WASTE

 Definition
 Unwanted or unusable materials. Any substance discarded after primary use, or
is worthless, defective, and has no use. Maybe a by-product.
 Waste can be solid, liquid, or laws, technologies, gasses and each type has
different methods of disposal and management.
 Wastes' are substance or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be
disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law"
(based s
 Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is, products produced for
the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own
purposes of production, transformation or may be generated during the
consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes extraction of raw
materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products,
the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled
or reused at the place of generation are excluded.
 an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard.
 Examples
 plastic, paper, glass, metals, food scraps
 wastewater from households, industrial processes, and sewage
 vehicle emissions, industrial exhaust, and the release of greenhouse gases
 Types
o Municipal
o Household and Commercial
o Construction and Demolition
o Hazardous
o Radioactive
o Energetic Hazardous
o Electronic
o Mixed
o Medical
 Costs
o Environmental
o Social
o Economic
 How it affects communities/Challenges in Developing Countries (Jai)
It affects and becomes a challenge for those people in developing countries because of
the existing government policies enabling first-world countries and companies to
transport their trash to their homes and near bodies of water which results in
contaminated water and landfills. Those governments mentioned do not utilize the
profits gained from waste trade to establish methods for managing landfills or purifying
water sources.
 Wastewater Facilities (Jai)
Wastewater treatment facilities remove pollutants and contaminants physically and
chemically to clean water to be returned to society.
o Benefits
According to a NASA-led study, our world's freshwater is being drained more
quickly than they are being replenished. This means that there is not nearly
enough supply of water. Because of this, we need to preserve every water
resource that we have left to maintain our lifestyles.
 Wastewater treatments benefit the society through able countries that are making
use of those treatments to help under-developed countries. In addition to this, not
utilizing wastewater treatments can result in people having no choice but to use
contaminated water in their daily lives which can lead to illnesses and even
death.

We have the means to save the lives of those people by implementing these
wastewater treatments.

o Process
There are initially 3 steps of waste-water treatment according to The South
Gippsland Water Organization.

(1) Primary Treatment: Sift through the water to remove large solids, leaving oils
and small particles in the water.
(2) Second Treatment: Dissolve/Remove oils, particles and microorganisms from
the water to be prepared for tertiary treatment.
(3) Tertiary Treatment: Chemically disinfecting the water with chlorine or UV light.

 Utilization/Recovery maecy (Babas)

o Resource recovery
Resource Recovery:
 Using wastes as an input material to create valuable products as new
outputs. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste generated, thereby
reducing the need for landfill space, and optimizing the values created
from waste.
 Materials found in municipal solid waste, construction and demolition
waste, commercial waste and industrial wastes can be used to recover
resources for the manufacturing of new materials and products.

Examples:
 - Plastic
 - Paper
 - Aluminum
 - Glass
 - Metal

 Resource recovery is part of a circular economy, in which the extraction

of natural resources and generation of wastes are minimized, and in
which materials and products are designed more sustainably for
durability, reuse, repairability, remanufacturing and recycling.
 Resource recovery can also be used in the context of sanitation. The goal
is to recover the resources that are contained in wastewater and human
excreta (urine and feces).
  People who earn their living by collecting and sorting garbage and selling
them for recycling (waste pickers), Smokey Mountain, Philippines.

o Energy recovery
Energy recovery
 - using non-recyclable waste materials and extracting from it heat,
electricity, or energy through a variety of processes, including
combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. This process
is referred to as waste-to-energy.
 Using waste as fuel can offer important environmental benefits. It can
provide a safe and cost-effective option for wastes that would normally
have to be dealt with through disposal. It can help reduce carbon dioxide
emissions by diverting energy use from fossil fuels, while also generating
energy and using waste as fuel can reduce the methane emissions
generated in landfills by averting waste from landfills.

 Several ways to recover Energy from waste:

Anaerobic digestion
 - Is a naturally occurring process of decomposition where organic matter
is reduced to a simpler chemical component in the absence of oxygen.

Incineration
 - Incineration or direct controlled burning of municipal solid waste reduces
waste and makes energy.

Secondary recovered fuel

 - Is the energy recovery from waste that cannot be reused or recycled
from mechanical and biological treatment activities.

Pyrolysis
  - involves heating of waste, with the absence of oxygen, to high
temperatures to break down any carbon content into a mixture of gaseous
and liquid fuels and solid residue.
 - is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues
into a recovered fuel.
 Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres)
placed in the pyrolysis process potentially yield an alternative to fossil
fuels.

Gasification
 - Is the conversion of carbon rich material through high temperature with
partial oxidation into a gas stream.
Plasma arc heating
 - is the very high heating of municipal solid waste to temperatures ranging
from 3,000 to 10,000°C, where energy is released by an electrical
discharge in an inert atmosphere.

o Biological reprocessing
Biological reprocessing
 Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material,
food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting
and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting
organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or
landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as
methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat
(CHP/cogeneration) maximizing efficiency.

Different types of composting and digestion methods and technologies.

