UN l T- \ l

,,
~ :, ➔
JuPERv1sEo
S~ pe:r~ I Sed U?a-rn Inca ~
LEARNJN&i
~
c, ~ The moLh,ne 1·s provided u...>1th a new seJ 0~ e.x.amples
~
~ ldq·ta) so thoJ supe.1\/\Sed lea-rn~ng a l go"b'ithm analljS'eS
the trai nl n9 daJQ and p ~due.e~ a c_o-roecf ou+come ,f(-om
~ \abe.t \ed de.ti-a .
~
~ :l Learn\ng •- Acquloe and crga.o1's-e Knowledge.
~
~ c LeaYni nq - ,fyom ·- obse.~vation - framewor-t t:o <:aene..-rate
~
~
rnO.lht ne~ m0\lemen t- to Q(h1eve Q ·target -task wtth l~SS
(!I~ u.se.,y'~ progiamm\nca e.ffoi--t .
"' ~

:> Lt is a poi nciple ,n stahsl-ical le.crrn\ng theoly wh1c'1

deJines 0i -fo.m,t~ of learn,nq atgolrihtnS and is used ·-\'o
Cr;
• 9iVe theOYe.HlCl\ bounds Oh ·thel<r pe.lfu-rmanc.e ·
c~ : <> we. compute the Los~ us,n9 the dctto poln\1 1n ouY
t•
- d,atC\Se·\- called e.mp1·,ical ~lSK·
:
~ • -
• • 11:: \<;
a dQtC\~e~ -the\~ o
11 emp iMi ,. O.nd not "-t,ue " beCC\ use we etre usi h9
subs€~ of the whole popule-th'o11 .
~
c;;
-
If.,

e Fu.r,G-\ion thQ \- min,mi ies th€

ou~u\-- and
~) is del-la b/w pl~d,(\e
atfuai ~u \-pO·t- Pei da~q poin ~ .

Lslh) r ~ _i'[ .e(h(j_.i) 1 ':Ii)]

, I FI
 ~ tndu.c.,t-,ve Lea--rntnq :
Disc.ove.--iy Lea."Yh\ nq

0we c.a" ~ay thaf- ~ene--ra.\i2€ the '")UL€ ·W m ~pee.fie .samp,~----·

and rnappi nca to be use K-Lt to eS-\-i mQ-\:e the ou+p..t't- ffl'2f
new sarnp\es- ,n the l!u·\-u ye ·

4
P...-o.\-\cal e.xetrY'ip\e~ •
l. C Yed.r+- ~\SK. °'~sess f'nen•l-
'
LI ) T~e X
,c; the p·2SOpe.rh'es of ih-e cus\-o roe.r. ,, ~ cc
., appoo ved <.a-s) h()-\- . ti" ~
ll'> •he f(1') IS C,ledft 1
":s
{§':

~- face oecogn1tion e ',a;

e , ..
\.'> the )( Q~e b1-t-rna.p .(1--om o c;am erq in h-ont oF e I ._
a
CClY·
' . na.m e to the Pa(e .
e
"-i" lhe f[x) 1s t-o C\~sigh G\
r •
II

➔ when +o use lhduci-, ve Lea.o~n,1h9 ~

Eii?
0
P~bl ems whe]"e the~e ,s ho hu..rnan ex.pe~+-

., Hum ans can pel'Fo-rm the ·\--C\SK but no one can

how to do It ·

~ P~b\e.rns whe1'e -the desh--ed -funch'"on Lhan ge)

" p ~bl.e ms whe:r e -e.a.c,h user needs a. c.usl-orn

➔ BiQS Qnd Ya -Yictr,Le : //?

i='b"-rO, ~ How a.ccUYetk?.fy ah a\ 90}1thrn can mqt e
0

Fo"l t}e plfe viou~ly unkn own dcda. set.

