Energy

Continuation…
If an object was lifted, pushed or pulled at an angle between the direction of the displacement and the
force, the equation will be:
W=F d cosθ
Where: F- the magnitude of the constant force in Newton
d- magnitude of the object in meter
θ – angle between the direction of the displacement and the force

W- work done in Nm or Joules.
Example: Find the work done if the force is 45.0-N, the angle is 50.0 degrees, and the displacement is
75.0 m.
Given: F-45.0N d-75.0m θ – 50.00
Solution:
Equation to be used: W=F d cosθ
Substitute the given value to the equation: W=(45.0N) (75.0m) (cos 50.0)
W= 2,169.41J
Example: A person pulls a 50kg crate 40m along a horizontal floor by a constant force of 100N, which
acts at a 37 degrees angle. The floor is rough and exerts a friction force of 50N. Determine the work
done by each force acting on the crate, and the net work done on the crate.
Given:
Four forces act on the crate: force of the person F p, Friction force due to the floor Ffr, the crate’s weight
mg or gravitational force Fg and the normal force exerted upward by the floor F n. The net force done on
the crate is the vector sum of the four forces.
m=50kg d=40m Fp=100N θ =370 Ffr=50N
Solution:
A. the work done by the gravitational and normal force is zero, since it is perpendicular to the
displacement.
The work done by Fp is
W= Fpd cosθ
W=(100N) (40m) (cos370)
W=3,194.54J
The work done by Ffr
W= Ffrd cosθ
W= (50N)(40m) (cos1800)
W=-2000J
We make used of 180 degrees for the angle since the force of friction is opposing the motion or opposite
in direction.
b. the net work can be calculated by adding all the forces.
Wnet=Wg + Wn + WP + Wfr
Wnet=0+0+ 3,194.54J + (-2000J)
Wnet = 1,194.54J
Work is a transfer of energy.
When there is a transfer of energy, one body loses energy and the other gains it.
When body does work, it loses energy. The body on which work is done gains energy.
We can say that work is equivalent to the change in energy.
It can be expressed as : W = ∆ E
Where: W = work performed by an object in Joules
∆ E = change in energy of the object in Joules

Which means: W= ∆ E = Fd
Gravitational Potential Energy, Eg
If a man pulled lift an object, the work done depends on the weight and height. The equation will be:
W=Fd
Since F=mg Then: W= (mg)(h) h is used to replaced d as the vertical displacement
It is the energy stored of an object because of its distance above the surface of the earth. the change in
gravitational potential energy of an object can be expressed as:
∆ Eg=mg∆ h
Where: Eg- the object’s change in gravitational potential energy in Joules
g- the acceleration due to gravity at 9.8m/s2
m- mass of the object in kilogram
h- vertical displacement of the object in meter
Example: How much gravitational potential energy a 4.0kg block has if it is lifted 25m?
Given: m=4.0kg h=25m
Solution: ∆ Eg=mg∆ h
∆Eg=(4.0kg) (9.8m/s2) (25m)
∆Eg=980J
Example: A 61.2kg boy fell 0.500m out of bed. How much potential energy is lost?
Given: m=61.2kg h=0.500m
∆ Eg=mg∆ h
∆ Eg=(61.2kg) (9.8m/s2) (-0.500m)
∆ Eg= -299.88J negative indicates that the boy loses energy
Kinetic Energy
It is the energy of moving object or the energy in motion.
If an object is rolling with mass, accelerated by force and pushing on it with a displacement, it can be
expressed using the equation of work as: W=Fd
Based on the 2nd Law of motion, where F=ma
Substitute it to the equation of work: W=(ma) d
Since acceleration is expressed as: a=∆ v/∆ t
As the object’s velocity changes from 0, the acceleration is: a= ∆ v/∆ t a=v/t
And the displacement is: ∆ d = (v1+v2/2) (∆ t)
∆ d = (0+v2/2) (t-0) ∆ d=vt/2

