1.

Define a proposition in the context of mathematical logic

Answer: A proposition is a mathematical statement which is either true or false but
not both

2. Let A be a non-empty set and ∗ be an operation. List all properties the operation ∗
must satisfy so that (A, ∗) is a group.

Answer: The properties for (A, ∗) to be a group are

 The operation must be closed in the set A
 The operation must be associative
 The operation must have an identity element
 Each element must have an inverse in A

3. Plot the graph of the quadratic function f ( x)=−x2 +3 x +4 . Can you guess the
number of roots the equation −x 2+ 3 x + 4=0 has using the information on the curve?

Answer: The graph is shown here after and from the graph we have that the number
of roots are two since we have two x intercepts namely x=−1 , 4

4. Solve graphically the system of equation

{
−7 x+ 6 y=−4
7
y + x=−1
6
5. Fill the following table

SN A B
1 sin ⁡(A + B)
2 cos A cos B+ sin A sin B
3 sin A+sin B
4 2 sin A cos A
Answer: The table is filled as follows
 SN A B
1 sin ⁡(A + B) sin A cos B+cos A sin B
2 cos ( A−B) cos A cos B+ sin A sin B
sin A+sin B
( ) ( )
3 A+ B A−B
2 sin cos
2 2
4 sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A

6. Let A and B be two events of the same probability space and such that P(A) = 0.4,
P(B) = 0.6 and P (A ∪ B) = 0.9. Find P(A ∩ B).
Answer: We have the following PIE relation

P ( A ∪ B )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) −P ( A ∩ B )
And from this relation we have that

P ( A ∩B )=P ( A ) + P ( B )−P( A ∪ B)
Thus, we have that P ( A ∩B )=0.6+ 0.4−0.9=0.1

7. The following are true for every x >0 , y ∈ R and r ∈ R

a. log ( xy )=log x + log y

b. log ( xy )=log x−log y

c. log x r=r log x

d. log ( 1x )=−log x
( ) ( )
1 2 1 −1 2 1
8. Let A= 1 4 2 and B= 1 −4 2 . Calculate 2 A + B and A × B
3 1 1 3 1 −1

Answer: We have the following calculations

( )( )
1 2 1 2 4 2
 2 A=2 × 1 4 2 = 2 8 4 .
3 1 1 6 2 2
So

( )( )( )
2 4 2 −1 2 1 1 6 3
2 A + B= 2 8 4 + 1 −4 2 = 3 4 6.
6 2 2 3 1 −1 9 3 1
 As here above we have that

( )( )( )
1 2 1 −1 2 1 −1+ 2+ 3 2−8+ 1 1+4−1
A × B= 1 4 2 1 −4 2 = −1+4 +6 2−16+ 2 1+ 8−1
3 1 1 3 1 −1 −3+1+3 6−4+1 3+ 2−1
 ( )
4 −5 4
Thus A × B= 9 −12 8 .
1 3 4

9. Draw the points A(−6,3), B(3,−5) and C(−1,5) in the plane and show that
these points are vertices of the right-angled triangle.
Answer: We plot these points in the plane and hence we join vertices

To prove that is a right-angled triangle, we need to calculate different distances and

show that the Pythagoras theorem is verified

d ( A , B )=√ (−5−3 ) + ( 3+ 6 ) =√ 64+ 81=√ 145

2 2

d ( A , C )= √ (−1+6 ) + ( 5−3 ) =√ 25+ 4=√ 29

2 2

d ( B ,C )=√ (−1−3 ) + ( 5+ 5 ) =√ 116

2 2

One can now show that

2 2 2
d ( A , B ) + d ( B ,C )=d ( A ,C)

10. Write the equation of the circle whose center is (2, 3) and passing through the
point (5, 7)
Answer: We know that the generalized equation of a circle is given by

