1 Population

The impact of HIV/AIDS in Botswana

Solution:
● Antiretroviral drugs
● Routine testing for HIV
● Use of contraception

Problems:
● Polygamous society (only 18% population married)
● Ignorance about HIV/AIDS
● Lack of medical staff
● Poverty cause prostitution
● Rate is high in mining towns (husbands are away from home for a long time so…. :))

Consequences:
● Shortage of skilled labour in the workforce because the sick cannot work
● Severe reductions in the wealth of individual families
● Welfare support needed
● Fund are very costly

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Bangladesh, an over populated country

Causes of over-population:
● Use of contraception not encouraged in Muslim population
● Few natural resources so rely on farming (45% of 73.8 mil are subsistence farmers)

Problems:
● GDP pp only $3900 - far too low to provide a good standard of living
● 40% of population are under-employed (31.5% live below poverty line)
● Insufficient schools and hospitals
● Education is only provided for 8 years (61% literacy, most no qualifications)
● Poor healthcare access (3.3% infant mortality rate)

Consequences:
● Agricultural land over-used
● Widespread deforestation
● Heavy congested traffic and overcrowding housing
● High cost of repairing damage to infrastructure after flooding
Australia, an under-populated country

Causes of under-population:
● Low population of a big country (23 mil)
● Labour force only 12.6 mil

Advantages:
● Rich in resources (iron, coal, gold, copper, gas and uranium)
● Positive net migration rate (5.6 per 1000)
● Resources are greater than needs
● GDP pp is $48 800
● Low unemployment rate (5.8%)
● High education standards (99% literacy, 20 years education)
● Good health care (0.46 infant mortality rate)

Consequences:
● Low birth and death rates
● Population density only 2.9 people per sq km
● In need of big population

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China: Anti-natalist (limit population growth)

Causes:
● Reduce rate of population growth
● Reduce problems of overpopulation

Negative impacts:
Social
● More old people home will be needed
● Unequal numbers of gender
● Death rate higher than birth rate
Economic
● Because of the ageing population, the need for expensive healthcare increases
● More elderly to support
● Growing economy won't have enough workers

Solution:
● Impose a law
● Incentives
● Tax large families more
● Advertising the need to limit family size
Niger, a rapidly growing country

Causes:
● Highest birth rate
● High infant mortality
● Highest total fertility rate
● Lack of contraception
● Lack of family planning
● Procreation encouraged
● Need for children for labour
● Early marriage is common
● Large population of child-bearing age

Problems:
● Women lack education
● 5 years education (19% literacy)
● Inadequate heath care
● Lack access to proper sanitation (90%)
● Deforestation
● Insufficient jobs

Consequences:
● 45% live below poverty line
● Malnourishment (38% children under 5 are underweight)
● Agricultural land overused

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Japan, a country of declining population

Causes:
● High cost of living
● The consideration of not wanting to bring up a child

Solution to increase a declining population:

● Allowing mothers to remain in the workforce
● Encourage men to spend time at home and share workload

Dependency ratio:
(Population of young and elderly / economically active) * 100
The lesser people to support per 100 working people, the better the standard of living
Solution to cope with a country with an ageing population:
● Raise retirement age
● Develop robots and technology for companionship and work
● Accept migrants to work
● Raise state pension
● Working population pay more taxes
● Elderly share the cost of social services car
● Increase access to specialist health care
● Build more care homes and provide more healthcare

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Syria, migration to European countries

Cause:
● Globalisation
● Many migrants entered EU illegally (escaping civil war)
● Germany announced all Syrian refugees would be welcome (negative population
growth rate and shortage of workers)

Push factors:
● Seeking safety from war and persecution
● Lack of jobs and extreme poverty
● Fleeing from famine

Push factors:
● Politically stable
● More chance of job
● Wages and standard of living higher
● Peaceful and law abiding
● Join family members

Impacts (on origin country)

● Lost young men, women left behind
● Services decline (more educated ones migrate)

Impacts (on refugees)

● Human traffickers (slavery)
● Low-paid jobs
● Language difficulties
● Face discrimination
Negative impacts (on receiving country)
● Immediate basic provisions
● Extreme pressure on housing and services
● Maternity services stretched
○ Migrants' culture tend to have more children
● Culture clashes
● Racial tension
● Increased competition in jobs
○ Migrants willing to work for lower wages

Positive impacts (on receiving country)

● Taxes paid when migrants work
● Migrants willing to work undesirable jobs
● Larger market created for local businesses
● Wide variety of ethnic food, art, music and literature
2 Settlement and urbanisation
Tsoelike Valley, Lesotho - Rural settlement in LEDCs
● Nucleated or dispersed pattern in mountainous areas
○ Need for defense in the past
○ Easier and cheaper to provide services now