 The different methods of biological
 decompositions are classified as aerobic or anaerobic methods. Some
methods use the hybrids of these two methods. The anaerobic digestion
of Re-use Biological reprocessing
 The organic fraction of solid waste is more environmentally effective than
landfill, or incineration.

o Waste Valorization
Waste Valorization
 Is the process of waste products or residues from an economic process
being valorized (given economic value), by reuse or recycling in order to
create economically useful materials.
 The term comes from practices in sustainable manufacturing and
economics, industrial ecology and waste management. The term is
usually applied in industrial processes where residue from creating or
processing one good is used as a raw material or energy feedstock for
another industrial process.
  Industrial wastes in particular are good candidates for valorization
because they tend to be more consistent and predictable than other
waste, such as household waste.
 Historically, most industrial processes treated waste products as
something to be disposed of, causing industrial pollution unless handled
properly. However, increased regulation of residual materials and
socioeconomic changes, such as the introduction of ideas about
sustainable development and circular economy in the 1990s and 2000s
increased focus on industrial practices to recover these resources as
value add materials. Academics focus on finding economic value to
reduce environmental impact of other industries as well, for example the
development of non-timber forest products to encourage conservation.
 Liquid Waste Management maecy

LIQUID WASTE

 Cannot be easily picked up and removed from an environment.

 Can easily pollute other sources of liquid if brought into contact.
 Soaks into objects (e.g. soil and groundwater).

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT PROCESS

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

 Processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an

undesirable by-product.
 The treated wastewater (effluent) can be reused, discharged into sewers, or
released into the environment.
 Involves the ff.
 o brine treatment
o solids removal (e.g. chemical precipitation, filtration)
o oils and grease removal
o removal of biodegradable organics
o removal of acids and alkalis
o removal of toxic materials.
 Industrial wastewater sources:
o battery manufacturing, chemical manufacturing, electric power plants,
food industry, iron and steel industry, metal working, mines and quarries,
nuclear industry, oil and gas extraction, petroleum refining and
petrochemicals, pharmaceutical manufacturing, pulp and paper industry,
smelters, textile mills, industrial oil contamination, water treatment and
wood preserving

SLUDGE

 Is mostly water with some amounts of solid material removed from liquid
sewage.
 Types
o Primary sludge: includes settleable solids removed during primary
treatment in primary clarifiers.
o Secondary sludge: sludge separated in secondary clarifiers that are used
in secondary treatment.

SEWAGE SLUDGE TREATMENT

 The processes used to manage and dispose of sewage sludge produced during
sewage treatment.
 Water removal is the primary means.
 e.g. of other techniques (heating, dewatering, anaerobic/aerobic digestion,
composting, or incineration).
 Aerobic processes produce more sludge compared with anaerobic processes.
 Types
o Intensive: The sludge removed from the liquid line goes to the sludge
treatment line
o Extensive: (e.g. ponds and constructed wetlands) The produced sludge
remains accumulated in the liquid line and is only removed after several
years of operation
 Energy may be recovered from sludge through methane gas production during
anaerobic digestion or through incineration of dried sludge.
WASTE MANAGEMENT (Hugh)
 Definition
o The processes and actions necessary to manage trash from the moment it is
collected to its final disposal are referred to as waste management or waste
disposal. This encompasses waste collection, transportation, treatment, and
disposal, as well as waste management process monitoring and control, as well
as waste-related laws, technologies, and economic systems.
o Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous, and each has distinct
characteristics.
o Waste management involves disposing and managing various types of
waste, including industrial, biological, and residential garbage. Health
concerns are prevalent due to the direct and indirect effects of waste
management, such as handling solid waste and consumption of water,
soil, and food. Waste management aims to limit the negative
consequences of trash on the environment, human health, planetary
resources, and aesthetics. Human action produces waste, such as the
extraction and processing of raw materials. The overall process of waste
management involves addressing these concerns to ensure a sustainable
future.
 Principles
o Waste Hierarchy
o The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, which
classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of
waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy is the bedrock of most waste
minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the
maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount
of end waste
o The waste hierarchy is structured like a pyramid to emphasize that the primary
goal should be waste prevention. The next steps include reusing waste, recycling
(including composting), material recovery, and waste-to-energy processes. The
final option, considered a last resort, is waste disposal in landfills or incineration
without energy recovery. This hierarchy outlines the progression of waste
management stages, focusing on the latter phases of a product's lifecycle.
o Life cycle of a product
o The life-cycle of a product begins with the design phase and progresses through
manufacturing, distribution, and primary utilization. It then aligns with the steps of
the waste hierarchy, which are reduce, reuse, and recycle. Each of these life-
cycle phases provides chances for policy intervention, such as reevaluating the
necessity of the product, minimizing waste potential through redesign, and
extending its lifespan. Analyzing the product's life-cycle is a method for
enhancing resource utilization globally by preventing the creation of unnecessary
waste.
o Resource Efficiency
o Resource efficiency acknowledges that the ongoing economic growth and
progress cannot be maintained if we continue with current patterns of production
 and consumption. On a global scale, human activity extracts more resources to
manufacture products than the Earth can naturally regenerate. Resource
efficiency entails minimizing the environmental impact associated with the
production and consumption of these goods, spanning from the initial extraction
of raw materials to their ultimate use and disposal.
o Polluter pays principle
o The principle of "polluter-pays" dictates that the party responsible for pollution
should bear the costs of the environmental damage. In the context of waste
management, this typically means that those who produce waste are obliged to
cover the expenses associated with the proper disposal of materials that cannot
be reclaimed.
 History
o Modern Era
 Waste Handling and Transport (Sam)
o Waste Handling practices -Waste collection vary depending on the country and
region. -Domestic waste collection services are often provided by the local
government authorities, or by private companies for industrial and commercial
waste.- -CURBSIDE COLLECTION which is usually used in most European
countries, Canada, New Zealand, United States, and many other developed
countries where waste is collected by specialized trucks.
o - In rural areas, waste may be taken to a transfer station. Their waste is collected
then taken in an appropriate disposal facility.
o - In some areas, vacuum collection is used in which waste is transported from
home or commercial premises through small tubes. This system is used in
Europe and North America.
o - In some jurisdictions unsegregated waste is collected through curb-side or from
waste transfer stations and then sorted into recyclables and unusable waste.
Such systems are capable of sorting large volumes of solid waste, salvaging
recyclables, and turning the rest into biogas and soil conditioner..
o Waste Industries use a variety of colors to separate trash and recycling cans.
o Waste segregation
- Separation of wet and dry waste.
- Purpose is to recycle dry waste and use wet waste in compost.
- Segregating may reduce the amount of waste getting landfilled resulting in
lower levels of air and water pollution.
- Segregated waste is cheaper since it does not require as much manual sorting
as mixed waste as it is already separated.
- Number of important reasons as to why segregation is important.
- Labeling is important especially in handling nuclear waste due to how much
harm it can cause to human health.
 Disposal Method (Jim)
o LANDFILL
-It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
-Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
-Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil
-Gasses generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to
generate power.
-It is generally used for domestic waste.
-However, once this process is complete, the area is declared unfit for
construction of buildings for the next 20 years.
 ADVANTAGES
-Jobs will be created for local people.
-Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by landfill in comparison to
other waste disposal methods.
-Provides a place for waste to decompose over time.
-The gasses given off by the landfill site could be collected and used for
generating power.

