Science 8 Quarter 4 Module 2
Science 8 Quarter 4 Module 2
Science 8 Quarter 4 Module 2
Science
Quarter 4-Module 2
Week 2, Cell Division
Science - Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 2: Cell Division
Revised Copy 2021
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Content Editors: Dr. Gemma A. Bendebel, Principal II, Lahug Night High School
Mr. Rommel C. Villahermosa, Assisting Principal, Abellana National
School
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Lesson Cell Division
Have you ever wondered why your hair grows, wounds are healed, sex cells like egg
cells and sperms cells are produced, and fertilized eggs grow and develop into a baby? These
miracles of life are explained through the basic unit of life which is the cell. All living things are
comprised of millions of cells.
Every living thing undergoes reproduction. The nutrients taken by an individual will
provide for energy for metabolic processes, for growth and development as well as
reproduction as hereditary traits called genes are handed down to the offspring. The cellular
level of reproduction, in the form of cell division, provides for the backdrop for the organismal
level of reproduction. This module will differentiate the two types of cell division, mitosis and
meiosis, as well as correlate heredity with the behavior of the chromosomes in the cell during
meiosis. In order to grasp understanding of this concept, let us be guided by the learning goals
in this session below.
Objectives
1. Identify the organelles of the cells that participate in the cell division.
2. Describe the different stages of cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis.
3. Compare mitosis and meiosis.
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What I Know
Pre-assessment
Directions: Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
____1. In what stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
A. G1 B. G2 C. M D. S
____2. What process takes place when the cytoplasm divides in half?
A. cytokinesis B. karyokinesis C. meiosis D. mitosis
____3. What happens during anaphase stage? Chromosomes __________.
A. replicate C. become single-stranded
B. align at the center D. are pulled to the opposite poles
____4. In the illustration on the right, what structure is labeled X?
A. centriole B. chromosome C. nucleus D. spindle fiber
____5. Which of the following does NOT occur in the prophase stage?
A. Nucleus disappears.
B. Spindle fibers appear.
C. Nuclear envelope disappears.
D. Chromosomes align at the center.
1 2 3 4
_____6. Which cell is in the first phase of M phase or mitosis?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
_____7. What is the CORRECT arrangement of the stages of mitosis?
A. 1,2,3,4 B. 2,3,4,1 C. 3,2,1,4 D. 4,2,1,3,
_____8. Which is TRUE about mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis __________.
A. occurs in sex cells while meiosis occurs in body cells
B. occurs in body cells while meiosis occurs in sex cells
C. is for the reproduction while meiosis is for growth and repair
D. results to four daughter cells while meiosis results to two daughter cells
_____9. Joy accidentally cut her finger while slicing the onions. What type of cell division
is responsible for the healing process of her wound?
A. cytokinesis B. karyokinesis C. mitosis D. meiosis
_____10. How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell?
A. 23 B. 32 C. 46 D. 64
_____11. How many chromosomes would each daughter cell has after mitosis if the parent
cell has 18 chromosomes?
A. 9 B. 18 C. 36 D. 46
_____12. What type of cell contains two copies of each chromosome?
A. haploid B. diploid C. a gamete D. an oocyte
_____13. During which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur between homologous
chromosomes?
A. anaphase I B. anaphase II C. prophase I D. telophase II
_____14. How many daughter cells are produced at the end of mitosis?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
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_____15. Suppose that a cell is unable to replicate its DNA. Which of the following would
NOT be present in this cell?
A. centromere B. DNA C. genes D. sister chromatids
What’s In
Review on the parts of plant and animal cells
A. Directions: Identify the parts of the plant and animal cells using the words below.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
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Figure 2 Animal Cell
B. Directions: Identify the parts of the plant and animal cells that has the following
functions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
What’s New
Have you ever watched a caterpillar turn into a butterfly? If so, you are probably familiar
with the idea of a life cycle. Butterflies undergo several changes or transitions from egg to a
very beautiful butterfly. Similarly, cells do undergo cell cycle and passes through dramatic
changes that promotes growth and development as well as perpetuation of life. What are the
different stages of the cell cycle that a cell undertakes? To answer this question, let’s do the
following activities.