Altitude:
● Below 2250 metres (warm enough to cultivate crops)
● Highest land used only for grazing

Aspects:
● Settlements on north-facing slope
○ Receives more sunlight than the south-facing slope

Drainage and flooding:

● Boggy valley floor avoided

Accessibility:
● At margins of cultivated areas
● Along roads and tracks (flatter areas)

Water supply:
● Various small streams and spring

Problems
● Communal grazing discourages the growing of winter crops
● Soil erosion
● Crops damaged by hail storms and locusts
● Lack of employment
● Shortage of labour
● Growing population pressure on available arable land
● Land shared among many
● Young people no longer want to work in agriculture

Positive impacts/changes:
● Steep, mountainous relief suitable for animal grazing
● Employment is provided by forestry, public services and administration
● Transport links improved
● Better agricultural methods introduced
Rio Poqueira Valley, Granada Province, Spain - Rural settlement in MEDCs
● Mainly nucleated
○ Defence
○ Ease of providing services
○ Cultural reasons (close relations stay together better)
● Surrounded by terraced plots
○ Irrigation purposes

Accessibility:
● Steep slopes and winding roads make journeys slow
● Overall roads are good

Problems
● Soil erosion
● Lack of employment and low wages
○ More people forced out because cannot afford
■ Services begin to close
● Young people no longer want to work in farms
○ average age increases
■ Strain on medical and social services
● House prices increases
○ Rich people buy countryside houses for holiday homes

Central Business District (aka CBD)

● The main business and commercial area of a city

Features:
● Government buildings
● High-order retail services
● Offices
● Entertainments
● Historic buildings
● Multi-storey buildings
● Public transport services
● Few residents
● Zoning of different functions in different parts of the CBD
● Vertical zoning (different services on different levels of a building)
● High numbers of pedestrians
● Pedestrianized areas
Reasons for the development:
● Original core of the settlement in which expanded outwards from that point
● Point where roads from the outskirts converged
● Retail shops find it good opportunity to developed at where most people go to
○ As a result, land prices increase and buildings started to build higher up

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Mumbai, India: Dharavi - the effects of urbanisation on the environment

Living and working

● Although residents there are illegally, the settlement has electricity and established
communities providing clinics, food halls and meeting areas.
● Average incomes is low

Problems
● Air pollution
○ Carbon monoxide - cut oxygen supply to the heart
○ Carbon dioxide - global warming
○ Nitrogen dioxide - irritates and inflames the airways to the lungs
○ Ground level ozone - photochemical smog: irritations of the respiratory tract and
eyes
○ Particulate matter - deaths from respiratory diseases
○ Sulfur dioxide - Increases acidity in rain
○ Hydrocarbons - Leukaemia and cancer
○ Lead - Harm kidneys, liver, nervous system and other organs
● Water pollution
○ Contamination of water supplies causes a variety of diseases
● Visual pollution
○ Ugly and offensive drawings on walls of buildings
● Noise pollution
○ Disturbing people are trying to sleep
○ Solutions are:
■ Introducing law which limit the noise
■ Separating noisy industrial areas from residential areas
■ Building solid fences along roads to reduce traffic noise
■ Restricting night flights from airports
Solution
● Use more public transport
● Banned diesel as a fuel
○ Use compressed natural gas instead
■ Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
● Upgraded new flyovers
○ Smoother-flowing traffic reduce congestion and pollution

Improving the squatter settlements

● Vision Mumbai plan is to try to tackle the poor quality of life of many Mumbai residents
○ Demolish the existing buildings and sell the land to property developers
○ Build better homes for Dharavi's current residents
○ Encourage developers to get involved by offering them lesser money than it's
worth
○ Save more land area by building upwards to build profitable businesses

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New York
● CBDs are Midtown Manhattan and Downtown Manhattan
● Cultivation in the North
● Built on solid bedrock

