Unit 1

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
1
OVERVIEW
 Kinds of Wastes
 Waste Generation
 Solid Waste in India
 Solid Waste managementmethods
What are Wastes?
Waste (also known as rubbish, refuse, garbage, junk) is unwanted or
useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted
substances expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea
and sweat.
Kinds of Wastes
Solid wastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes
Examples: plastics , bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils,
waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources.
Bio-degradable :can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable :cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans,
Styrofoam containers and others)
Hazardous wastes: Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally,
or economically and have any of the following properties- ignitability, corrosivity,
reactivity & toxicity.
Non-hazardous : Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or
economically and do not have any of those properties mentioned above. These
substances usually create disposal problems.
Classification of wastes according to
their origin and type
 Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household
garbage, rubbish, construction & packaging materials, trade refuges
etc. are managed by any municipality.
 Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers,
products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities
of medical sciences.
 Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by
manufacturing & processing units of various industries like chemical,
petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper etc.
 Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities.
These substances are mostly biodegradable.
 Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fisheryactivities.
 E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern
establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or
electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components, such as
CRTs, wires, circuits, mobile, computers etc.
Sources of Wastes
Households
Industry
Sources of Wastes
Agriculture
Fisheries
7
Sources of Wastes
STRUCTURE OF
SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste
Refuse Trash
Bulky wastes (TV, refrigerators goods,

Broken furniture, etc.)
Garbage Rubbish
non-degradable (glass, rubber,

Metals, plastics non-metal set)
Vegetables, Meats, food

Wastes and other readily
Degradable organic wastes slowly degradable (paper, wood
Products, textiles etc.)
WASTE GENERATIONS RATES OF SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES
MSW GENERATION FROM THE METROPOLITANS OF INDIA
Solid Waste in India
 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste

 One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
 Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
 In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of high
volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open low
lying land areas.
Growth of Solid Waste In India

 Waste is growing by leaps & bounds
 In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to 12.3 million
 During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200 tonnes
to 5355 tonne, an increase of 67%
 City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum.
 Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities.
Waste Collection in India
 Primarily by the city municipality
-No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-degradable, glasses, polybags, paper shreds
etc
-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts
 Local raddiwala / kabadiwala
 -Collecting small iron pieces by magnets
-Collecting glass bottles
-Collecting paper for recycling
How solid waste affected us in recent years?

 In Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage line due to large no. of plastic bags.
 Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, caused due to imported scrap from Iran
 Reduction in the number of migratory birds due to consumption of contaminated
foods
 animals dying on streets and farmland due to consumption of plastic bags, which
blocks the food movement in their stomach
HEALTH IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE
 Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health,

children being more vulnerable to these pollutants.
 Improperly operated incineration plants cause air pollution

and improperly managed and designed landfills attract all
types of insects that spread disease.
 Direct handling of solid waste results in chronic diseases

with the waste workers.
1.LAND FILL
 It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
 Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
 Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil
 Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate
power.
 It is generally used for domestic waste.
ADVANTAGES
Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option for the local council.
Jobs will be created for local people.
Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by landfill in comparison to other waste
disposal methods.
 The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected and used for generating power.
DISADVANTAGES
 The site will look ugly while it is being used for landfill.
Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that cause local air pollution and contribute to
global warming.
Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping through the ground from the landfill
site.
Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be used for redevelopment as it might be
too polluted.
LAND REQUIRED FOR DISPOSAL OF MSW EMMISION OF METHANE FROM LANDFILL
2. INCINERATION
 Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid
waste at 1000C.
 waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.
 The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due
to organic waste.
 the heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.
ADVANTAGES
 Minimum of land is needed compared to other disposal methods.
 The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value.
 No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in landfills.
 Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas.
 Gases are used to generate power.
DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive
 Required skilled labour.
 The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants and
may destroy ozone layer (major disadvantage).
 high energy requirement.
COMPACTION:
 The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or fragile items of

waste.
 This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of many garbage collection
vehicles. Deposit refuse at bottom of slope for best compaction and control of
blowing litter.
PYROLYSIS:-
 Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to

produce char, pyrolysis oil and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also
it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence of oxygen. External
source of heat is employed in this process.
1 2
3
The 3 R’s
 REDUCE
 You can help by PRECYCLING. 1/3 of all garbage is packaging.
 Buy things that are in packages that can be recycled or are made of recycled
materials.
 When you buy something small, say no thanks to a bag.
 REUSE
 Many things can be reused before you throw them out.
 Use coffee cans and cottage cheese containers for storage
 Use backs of paper or backs of used envelopes for jotting notes
 Put leftovers in resalable containers instead of using wraps and foil
 Use old clothes as rags for cleaning instead of paper towels
 Have a garage sale or donate clothes, books or toys that you don't use anymore
 RECYCLE
 Each year we use:
 25 billion plastic containers
 30 billion bottles & jars
 65 billion aluminum cans
 100 billion pounds of paper
CONCLUSION:
 It is found that with increase in the global population and

the rising demand for food and other essentials, there has
been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily
by each household. Waste that is not properly managed,
especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste from
households and the community, are a serious health
hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases.
REFERENCE:
 Solid Waste Management Manual (2000), Central Public Health and Environmental
Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), Government of India.
 Solid Waste Management in Greater Bombay, (September 2004)
www.atsdr.cdc.gov
 Gupta, Sanjay K (April 2004), “Waste Management”, India Together
www.indiatogether.org/2004/apr/env-rethink.htm.
 Anon, 2001. State of Environment- Indian 2001.
 Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/index.htm
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/index.htm

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SOLID WASTE

Bulky wastes (TV, refrigerators goods,

non-degradable (glass, rubber,

Vegetables, Meats, food

 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste

Growth of Solid Waste In India

How solid waste affected us in recent years?

 Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health,

 Improperly operated incineration plants cause air pollution

 Direct handling of solid waste results in chronic diseases

 The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or fragile items of

 Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to

 It is found that with increase in the global population and

 Environmental Protection Agency

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