Acid Bases and Salts

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Acid bases and salts
3
What is an Acid
An acid is a hydrogen containing substance that is capable
of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance.
Acidic solution turns blue litmus

paper into red.
Examples - HCl and HNO3

Apart from the strong acid in our stomach, human
bodies are known to produce lactic acid while
exercising.
What is a Base
Bases are the chemical substances which have a bitter
taste, are soapy to touch and turn red litmus blue. It
dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in
solutions.
Basic solution turns red litmus

paper into blue.
Examples - NaOH → Na(aq) + OH-

What are Alkalis
Bases that are soluble in water are called Alkalis.
Examples -Sodium hydroxide

(NaOH), Potassium hydroxide
(KOH), Calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH)2].
What are Salts
Salts are produced due to the reaction between acids and
bases.
Chemical properties of acids and bases
Acid + Bases → Salt + Water
Acid + Metal
Acid + Metal Oxide
Acid + Metal Carbonate/Metal

bicarbonate
Chemical properties of acids and bases
Base + Metal
Base + Non - Metal Oxide

Reaction of Acid and Base with metals
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
EXAMPLES
Zn(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4(aq)+ H2 (g)
NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) → Na2ZnO2(aq)+ H2(g)

Reaction of Metal carbonates and
hydrogen carbonates with acids
Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
EXAMPLES
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(l) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(l) → NaCl(aq) + H2O + CO2

Reaction of Metal Oxides with acids
The general reaction between a metal oxide and an acid can be
written as:
Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water
EXAMPLES
CuO(s) + 2HCl (l) → CuCl2 (aq) + H2O
Reaction of Non-Metallic Oxide with
bases
Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature. When a base reacts with
non-metal oxide, both neutralize each other resulting respective
salt and water are produced
Base + Non-Metal Oxide → Salt + Water
EXAMPLES
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)
Do acids and bases have something in common?
Both acids and bases are electrolytes which means that they
are good conductors of electricity. Acids and bases both
produce ions in water solution
Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) whereas Bases release

hydroxide ions (OH-). The process of mixing acid or base in water
is an exothermic one.
What happens to an acid or a base in a water solution?
Acids in water solution dissociate (H+) ions. Base, when dissolved
in water, produce (OH-) ions.
Strong and weak Acids/Bases
Strong Acid/Base Strong Acid/Base
Strong Acid/Base Strong Acid/Base

Types of Bases
Strong Bases
A base which completely ionizes in water thus produce a

large amount of hydroxyl ions is called a strong base.
Weak Bases
A base which is partially ionized in water thus produce a small

amount of hydroxyl ions is called a weak base.
Strength
The solution is considered acidic if the pH of the solution is

less than 7 ; the solution is neutral if the pH is around 7 ; if
the pH is greater than 7, the solution is called basic.
The abundance of hydrogen ions in an acidic solution,

then, is greater than that of hydroxide ions.
Indicators
Those chemical substances which help to detect nature of

other chemicals.
Example - Litmus solution

Examples
Indicators Acids Bases
Red litmus Remains red Turns blue
Blue litmus Turns red Remains blue
Turmeric No changes Red
Phenolphthalein Colorless Pink
Methyl orange Red Yellow

Olfactory indicators
Those substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic

medium are called olfactory indicators.
Example - Vanilla, onion clove ( smell of onion and vanilla

diminishes in a base and remains as it it in an acid).
Universal indicators
Those substances which not only detect nature of other

chemicals, but also determine their acidic or basic strengths.
Example - pH paper
Importance of pH in everyday life
INTERESTING FACT
Rainwater is slightly acidic in nature as in the acid

dissolves in the rainwater to form carbonic acid
Neutralisation reaction
Strong Acid + Strong Base → Neutral Salt + Water
Strong Acid + Weak Base → Acidic Salt + Water
Weak Acid + Strong Base → Basic Salt + Water

pH of Salts
Salts of a strong acid and a strong base are neutral with
pH value of 7. On the other hand, salts of a strong acid
and weak base are acidic with pH value less than 7 and
those of a strong base and weak acid are basic in nature,
with pH value more than 7.
Some Important Salts
Common salt
Bleaching powder
Baking soda
Washing soda
POP (Plaster of Paris)

Common salt
When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of
sodium chloride ( called brine), it decomposes to form Sodium
hydroxide. The process is called the chlor-alkali process.
2NaCl(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2 + H2

Uses of Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide in its pure form is a white
crystalline solid. It is odourless.
2NaCl(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2 + H2
Uses
● Preparation of soaps and detergents.

