES IN AUDITORY ARTS

In auditory arts, which primarily involve sound and music, artists employ various mediums,
techniques, and approaches to create unique and expressive works. Here's an overview of these
aspects in the context of auditory arts:

1. Medium:
o Definition: The medium in auditory arts refers to the material or method used to
convey sound and create musical compositions. This can include traditional
instruments, electronic instruments, vocals, and digital technologies.
o Examples of Mediums:
  Acoustic Instruments: Strings (e.g., guitar, violin), woodwinds (e.g., flute,
clarinet), brass (e.g., trumpet, trombone), percussion (e.g., drums,
marimba).
 Electronic Instruments: Synthesizers, keyboards, electronic drums.
 Digital Technologies: Digital audio workstations (DAWs), software
synthesizers, sampling.
2. Techniques:
o Definition: Techniques in auditory arts refer to the specific methods and
processes used to manipulate sound, create musical structures, and achieve
desired effects.
o Examples of Techniques:
 Harmony: The simultaneous combination of different musical notes to
create chords and chord progressions.
 Rhythm: The arrangement of sounds in time, including patterns of beats
and the organization of musical durations.
 Melody: A sequence of musical notes that form a recognizable and often
singable tune.
 Timbre (Tone Color): The unique quality of a sound that distinguishes it
from other sounds, even when they have the same pitch and volume.
 Texture: The interplay of different musical lines or voices, contributing to
the overall sound of a composition.
3. Approaches:
o Definition: Artistic approaches in auditory arts encompass the overarching
philosophies, styles, or methods that guide a composer or musician's creative
process. This includes the conceptual framework, artistic philosophy, and
thematic considerations.
o Examples of Approaches:
 Classical Music: Following established conventions, forms, and structures
prevalent in Western classical music.
 Jazz: Emphasizing improvisation, syncopation, and expressive playing
within a framework of chord progressions.
 Experimental Music: Exploring unconventional sounds, structures, and
techniques, often pushing the boundaries of traditional musical norms.
 Electronic Music: Utilizing electronic and digital technologies to create
and manipulate sounds, often exploring new sonic possibilities.
 World Music: Incorporating musical traditions from various cultures
around the world, blending different styles and instruments.
 Avant-Garde: Pursuing innovation and challenging established
conventions, often characterized by unconventional sounds and structures.

Artists in auditory arts frequently blend various mediums, techniques, and approaches to create
diverse and innovative musical compositions. The exploration of these elements allows for the
development of unique musical styles and the evolution of different genres within the auditory
arts.
MEDIUM, TECHNIQUES AND APPROACHES IN COMBINED ARTS

In combined or interdisciplinary arts, artists often integrate multiple mediums, techniques, and
approaches to create works that transcend traditional boundaries. These works may involve a
combination of visual arts, auditory arts, performing arts, and more. Here's an overview of the
use of medium, techniques, and approaches in combined arts:

1. Medium:
o Definition: In combined arts, the term "medium" refers to the materials and
methods used to convey artistic expression. Artists may employ a diverse range of
media, including visual elements, sound, performance, and more.
o Examples of Mediums:
 Multimedia Installations: Artworks that incorporate various materials,
technologies, and sensory elements to create immersive experiences.
 Interactive Media: Art that engages the audience through interactive
technologies, such as virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR).
 Performance Art: Live presentations that may include a combination of
visual elements, music, dance, and theatrical elements.
2. Techniques:
o Definition: Techniques in combined arts encompass the methods and processes
used to integrate different artistic elements seamlessly. Artists may employ
various technical approaches to achieve a cohesive and harmonious composition.
o Examples of Techniques:
 Projection Mapping: Using projections to transform the surfaces of
objects or spaces, blending visuals with the physical environment.
 Sampling: Incorporating pre-recorded sounds or visuals into a new
composition, often used in music, video, and digital art.
 Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Artists from different disciplines working
together to create a unified work that draws on the strengths of each.
 Site-Specific Art: Creating artworks that are specifically designed for and
integrated into a particular location or environment.
3. Approaches:
o Definition: Artistic approaches in combined arts encompass the overarching
philosophies, concepts, or methods that guide the creation of interdisciplinary
works. These approaches influence the conceptual framework and thematic
considerations of the artwork.
o Examples of Approaches:
 Transdisciplinary Art: Breaking down the boundaries between different
artistic disciplines to create a holistic and integrated experience.
 Collaborative Art: Emphasizing the collective creation process, where
artists collaborate on equal footing to contribute to a shared vision.
 Experiential Art: Focusing on creating immersive and participatory
experiences for the audience, often involving multiple senses.
  Intertextuality: Drawing on references and influences from various
cultural, historical, or artistic sources to create layered and rich
compositions.

