Unit 5: Christianity

Lesson 5.3
Issues and Challenges in Christianity
Contents

Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 1
Explore 2
Discover 4
Christian Denominations 4
Ecumenism 8
Issues on Gender and Sexuality 10
Issues on Marriage and Family 12
Issues on the Sanctity of Life 14
Wrap-Up 17
Try This! 17
Challenge Yourself 19
Reflect on This 21
Photo Credits 21
Bibliography 22
Unit 5: Christianity

Lesson 5.3

Issues and Challenges

in Christianity

Introduction
Christianity has overcome countless issues and challenges in its 2,000-year history to
become the world’s largest religion today. One of the most significant trials it has faced over
the centuries is the division of the Church into different denominations due to
disagreements over traditions and teachings. This lesson will explore this issue and the
challenges it presents to achieving Christian unity today. In addition, this lesson will discuss
how contemporary issues on gender and sexuality, marriage and family, and the sanctity of
human life are challenging the unity of Christian teachings and values.

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DepEd Learning Competency

Learning Objectives
This lesson serves as an enrichment lesson for

In this lesson, you should be able to do the the following DepEd competency:
Explain that the core teaching of Christianity is
following:
the message that a loving God sent His
● Identify the major Christian begotten Son in order to redeem humankind
denominations. from eternal damnation.

● Describe the issues and events that led HUMSS_WRB12-I/IIIe-f-5.3.

to the establishment of the different

Christian denominations.

● Explain the current issues and

challenges faced by Christian churches.

Explore
“Divide the Religion” 10 minutes

Instructions
1. Complete the diagram.
2. Categorize the major branches and distinct movements within Christianity, and their
denominations.
3. Select the answers from the box.

Anglican Greek Methodist Presbyterian

Baptist Iglesia ni Cristo Mormon Russian

Catholic Lutheran Independent

Eastern Orthodox Jehovah’s Witnesses Pentecost

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Guide Questions

1. If you are a Christian, what is your church and to which denomination does it belong?
If you are not a Christian, what are your initial impressions about this religion?
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2. Why do you think there are many branches or denominations of Christianity?

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3. How would you describe the relationship among the different Christian groups?
__________________________________________________________________________________________

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Discover
Christianity is the world’s largest religion with 2.5
Words to Remember
billion followers across the globe. Although
● schism — the formal
united by faith in Jesus Christ, Christians
separation of a Church
sometimes differ in the interpretation of Christ’s
into two divisions
teachings. This leads to the formation of various
● infallibility — freedom
sects and denominations within the Church. The
from error in teaching
disunity also results in a diversity of views and
faith and morality
responses to current issues, particularly in the
● ordination — the
aspects of gender and sexuality, marriage and
ceremony by which a
family, and the essence of human life.
person becomes a
religious leader

How does a divided Christian ● procreation —

church confront its issues and production of offspring

challenges?

Christian Denominations
Christianity is composed of three main branches or denominations: Catholicism, Eastern
Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Being the oldest existing institution in the Western world,
the Catholic Church considers itself to be the original church. It interprets the word

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“catholic,” which means “universal” in Greek, to be the original all-inclusive church from
which other denominations came. The Catholic Church is also the biggest among the three
branches, with almost 1.3 billion followers or 50% of the total Christian population. Most
Catholics live in Southern Europe, the United States, South and Central America, and the
Philippines. In fact, 8 out of 10 Filipinos (81%) are Catholics (Pew Research Center 2011).

The Catholic Church is also called the Roman

Catholic Church because its leader is the
Pope, also the Bishop of Rome. Catholics
believe that the Pope follows the apostolic
succession, which began from Peter the
Apostle being chosen by Christ as head of the
Church. Since Saint Peter is considered the
first bishop of Rome, anyone who succeeds
him is the rightful leader of the Church. The
Pope exercises supreme authority and the
doctrine of papal infallibility, which
guarantees that his teachings on faith and
morality are always correct.

Not everyone, however, agreed with the Pope’s

supreme authority and infallibility. The
exercise of papal powers caused the first
major division in the Christian Church.

In 1054, Roman Pope Leo III, the leader of the Western Christian churches, asserted its
authority over Eastern Christian churches. The leader of the Eastern churches at the time,
Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius, disagreed. The two leaders
excommunicated each other, resulting in a schism or formal separation between Western
and Eastern Christian churches. This period in history is known as the Great Schism.