Substitute both equation: W= (ma)∆ d W=m(v/t) (v/t)
W=1/2mv2
Since work is an energy transfer, then its kinetic energy is written as Ek=1/2mv2
Where: m-mass of the object in kilograms
v-velocity of the object in m/s
Ek- kinetic energy in Joules
Example: Calculate the kinetic energy of a 6.0kg object sliding at 4.0m/s.
Given: m-6.0kg v-4.0m/s
Solution: Ek=1/2mv2
Ek=1/2 (6.0kg) (4.0m/s)2
Ek=48J
Solve It!
1. The truck is accelerating ata rate of +1.50 m/s2. The mass of the crate is 120-kg and it does not slip.
The magnitude of the displacement is 65 m. What is the total work done on the crate by all of the forces
acting on it?
2. A 10kg coconut is positioned on top of the roof of a house that has a height of 5.00m and is located
on the edge of a cliff that is 20m high. Determine the gravitational potential energy of the coconut
relative to the following position: a.) on the top of the roof of the house, b. the floor of the house c. the
bottom of the cliff.
3. How much potential energy does a car gain if a crane lifts the car with a mass of 1500kg 20m straight
up?
4. Calculate the kinetic energy of an object that has a mass of 0.500kg moving with a velocity of 30m/s.
5. Calculate the kinetic energy of a shotgun bullet that has a mass of 25g with a velocity 3600km/h.
References:
Bentillo, Eulalia N. et al. 2004. Physics: Science and Technology Teacher’s Guide. G. Araneta Ave. cor.
Ma. Clara St. 1107 Quezon City, Philippines. SD Publications, Inc.
Cutnell, John D. and Kenneth W. Johnson. 2003. Physics. 5th edition. John Wiley and sons, Inc.
Giancoli, Douglas C. 2007. Physics: Principles with Applications. 23-25 First Lok Road Jurong, Singapore
629733. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
Hewitt, Paul G.2010. Conceptual Physics, 11th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson.
Josue, E.L.2009.High School Science Today IV. Diwa Learning System Inc. Legaspi Village Makati City.
Resnick, Robert; Halliday, David; and Krane, Kenneth.2002 .Physics Vol.2, 5th Edition. New Jersey: John
Wiley and Sons,. (Reprinted in the Philippines by C & E Publishing)
Santisteban, Celeste Joan C. 2007. Breaking Through Physics. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Santos, Gil Nonato C. 2017. General Physics 1. 856 Nicanor Reyes, St. Sampaloc Manila. Rex Books Store
Inc.
Serway, Raymond, and Belchner, Robert.2000.Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics
5th Edition . Orlando: Harcourt College Publishing.
Tsokos, K.A.2010. Physics for the IB Diploma , 5th Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Young, Hugh D., and Freedman, Roger A. Sears and Zemansky's.2004. University with Modern Physics,
11th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson.

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Continuation…

Where: F- the magnitude of the constant force in Newton

d- magnitude of the object in meter

θ – angle between the direction of the displacement and the force

Equation to be used: W=F d cosθ

m=50kg d=40m Fp=100N θ =370 Ffr=50N

The work done by Fp is

W=(100N) (40m) (cos370)

The work done by Ffr

b. the net work can be calculated by adding all the forces.

Wnet=0+0+ 3,194.54J + (-2000J)

Work is a transfer of energy.

We can say that work is equivalent to the change in energy.

Where: W = work performed by an object in Joules

∆ E = change in energy of the object in Joules

Gravitational Potential Energy, Eg

g- the acceleration due to gravity at 9.8m/s2

m- mass of the object in kilogram

h- vertical displacement of the object in meter

Given: m=4.0kg h=25m

Given: m=61.2kg h=0.500m

It is the energy of moving object or the energy in motion.

Based on the 2nd Law of motion, where F=ma

Substitute it to the equation of work: W=(ma) d

Since acceleration is expressed as: a=∆ v/∆ t

And the displacement is: ∆ d = (v1+v2/2) (∆ t)

∆ d = (0+v2/2) (t-0) ∆ d=vt/2

Where: m-mass of the object in kilograms

v-velocity of the object in m/s

Ek- kinetic energy in Joules

Example: Calculate the kinetic energy of a 6.0kg object sliding at 4.0m/s.

Given: m-6.0kg v-4.0m/s

Ek=1/2 (6.0kg) (4.0m/s)2

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