 - i . -i
[ Re..ducnb le
e.1l~Y
/ [1tnedu ubie ~?nO.J
I T -
~ I
\-Bias i J
\vQnanc..e

~
n+oF ~
~
~
~ ~ ML a\go1n-th~ with lcc...u bia.s -
~ .,
~ Unea y "fe g,-es-s (on , Log Is ·ttc -Ytq-,-e.ss I on ·
,,..,_~
, - ~ ~ ~a8_S to ,s-educe High aio.~ ~
So1be,._ ~
.~ ~ occu "rS due ro o. r<"IUch si mp\e v-nod.e \
~ \hGrea~e i/p
ta;,~
.fecth.lre~ as I-he mode\ 1s und~Fi
enH~f .c;,, ~
1S,, 41
·- t>ecxea,e the --ae90 la:,rt 2-C\·non •k..'?fl"'('") ·
e

c.;;, ,.. --> \Jo., io. n te :

~
Tel\S that how ~uLh a -random variable 1s d1Ffe-ren~
dic,f;~
ex peckd vo. \ue -
~
~ e L~w va,to.t,c..e.: smo\f va"'i1otion ,r'\ the J:,..-ed,c.:.tton ~f- ~~
(
l:-a.Yqet NnC-non LOil-h cha.nges \h \-he +oain\r>9 c\o.\-o. · sn
unnQ.c.1
.. bti9 n vo..Y-i'o..nc..e :
Large va , ·l ahbn tn \-he. p"t€.dtch~OY\ c~ ·\·t.r-cqe:t -f-unC:r,o--n
0 \
s,~
brr
wi"-\:h c.ho.nge.~ tn \-he ha.t nl n9 dctt-Q •

C,
Oc.a:
£. n l :1.) = ~fusv + \K.\'r\. O.r'\Le -+ l"rre du ci bl e e..~
'-¥
(t)oi~e.) tne
I'l l "'.'!Ir
,.,, ii
~ 0
{JI
l~
. .
~ I a-
fll'
~
~
C
(\
G. . .. ~

e m

1
- oveY-n \-\ln~

L variance

~
~ I ~
~
~
'--6
--~
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'"--fii 0
Low B\C\S ~
~
 ·w
~:ip Io.n a. \ion~ a~ rnore Yl!.Q So o able and ~
--r~,~
u nr.e..cce ssul'"~ c.om,~ Lexi \.u shou\d be sh
0 \ " "''? C\ Ved Off .
Sil'Y)p\er, ,mp\i~ \Q.~el
pa ramei-ns, l~ss e.} tra.i ni ng
l:i tne , kwe Y o tt -rl bu \es , \QSSer U)m pLl\-a h'oml co mpltic1 ~
"' Oc.ca.rns -ra.1.01' pil n cJ p\e su.9 <a es 11 hlJ po \-he. si s funtn ..,~
O
that CIVO(d cverM\-nn~ ~ I-he +mln\n~ dal-q.

~ oveY .f1' \-n ng ;

0

ft sla \-ts\iccl\ vnode,\ (s Sa\ d -to be O\/e o·h Hed when lht
mode,\ doe.~ not- MC\.k.e a.cc.u..rat e p-red-r ch·ons on
i€.SnV) g de\ta ·

~ Techt"l·1ques +o 1reduce over-fiHing:

!'\

" CYO~i Vet\, d<A hOY)

' • '

~ Tra,n the mcde\ with mo-re doJC\

0 Reh1o\1 e \.€.Cl \-u-re~
k. 'i'r~,4 l'\/1'\>
~n~e""'b\e v-ne-rhDdS . I
~ tQ~ll..l =-=~u=--)
0
Re~u\a 'ri~n·oY) S~'~
---;> hfl 6( \ 'tu t\ ti fl'\\ '
0
wrry stoppln9
\

-,. He.u11s+tc se.a:rch lh \Y"\d\Ad-t ve t,.earn,n~ =

o Heu n• ~he
, ~eo.,~L.
u 1 is c\ass of method wh( th is used
.ln order l1'h . r\ ...
U1 S€.C\Y'"'r,
C\ ~\u\ion ~pace foy an opHroal
so\u ti on for a p10blem . ,
~ Applied Ml ~gan,-ie.s -fht S<WEOl a, per l.-s~p p~teS5 ~
 1- The ~earth Is H-rsf Focused on ct cla~ ot po~s)ble....,

hy~the.S\S., chos~n Fo~ -the learn,n~ ~k 1n ho.nd ·

~- t:or each cias~e~. the conespond'tng G\\9~'¥l thNt

organh.eS' bhe seoten, tmough cttl pos~ible "o.·htic..k,l~~
or \earnt ng roC\ch, ne .

c ~ew kchnique~ t, ((eq u ta¥\ :i.a hon

~ ~r\'d stopping
P·r 0nfng.