DISADVANTAGES
-Dangerous gasses are given off from landfill sites that cause local air pollution
and contribute to global warming.
-Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping through the ground
from the landfill site.
-Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be used for redevelopment
as it might be too polluted.
-Limited space and potential for land scarcity.

 INCINERATION
-Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid
waste at 1000C.
-Waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.
-The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gasses
due to organic waste.
-The heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.

ADVANTAGES
-Minimum land is needed compared to other disposal methods
-The weight of the waste is reduced to 90% of the initial value.
-No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in landfills.
-Gasses are used to generate power.

DISADVANTAGES
-Expensive to build and maintain.
-Required skilled labor.
-The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants and
may destroy the ozone layer (major disadvantage).
-High energy requirement.
-Recyclable materials could end up in the incinerator.

o RECYCLING
-Recycling is a process that involves collecting, processing, and reusing
materials from discarded products to create new items. The primary goal of
recycling is to reduce the consumption of new raw materials, conserve natural
resources, and minimize the environmental impact associated with the
production of new goods.

ADVANTAGES
 -Resource Conservation and Energy Savings
-Environmental Benefits
-Economic Opportunities

DISADVANTAGES
-Collection and Sorting Challenges.
-The success of recycling depends on consumer participation and understanding
of what can be recycled.
-The recycling industry relies on the demand for recycled materials. If there is a
lack of demand for certain recycled products, it can hinder the effectiveness of
recycling efforts.

 INTERNATIONAL WASTE TRADE

(Jim)

DEFINITION
-International waste trade, also known as transboundary waste movements, refers to the
global exchange of waste materials, including hazardous and non-hazardous waste,
between countries. This trade can involve the import and export of waste for various
purposes, such as recycling, disposal, or treatment.

Reasons for International Waste Trade

-Resource Recovery: Some countries export recyclable materials to nations with the
facilities to process and recycle them. This helps recover valuable resources and reduce
the need for virgin materials.
-Disposal and Treatment: Countries may import waste for disposal or treatment if they
have advanced waste management infrastructure, such as incinerators or landfills, that
can handle it in an environmentally responsible manner.

 Technologies

mga d ko cnama kc wla nmng importansya

 reporting (proseso ng pgreport ng waste,,, like how many ton per year gnto gnyan pano
ngvavary ung weight prng wlang my pke jan )
 financial model (?? dko alam )
 avoidance and reduction method (redundant mshado eh)
 technologies (assumed knowledge lht prng wlang kwenta)
 waste management by region ( puro numerical deets ano ggwen k jan)