Combined arts provide artists with a platform to experiment, innovate, and explore new
possibilities by merging elements from different artistic domains. The dynamic interplay of
medium, techniques, and approaches contributes to the creation of multi-sensory and
interdisciplinary artworks.

VISUAL ELEMENTS OF ART

The visual elements of art are the basic components or building blocks that artists use to create
works of visual art. These elements form the foundation for artistic expression and visual
communication. The commonly recognized visual elements of art include:

1. Line:
o Definition: A continuous mark made by a moving point. Lines can vary in length,
width, direction, and character.
o Types: Straight, curved, diagonal, horizontal, vertical, and various expressive
lines.
2. Shape:
o Definition: A two-dimensional area defined by boundaries. Shapes can be
geometric (e.g., circles, squares) or organic (irregular and free-form).
o Examples: Circles, squares, triangles, rectangles, and irregular shapes.
3. Form:
o Definition: Three-dimensional objects that have volume and mass. Forms have
height, width, and depth.
o Examples: Spheres, cubes, cylinders, and other three-dimensional objects.
4. Color:
o Definition: The visual sensation produced by the way an object reflects or emits
light. Color is characterized by hue, value, and intensity.
o Properties: Hue (name of color), value (lightness or darkness), and intensity
(brightness or dullness).
5. Value:
o Definition: The relative lightness or darkness of an object or area. It is created
through variations in the intensity of light and shadow.
o Representation: Values help to represent the illusion of three-dimensional space
in two-dimensional artworks.
6. Texture:
o Definition: The surface quality or feel of an object. Texture can be actual (tactile)
or implied (visual and simulated).
o Examples: Rough, smooth, bumpy, glossy, or matte textures.
7. Space:
o Definition: The perceived or created distance between, around, above, below, or
within objects. Space can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional.
 o Types: Positive space (occupied by objects) and negative space (empty areas
around and between objects).
8. Time and Motion:
o Definition: The progression of events or the perception of movement. This
element is particularly relevant in time-based media and kinetic art.
o Examples: Animation, video art, and works that convey a sense of motion.
9. Pattern:
o Definition: Repetition of elements (such as shapes, lines, or colors) in a
predictable and systematic way.
o Purpose: Patterns can create visual interest, rhythm, and unity within an artwork.

These visual elements can be combined and manipulated in various ways to create a wide range
of visual expressions and artistic styles. Understanding and utilizing these elements allow artists
to convey ideas, emotions, and narratives through their visual compositions.

AUDITORY ELEMENTS OF ART

In auditory arts, which primarily involve sound and music, artists utilize various auditory
elements to create compositions that engage the listener. These elements contribute to the overall
structure, mood, and impact of the auditory experience. Here are some key auditory elements of
art:

1. Pitch:
o Definition: The perceived highness or lowness of a sound. It is determined by the
frequency of sound waves, with higher frequencies corresponding to higher
pitches and vice versa.
o Role: Pitch is fundamental to melody and harmony, providing the foundation for
musical structures.
2. Rhythm:
o Definition: The pattern of beats or time intervals in music. Rhythm is created
through the arrangement of different note durations and accents.
o Components: Beat, meter, tempo, and syncopation are essential components of
rhythm in music.
3. Melody:
o Definition: A sequence of musical notes that form a recognizable and often
singable tune. Melody is characterized by its pitch, rhythm, and contour.
o Role: Melody is a central element in music, often serving as the primary musical
idea that listeners can follow.
4. Harmony:
o Definition: The simultaneous combination of different musical notes to create
chords and chord progressions. Harmony adds depth and richness to the musical
texture.
o Function: Harmony supports the melody, establishes tonality, and contributes to
the overall harmonic structure of a piece.
5. Timbre (Tone Color):
 o Definition: The unique quality of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds,
even when they have the same pitch and volume.
o Variety: Timbre is influenced by the instrument or voice producing the sound,
playing technique, and other factors.
6. Dynamics:
o Definition: The variations in loudness and intensity of a musical performance.
Dynamics are indicated by terms such as pianissimo (very soft), forte (loud), and
crescendo (gradually getting louder).
o Expressive Tool: Dynamics contribute to the emotional impact and expressive
qualities of music.
7. Texture:
o Definition: The interplay of different musical lines or voices that contribute to the
overall sound of a composition.
o Types: Monophonic (single melody), homophonic (melody with accompaniment),
and polyphonic (multiple independent melodies).
8. Form:
o Definition: The structure or organization of a musical composition. Form refers to
the arrangement of musical elements in a way that creates coherence and unity.
o Examples: ABA form, sonata-allegro form, and verse-chorus form in popular
music.
9. Tempo:
o Definition: The speed at which a piece of music is performed. Tempo is indicated
by terms such as adagio (slow), allegro (fast), andante (moderate).
o Effect: Tempo influences the mood and energy level of a musical composition.