-::, ~cau \a. "rt 2a non ;

Prevenr the moclet f¥orn o\lerH:tting b.:l add\~ eAhtl

, n formo. \-ion ·to it ·

0 wo1Ks by °'ddthg a. pE.naH~ tn-) rompl~1't i-y k:rm to

the mode\•

0
,s posti ble \:o U>l'i1:e \:he ne.w c..·~-He:~fa.n Cl~ Cl
\t
r,u.m of the ~m-r on ~he mlinlng c;e~ pl.1.H o --requ10:l1,..,

h~Oh k ym ·...,....--- ~
!tAA.. ~•
e.tc4~b-A X ~'dP0 ~nesis tamp)€~,~ whele e
)\ , ve~ ~e tAt o~ pe.na \~. •4
 wi thou.t ,
I
l-0 t'Y') pm rn1 s', nq. 0n mode.I et C.LU."rct c.t..4 .

• lhe rnctin ,Oe.o. beh\l"\d eurly stopping is to srop

lra.i Y'\' '>Q-1 beJ-ca e. a. fY'\Ode\
si-o.rn \-o cvea-fit .
~ PYU.nt ng ~

~ Two oppmC\Ches or p·r un,nq

t, Pre - p·rt.1.ntn9- Sl-op ~'b'Ow)n9 ~he hee.. befo~e ,~

te_a.che.s pe.,r+ecHOY'\ .
~- Post- - pmn,ng - o\loc..u the ae.e to ~w en~1re\y
o.n d the.r) posl - prune. some branth·es tom it ·
\..

0
The ensemble me:thod~ in ML terobine the ,ns\ghH
obl-O.tf)ed -~ rn VY'lUt+rp\e learning models to .t:-a.ci uate
uccuraJe a.nd impmve-d dec,s·ions.
._
"' tvto de. ~ lhe v-alue th<l~ mos~ oflen appea~ \h a...

'
c;;;
.c..._
~1"2.t.=
•
.a
do t-aset- 6~ vatu.es @1') nl.lm b~'rt •

'
4ii. a;.;
;a, The p~e.cl, cbt(Sr')S ma.de by di ffe~t model~ o~e Fat-e.t1 ru
S-,
41 sepero;ie voles ·
Q,,
-a
► ;fr Subseqlle,n\·t y I th~ p¥edfc.,hon vna.c:!e blJ mo~~ models is
'- ~ b-ro\ed as the utttrnQte p~d(ch'on .
& '.It
'= ~
Mectr,f Ave-rct'de ~ Conside.Y the av~m9e. p~edich'cn,s
-
0
br a!'
'!= ~
made blj q\ I mode,) s ir>\-o a.cc.ount when making
~
.. IE)
4 the. uf hrna1e pte dic..·tion .
• We.1' g h kd Ave.,~ge.. t

Dato. ~o·en \-ts·l1 as~f~n d1~fferen-t we,g h ~ to a.l\ the tn:>de

th erdey l-c mQ~e a predi'c-hon J whe:~ the ossl<3ned
t~-fght- defines the re.te\fa.nce 6f- e.Qth rnode..t .
Ex:
iOO people 9a ve tree\ ba.c:k -

T(Xj)o.~ Pl'ore~'i.t'onals ~ (mm-e wt.1.~t)

'30 are havi nca- ho eipt·~"e.nc.e .

lhe p)'lroo.ry <acat oi:- \, bag~' nca \ {<fr) boc\-~t'fQp ~9.e-

~ ·Wn9 Qt')~tmb\e me-tnod ,s
\-o ·rn,n\rnf-i-e vo:ria.nce
e:rro ~ i n decfsfcY) ·h'Qes ·

e ~ dcm\ ~c..~ecrl e sa.rn p\es er- bu; n \ ni da. i-Qs-e ~ -w) t-h
~p\ncernen+ •
e BoosHnq ~