( x−a )2+ ( y−b )2=r 2

Where (a ,b) is the center and r the radius. Now, we have that our equation is

( x−2 )2 + ( y−3 )2=r 2

If the circle passes through the point, ( 5 , 7 ) , then the point must satisfy this equation
or in other words we have that ( x , y ) =(5 , 7). Taking this in our equation we get

( 5−2 )2+ (7−3 )2 =r 2

2 2 2
↔ 3 + 4 =r
2
r =25→ r=5
Thus, the equation of the circle is

( x−2 )2 + ( y−3 )2=25

Expanding to get
2 2
x −4 x+ y −6 y−12=0
11. Change the ( 35 AE )16 to following number base system:

a. Binary system
b. Octal system
12. Use the properties of logarithms to calculate the value of the following expression

log 5 ( 20 ) + log 5 ( 1254 )−log (5 5

−1
)

13. Factorize the following expression R ( x )=3 x 3−7 x 2−7 x+ 3 and hence find the roots
of R(x)=0.

14. Find the derivative of the function

2
2 x −1
f ( x )= ( √ x−1 ) + 2
x
15. What are the dimensions of a rectangular tract of land when its perimeter is 50
kilometers and its area is 150 square kilometers?

Answer: Let x denotes the lenth and y denotes the width. The perimeter and the area
are given by

{P=2A=xy
( x+ y )

Rom our data we have that

 { {
50=2 ( x + y ) ↔ 25=x + y
150=xy 150=xy

150
This system of equations can be solved using substitution. That is x= and
y
x=25− y . Comparing these two equations we get
150 2
=25− y ↔ 150=25 y− y /¿
y
This gives the quadratic equation
2
y −25 y +150=0
The discriminant is given by ∆=625−600=25

25 ± 5
The two values of y are y 1 ,2= =15 ,10.
2
Thus, we’ve the dimensions ( 15 , 10 ) ,(10 , 15)

16. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points A (−4 , 2 ) , B(−2 , 6) and
C (4 ,8)
17. a. Simplify the following complex fraction

−5
−3
b−5
10
+6
b−5
b. Solve the equation
6x4 − 35x3 + 62x2 − 35x + 6 = 0.
Answer: We know that the generalized equation of a circle is given by

( x−a )2+ ( y−b )2=r 2

Since the points A (−4 , 2 ) , B(−2 , 6) and C (4 ,8) belong to the circle, then we have the
following systems:

{
( x +4 )2 + ( y−2 )2=r 2
( x +2 )2 + ( y−6 )2=r 2
( x−4 )2 + ( y−8 )2=r 2

Solving the above system, we obtain:

 {
( x + 4 )2 + ( y−2 )2=( x+ 2 )2+ ( y−6 )2
{
2 2 2 2
0 r ( x +4 ) + ( y−2 ) =( x +2 ) + ( y−6 )
( x+ 4 )2+ ( y−2 )2=( x−4 )2 + ( y−8 )2 ( x+2 )2+ ( y −6 )2= ( x −4 )2+ ( y−8 )2
For the next we use the first system, then we get:

{
2 2 2 2
x +8 x +16+ y −4 y + 4=x + 4 x+ 4+ y −12 y+ 36
x 2+8 x +16+ y 2 −4 y + 4=x 2−8 x+16 + y 2−16 y +64

{164 x+x+128 y=20

y=60
⟺{
x +2 y=5
4 x +3 y=15

Finding the solution gives: S={(−5 ,5)}

Using ( x , y ) =(−5 , 5) in the equation of the circle, leads to:

(−5+ 4 )2 + ( 5−2 )2=r 2

2 2 2
⟺(−1) +3 =r

r =10 → r= √10
2

Thus, the equation of the circle is

( x +4 )2+ ( y−2 )2=10

18. Table in Figure1: gives the grades on a quiz of Mathematics out of 10 Marks for a
class of 40 students.

Figure1
a. Find the maximum and the minimum values
b. Find the range of data
c. Calculate the mean, the mode and the median
d. Calculate the variance and the standard deviation of the data
Answer: We have the following

a. The maximum value is 10 and the minimum value is 2

b. The range is given by
 Range=Maximum−Minimum=10−2=8
c. We first have to fill the following table

i xi fi xi f i xi
2 2
xi f i
1 2 3 5 4 12
2 3 3 6 9 27
3 4 5 9 16 80
4 5 5 10 25 125
5 6 6 12 36 216
6 7 8 15 49 392
7 8 4 12 64 256
8 9 4 13 81 324
9 10 2 12 100 200
94 1632
P
1
X= ∑x f
n I=1 i i
1
X= ( 94 )=2.
40
Mode= 7

xn + x n
+1
Median¿ 2 2
2
6+6
Median¿ =3
2
p
1
d. Variance: σ =
2
∑
n i=1
x i2 f i−μ2
1
2
σ = ( 1632 ) −(2.35)2
40
2
σ =35.2775

√
p
1
the standard deviation is σ = ∑
n i=1
x i2 f i−μ2

σ =√ 35.2775

19. Let F and G be the linear operators defined on R2 by F(x, y) = (y, x) and G(x, y)
=(0,x). Find the formulas defining
a. F + G
b. FG
 c. GF
d. 2F − 3G

e. F2 and G 2

20. For each of the following functions, find the absolute maximum and absolute
minimum over the specified interval and state where those values occur.

a. f(x) = −x2 + 3x − 2 over [1,3].

1
b. f ( x )= over [2,3].
x (1−x )

21

a. A complex number is any number of the form x +iy , x , y ∈ R satisfying i 2=−1

b. The Argand plane is the rectangular plane with x-axis as real axis and y-axis
the imaginary axis
c. Arg ( z 1∗z 2 )= Arg ( z1 ) + Arg (z 2), where Arg stands for Argument of the complex
number
d. 4 is a complex number.
Answer:
a. True
b. True
c. True
d. True
22. For logarithmic and exponential functions, the following are correct:
y
a. log a x= y ⟺ x=a .
b. The domain of the function f ( x )=ln ( x ) requires that x >0.
1
c. f ( x )=e x is defined for all x .

Answer: The answers are as follows

a. True. From definition of logarithmic equations
b. True. The domain requires this condition
c. True. The unction x 2is defined for all x

23. Match elements in column A with corresponding elements in column B [5marks]

Column A (Function to integrate) Column B (The formula to integrate it)

1. ∫ f (x )dx a. f (x)
 2.
dx
∫ a 2+ x 2 b. sin
−1
( xa )+C
3.
dx
∫ a 2−x2 c.
1
a
tan−1
x
a ()
+C

4. d ¿ d. F ( x ) +C

5. ∫
dx
√ a −x
2 2 e.
1
ln
a+x
2 a a−x | |
+C

Answer:
We have the following match
1. d
2. c
3. e
4. a
5. b
24.What is the order and the degree of the following differential equations [4marks]
2
d y ( dy
a. The equation + 1−cos x ) =sin 2 x
dx dx
b. The equation y (4)−2 y y ' =0
c. The equation ( y ' ' )3−3 y ' = y' ' ' + y−sin x
d. The equation √ ρ' ' −ρ=1+ ρ '

Answer: We have the following

a. Order two and degree two
b. Order 4 and degree
c. Order three and degree three
d. Order two and degree one
25. Verify that the following distribution represents the probability distribution:

x
f ( x )=
1000
Such that x=100 ; 200 ; 300 ; 400
Answer: To verify that the given distribution represents the probability distribution,
we need to check that

∑ f ( x )=1
x

Doing this we have

100 200 300 400 1000

∑ f ( x )= 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000 = 1000 =1
x

26. A particle moves in a straight line such that its velocity at time t seconds
is given by
v ( t )=∫ x ' (t)dt
3
Given that x ' ( t )=t +3 t−4 , find the velocity of the particle and the speed on the
interval [0 ,2 ] seconds
Answer: We are given x ' ( t )=t 3 +3 t−4. This means that
4 2
t 3t
v ( t )=∫ ( t +3 t−4 ) dt = +
3
−4 t m/s
4 2
The speed in the interval is given by