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The Eastern Christian churches grew separately and became known as the Eastern
Orthodox Church. The term “orthodox” comes from the Greek words orthos (“right”) and
doxa (“belief”). Orthodox, therefore, means correct belief or true worship. The Church
comprises about 220 million followers, mostly living in Eastern European countries,
particularly Russia, Greece, and Romania. The Eastern Orthodox Church essentially shares
the same beliefs and practices as the Catholic Church. However, differences in certain
aspects of theology also exist. For example, Orthodox Christians believe that the Holy Spirit
only comes from the Father. It is different from the Catholic belief that the Holy Spirit comes
from both the Father and the Son.

Fig. 2. St. Basil’s Cathedral is an Orthodox Church and a famous cultural landmark in
Moscow, Russia.

A few centuries after the Great Schism came to another breakup in the Church. In 1517,
Martin Luther, a German priest, and scholar exposed the abuses and corruption in the
Catholic Church by publishing his Ninety-five Theses. This pamphlet criticized the Church’s
practice of selling pieces of paper that grant forgiveness and salvation. The Church

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excommunicated Luther and tried to block his calls for reform. The Church failed, however,
because Luther gained the support of the German princes. The princes issued a formal
protest to the German Emperor against the efforts to prevent the spread of Luther’s
teachings. For this reason, their movement became known as Protestantism. The
movement gained strength and became widespread in Europe, resulting in an eventual
breakup with the Catholic Church.

Fig. 3. A map of Protestantism by population percentage (Pew Research Center, 2011)

Unlike the Eastern Orthodox Church, which shares many beliefs with the Catholic Church,
the Protestant Church rejects many Catholic teachings and practices. For example,
Protestants reject papal supremacy just like the Orthodox Christians. In addition, they
believe that the Bible is the only authority in matters of faith and morality. Anything that is
not in the Bible must be questioned. Therefore, many Church traditions that have no basis
in the Bible are rejected. These include the putting up of sacred images, the veneration of
Mary and the saints, and the confession of sins to priests.

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Protestants also encourage people to read the bible on their own instead of relying on
priests’ interpretation. Unfortunately, this has led to a variety of interpretations of the bible
among Protestants themselves. As a result, Protestants also broke into various
sub-denominations. Today, the Protestant Church is composed of Anglicans, Baptists,
Lutherans, Methodists, Pentecosts, Presbyterians, and many more. Their total population is
estimated to be around 800 million to 1 billion, with significant concentrations in
Sub-Saharan Africa, North America, and Northern Europe.

There are other Christians who do not belong to the three major denominations mentioned
above. These are independent Christian churches often lumped together in a group called
Non-Trinitarians because most of them reject the doctrine of the Holy Trinity accepted in
major branches of Christianity. The Non-Trinitarians include churches like The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Iglesia ni Cristo.

Check Your Progress

Which belief or practice in your church do you want to change or
reform? Why?
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Ecumenism
The division of the Christian Church into different denominations has caused bloodshed and
prejudice among Christians over the centuries. Some Christians thought that the split does
not follow Jesus Christ’s purpose of reconciliation and healing of God and man’s broken
relationship. Moreover, the disunity goes precisely against Christ’s wish for the Church to
“be one so that the world may believe” (John 17:21). Due to these realizations, some
Christian groups in the early 20th century began to make an effort to unite or at least
establish cordial relations between each other. They promoted a movement called

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ecumenism, which aims to unite all Christian denominations back into one Church. The first
example of it was the World Missionary Conference in 1910 attended by Protestant
denominations. The World Council of Churches followed this in 1937, participated by both
Protestant and Orthodox churches.

Fig. 4. Christians from different denominations work together to develop closer

relationships and promote Christian unity.

The Catholic Church did not participate in the first ecumenical movements because, at the
time, it views non-Catholics as not true Christians. Everything changed, however, when the
Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) was held. This meeting revised and modernized many
outdated Catholic beliefs, including its views towards other religions. Today, the Catholic
Church is open and active in ecumenical affairs, and its leaders are supportive of Christian
unity. Pope Francis, for example, has expressed his desire to have dialogues with other
Christians to “help build bridges connecting all people in such a way that everyone can see
in the other not an enemy, not a rival, but a brother or sister to be welcomed and
embraced!”