.. Baos\-h,9 a~JuSl oi, observahon\ ~ 1~ht belted 011 ·,aSit

clas~i hC.o. \--i'on .

c. Boos 1~
n ng a..'lgco1·thf'Y>i ~duce biaS' ~·n on a.nd ·~ d.~ce
f'l'€-d1' c8ve rn€.\-hccis ·

--,. C\o.~~ \r-oba.\a.nce P~b\exns ~

0
tnse..mble me.thods· al"€. u~ed \-c S()hre cla~~- ,vnboJanc.E
~bte.rY1.s .
-d~
 c.,\ass cF intre&t- is lef)" b~ ju&i; ~ kw · so.mpte.s CAheteru'
the. rn:.\joo1 hf Ot the samples )-epn the. clhe~ l.lqss .
• qenem\ approaches for i rnp~ vement o

"' Ove.r~amp\1 n 9
• under~a.rn p\ 1n9 \

0
Tn res ho \d vnov-1n9
0
Ensemble n-ie.-rhod s •

,
~
. ~

9 Ac.curQc~ : Pe.tf'-oYmance of- mode\ ·

~
~- ~ ~) Robu~me ss: ma.chtne can pe:a-Pmm ade.qa\:€.-ty
r--s
~
r--s
~
~
e---,;; i3>) Cornpu+a h'011al CON)plex:.r' ry and speed ~ De1e.rmw'>€.

½) On\,ne Learn i ()g •, ConHnu.e f-o 'l€cie.ve. tnpJ ~ {;cm

the oecti ·- Ume e..nv, mnf'r'en+ ·

r;) ~calC\,b'i\ i hJ : lapabi li fy te build the 1eamine, ro0ch'1r>e

r..ons rderi n(} the h ~ a.mcun ~ of- dafa •

6) l~o~l-a.bili kd : l)()4e'6Standi ng. the. in si ca h ~ .

f:sh ~;Hng qe.rie.ali z.ctl-i())l eno~ '.

• 9ene)'ali2aJi0n aae.sse! a. models- a61lih4 ro l))ttt~

new da.k:l and 9~r,~wte a.a.u.rqte pyed1(tic11r (}ff(.~
 bein9 hrune.d m C\ •h"ct1n,n9 s,e+- · J
"Ill!

Techn(ques ..., Ho\ d 6U ·t me thad

1
0
'~
b

2.) Random Sa-rn plt n£}

3)
4)
C-toSS val1dC\h~on
Bcc~tllq pp1n9 . it
i) H-old OU~ me.mo a: •
Spl1~ chta ~e~ Lnro ~n ~ t-esr da \it. ·~

[ ro·-r- . L~
Train,~ dataset T~l-1~
~·
~) Ro.ndorn So.r() p\i~ : Tethn\q ue t'n which e..ach sample
has an eq ua. \ plO ba bf l t hJ. cf- bei cyn cho!en •
0
e l-+ow to condu.c+- a ra.ndcm ~o..mple -
Skp - I : De..n·ne 1he poj>u lC-t·Hoh ·

f>\e.p-1. ~ mDo~e samp,e srz.e

~kp . .3 '. De~trnt'n-e poi:u'tct h'on uni l~ ·

Skp-4 ~ Assfgn t\ur<,eY,cal vatu.es ·

~kp-5 ~ se-leci- Tand6m values •

skp-6: \ denh'.~ set.mp le .