[ ]
2 2
t 4 3t 2
v=∫ ( t + 3t−4 ) dt = +
3
−4 t =2 m/ s
0
4 2 0

1
27. Use properties of logarithms to show that if log a y = and log 8 a=x +1, then we
3
have that
x+1
y=2 [4marks]

Answer: From the definition of logarithms we have that

1
1
log a y = ↔ a 3 = y (¿)
3
And in the same way we will have that
x+1
log 8 a=x +1↔ 8 =a ¿
From (*) and (**) we have that
1 1 1
a 3 =( 8 ) =( 23 ( x+1 ) ) 3 =2 x+1= y
x+1 3

28. Write the formula for integration by parts of the product of two functions U and V

Answer: Given two functions U (x ) and V (x ). The integral of the product of these two
functions is given by

∫ UdV =UV −∫ VdU

 dV dU
Where dV = and dU =
dx dx
29. Are the following properties correct for integration ?

∫ (f (x)± g ( x))dx =∫ f ( x )dx ±∫ g(x)dx

And for any constant k we have

k ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ kf (x)dx

Answer: The above properties are both correct for integration due to linearity of
integrals

∫ ( f ( x ) ± g ( x )) dx =∫ f ( x ) dx ±∫ g ( x ) dx
And

k ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ kf ( x ) dx

30. How do you apply integration by parts for the integral

b

∫ udv
a

Where u=u(x) is a function for x , and v=v (x ) a function of x

Answer: To use integration by parts we integrate by respecting the integration by

parts formula and evaluating the results on the given interval. That is
b b

∫ udv =[ uv ]a −∫ vdu
b

a a

du dv
Here du= and dv =
dx dx
31. Calculate the following limit
x −x
e +e
lim x −x
x→−∞ e −e
Answer: We first use direct substitution and get
x −x −∞ ∞
e +e e +e ∞
lim x −x
= −∞ ∞ =
x→−∞ e −e e −e ∞
And this is an IF. Since x →−∞ we can factorize by the lowest degree exponential to
get
 −x
e x +e− x e (e ¿¿ 2 x +1) e2 x +1
lim x −x = lim = lim 2 x ¿
e ( e −1 )
−x 2x
x→−∞ e −e x →−∞ x →−∞ e −1

And again, by direct substitution we get

2x −∞
e +1 e +1 0+1
lim 2 x = −∞ = =−1
x→−∞ e −1 e −1 0−1
ax
Since lim e =0 for a> 0 .
x→−∞

32. Obtain the derivative of the following function

y=¿ ¿
Answer: We use logarithmic differentiation
Take logarithm on both sides

ln y =ln ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
'
y ( ' '
Differentiating both sides: = ln x ) ln ( cos x ) +ln x ( ln ( cos x ) )
y
1 −sin x
¿ ln ( cos x ) +ln x ( )
x cos x
ln(cos x)
¿ −tan x ln x
x
We solve for y ' to get

y'= ( ln(cosx x ) −tan x ln x) × y=( ln (cosx x) −tan x ln x) ׿ ¿

Which is the required derivative.

33. Given the second order differential equation

'' '
y +3 y −4 y=0

Find two values of r such that y=erx is a solution of the equation.

