MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS

DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. apply geometric concepts, especially isometries in describing and creating
designs;
2. contribute to the enrichment of the Filipino culture and arts using concepts in
geometry;

TERMS TO REMEMBER

❖ Geometric Design -This is a branch of computational geometry. It deals with the

construction and representation of free-form curves, surfaces, or volumes and is closely
related to geometric modeling.

❖ Geometric Shape - This is the geometric information that remains when location scale,
orientation, and reflection are removed from the description of a geometric object.

❖ Geometric Pattern - A kind of pattern formed of geometric shapes and typically

repeated like wallpaper.

❖ Geometric Transformation - This is a function whose domain and range are a set of
points.

❖ Design - Is the creation of a plan convention for the construction of an

object, system, or measurable human

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS

Geometric designs refer to patterns, motifs, or compositions created using geometric

shapes, lines, and forms. These designs can be found in various contexts, including art,
architecture, textiles, and decorative arts. Geometric designs are characterized by their use of
simple geometric elements such as circles, squares, triangles, and polygons, as well as principles
such as symmetry, repetition, and proportion.

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

Shapes, lines, and forms are fundamental elements in both mathematics and art. Here's how each
of these elements is defined and utilized in both disciplines:

Shapes:

➢ Mathematics: Shapes are defined as two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D)

figures that have specific attributes. Examples of 2D shapes include circles, squares,
triangles, rectangles, and polygons. 3D shapes include cubes, spheres, pyramids, cones,
and cylinders. In mathematics, shapes are studied in geometry, where properties such as
area, perimeter, volume, and angles are analyzed.

➢ Art: Shapes are used as building blocks for compositions in art. Artists manipulate shapes
to create visual interest, balance, and harmony. Shapes can be organic or geometric,
abstract or representational, depending on the artist's intention and style. Artists may use
shapes as the basis for forms and figures in their artwork, exploring concepts such as
positive and negative space.

Lines:

➢ Mathematics: Lines are fundamental elements that extend infinitely in both directions.
They can be straight or curved and are described by equations or properties such as slope,
intercept, and distance. In geometry, lines are studied in relation to angles, intersections,
and parallelism.

➢ Art: Lines are used to define shapes, create contours, and convey movement and direction
in artwork. Artists may use a variety of line qualities, such as thickness, length, and
curvature, to evoke different emotions and visual effects. Lines can be expressive and
dynamic, or precise and controlled, depending on the artist's intent.

Forms:

➢ Mathematics: Forms refer to three-dimensional shapes that occupy space. They have
volume and depth, in addition to length and width. Forms can be simple, like cubes and
spheres, or complex, like irregular shapes or sculptures. In geometry, forms are analyzed
in terms of surface area, volume, and spatial relationships.

➢ Art: Forms are the three-dimensional representations of objects and figures in art. Artists
use various techniques, such as shading, perspective, and modeling, to create the illusion
of volume and depth on a two-dimensional surface. Forms can be realistic or abstract,
depending on the artist's style and approach.

In both mathematics and art, shapes, lines, and forms are essential components that provide
structure, organization, and visual interest. By understanding and manipulating these elements,

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

mathematicians and artists alike can create intricate compositions, solve complex problems, and
express ideas and concepts in unique and creative ways.

TYPES OF GEOMETRIC DESIGNS

1. Tessellations: Tessellations are patterns formed by repeating geometric shapes without

any gaps or overlaps. Examples include the honeycomb pattern found in beehives and the
intricate tile designs found in Islamic art.

2. Mosaics: Mosaics are artworks created by arranging small colored pieces (such as tiles,
glass, or stones) to form patterns or images. Geometric shapes are often used in mosaic
designs to create visually stunning compositions.

3. Islamic Geometric Patterns: Islamic art is known for its elaborate geometric designs,
which are often used to decorate mosques, palaces, and other structures. These patterns
typically feature intricate geometric motifs based on repetitive geometric shapes and
symmetrical arrangements.