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Having unity in the Church also helps create a

single Christian culture and identity. In addition, it
helps discuss respective positions on controversial
issues to understand each other better.
Disagreements of Christian churches on such
issues as the status of female priests, marriage,
abortion, capital punishment, and the LGBTQ+
community often leave people confused as to
what Christians stand for. Therefore, dialogue and
other ecumenical efforts are vital because it
encourages different groups to collaborate and
create a consensus on what Christians should
support and value.

Check Your Progress

What do you think is the biggest challenge in achieving Christian
unity?
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Issues on Gender and Sexuality

In most Protestant denominations, the ordination of
women to become church ministers is allowed. In Catholic
and Orthodox Churches, however, women are still
prohibited from becoming priests. The two churches cite the
2,000-year tradition of the male priesthood as a basis for

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excluding women. In addition, the Catholic doctrine explicitly

states that priests represent the likeness of Jesus and his
apostles, who are male figures. Women, therefore, will never
be a suitable representation. Alba (2019) noted that this
justification is an example of the sexism and gender bias
deeply embedded in Christianity.

Since women cannot be priests, they will never achieve equal

footing with men since they will never have the opportunity
to lead and make decisions. They will only fulfill secondary,
subordinate, submissive, and supportive roles to men. The
government, however, cannot intervene and consider this a
gender discrimination issue since the principle of the separation of Church and state exists.

Another sensitive concern facing Christians is the issue of sexuality. Christians have a very
conservative view of sex and sexuality, which is often incompatible with the modern world’s
progressive outlook. The current view on sex emphasizes its purpose for intimacy and
pleasure. This view is different from the Christian perspective. According to early Christian
teachings on sexuality that the Church still follows, sex should only be committed within
marriage and strictly for procreation. It considers the use of artificial contraceptives such as
birth control pills, condoms, and intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), as immoral. In
the Christian belief, having sex using contraceptives is not for procreation but for pleasure.

Homosexuality is another issue on gender and sexuality that Christians need to confront.
Christians today hold different views on the LGBTQ+ community. Even within a
denomination, the views are diverse. Some denominations, particularly the Catholic Church,
preaches the idea of “love the sinner, hate the sin.” The Catholic Church believes that
homosexuals “must be treated with respect, compassion, and sensitivity.” Christian
teachings consider homosexuality as a “grave sin” and “contrary to natural l aw.”

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However, the Catholic Church seems to be evolving

and has started to become more welcoming and less
judgmental of gay people. For example, Pope Francis
has begun a series of meetings and dialogues with
LGBTQ+ groups in 2015 and has announced support
for same-sex civil unions in 2020. He also once
remarked, “If someone is gay and searches for the
Lord and has goodwill, who am I to judge?”

Fig. 7. Pope Francis has called for

legislation to protect same-sex
couples

Check Your Progress

In these modern times, should Christianity change its teachings on
gender and sexuality? Explain your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Issues on Marriage and Family

All Christian denominations view marriage as a sacred institution. Marriage is a life-long
union between a man and a woman blessed by God. However, different denominations
have different attitudes towards issues concerning marriage, such as divorce and
remarriage. While Orthodox and Protestant churches are permissive of divorce and
remarriage, the Catholic Church does not recognize it. Catholics have to seek an annulment
if they want to end their marriage, and even then, remarriage within the Church is not
allowed because it is believed that the original marriage “continues in the eyes of God.”

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Divorce rates of Christian couples have increased in recent decades. In the US, for example,
Evangelical Christians, a group known for their pro-family values, were found to have a
higher-than-average divorce rate compared to other religious groups. Divorce and other
forms of separation, of course, negatively impact children. Numerous studies have shown
that children of divorced parents have a higher tendency to become delinquent, drop out of
school, and suffer mental health issues.

According to American pastor Jack Wellman (2012), the following are the primary causes of
divorce among Christian couples: adultery, lack of communication, drug or alcohol abuse,
physical and/or emotional abuse, sexual problems, financial problems, unfulfilled
expectations, differences in priorities, differences in child-rearing, religious or cultural
differences, boredom/falling out of love, child sexual or physical abuse, controlling spouse,
mental health issues, in-laws interference, jealousy, insecurity or lack of trust, a shift in
priorities, and children leaving home.

Since many people fear divorce and its negative consequences to the family, an increasing
number of people turn to premarital cohabitation. Many Christian couples choose to live
together and have sexual relations before getting married to test their compatibility. For
example, in the Philippines, the cohabitation rate has increased from 6% in 1993 to 24% in
2013 (Kuang, et al. 2019). Cohabitation, however, runs contrary to the most fundamental
teachings of the Christian faith.

