Module 2

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NAME OF THE General Education

PROGRAM
COURSE TITLE Gender and Society COURSE CODE SOC103
PREREQUISITE/ CO- None COURSE UNIT 3 units
REQUISITE
COURSE OUTCOME CO1: Understand the difference between sex and gender and be
able to explain social construction theories of identity.
MODULE 2 Gender and Society Across Time
LESSON LEARNING After successful completion of this module, you should be able
OUTCOME/S to:
a. Discuss the historical roots of our understanding
of gender and sexuality; and
b. Show appreciation of how this understanding
evolved through time, affected various aspect of
human life.
TOPICS a. Patriarchy
b. Historical Views on Gender
c. Women Empowerment
WEEK / INCLUSIVE January 16-20, 2023
DATE
MODALITY On-ground lecture
▪ LESSON PROPER
Divine Feminine
• In the past, human societies have high regard for women.

• the concept of the divine feminine (the sacredness of the woman due to her ability
to conceive children) has prevailed, and thus, women are treated equally with men.
This makes societies egalitarian.
• For the longest time thereafter, societies have privileged men over other genders,
mainly because of the preferential given to them in the productive sphere (work of
public work).
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Why are men more preferred in the productive sphere?
Women who have been revered due to their ability to conceive have been viewed as solely
capable only of reproductive affairs (world of the home and related tasks such as suckling
the young, child rearing, and home management).
Patriarchy
A close examination of our society can lead us to see the invisible layers of oppression in
our society like patriarchy—a system based on the control and oppression of women
wherein they are perceived to be the weaker sex. It is a structure that upholds male
supremacy in the law, at home, in the workplace and in the society.
Definition of Patriarchy
• came from a Greek word Patriarkhes which means, “the rule of the father.”
• It is a social system where men primarily holds power in the political and the
private spheres.
• In this social system, society is organized and maintained in a way that men rule
over women and their children.
• In the social, legal, political, and economic spheres, men a re expected to lead
while women are expected to obey and are relegated to house chores, bearing
children, and childcare.
Patrilineal Society
ü Only men can inherit property and the family name;

ü Women were left with no inheritance and are expected to marry a man who can
support her economically; and
ü women were not allowed to go to schools, or even vote, because they are viewed
as a weaker sex and should not concern themselves in learning science and
politics.
• Patriarchy is viewed by most sociologists as a social construct and not as a

biological phenomenon. This is because history proves that in the prehistoric
hunter-gatherer tribes and civilization, they prioritized equality of all members, male
and female.
• History suggests an egalitarian system rather than a patriarchal system. Men and
women contribute to society, and they enjoy the same social status.
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Friedrich Engles
• a German philosopher and sociologist

• He argued that patriarchy came about when people started having private property
instead of a communal living.
• The development in agriculture and domestication of animals led to creating product
surplus which allows people to have private property. As a way to control the
excess wealth generated by these advancement, male dominance was asserted
over women so only the male heir can inherit family wealth.
Historical Views on Genders
 Greek
Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek philosophers viewed women as the inferior sex
and are properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands, bear
children, and take care of the household. They were forbidden to learn philosophy,
politics and science.
 Egypt
Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed the Egyptian civilization citing that Egyptian
men enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they can inherit
property and engage in trade and politics. However, Greek influence quickly spread
in Egypt through the conquest of Alexander the Great across Asia and Africa.
 China
Confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how women should conduct
themselves. The written documents titled “Three obedience’s and four virtues” and
“Precepts of women” states that women should obey their father, when married, she
is to obey her husband, and when widowed she is to obey her son.
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Women have come a long way since the ancient times through the feminist movement,
however, patriarchy has taken on subtle forms of oppression that often go unnoticed such
as:
• sexism- prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex;

• gender pay gap- men earn more than women;
• underrepresentation in politics, military, executive positions, etc;
• rape on women and the stigma making women ashamed to report the crime;
• very conservative expectations on women on how they behave;
• unrealistic depictions of women in fiction, often very sexualized;
• women do more housework and childcare;
• boys were trained to be leaders while women were trained to do house chores.
Women Empowerment
• Women’s liberation movement, women’s movement, or feminism is a continuing

series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates
these oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women. It
started at different decades in different countries, some are far more advance in
their struggle while others are still starting a movement. During the 19th and early
20th century, first-wave feminism spread across the western countries as women
demanded for their right to vote or participate in elections and to be able to legally
own property.
• Le Mouvement de Liberation des Femmes or the women’s liberation movement was
formed in Europe and they sought the right to education, right to work, and the right
to vote in the 1940s. Later, they also won women’s right to decide on their own
bodies and their sexualities. This liberation movement views the intersectionality of
economic status or class to patriarchy.
• Inspired by Beauvoir’s book, second-wave feminism in 1960s through the 80’s,
women drew attention to various social and cultural inequalities such as domestic
violence especially marital rape, reproductive rights, wage inequality, and etc. the
90’s gave birth to the 3rd wave and 2012 started the fourth wave.
• These movements only show that there is still much to be done for women’s rights.
• The United Nations reports that women do more work than men because even
when they work at the office, they are still expected to do household tasks. Another
report from UN Women states that “women perform 66 percent of the world’s work,
produce 50 percent of the food, but earn 10 of the income and own 1 percent of the
property”. This is because in agricultural countries, women participate in making
the produce, but only the father or the male head of the family controls the income.
To put simply, feminism demands equality. Here are a few salient points that feminism
demands.
• Women suffrage
• Equality in Politics and Society
• Reproductive rights
• Domestic violence
• Sexual harassment and sexual
• Other rights include the right to divorce their husbands, the right to make decisions
on her pregnancy, equitable wages, and equal employment opportunity.
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▪ ACTIVITY/ EXERCISE/ ASSIGNMENT
Collage-making Activity
1. Create a collage showing the progression of human understanding and attitude of gender and
sexuality in modern societies.
Interview:
 Interview people from different age groups (adolescent, adult, elderly) and ask them what
they can think of when they hear the words gender and sexuality. Ask them what influenced
them to have these thoughts?
▪ EQUIPMENT OR MATERIALS TO BE USED (for Face-to-face)
Laptop, Projector
▪ PRACTICAL EXERCISES (for Face-to-face)
Group presentation
▪ SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7BngrViqjM
▪ REFERENCES
Botor, N; Laude, T. & Peralta, E. (2019). Gender and Society: A Human Ecological Approach. Rex Book
Store. Manila, Philippines
Florendo, R., Florendo, A. (2022). Gender and Society. Wiseman Books Trading, Inc. Quezon City,
Philippines

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1

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND

NAME OF THE General Education

• In the past, human societies have high regard for women.

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND

Why are men more preferred in the productive sphere?

ü Only men can inherit property and the family name;

• Patriarchy is viewed by most sociologists as a social construct and not as a

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND

• a German philosopher and sociologist

Historical Views on Genders

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND

• sexism- prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex;

• Women’s liberation movement, women’s movement, or feminism is a continuing

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND

▪ ACTIVITY/ EXERCISE/ ASSIGNMENT

▪ EQUIPMENT OR MATERIALS TO BE USED (for Face-to-face)

▪ PRACTICAL EXERCISES (for Face-to-face)

▪ SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

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