4. Optical Illusions: Geometric designs can also be used to create optical illusions, such as
the famous "impossible objects" like the Penrose triangle or the Escherian staircase.
These designs play with perspective and spatial perception to create visually intriguing
effects.

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

 5. Geometric Abstraction: In abstract art, geometric shapes and forms are often used to
create non-representational compositions. Artists may explore concepts such as color
theory, balance, and rhythm using geometric elements to evoke emotional or intellectual
responses.

6. Architectural Ornamentation: Geometric designs are frequently incorporated into

architectural ornamentation, such as decorative motifs on facades, ceilings, and arches.
These designs can add visual interest and sophistication to architectural spaces.

Overall, geometric designs offer a rich visual vocabulary that artists, designers, and
architects can draw upon to create aesthetically pleasing and intellectually stimulating
compositions. Whether used decoratively, symbolically, or functionally, geometric designs
continue to inspire creativity and innovation across various artistic and cultural traditions.

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

RECOGNIZING GEOMETRIC DESIGNS

Recognizing geometric designs involves identifying patterns, shapes, and symmetries

within compositions. Here are some steps you can take to recognize and appreciate geometric
designs:

1. Identify Basic Geometric Shapes: Look for familiar geometric shapes such as circles,
squares, triangles, rectangles, and polygons within the design. Pay attention to how these
shapes are arranged and repeated.

2. Observe Symmetry: Determine if the design exhibits any symmetrical properties.

Symmetry can be bilateral (mirror image), radial (rotationally symmetrical), or
translational (repeating patterns).

3. Analyze Repetition: Notice if there is any repetition of shapes, lines, or motifs throughout
the design. Repetition creates rhythm and cohesion within the composition.

4. Explore Scale and Proportion: Consider the relative sizes of different elements within
the design. Look for harmonious proportions and ratios that contribute to the overall
balance and visual appeal.

5. Pay Attention to Lines and Angles: Examine the use of lines and angles within the design.
Straight lines, curves, diagonals, and intersections can all contribute to the geometric
aesthetic.

6. Consider Color and Texture: Evaluate how color and texture are used to enhance the
geometric patterns. Vibrant colors, gradients, and shading can add depth and dimension to
the design.

7. Contextualize the Design: Understand the cultural, historical, or functional context in

which the geometric design was created. Different cultures and time periods may have
distinct stylistic preferences and symbolic meanings associated with geometric patterns.

8. Appreciate Complexity and Simplicity: Geometric designs can range from intricate and
ornate to minimalist and understated. Appreciate the balance between complexity and
simplicity in the design.

9. Compare and Contrast: Compare the geometric design with other examples of geometric
art, architecture, or design. Notice similarities and differences in style, technique, and
interpretation.

10. Consider Interpretations and Symbolism: Reflect on the possible interpretations and
symbolic meanings of the geometric design. Geometric shapes and patterns often carry
cultural, spiritual, or philosophical significance.

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

 By following these steps, you can develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for the
geometric designs you encounter in various contexts. Whether in art, architecture, nature, or
everyday objects, geometric patterns are all around us, waiting to be discovered and admired.

TRANSFORMATIONS

Transformations are fundamental concepts in both mathematics and art, involving the
manipulation of shapes, figures, or objects to create new arrangements or representations. There
are several types of transformations commonly studied and utilized in both disciplines:

1. Translation: Translation involves moving an object from one location to another without
changing its size, shape, or orientation. In mathematics, translations are described by
shifting each point of the object by a certain distance along a specified direction. In art,
translation can be used to create repetition, patterns, or movement within a composition.

2. Rotation: Rotation involves turning an object around a fixed point, known as the center of
rotation. In mathematics, rotations are described by specifying the angle and direction of
the rotation. In art, rotation can be used to create dynamic compositions, convey movement,
or achieve visual balance.

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

 3. Reflection: Reflection involves flipping an object across a line, known as the line of
reflection, so that the image is a mirror image of the original object. In mathematics,
reflections are described by the properties of the line of reflection and how points are
transformed across it. In art, reflection can be used to create symmetry, balance, or visual
interest.