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Issues on the Sanctity of Life

Christian teachings uphold the sanctity of
life and dignity of the human person.
Most Christian churches, therefore,
actively campaign against abortion,
euthanasia, and the death penalty. This,
however, does not mean that church
members are always against these
issues. For example, in the United States,
more than half of Christians in any
denominations favor the death penalty,
citing that capital punishment is allowed in
the Bible. In the country, seven out of 10 Filipinos are against the death penalty. However,
their disapproval of the death penalty is not solely based on Christian morality but also on
the Philippines' justice system.

Christian views on abortion also vary. Catholic and Orthodox churches are firmly against
abortion, believing that life begins at conception. Abortion is considered murder and,
therefore, a grave sin. Protestant churches, however, are divided over the legality and
morality of abortion. Conservative Protestants are against it, but "mainline" or progressive
Protestants such as Presbyterians and Episcopalians favor abortion rights. It is part of their
more significant commitment to gender equity, family well-being, and social justice.

On the issue of euthanasia or mercy killing, most Christians view it as immoral. Euthanasia
is the practice of intentionally taking someone's life to end pain and suffering, usually from a
terminal illness. Most Christians agree that life came from God, and no one has the
authority to take it away, even if the person wants it. They also believe that euthanasia and
other forms of assisted suicide interrupt the natural process of death, which is a spiritual
moment. However, those who favor euthanasia argue that forbidding the procedure
violates the Christian idea of respecting every human being.

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Check Your Progress

Can someone be a Christian and support the death penalty at the same
time? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

In Philippine Context
The Catholic Church in the Philippines is firmly against the passing of laws that are
against Christian morality. The Church calls these laws “D.E.A.T.H. bills” because they
propose to legalize divorce, euthanasia, abortion, total population control, and same-sex
marriage. The Church considers the bills to be “anti-family” and “anti-life” (Laranas 2016).
Despite opposition, however, one of the bills—the Reproductive Health Bill—was passed
into law in 2012 as a population control mechanism. This law goes against Christian
teachings on procreation because it supports artificial contraception.

A mass rally/protest in EDSA organized by the Catholic Church opposing the

then-Reproductive Health (RH) Bill

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While the Church lost the battle in population control, its influence is still strongly seen
in other issues, particularly in family and marriage. For example, the Church has
successfully opposed divorce for many decades, pressuring legislators to turn down
divorce bills since 1949. It makes the Philippines the only country in the world, besides
the Vatican City, to outlaw divorce. Christian teachings are also central in the argument
against same-sex marriage. Very few bills on LGBTQ+ marriage and civil unions are filed
for legislation. The Supreme Court dismissed the latest same-sex marriage bill with
finality in 2019.

The Catholic teaching on the sanctity of life is influential on the issue of the death
penalty. It existed in the country from 1993 until President Gloria-Macapagal Arroyo
abolished it in 2006 under the pressure of the Catholic Church. Currently, several
political leaders and citizens call to restore the death penalty due to the increase in
heinous crimes. However, very few initiatives are being filed. On the other hand, there
was a bill proposed in 1997 to legalize passive euthanasia. As expected, this was met
with great opposition from the Catholic Church. Today, euthanasia and abortion are
illegal, and people involved in those procedures are considered criminals. These
instances show the extent of influence the Church still has in shaping moral and political
issues.

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Wrap-Up
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
● Christianity is the world’s largest religion. It is divided into three main
denominations: Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism.
● Catholics believe that the Pope has the supreme authority in matters of faith and
morality. Orthodox Christians reject papal authority. Protestants consider the
Bible as the sole source of authority.
● The division into denominations causes Christians to have different views on issues.
A movement called ecumenism is being pursued to establish unity and more
cordial relations among Christians.
● Christians have a very conservative view of gender and sexuality. Most Christian
churches are against the ordination of women, the use of artificial
contraceptives, and homosexuality.
● The increasing rates of divorce and premarital cohabitation threaten the ideal
values of Christian marriage and family.
● Life is sacred for Christians. Although they are divided on the issue of death
penalty, most of them are against abortion and euthanasia.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Try This!
A. Identification. Choose from the box the correct Christian denomination being
described in each number. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Catholics Orthodox Protestants

________________ 1. They comprise half of the total Christian population.

________________ 2. They consider the Bible as supreme authority in matters of faith

and morality.

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________________ 3. They rejected papal authority that caused the Great Schism.