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Let’s Get Started!
Activity
Cells Grow and Divide
Objectives:
1. Identify the different stages of the cell cycle and cell division.
2. Describe each stage of the cell cycle and cell division.
Directions: Study the diagram in A as well as the comic strips in B and C of the cell cycle.
Read and analyze the descriptions of each stage or phase. Answer the activities
or questions on a separate sheet of paper.
A. Cell Cycle
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_______________8. Cell does not increase in number.
_______________9. The chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for cell division.
_______________10. Takes in four stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase
_______________11. Cell copies organelles.
_______________12. Cell makes the final preparations to divide.
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Guide Questions:
1. What cell organelles are formed that can be observed during
prophase?______________________________________________________________
What cell organelle that disappears at this stage? _________________________
2. What happen to the chromosomes in the following stages of cell cycle?
a. Prophase - ___________________________________________________________
b. Metaphase - __________________________________________________________
c. Anaphase - ___________________________________________________________
3. What cell organelles are formed during telophase?
______________________________________________________________
What cell organelle that disappears at this stage? _________________________
4. What happens to the double stranded chromosome after the cell division?
______________________________________________________________________
5. How many daughter cells are formed after mitosis? Are they diploid or haploid? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________
At this point
chromosomes, you are
already together with your
homologous pair and
spindle fibers attach to
your centromere leading
you both to the
metaphase or equatorial
plate.
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At this stage, the spindle fibers disappear,
Sad to say, homologous indicating that the chromosome are no
chromosomes at this point longer moving. It’s because chromosomes
separate their ways and move which are unidentical are already inside the
to the opposite poles. Unlike nucleus. The nuclear membrane is already
anaphase of mitosis, there is enclosing them inside with the
no splitting of centromere that reappearance of the nucleolus. Another
happens. It’s only the interesting event that happen is that, the
homologous chromosomes cell pinches in at the middle part that
that separate. commence the cytokinesis that divides the
cell into 2 daughter cells which are haploid
(n=23) because only one chromosome
from each pair goes to the daughter cell as
the result of separation of homologous pair
during anaphase I. If you observed also that
the chromosomes are still in their sister
chromatids, that’s why second meiotic
division proceeds that is the same process
as mitosis.
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Meiosis II
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The chromosomes in their sister The chromosomes in each of the cells are already
chromatids separate as their centromeres found inside the nucleus, enclosed by the
divide, allowing them to move to the reappearing nuclear membrane together with
opposite poles in each daughter cell. nucleolus. Spindle fibers disappeared. Each cell
pinches at the center initiating the cytokinesis to
occur, dividing the cytoplasm. Four haploid
daughter cells with non-sister chromatids are
produced after meiosis II.
Guide Questions:
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What is It
Do you know that….
All living things contain what we call the genetic material that serves as the set of
instructions that direct the activities and functions of the cells. These genetic materials, also
known as the deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, are passed on from one generation to the next
to ensure the continuity of life. In eukaryotic cells (cells with organelles), the DNA are bound
with proteins and are organized as beads on strings to form chromosomes in the nucleus of
the cell (Figure 4).
The interphase refers to the period that follows one cell division and precedes another.
During this stage, the cell does not divide; it merely grows. The chromosome doubles or
replicates itself because the DNA molecule contained in the chromosome produces an exact
copy of itself.
The interphase is divided into three substages. The stage from the formation of a new
cell until it begins to replicate its DNA is called the first gap period or G1, during which time
the cell grows initially. This stage is characterized by protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
synthesis. RNA, which is synthesized based on the DNA, is then used to synthesize proteins.