These auditory elements are the building blocks of music, and artists manipulate them to create a
wide range of sonic experiences. The interplay and combination of these elements contribute to
the richness, complexity, and emotional impact of auditory art.

COMBINED ELEMENTS OF ART

Combined or interdisciplinary art often involves the integration of elements from various artistic
domains to create works that transcend traditional boundaries. Here are some combined elements
of art, reflecting the convergence of visual, auditory, and other sensory elements:

1. Multimedia:
o Definition: Art that incorporates a combination of different media, such as visual
images, sound, video, and interactive elements.
o Example: Multimedia installations that use a variety of technologies to create
immersive and dynamic experiences.
2. Interactivity:
o Definition: Art that invites audience participation, engagement, or manipulation,
blurring the line between the creator and the observer.
o Example: Interactive installations or digital artworks where viewers can influence
or respond to the artwork in real-time.
 3. Synesthesia:
o Definition: Art that intentionally evokes a sensory experience in one domain (e.g.,
color) while simultaneously triggering sensations in another domain (e.g., sound).
o Example: Artworks that explore the crossover of visual and auditory stimuli,
creating a multisensory experience.
4. Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration:
o Definition: Artistic projects involving collaboration between artists from different
disciplines, such as visual artists working with musicians or choreographers.
o Example: A performance combining live music, dance, and visual projections
created through collaboration between musicians, dancers, and visual artists.
5. Spatial Design:
o Definition: Art that considers the spatial arrangement of elements, utilizing
physical space and environmental factors as integral components of the work.
o Example: Site-specific installations that interact with and respond to the
architecture or environment in which they are placed.
6. Time-Based Art:
o Definition: Art that unfolds over time, involving temporal elements and a sense of
progression or duration.
o Example: Time-based media art, including video installations, performance art,
and works that evolve or change over an extended period.
7. Transmedia Storytelling:
o Definition: Narrative art that spans multiple media platforms, allowing the story
or concept to unfold across various forms of expression.
o Example: A story that is told through a combination of a graphic novel, an
interactive website, and a musical composition.
8. Mixed-Media Art:
o Definition: Art that combines different traditional and non-traditional materials
and techniques within a single work.
o Example: A collage incorporating paint, found objects, and digital elements to
create a layered and textured composition.
9. Performance Art:
o Definition: Art in which the artist's body, actions, and presence are central to the
work, often involving elements of live performance.
o Example: Performances that combine visual elements, music, and movement to
convey a specific concept or narrative.
10. Digital Art:
o Definition: Art created using digital technologies, often involving a combination
of visual and auditory elements.
o Example: Digital paintings, interactive installations, and virtual reality
experiences that merge visual and auditory components.

The combined elements in interdisciplinary art reflect the diverse ways in which artists explore
the intersections of different artistic forms, encouraging a broader and more immersive
engagement with the audience.
NATIONAL ARTIST AWARDEES

The National Artist Award is the highest distinction bestowed upon Filipino Artists whose body
of work is recognized by their peers and more importantly by their countrymen as sublime
expression of Philippine music, dance, theatre, visual arts, literature, film and media, arts,
architecture and design. These are artists who have promoted Filipino cultural identity and
dignity through their art. Administered by the Cultural Center of the Philippines (Sentrong pang
Kultura sa Filipinas) through proclamation no.1001 dated April 2 1972 by then President
Ferdinand E. Marcos, the government of the Philippines confers the award to deserving
individuals as recommended by the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).

https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-
and-allied-arts-2/national-artist-award-of-the-philippines/

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/lists/national-artists-of-the-philippines/

GAMABA AWARDEES

In April 1992, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National Living Treasures Award was
institutionalized through Republic Act No. 7355. Tasked with the administration and
implementation of the Award is the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, the highest
policy-making and coordinating body for culture and the arts of the State. The NCCA, through
the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Executive Council, conducts the search for the finest
traditional artists of the land, adopts a program that will ensure the transfer of their skills to
others, and undertakes measures to promote a genuine appreciation of and instill pride among
our people about the genius of the Manlilikha ng Bayan.

https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/