Problems and solutions

● Urban sprawl
○ Overall population is growing
○ Middle class leave inner city areas for a better lifestyle in the outer suburbs.
○ Businesses relocated to suburbs because of cheaper land and better
accessibility
○ 911 terrorist attacks made some worried residents to move away
○ House hunters have been priced out of more expensive areas closer to the city
○ Existing residents feel that their quality of life has deteriorated
● Poverty and unemployment
○ Population has declined by about 50%
○ Many are unemployed, underprivileged and poorly educated
● Urban decay and housing problems
○ Apartment blocks that have become empty, are in poor state of repair and
lacking modern amenities
○ Some schemes are introduced to tidy up these derelict houses which also
creates jobs for the unemployed and reduce the number of homeless people
● Racial inequality and tension
○ Immigrants ten to occupy the poorest inner-city areas
○ As the rich move to outer suburbs, many immigrants become trapped in poverty
in the inner city and ghettos develop
● High costs of land
○ Land prices are high
○ The development of skyscrapers forced many smaller businesses to move to the
outskirts
● Crime
○ Muggings and murder
○ Zero tolerance of crime increase the number of police on the streets, minor
offences and anti-social behaviour were not overlooked
● Air pollution
○ Fitting catalytic converters to the vehicle exhausts and developing a biodiesel
processing plant help to cut down
● Water pollution
○ Several on-land spills damage wildlife
● Visual pollution
○ Graffiti and derelict housing
● Energy supply
○ Switching to energy efficient light emitting diodes
○ Replacing street lights with new energy efficient types
○ Use wind power
○ Installing underwater turbines
○ Constructing windmills
○ Introducing tax advantages for builders of energy-efficient buildings
● Water supply
○ Supply drinking water from Catskill Mountains
○ Water travels to the city downhill along aqueducts and does not require
pumping
○ New York is using less water than years before because it had install water
saving plumbing fittings, finding and fixing leaks in pipes and metering the
water use.
● Waste disposal
○ Waste from the city was taken out to landfill sites, cause large amount of lorry
traffic through low-income neighbourhood.
○ A solid waste management plan was organised, using barges and trains to
export 90% of the city's waste
● Traffic congestion
○ Daily commuter into and out of Manhattan is about 2 million people
○ People travel by car, bus and subway
○ The linking of bridges and tunnels produce bottlenecks that add to the problem
Cape Town, South Africa
● Started as a port
● CBD around the harbour, with commercial centre known as the City Bowl
● Shipping routes between Europe and Asia
● Gold and diamond discovered in the hinterland
● Rich agricultural hinterland
● Little heavy industry within the city
● A lot of open spaces
● Expensive suburbs

Impact on the Eastern Cape:

● Rural depopulation
● Shortage of labour in agriculture
● Large supporting population

Impact on the Cape Flat areas of Cape Town:

● Shanty homes which are prone to fire
● Poor accessibility to water
● 53% of working age population is employed
● Lack food supply
● High crime rates
● Racist towards immigrants

Changes in Cape Flats since 1994:

● New brick housing
● New schools
● New CBD
● Social programmes organised
3 Volcanoes
The Eldfell volcano, Iceland
● Constructive plate margin of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
● Weak earthquakes felt from 10pm onwards

Responses:
● Fire alarm and sirens sounded
● Town council immediately evacuated the island
● Sick and aged brought to the mainland by air

Effects:
● Ash and pumice made up 10% of the material produced (rest was lava)
● Eldfell volcano grown to 225 m above sea level
● Land area increased 2.5 sq km by the end of the eruption
● New land created gave harbour extra shelter from rough seas
● One-third of houses were destroyed
● Another one-third damaged

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The Haiti Earthquake of 2010
● LEDC in the Caribbean
● No major earthquakes before
● 7.0 magnitude earthquake
○ Destructive plate margin between the Caribbean plate and North Atlantic plate

Problems:
● Buildings not quake-proof
● Houses in crowded conditions
● Government not well-organised
● 86% of the population were living in poorly built slums

Effects:
● 220 000 killed, 300 000 injured
● Building destroyed, 1.3 mil homeless
● Hospital and government buildings destroyed
● Port destroyed
● Roads blocked
● Problem with looting
● Lack of food and water supply
● Power supplies cut
● Outbreaks of cholera (poor sanitation)
Responses:
● Aid supplies difficult to deliver
● American engineers helped clear port and airport
● 1.5 mil people living in temporary camps
● Bottled water and water purification kits provided
● Field hospitals set up
● Rely on overseas aid because of poverty and other problems

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Fukushima earthquake in 2011
● 9.0 magnitude earthquake off Honshu
○ Destructive plates moving (Pacific and Eurasian)

Effects:
● Tsunami triggered
● 16 000 people died (drowning)
● 6152 injured
● 2562 missing
● 215 000 fled homes
● Building collapsed
● Dam burst (swept homes away)
● Soil liquefaction occurred in Tokyo
● Power cuts of 4 mil homes in Tokyo

Responses:
● Tsunami warning saved many lives
● Huge relief mission swung into action
● 300 planes and 40 ships for the relief effort
● Rescue teams from nearby country arrived
4 Rivers
The Indus River Valley, Pakistan
● LEDC
● River flows from Himalayas and Hindu Kush mountains to the Arabian Sea