The middle stage of interphase, called the synthesis stage or S, is the period of DNA
synthesis or replication. The chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for the next cell
division. The second gap period or G2, falls between the S period and the next cell division
or M (mitosis or meiosis, see discussion below) phase. G2 represents a period of rapid cell
growth to prepare for cell division.
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During interphase, the nucleus is clearly visible as a distinct membranebound
organelle. In stained cells, this membrane can be clearly seen under the light microscope.
One or more nucleoli are visible inside the nucleus. On the other hand, the chromosomes
cannot be clearly seen. They appear as an irregular mass that is grainy in appearance
because the DNA they contain are stretched out thinly in the nucleus. This facilitates the
replication of DNA during the S phase.
Cell Division
Alternating with the interphase is the cell division phase. In eukaryotic cells, there are
two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis is a type of cell division produces two identical body or somatic cells with the
same number of chromosomes for growth and development. It involves one cell division only.
Mitosis is divided into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Stage A: Prophase. The nuclear membrane and nucleoli may still be present. The
chromosomes are thicker and shorter because of repeated coiling. At this stage, each
chromosome is made up of two identical sister chromatids as a consequence of replication of
DNA during the S phase. The two chromatids produced from one chromosome are still
attached at one point, called the centromere. The centromere may divide the chromosome
into the shorter arms, also called the p arms (‘p’ stands for petite in French) and the longer q
arms. If the chromosomes are stained using Giemsa, alternating dark and light regions will
appear. These are the heterochromatin and euchromatin, respectively. The heterochromatin
are more coiled and dense than the euchromatin (Figure 5).
Stage B: Metaphase. The nuclear membrane has disappeared while the highly coiled
chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant between the cell’s
two poles. Spindle fibers are also formed. Each fiber binds to a protein called the kinetochore
at the centromere of each sister chromatid of the chromosome.
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kinetochores. This liberates the sister chromatids. Each chromatid is now regarded as a full-
fledged chromosome and is only made up of one sister chromatid.
Stage D: Telophase. The chromosomes are now at the opposite poles of the spindle.
They start to uncoil and become indistinct under the light microscope. A new nuclear
membrane forms around them while the spindle fibers disappear, opposite to the events that
happen in prophase. There is also cytokinesis or the division of the cytoplasm to form two
separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis
The number of chromosomes normally remains the same within the species. It does
not double or triple for every generation. This suggests that a different kind of cell division
must take place in an individual. This kind of cell division is called meiosis, from a Greek word
which means “to make smaller.” Meiosis reduces the chromosome number in half. It takes
place in plants and animals whenever gametes, or sex cells, are formed through the process
called gametogenesis.
Meiosis is a special type of cell division where the cell undergoes two rounds of cell
division to produce four daughter cells (sex cells) for the purpose of reproduction, each with
half the chromosome number (haploid) as the original parent cell and with a unique set of
genetic material as a result of exchange of chromosome segments during the process of
crossing over. Haploid refers to half of the number of chromosomes in cells.
The first round of meiotic division, also known as meiosis I, consists of four stages:
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. Prophase I of meiosis I, unlike its
counterpart in mitosis, is more elaborate and should be understood well in order to grasp the
mechanisms of heredity
Stage A: Prophase I. Meiosis starts with this stage and includes the following
substages:
Leptotene. Each chromosome is made up of two long threads of sister chromatids as
a result of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle.
Zygotene. The chromosomes begin to pair off. Pairs of chromosomes are called
homologous chromosomes, and this pairing process is exact.
Pachytene. The chromosomes contract due to repeated coiling. Crossing over takes
place during this stage where a segment of a sister chromatid of one chromosome is
exchanged with the same segment of the sister chromatid of the homologous chromosome
through the formation of a cross-linkage of the segments called a chiasma (Figure 4). After
crossing over, the sister chromatids of each chromosome may no longer be identical with each
other based on the genetic material they contain.325 Figure 4. Crossing over of homologous
chromosomes during meiosis I.