~) Cro~ va\ida\ion : Te.c.hnique foy chooSin~ ~) trnini~

as rnuth de\ tc:\ as ross1 ble ·
Methods - ~) k- te\d cmts va\, do.·h m .
~ C..b) teo.ve one out c.~ va.hda..+tbr),
 ~ CV k- fold c.ross valicb.\ion :
~
Pivi des tre input datQset- into Kq-roups o~ samples of
~
~ e9LLQ\ &l2€J La\ led 'fold.S '°.
~
~
8k~S -
~ \) Sp\l -\he rnpLlt- tn\-o k ~cllp~ '
~ ell) Tate one Cf'C'\A.P as the iest- dQ ~asel-- and iie,mai n Inq.
~
~ ~ s a~ \)-a,\ n \ n ca clc! \-Q ~e ~ I on d ~pe.oJ- to ev a {t«lte
~
~ ~e per\-ormODte of- mod.e.,{ •
;i:: b) Leave. one oLl~ c:o-o~s vo. ll aa tion (__L-Oocv) :
;J:: --- ~st se~ bj t{3. n~ k,
~ Divide ~he da \-a into ho'·ln and
a.nd oe mai " , n ct\- ,·s
: : single Db&e-rvah'oYl as ~\- do.to
~ labe le.d a~· +roJninCJ daJa •
Tots jJYOt.eK~ c.cnttn1A£3 'n' lime~ and -the o.vemge. of'
u ii -I he~€. ilt.ro. hOn!: Is ca\ c,u.10. ted and es h ('()O. k.d as
the f.Q.S\- ~r em,- ] a~ 0~
Fi ...
0000000000-C-0 ~- - 000 (5\ au 1ei'u \ \1.

~: 4) Bool-s+ro.pp irxa :
r{lh fold

h
p;i;:: 1h1$ method involves- dra.winq- o~ sample do~ ~
with ~ \QC€ rne.r'.-l- hem u dcl \-l\~ou. rc.e .
0
sctrop\in~
~ sarnp\in~ (J.)i \-h ')€..pla.cemenl
(_
11 PorarnQler .es6maHon .
-t Why do U)e need bootshapi~ ( sampling) ?
~ ~ rind rnea.n hetght or a\\ h'\-t.tc\en ·~ tn a cto.s:s _9 4 ln.\'.(
A) lnS\ead of measu~~ the heigh~ o~ a\\ s\Uden~

tC\Ke random samples ~ rneasu~ +fleil{ ~gh~ · lwg-

the c:0H ec.,kd. h~i~h ,~ . Th1r o.vq nQ-fgh\,- wou) d btl- an o lJ~e,d

-e.~ H mate ef mean heiq•h\- of- S\-4 ckfl ~ (n s-c. hoo \. O°b()U1
U.~\hO
'
--, S\-a Ustic.o.l lrom\ng: Sam~

~ ~po
0
pop\.,\ \Q ltbn ~ ~0,rnple. . 1

Popu_\ah6n ·. au daJa pa't n \-\ ~m Q se\- oP c\at--a , 1" USeJ

a.bo
bample ~ c,...
oume ob S'ervo..tions rtlected. ~~ the poputa-H~·,;J,,,~
,. I pop
,-:
,.
., Popu,\a\-ion's meoSiu,abte cha.rac\.e,Y\\~HCI.) _ me...oJ'l ( tD r, ,
.... I
I

c.
e,k. as para.mete-rl ·
~mp\e's meQWrabie Chcuuctexis.\-ic \S known as:·
e,
f"':

e
M

B
.. ,

...• 1
Ill T

S kl i--t'~h ·c · B "4
84
-r lnkren-\ioJ g\-QHs+tca.J A-na lyii~ : 8.
Ra
0 Toe
ma,n aim o~ ,n(:e. re.n·\-i a I' Si<lHSh~cs \.S \--o d'rClW • •
-thQJ'h • •
scme conC\u.SiOY\S f¥om 4ne. samp\.e and ge.n~ra.\,se ••
•• to
fu" the popu la t-i oY.l aat-a ·
••
••
.-:::r Des cr\p-l, ve. Sta.rt £rtCS : ••
0
C,
--"7 ln +e-ore.n btru v /> t>estrip ti ve, ~
-
\nferenhal Desu-f pt, ve,
-
0
U~e,d lo mo\ce, ccnciu~i'cm 0 use.cl ·to quctn-h fl( the
about the ~pulahcns b~ crarot\-e"¥1Sh'0 of lhe datq ·
~Sfh~ arcl\lJ hc.oJ -tools on
Sample da\-a .

I) Hypo·ther is- ie ~ l-i ng , Measure~ of c.enr,aJ

&

reg--ress IDn ana \~ ~ i~..