4. Dilation: Dilation involves resizing an object by stretching or shrinking it relative to a

fixed point, known as the center of dilation. In mathematics, dilations are described by
specifying the scale factor and the center of dilation. In art, dilation can be used to create
emphasis, distortion, or perspective within a composition.

5. Shearing: Shearing involves skewing or stretching an object along a specified direction.

In mathematics, shearing is described by the amount of displacement applied to each point
of the object along the specified direction. In art, shearing can be used to create perspective,
depth, or distortion effects.

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

 6. Combination Transformations: Combination transformations involve applying multiple
transformations sequentially to an object. For example, a sequence of translation followed
by rotation can result in complex movements or arrangements. Combination
transformations are widely used in both mathematics and art to achieve desired effects or
solve specific problems.

In both mathematics and art, transformations play a crucial role in creating dynamic
compositions, exploring spatial relationships, and expressing ideas and concepts. By
understanding and applying transformational techniques, mathematicians and artists can
manipulate shapes and figures in diverse and innovative ways, leading to new discoveries and
creative expressions.

PATTERNS AND DIAGRAMS

Patterns and diagrams are fundamental tools used in various disciplines, including
mathematics, science, engineering, and art.

Patterns

➢ Mathematics: In mathematics, patterns refer to sequences of numbers, shapes, or objects

that follow a certain rule or repetition. Patterns can be arithmetic (where each term is
obtained by adding a constant value), geometric (where each term is obtained by
multiplying by a constant ratio), or more complex. Patterns are studied in various
mathematical contexts, including algebra, number theory, and geometry.

➢ Art: Patterns are used in art to create visually appealing compositions, decorative motifs,
and rhythmic designs. Artists draw inspiration from patterns found in nature, architecture,
culture, and geometry. Patterns can be repetitive, symmetrical, or abstract, and they are
often employed in various art forms, including painting, sculpture, textiles, and ceramics.

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

Diagrams

➢ Mathematics: Diagrams are graphical representations used to illustrate mathematical

concepts, relationships, and structures. They can aid in understanding geometric figures,
functions, equations, and proofs. Common mathematical diagrams include coordinate
planes, graphs, Venn diagrams, tree diagrams, and geometric constructions.

➢ Art: Diagrams can be used in art to convey concepts, ideas, and relationships visually.
Artists may create schematic diagrams, conceptual drawings, or visual metaphors to
explore themes, narratives, or abstract concepts. Diagrams in art can blur the boundaries
between representation and abstraction, inviting viewers to interpret and engage with the
artwork in unique ways.

DESIGNS, ARTS, AND CULTURE

Designs, arts, and culture are deeply interconnected, influencing and enriching each other
in myriad ways. Here's how these elements intersect and contribute to human expression,
creativity, and identity:

1. Designs in Culture:

➢ Cultural Artifacts: Designs reflect the cultural values, traditions, and aesthetics of
societies. From architecture and fashion to product design and graphic design, cultural
artifacts embody the unique characteristics of different cultures and time periods.
➢ Cultural Icons: Designs often become iconic symbols of a particular culture or heritage.
For example, the Eiffel Tower in France, the Taj Mahal in India, and the traditional Maasai
beadwork in Kenya are all emblematic of their respective cultures and have significant
cultural and symbolic meaning.
➢ Cultural Adaptation: Designs adapt and evolve in response to cultural influences and
societal changes. For instance, the fusion of traditional and modern design elements in
architecture, cuisine, and fashion reflects the dynamic nature of cultural expression and
identity.

2. Arts in Culture:

➢ Cultural Expression: The arts serve as a medium for cultural expression, storytelling, and
identity formation. Through various art forms such as visual arts, performing arts,
literature, music, and dance, individuals and communities express their beliefs, values,
histories, and aspirations.
➢ Cultural Heritage: Artifacts and artworks are integral to preserving and transmitting
cultural heritage from one generation to another. Museums, galleries, and cultural
institutions play a vital role in safeguarding and showcasing artistic treasures that embody
a culture's collective memory and identity.
➢ Cultural Exchange: The arts facilitate cultural exchange and dialogue among diverse
communities and societies. Through artistic collaborations, exhibitions, festivals, and

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

 performances, people engage with different cultural perspectives, fostering mutual
understanding, respect, and appreciation.