Stage C: Anaphase I. Spindle fibers form and attach to the centromeres of the
chromosomes. The homologous chromosomes separate from each other completely and start
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their movement toward the poles of the cells as they are pulled by the spindle fibers. As the
centromere of each chromosome does not divide, the sister chromatids remain together.
Stage D: Telophase I. This is the stage when the chromosomes reach their respective
poles. Cytokinesis follows and two daughter cells are formed. Each cell now has only half the
chromosome number because only one chromosome from each pair goes to the daughter
cell. This is called the haploid condition, in contrast to the diploid condition at the beginning of
meiosis I where each chromosome pair is intact. Telophase I is followed by interphase II.
Note that each chromosome still has two sister chromatids; it is therefore necessary
for the cells to undergo another round of division. The second meiotic division, also known as
meiosis II, is mitotic in nature and consists of the following stages: prophase II, metaphase II,
anaphase II and telophase II; these stages are identical with the mitotic stages. The results
are four cells, two from each daughter cell from meiosis I, with one half the diploid chromosome
number and with only one sister chromatid for each chromosome.
What’s More
Directions: Do the following as directed on a separate sheet of paper.
A. Using the template below, draw the cell in the different stages of mitosis (PMAT and
cytokinesis). Label and describe each stage.
_______________________ ________________________
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B. Identify what stage of meiosis is being represented by each picture below
and give the highlights in each stage.
4. _____________________________ 5.____________________________
_____________________________ ____________________________
6. _____________________________ 7.____________________________
_____________________________ ____________________________
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8. ____________________ 9. ______________________ 10. __________________
____________________ ______________________ __________________
____________________ ______________________ __________________
only one cell division is involved two successive cell divisions are involved
produces all body (somatic) cells daughter cells are genetically different
produces new cells creates only sex cells (gametes) like egg and sperm cells
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MITOSIS MEIOSIS
What I Can Do
Directions: Choose ONLY 1 from the things listed below as your expected output. The rubric
is provided below as your guide in doing your output.
Assessment
Directions. Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
_____1. What series of events do cells go through as they grow and divide?
A. cell cycle B. meiosis C. mitosis D. spermatogenesis
_____2. What is the CORRECT order of the cell cycle?
A. G1 → G2 → S → M C. M → G1 → S → G2
B. S → G1 → G2 → M D. G1 → S → G2 → M
_____3. What process is involved when body or somatic cells undergo cell division?
A. meiosis B. mitosis C. oogenesis D. spermatogenesis
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_____4. During what stage do chromosomes align at the center of the equatorial plate?
A. anaphase B. metaphase C. prophase D. telophase
_____5. Tony is making a poster to describe the two ways of cell division. He draws an
outline of a human body on the poster. Peter wants to show diagrams of mitosis
and meiosis zooming out from the different parts of the body where they take place.
Which of these choices CORRECTLY shows a location for a type of cell division?
A. bone – meiosis C. ovaries – meiosis
B. testes – mitosis D. stomach - meiosis
_____6. Which of the following is NOT a difference between mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis__.
A. occurs in somatic cells, while meiosis occurs in sex cells
B. produces a diploid cell, while meiosis produces a haploid cell
C. produces two daughter cells, while meiosis produces four daughter cells
D. is needed in sexual reproduction, while meiosis is needed for the growth of an
organism
_____7. How many chromosomes would each daughter cell has after mitosis if the parent cell has 18
chromosomes?
A. 9 B. 18 C. 36 D. 48
_____8. Why is it necessary for the DNA to replicate prior to cell division? In order that each
daughter cell will have ____________.
A. 23 chromosomes C. 46 homologous chromosomes
B. sister chromatids D. a complete copy of the genetic material
_____9. What is the CORRECT order of the stages of mitosis?
I – metaphase III – anaphase
II – telophase IV - prophase
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Additional Activities
Directions: Do the following as directed and write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.
A. Identify the stage of cell division being referred to in the following. Use the key
words below in answering the items 1-5.
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