Answer: Given that y=erx

a. Calculating the derivatives, we get

rx ' rx '' 2 rx
y=e , y =r e ,∧ y =r e

Putting these in our differential equation we get

 2 2x rx rx rx 2
r e −3 r e −4 e =0 ↔e (r −3 r−4)=0

Since e rx ≠ 0 we have that r 2−3 r −4=0 ↔ ( r−4 )( r +1 ) =0

Thus, the two values of r are r 1=−1 and r 2=4

34. Calculate the following definite integral

5

∫
2
( x +√ x −
6 2
x
2
1
+ cos x− dx
x )
Answer: Let us first find the anti-derivative of our function

F ( x )=∫ x + √ x −
( 6 2
x
2
1
+ sin x− dx
x )
2 1
¿ ∫ x dx+∫ √ x dx−∫ dx+∫ cos xdx−∫ dx
6

x
2
x
7 3 /2
x x 2
¿ + − +sin x−ln|x|+C
7 3 x
2
From the fundamental theorem of calculus, we know that
b

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b ) −F ( a )
a

7 3/ 2
x x 2
F ( x )= + − + sin x −ln ¿ x∨¿ ¿
And for our integral we have that a=2 and b=5. And 7 3 x
2
.

5 √ 125 2
7 2
Thus, F ( b )=F ( 5 )= + − +sin 5−ln 5=¿
7 3 /2 5

27 √2 8 2
And F ( a )=F ( 2 )= + − +sin 2−ln 2=¿
7 3/2 2
F ( 5 )−F ( 2 )=¿
35. Find two constants A and B such that

x A B
f ( x )= = +
x + 3 x +2 x+ 1 x+ 2
2
Hence or otherwise obtain the Mac Laurin series of f (x) using the known series of
the function

1 2 3 4
=1−x+ x −x + x + …
1+ x
Answer:

We write f ( x ) as

x A ( x +2 ) + B ( x+1 )
= from which
2
x +3 x +2 ( x +1 ) ( x+2 )
x= A ( x +2 ) + B ( x +1 ) .
We have the system

{2AA++ B=1
B=0
.

Solving the system above, we get A=-1 and B=2.

Therefore,

x −1 2
f ( x )= = + .
x + 3 x +2 x+ 1 x+ 2
2

−1
The Mac Laurin expansion of is given by −1+ x−x 2 + x 3−x 4 + x 5 +…
x+1
2 3 4 5
2 x x x x x
The one of is given by 1− + − + − + …
x+2 2 4 8 16 32
−1 2 1 3 2 7 3 15 4
Therefore, f ( x )= + = x− x + x − x +…
x +1 x +2 2 4 8 16
36. Use the following table of variation and answer the questions related
 i. What are different asymptotes to this function
ii. Write different intervals where the function increases or decreases
iii. Do we have inflexion points? Why?
iv. Sketch the graph of this function and label all information (max and min
points, asymptotes, intercepts…) given that the intercepts with axes are (−1 , 0)
and ( 1 , 0 ).

Answer:

i. The vertical asymptotes are x=−2

and x=2
The horizontal asymptote is given by y=1 .
ii. The function increases in the interval ¿−∞ ,−2 [ ∪ ] −2 , 0 ¿
The function increases in the interval ¿ 0 ,−2 [ ∪ ] 2 ,+∞ ¿
iii. No inflection points. Because the second derivative is not vanishing
This is because the curve does not change sign.
iv. The graph of this function is sketched below:

37.a. Use the Mac Laurin series of the functions f ( x )=e x to find the Mac Laurin of the

function h ( x )=e− x2. Given that the Mac Laurin expansion of sin x is given by

3 5
x x
sin x=x− + +…
3! 5!
Find the three non-zero terms of the Mac Laurin of the function g ( x )=e− x2 sin x .
 b. Hence or otherwise, obtain that

g ( x )−x −7
lim =
x →0 x
3
6
Solution:
+∞
xn x2 x 3
a. The expansion of f ( x )=e is given by f ( x )=∑
x
=¿ 1+ x+ + +… ¿
n=0 n ! 2! 3!
4 6
2
x x
Hence, f ( x )=e−x =1−x 2 + + +…
2! 3 !
The three non-zero terms of the Mac Laurin of the function g ( x )=e− x2 sin x are
given by

( )( )
2 3 4 6
− x2 x x 2 x x
g ( x )=e sin x= 1+ x + + +… 1− x + + +… or
2! 3 ! 2! 3 !