● Paper making.
● Used in artificial fibres.
Uses of Hydrogen
● Used as fuel.
● Used in margarine.
● Ammonia for fertilisers.
Uses of Chlorine
● Used in water treatment.

● Swimming pools.
● PVC, Disinfectants, CFCs, Pesticides
Uses of Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
● Cleaning steel
● Ammonium chloride
● Medicines, Cosmetics
Uses of Bleach
● Household bleach
● Bleaching clothes
Bleaching powder
The chemical nature of bleaching powder is calcium
oxychloride.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2(aq) + H2O
Uses
● It is used for bleaching cotton.
● It is used as an oxidizing agent in chemical industries.
● It can be used for disinfection of water.
Baking Soda - (NaHCO3)
The chemical nature of baking soda is sodium
bicarbonate.
It is produced on a large scale by treating cold and

concentrated solution of sodium chloride with
ammonia and carbon dioxide.
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3
On heating, it decomposes to give sodium carbonate

with the evolution of carbon dioxide.
NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Baking Soda - (NaHCO3)
Uses
● Used as an antacid to treat acidity in stomach.
● Used to make baking powder, which is used in
preparation of cakes, breads etc.
Washing Soda - (Na2CO3.10H2O)
The chemical nature of bleaching powder is sodium
carbonate.
Sodium bicarbonate, on heating decomposes to

give sodium carbonate with the release of
hydrogen gas.
10H2O
Na2CO3 → Na2CO3.10H2O
Uses
● Used in glass, soap and paper industries.
● Employed in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as
borax.
● Used to remove permanent hardness of water.
Plaster of Paris - (CaSO4.1/2H2O)
The chemical nature of POP is Calcium sulphate
hemihydrate.
POP is prepared by heating gypsum at 373 K. On

heating, it loses water molecules and becomes calcium
sulphate hemihydrate.
Uses
● It is used to fix gaps in the walls/roofs of
buildings/houses.
● Used in making casting for several ornaments as well
as decorative material.
● Used in designing products for fire protection system.
Water of Crystallization
● The water of crystallization means having a constant range of

molecules existing in one unit of salt.
● Crystal salts with water of crystallization are recognized as

hydrates.
● The different names of water crystallization are crystallization

water or water of hydration.

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Acidic solution turns blue litmus

Examples - HCl and HNO3

Basic solution turns red litmus

Examples - NaOH → Na(aq) + OH-

Examples -Sodium hydroxide

Acid + Bases → Salt + Water

Acid + Metal Oxide

Acid + Metal Carbonate/Metal

Acid + Bases → Salt + Water

Base + Non - Metal Oxide

NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) → Na2ZnO2(aq)+ H2(g)

NaHCO3(s) + HCl(l) → NaCl(aq) + H2O + CO2

Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water

Base + Non-Metal Oxide → Salt + Water

Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) whereas Bases release

Strong Acid/Base Strong Acid/Base

Strong Acid/Base Strong Acid/Base

A base which completely ionizes in water thus produce a

A base which is partially ionized in water thus produce a small

The solution is considered acidic if the pH of the solution is

The abundance of hydrogen ions in an acidic solution,

Those chemical substances which help to detect nature of

Example - Litmus solution

Indicators Acids Bases

Red litmus Remains red Turns blue

Blue litmus Turns red Remains blue

Turmeric No changes Red

Phenolphthalein Colorless Pink

Methyl orange Red Yellow

Those substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic

Example - Vanilla, onion clove ( smell of onion and vanilla

Those substances which not only detect nature of other

Rainwater is slightly acidic in nature as in the acid

Acid + Bases → Salt + Water

Strong Acid + Strong Base → Neutral Salt + Water

Strong Acid + Weak Base → Acidic Salt + Water

Weak Acid + Strong Base → Basic Salt + Water

POP (Plaster of Paris)

2NaCl(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2 + H2

● Preparation of soaps and detergents.

● Used in water treatment.

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2(aq) + H2O

It is produced on a large scale by treating cold and

NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3

On heating, it decomposes to give sodium carbonate

NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Sodium bicarbonate, on heating decomposes to

POP is prepared by heating gypsum at 373 K. On

● The water of crystallization means having a constant range of

● Crystal salts with water of crystallization are recognized as

● The different names of water crystallization are crystallization

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