3. Culture in Designs and Arts:

➢ Cultural Influences: Cultural motifs, symbols, and narratives often inspire designs and
artistic creations. Artists and designers draw upon cultural heritage, mythology, folklore,
and rituals to infuse their work with meaning, symbolism, and authenticity.
➢ Cultural Context: Designs and artworks are shaped by the cultural context in which they
are created. Cultural norms, values, taboos, and socio-political dynamics influence artistic
decisions, interpretations, and receptions.
➢ Cultural Critique: Art and design can serve as a platform for cultural critique, social
commentary, and activism. Artists and designers may challenge dominant cultural
narratives, question power structures, and advocate for social justice through their work.

Overall, designs, arts, and culture are integral components of human civilization, reflecting
our shared humanity, diversity, and creativity. By exploring the intersections between these
elements, we deepen our understanding of ourselves and the world around us, fostering
connections and dialogue across cultures and generations.

ENRICHING FILIPINO CULTURE AND ARTS

USING CONCEPTS IN GEOMETRY

Enriching Filipino culture and arts using concepts in geometry can be a creative and
innovative way to infuse traditional forms of expression with modern design principles. Here are
several ways geometry can be integrated into Filipino culture and arts:

1. Architectural Design:

Incorporating geometric patterns and motifs inspired by indigenous Filipino art forms into
architectural designs can create visually striking buildings and structures. For example,
traditional Filipino weaving patterns, such as the "lattice" or "sawali" weave, can be
reinterpreted as geometric façade designs.
Applying principles of symmetry and proportion in the layout and ornamentation of
buildings can enhance the aesthetic appeal and cultural significance of architectural
landmarks. Islamic geometric patterns, for instance, can be integrated into the design of
mosques and Islamic cultural centers in the Philippines.

2. Textile and Fashion Design:

Utilizing geometric shapes and patterns in Filipino textiles and fashion design can
modernize traditional garments and accessories while preserving cultural heritage. For
example, geometric patterns inspired by Filipino tribal tattoos or traditional weaves can be
incorporated into contemporary clothing designs.

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD

 Exploring geometric techniques such as tessellation and symmetry in textile design can
create visually captivating fabrics and patterns. Filipino weavers and textile artisans can
experiment with geometric motifs to produce unique textiles that celebrate local
craftsmanship.

3. Visual Arts and Crafts:

Integrating geometric elements into Filipino visual arts and crafts can add depth and
complexity to traditional art forms. Artists can incorporate geometric shapes, lines, and
forms into paintings, sculptures, and handicrafts inspired by Filipino folklore, mythology,
and landscapes.
Exploring concepts such as perspective, proportion, and symmetry in Filipino art can
enhance realism and spatial composition in artworks. Artists can experiment with
geometric techniques to create illusionistic effects and dynamic visual narratives.

4. Cultural Festivals and Events:

Incorporating geometric installations and designs into cultural festivals and events in the
Philippines can create immersive and interactive experiences for participants. Geometric
sculptures, light installations, and spatial arrangements can enhance the ambiance and
visual impact of festivals celebrating Filipino traditions and heritage.
Engaging local communities in collaborative geometric art projects can foster creativity,
cultural pride, and social cohesion. Workshops and exhibitions showcasing geometric art
forms can provide opportunities for dialogue and exchange among artists, designers, and
community members.

By integrating concepts in geometry into Filipino culture and arts, we can celebrate the rich
heritage and diversity of Filipino traditions while embracing innovation and creativity. Through
collaborative efforts and cross-disciplinary collaborations, geometric design principles can
contribute to the revitalization and enrichment of Filipino cultural expressions in the contemporary
world.

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS CHRISTOPHER COCAL, PHD