-te.ndenw , dtS~lS\Dn '

0
USe.d ·to roq,k,e \h fo-etic£S 6 Used to de.sU-cba abollt
· a.boui- OJ") cu·, tn(j.,Un kV)ac..oh popu\afio-n/ ~o.rnple-
popu\ Q.tio11 .

t) T- ,1es~ , 2.- k~r, H\"\ea" ~ va:ri o.,r, te -' -ro.nge-, rt'\ ean ;

m:ress.fon etc. . medtOJ' e.+c. ·

7 Unter~cu n t:I

e>t<e.Ql wc1r\d da-t-a tei"\d ·½t> "!emG\tn tllcomplete, noi'~ ~

Tnc.o'1S1Sknt y ~is.Q1 Mi~sln9 vatue£ , thconsis+encte.s odd

to the ina.ccum~ of dahA .

~ Once rKli nt-y is bos~ed on piobo.b\ ti f1d Theo~ .

e P~bo..bi It~: nume~ca..l mea~Ltre cl \i Ke.lihocd o~

OC.c.Lt.'IO,-ce '6r etn outcome --;eJat\ve to I.he sel of
<Jthe:, a)tQ 1 n a. t'1 ves ·

· seJ ()t a\\ poss, b\e outcomes - so.mp1e s~e C.s)

f ru:.h indh11' duat oU:l-coyY')e.s - sa.l'Y)p\e pc~V1-\-

\;;,cpe.r,men t- In ~h,c.h a.\\ yo~'t b1€. ou\-a:>mes

Kno~- Rc:U"") d0 vn ex. pe:n me('\\-

Dfscxe1e { wnnnuous -v-aYiCA-ble whe~ '")'ea\- '\/dtue.d

r, ~
-fund-ion X: 54 R ,s called - Ra.ndo-m -vo..Yt··a ble r: · ~
r-·~
-==,, Probab-il1~ t>,str\buHohS ', r "~

0
Pre babl \t' ~ dfsh-t bu·tions a.~ o. N-nc..+ion c l-a.b\e l ~ •..., .- -.

that Shows -the "l'e-tanonsh't p blw fu e ou \-c.-Orne oP, ~

t \ ..
e.ven+ an d ib ·keq_ \..l,-e..n°t <>~ Ocu...Lya.n ce. ·

@
• t>eJ-i'ned a<; pm ba.bi Li tt,i -lhcfr
"fO.f'\dom VO..a\Ob\e.s .

"'-- Olsc.rete 'l"a.nd.om Vt'.1\1'1:

s ~
ctble will ',z,e, ex.a0\':1 equo.\ to some pa:rHcu.la.v '\Ja\u.e .; ~
E=:x ~ coin ·to~~ed -k..o-i ce G Tandem Vari Q'ole ·,s no· C> ~ ::1
r\e.a.dS ·
-....-
~
x, 0 t 2--

P(J() t /4 ~'1 l/4

\.
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h
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~
vljj) =
I~ \
 Grraph;

_,-:,i,__.. -,. Proba.b\t,ty oe.nsH·y f.uY')C:\-ton }

.;\ O n\'3 u <;-e.d coo nnuous "fanaoro VO.rJQ.ble .
-~ l

c. ve.fined ctS the de n~, ~ DF 1-h~ pmbab,\,h:j tho.-t o... c.oot,nai...~

"'rOY"ldo ~ va Yt C\ ble lA)·, 1\ Ii e w i t hi n a. parl-i'c.u la r ')'Clnc:3e of
\[a tu es ·
"
~

••• ••- Ex :
x- oando~
-~C1' ) -
\J a,\ a \::,\e

P\JF r
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r c f-(_,<.) 7 = 0 tc¥ al l X, - ol.. < X4".'.'. o<

"'-
Jt C')..) di ~ 1·
0

- cl..

~ ~ eond,tion a. l Piro bab1 l\ty ~

~ 0 VTol>a bi lt' -fy of- oc.c.url ng an event when onothe-r ~~

has al'fea.dy happened •
1) PcmbabiH"d of It unde'l' th€ c.ondit-i'ons of- B ·

P(A f\ B)
J j I ~Ls'.) '

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