− x2 7 3 2 5
g ( x )=e sin x=x− x + x .
6 3

7 3 2 5 −7 3 2 5
x− x + x −x x + x
b. First g ( x )−x 6 3 6 3
3
= 3
= 3
x x x
−7 3 2 5
x + x
g ( x )−x 6 3 0.
lim =lim =
x →0 x
3
x→ 0 x
3
0
This is the indeterminate form.

To deal with this indeterminate case, hospital’s rule and any other appropriate
method can be used.
Using the factorization method, we get

−7 3 2 5 3 −7 2 2
x + x x ( + x +…)
g ( x )−x 6 3 6 3 −7 2 2 7.
lim =lim =lim =lim ( + x +…)−
x →0 x
3
x→ 0 x
3
x→0 x
3
x→ 0 6 3 6

38. We consider the function defined by y=3 x−x 2 and the line y=x

a. Find the intersection points between the line and the curve of the function

b. Draw the function and the line in the same plane

 c. Use integration to calculate the area bounded by the two curves
Answer:
a. The intersection between these two curves is obtained by solving the following
system of equations

{ y=x
y=3 x−x
2

This is equivalent to solving the equation x=3 x−x 2 ↔ x 2−2 x=0.

Solving this equation, we get x=0 or x=2.

Thus, the intersection points are

A ( x=0 , y=0 ) and

B(x=2 , y=2).

b. We have the following

The graph showing the two curves together is shown below:

c. Calculating the area using integration

b
A=∫ ( y 2− y 1 ) dx
a
Where we have to find this integral satisfying y 2− y 1 ≥ 0.

The boundaries are the intersection points.

From the graph we have that

2
y 1=x , y 2=3 x−x .
Thus, our area is given by
2 2
A=∫ ( 3 x−x −x ) dx=∫ ( 2 x−x ) dx or
2 2

0 0

[ ]
2
x3
2 4 8
A= x − =4− = UA .
3 0 3 3
Here UA means Units of Area.
39 a. Solve the differential equation

'' ' 2
y −3 y +2 y=x +2 x−1

b. Obtain the solution satisfying the initial conditions

'
y ( 0 )= y ( 0 )=1
Answer:
a. We solve the non-homogeneous differential equation

'' '
y −3 y +2 y=0

The corresponding characteristic equation is given by

2
r −3 r + 2=0 ↔ ( r−1 ) ( r−2 )=0

The roots of our equation are r 1=1 and r 2=2. The corresponding homogeneous
solution is given by

r1x r2 x x 2x
y h=C 1 e + C2 e =C 1 e +C 2 e

Where C 1 and C 2 are arbitrary constants. We now find the integral. The function
f (x) on the right-hand side has the form
 f ( x )= A x 2 +bx +c

Putting y=f ( x )= A x 2+ bx+ c , we get that y ' =2 Ax + B , and y ' ' =2 A . These in the
non-homogeneous equation gives

y ' ' −3 y ' +2 y=x 2 +2 x−1↔ 2 A−3 ( 2 Ax+ B ) +2 ( A x 2+ Bx+C ) =x2 +2 x−1

Factorizing and grouping to get

( 2 A−3 B+2 C ) + (−6 A +2 B ) x+ 2 A x 2=x 2 +2 x −1

By identification we get the following system of equation

{
2 A=1
−6 A+2 B=2
2 A−3 B +2C=−1

1 5
Solving for A to get 2 A=1 → A= . Solving for B to get B= and finally solving
2 2
11
for C to get C= /thus, we have that the integral is given by
4

1
y p= ( 2 x +10 x +11 ) /¿
2
4

Now the integral is given by the principle of superposition, we have that

2x 1
y= y h+ y p=C 1 e +C 2 e + ( 2 x +10 x +11)
x 2
4

b. Using the initial conditions to find constants of integration

The condition y ( 0 )= y ' ( 0 )=1 is equivalent to

{ y=1
'
, for x=0
y =1 for x=0.

