Point Operation - A point operation, also known as a pixel-wise operation or

point wise operation, is a fundamental image processing operation that is

applied independently to each pixel in an image. In the context of digital image
processing, a point operation involves changing the intensity or color value of
each pixel based solely on its current value, without considering the values of
neighboring pixels.
Types of Point Operation:
1. Image Negative - Image negation, also known as image inversion,
NUMERICALS:
(a) Given the following 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
55 75 125
30 60 225
35 50 70

Perform image negation on this image and write the resultant output.
Sol. Subtract each pixel value from 255 and write the resultant output

[ ]
255−55 255−75 255−125
255−30 255−60 255−225
255−35 255−50 255−70

Resultant:

[ ]
200 180 130
225 195 30
220 205 185

(b)Given the following 4x4 grayscale image:

[ ]
55 105 155
80 1 30 180
30 205 230

Perform image negation on this image and write the resultant output.

Sol. Subtract each pixel value from 255 and write the resultant output
 [ ]
255−55 255−105 255−155
255−80 255−130 255−180
255−30 255−205 255−230

Resultant:

[ ]
200 150 100
175 125 75
225 50 25

(c) Given the following 4x4 grayscale image:

[ ]
25 35 45 55
65 75 85 95
15 125 135 155
135 195 175 185

Perform image negation on this image and write the resultant output.
Sol. Subtract each pixel value from 255 and write the resultant output

[ ]
255−25 255−35 255−45 255−55
255−65 255−75 255−85 255−95
255−15 255−125 255−135 255−155
255−135 255−195 255−175 255−185

Resultant:

[ ]
230 220 210 200
190 180 170 160
240 130 120 100
120 60 80 70

(d)Given the following 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
35 55 105
10 40 205
15 30 50

Perform image negation on this image and write the resultant output.
Sol. Subtract each pixel value from 255 and write the resultant output
 [ ]
255−35 255−55 255−105
255−10 255−40 255−205
255−15 255−30 255−50
Resultant:

[ ]
220 200 150
245 215 50
240 225 205

(e) Given the following 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
75 105 130
25 95 160
45 125 205

Perform image negation on this image and write the resultant output.
Sol. Subtract each pixel value from 255 and write the resultant output

[ ]
255−75 255−105 255−130
255−25 255−95 255−160
255−45 255−125 255−205
Resultant:

[ ]
180 150 120
230 160 90
210 130 50

2. Increasing the Brightness -

NUMERICALS:

(a) Given a 3x3 grayscale image

[ ]
55 75 125
30 60 225
35 50 70
 Increase the brightness of this image by adding an adjustment value of
30 to each pixel

Sol. k= 30

[ ]
55+30 75+30 125+ 30
30+30 60+30 225+ 30
35+30 50+30 70+ 30

Resultant:

[ ]
85 105 155
60 90 225
65 80 100

(b)Given a 3x3 grayscale image

[ ]
50 95 130
10 170 210
20 45 190

Increase the brightness of this image by adding an adjustment value of

10 to each pixel

Sol. k= 10

[ ]
50+10 95+10 130+10
10+10 170 +10 210+ 10
20+10 45+10 190+10

Resultant:

[ ]
60 105 140
20 180 220
30 55 200
(c) Given a 3x3 grayscale image

[ ]
90 200 45
115 165 5 0
130 105 75

Increase the brightness of this image by adding an adjustment value of

25 to each pixel

Sol. k= 25

[ ]
90+25 200+25 45+25
115+ 25 165+25 50+25
130+25 105+25 75+25

Resultant:

[ ]
115 225 70
140 190 75
155 130 100

(d)Given a 4x4 grayscale image

[ ]
200 130 210 125
250 65 90 150
190 140 85 70
70 100 50 40

Increase the brightness of this image by adding an adjustment value of

10 to each pixel

Sol. k= 10

[ ]
200+10 130+10 210+ 10 125+10
250+10 65+10 90+ 10 150+10
190+10 140+10 85+ 10 70+10
70+10 100+10 50+10 40+ 10
 Resultant:

[ ]
210 140 220 135
260 75 100 160
200 150 95 80
80 110 60 50

(e) Given a 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
35 55 105
10 40 205
15 30 50

Increase the brightness of this image by adding an adjustment value of

20 to each pixel

Sol. k= 20

[ ]
35+20 55+20 105+20
10+20 40+20 205+20
15+20 30+20 50+20

Resultant:

[ ]
55 75 125
30 60 125
35 50 70
3. Decreasing the Brightness - Decreasing the brightness in point operation
is an image processing technique that aims to reduce the overall intensity
or brightness of an image

g(m,n) = f(m,n) - k

NUMERICALS:

(a) Given a 3x3 grayscale image:

 [ ]
100 120 160
80 95 180
50 60 110

Decrease the brightness of this image by subtracting an adjustment

value of __ from each pixel

Sol. k= 30

[ ]
100−30 120−30 16 0−30
80−30 95−30 180−30
50−30 60−30 110−30

Resultant:

[ ]
70 90 130
50 60 150
10 30 180

(b)Take a 4x4 grayscale image as follows:

[ ]
35 55 105
(c) 10 40 205
15 30 50

Decrease the brightness of this image by subtracting an adjustment

value of 5 from each pixel

Sol. k= 5

[ ]
35−5 55−5 105−5
10−5 40−5 205−5
15−5 30−5 50−5

Resultant:
 [ ]
30 50 100
5 35 200
10 25 45

(d)Given a 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
200 130 210 125
250 65 90 150
190 140 85 70
70 100 50 40

Decrease the brightness of this image by subtracting an adjustment

value of 10 from each pixel

Sol. k= 10

[ ]
200−10 130−10 210−10 125−10
250−10 65−10 90−10 150−10
190−10 140−10 85−10 70−10
70−10 100−10 50−10 40−10

Resultant:

[ ]
190 120 200 115
240 55 80 140
180 130 75 60
60 90 40 30

(e) Given below is a 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
55 75 125
30 60 225
35 50 70

Decrease the brightness of this image by subtracting an adjustment

value of 20 from each pixel
 Sol. k= 20

[ ]
55−20 75−20 125−20
30−20 60−20 225−20
35−20 50−20 70−20

Resultant:

[ ]
35 55 105
10 40 205
15 30 50

(f) Have a look at the 3x3 grayscale image below:

[ ]
50 95 130
10 170 210
20 45 190

Decrease the brightness of this image by subtracting an adjustment

value of 20 from each pixel

Sol. k= 20

[ ]
50−20 95−20 130−20
10−20 170−20 210−20
20−20 45−20 190−20

Resultant:

[ ]
30 75 110
30 150 190
0 25 170
4. Contrast & Adjustment - This type of adjustment aims to increase the
contrast in an image. It typically involves linearly stretching the range of
pixel intensities to

NUMERICALS:

(a) Given below is a 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
50 120 120
80 1 20 150
30 150 200

Perform contrast adjustment by multiplying each pixel’s value by a

constant factor of 1.5.

Sol. k= 1.5

[ ]
50 X 1.5 120 X 1.5 120 X 1.5
80 X 1.5 120 X 1.5 150 X 1.5
30 X 1.5 150 X 1.5 200 X 1.5

Resultant:

[ ]
75 180 180
120 180 225
45 225 225

(b)Given here is a 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
60 10 100
40 30 80
80 70 60

Apply contrast adjustment by multiplying each pixel’s intensity by a

constant factor of 2
Sol. k= 2
 [ ]
60 X 2 10 X 2 100 X 2
40 X 2 30 X 2 80 X 2
80 X 2 70 X 2 60 X 2

Resultant:

[ ]
120 20 200
80 60 160
160 140 120

(c) Below is a 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
100 140 240
80 130 250
70 210 105

Apply contrast adjustment by multiplying each pixel’s intensity by a

constant factor of 2

Sol. k= 2

[ ]
100 X 2 140 X 2 240 X 2
80 X 2 130 X 2 250 X 2
70 X 2 210 X 2 105 X 2

Resultant:

[ ]
200 25 5 255
160 255 255
140 255 255

(d)Given below is a 3x3 grayscale image:

[ ]
10 40 70
20 50 80
30 60 90
 Apply contrast adjustment by multiplying each pixel’s intensity by a
constant factor of 2

Sol. k= 2

[ ]
10 X 2 40 X 2 70 X 2
20 X 2 50 X 2 80 X 2
30 X 2 60 X 2 90 X 2

Resultant:

[ ]
20 80 140
40 100 160
60 120 180

(e) Have a look at a 3x3 grayscale image below:

[ ]
50 40 60
30 20 80
70 10 90

Apply contrast adjustment by multiplying each pixel’s intensity by a

constant factor of 3

Sol. k= 3

[ ]
50 X 3 40 X 3 60 X 3
30 X 3 20 X 3 80 X 3
70 X 3 10 X 3 90 X 3

Resultant:

[ ]
150 120 180
90 60 240
210 30 255