Opportunities:
● Water supply
○ Provide for 170 mil people in Pakistan
● Irrigation and agriculture
○ Less than 250mm per year
○ Rich alluvial soils
● Hydroelectricity
○ Barrage produces 100 000 kilowatts of electricity
● Flat land for building
● Fishing
○ Palla fish is a delicacy
○ Fish farming of pomfret and prawns

Hazards:
● Deforestation and industrial pollution
○ Affect vegetation and wildlife
● Indus River may be shifting its course to the west
● Sediment is clogging irrigation canals
○ Affecting agricultural production and vegetation
● Extreme heat
○ Evaporates water
○ Leaving salt deposits
○ Make land useless for cultivation
● Conflict between India and Pakistan over water
● Climate change
○ Increase flooding
● Growing population
○ Pressures on the food and water supplies
The causes of flooding:
● Monsoon rains
● Melting snow and glaciers
● Global warming
● Levees
○ When levees break, there will be bigger floods
● Deforestation
○ More sediment has been transported down the rivers, blocking channels

The effects of flooding

● Loss of life
● Displacement
● Loss of homes
● Malnutrition (short of food)
● Lack of clean water
● Infrastructure damage
● Loss of school buildings
● Loss of livestock

Responses:
● Appeals launched by international organisations
● Money raised by local government
● Foreign governments donated millions of dollars (flood aid)
● Crucial food aid provided by UN
● Clean water provided
● Emergency shelter provided
● Mosquito nets provided to prevent malaria
● Benefits given to help restart farming
● New national plan
○ Improve construction standards for schools
○ Create disaster management plans
○ Hold evacuation drills
○ Raising awareness
5 Coasts
Hawaii, the Pacific Ocean

How are coastal hazards managed:

● Plants and preserved mangrove swamps (tropical) and coral reefs to reduce the impact
to strong waves and gales.
● Prepare shelter and store food in case of homes and buildings being wrecked by
tropical storms and tsunamis.
● Enhance the drainage system near coastal areas to divert the water quickly in the event
of coastal flooding.
● Evacuation system to inform people when tsunami/flooding is going to happen.
● Evacuation drills in schools to teach students what to do during tsunamis and storms.
● Encouraging the growth of sand dunes to reduce the impact of coastal hazards.

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Grand Cayman, Caribbean

Uses of mangroves:
● Stabilise coast against erosion
● Source of firewood
● Absorbs inorganic nutrients
○ Prevents deposition to the sea and harming marine life
● Catch sediment
○ Prevents harming marine life
● Food for small fish
○ Mangrove leaves decay and add organic nutrients to water
● Nursery for fish and shellfish
○ A place of safety
○ Maintain biodiversity of coral reefs offshore
● Recreation

Opportunities
● Tourists
● Employment
● Fishing
● Port
● Export of sea salt
● Desalinated water provided
Fiji, South Pacific Ocean

Negative causes:
● Human and economic causes
○ Boats and anchor
○ Tourists surrounding near coral
○ Development of settlements
■ More pollutants and sewage (eutrophication)
● Natural causes
○ Tropical storms
■ Destructive waves
■ Outbreak of nitrates and phosphates
■ Increase the number of Crown of Thorns starfish
○ Sea temperatures increase
■ Deaths of colourful algae
■ Polyps deprived of food

Efforts to conserve the reef:

● Restricting tourists to put feet down on coral when snorkelling
● Conservation programme
○ Visitors aware of great importance of coral
● Organise guided walks along specifically provided reef path
● Coral nursery
○ Plant and protect coral
● Put up notices to remind visitors of importance of the reef
8 Development
Describe the impacts of a named transnational corporation (TNC) on a country where its
goods are produced or services provided.

Name of transnational corporation (TNC): Toyota

Name of country: Pakistan

Pakistan currently has over 1879 Toyota’s manufacturing centres in its capital city, Karachi. Toyota has
provided jobs for the local people along with stable income for the people so that they can bring home
guaranteed income for their family. It improves people’s skills as they are taught how to communicate in
a proper and convincing manner with their clients through training. It brings in foreign currency, which
helps the country to develop: because of different currency exchange rates, the price of one currency in
terms of another, helps to determine a nation's economic health and hence the well-being of all the
people residing in it. When increasing employment, it also increases the demand for consumer goods in
the country and helps other industries to develop there. When putting together the compartments of the
car, the materials cannot all be imported from the origin country, so this TNC in Pakistan would open a
path for the development of local raw materials, such as mining the resources. Moreover, it would also
lead to the development of infrastructure projects because these TNCs might also see a good
investment opportunity to build roads, dams, airports, schools and hospitals.