0 0 11 11
The condition y ( 0 )=1 gives C 1 e +C 2 e + =1↔ C 1+C 2 + =1.
4 4

We first find the derivative of the solution to apply the second condition.
 ' x 2x 5
y =C 1 e +2 C 2 e + x+
2

Now applying the second condition to get

' 5
y ( 0 )=1 ↔C 1 +2C 2 + =1/¿
2

We now solve the system of equation

{
−7
C 1 +C 2=
4 /¿
−3
C1 +2 C2 =
2

−1 −3
Solving to get C 2= and C 1=
4 2

Thus, the solution is given by

−3 x 1 2 x 1
e − e + ( 2 x +10 x+ 11)
2
y=
2 4 4

40. a. Find the expectation μ , variance σ 2 and the standard deviationσ of the following
distribution
The distribution is given in the table below

xi 1 −1 2 3
f (x i) 1 1 1 1
4 8 2 8

b. Let X be a continuous random variable with distribution

{
1
x +c , 0 ≤ x ≤3
f ( x )= 6
0 ,elsewhere

i. Find the value of the constant c

ii. Find P ( 1≤ X ≤ 2 )
iii. Calculate the mean μ , va riance σ 2∧standard deviationσ .

Answer: We have a random variable (discrete and continuous)

a. The expectation is calculated using the formula
 μ=∑ xi f ( x i ) or
1 1 1 1 3
μ=∑ xi f ( x i ) =1× + (−1 ) × +2 × + 3× = .
4 8 2 8 2

Variance is calculated using the formula

σ =∑ x i . f ( x i )−μ .
2 2 2

1 1 1 1 28 7
And ∑ x 2i . f ( x i )=1 × 4 +(−1 )2 × 8 + 22 × 2 +32 × 8 = 8 = 2
thus, the variance is given by

()
2
2 7 3 7 9 10 5
σ = − = − = =
2 2 2 4 8 2
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance and so we have

σ=
√ 5
2
=1.58

b. We solve the problem by using the properties of the continuous random variable
namely the fact that for a given function distribution f ( x ) we have that

∫ f ( x ) dx=1
−∞
i. From the definition of our function we will have that
∞ 3

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ ( 16 x +c )dx =1
−∞ 1

[ ]
3 3
1 1 2 9
We first calculate ∫ ( x +c )dx= x +cx = +3 c=1 or
0 6 12 1 12

2 2 1
+3 c=1 or 3 c=1− or c= .
3 3 9
ii. Calculation of probability:
From the previous answer, we have now that the distribution function is given by

{
1 3
x + , 1≤ x ≤2
f ( x )= 6 4
0 , elsewhere
Now, the probability is given by
2
P ( 1≤ X ≤ 2 )=∫
1
( 16 x+ 19 ) dx or
 [ ]
2
1 2 1 4 1 1 1 13
P ( 1≤ X ≤ 2 )= x+ x = + − − = .
12 9 1 12 9 12 9 36

iii. Calculating moments. The expected value is given by

∞
μ= ∫ x . f ( x ) dx or
−∞

) [ ]
3 3 3

0
1
6
1
9 0
(1 2 1
μ=∫ x x+ dx=∫ x + x dx=
6 9 )
x3 x2
+
18 18 0 (
33 3 27 9
=¿ + = + =2 ¿
18 18 18 18

The variance is given by

∞
σ =∫ x f ( x ) dx−μ or
2 2 2

−∞

[ ]
3 3 3

σ =∫ x
2

0
1
6
1
9
2
(
0
1 3 1 2
6 9 )
x+ dx−4=∫ x + x dx−4=¿
x 4 x3
+
24 27 0
34 33
−4= + −4 ¿ or
24 27 ( )
∞
81 27 2835
σ =∫ x f ( x ) dx−μ =
2 2 2
+ −4= −4=4.375−4=0.375 .
−∞ 24 27 648

And finally, the standard deviation is given by

σ =√ 0.375=0.612