________________ 4. They are mostly found in Northern Europe and Africa.

________________ 5. They are led by the Bishop of Rome.

B. Matching Type. Match the descriptions in column A with the words in column B.

Column A Column B

_____________ 1. A movement promoting Christian unity a. Catholic

_____________ 2. A term which means “universal” b. Christian

_____________ 3. The separation of the Church into two c. death penalty

_____________ 4. Taking a terminally ill person’s life d. ecumenism

to end their pain or suffering

_____________ 5. A form of capital punishment e. euthanasia

_____________ 6. Living together and having sexual f. Non-Trinitarians

relations before getting married g. ordination

_____________ 7. The leader of the Catholic Church h. Orthodox

_____________ 8. They reject the Holy Trinity doctrine i. premarital

_____________ 9. A ceremony held to make someone a cohabitation

priest or religious leader j. pope

_____________ 10. A term that means “true worship” k. schism

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Challenge Yourself
Essay. Answer the following questions in three to five sentences.

1. Is Christian unity possible in the future? Explain your answer.

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2. How much influence does Christianity have in shaping contemporary issues?

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Suggested Rubric for Grading

The rubric below is a suggested one. Your teacher may modify it based on your needs.
Consult your teacher for the final rubric.

Performance Levels

1 2 3 Suggested
Criteria Score
Beginning Proficient Advanced Weight
Proficiency Proficiency

Content The answer was The answer was clear The answer was
unclear and but barely sufficient. clear and sufficient.
insufficient. There There was a minor The argumentation ×3
was a major flaw in flaw in the is excellent.
the argumentation. argumentation.

Organization The answer was The answer was The answer was
illogical and its parts logical but some parts logical and it parts
×2
were unclearly were unclearly were clearly
structured. structured. structured.

Syntax There are major There are minor There are no errors
errors in sentence errors in sentence in sentence
construction, construction, construction, ×1
grammar, and/or grammar, and/or grammar, and/or
spelling. spelling. spelling.

Total Possible Score 18

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Reflect on This
Answer the following question briefly.

What do you think is the biggest challenge or issue facing Christianity today?
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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Photo Credits
Pope Franciscus & Patriarch Bartholomew I in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
(1) by Nir Hason is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

St. Basil Cathedral by Anton Zelenov is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia
Commons.

Kor-ger ecumenism by 경동교회 is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Ecumenism symbol by Emkaer is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Katharine Jefferts Schori 2 by Ozma1981 is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia

Commons.

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Canonization 2014-The Canonization of Saint John XXIII and Saint John Paul II (14036966125)
by Jeffrey Bruno is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Protests against RH Bill at EDSA 20120804 (07) - Flickr by Jose Nicdao is licensed under CC BY
2.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Bibliography
Alba, Beatrice. If we reject gender discrimination in every other arena, why do we accept it in
religion? The Guardian. March 5, 2019

Berkeley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. “Ecumenism”. December 12, 15 2020

Cline, Austin. "Divorce Rates for Atheists Are Among the Lowest in America." Learn Religions.
August 27, 2020

Hackett, Conrad and David McClendon. “Christians remain the world's largest religious
group, but they are declining in Europe.” Pew Research Center. April 15, 2017

Hale, Christopher J. “The Pope Francis Statement That Changed the Church on LGBT Issues”
Time Magazine. July 28, 2015

Holy See Press Office. “The Pontifical Yearbook 2017 and the Annuarium Statisticum
Ecclesiae 2015” Summary of Bulletin. April 6, 2017

Kuang, Bernice, Brienna Perelli-Harris, and Sabu Padmadas. “The Unexpected Rise of
Cohabitation in the Philippines: Evidence for a Negative Educational Gradient” Asian
Population Studies 15 (1). August 28, 2019

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McCluney, Courtney. “For the Bible Tells Me So: Justifying Gender Discrimination Based on
Biblical Text. Medium. August 11 2018

Pew Research Center. “Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the
World’s Christian Population”. December 19, 2011.

Reese, Thomas. “The ecumenical movement is as important historically as the Reformation”

National Catholic Reporter. October 31, 2017

Sommer, Jamie M. “Christianity, Gender and Sexuality”. Wiley Online Library. April 21, 2016

Stanford, Peter. “Roman Catholic Church.” British Broadcasting Corporation. June 29, 2011

Subingsubing, Krixia. “Most Pinoys buck death penalty.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. October 14,
2020.

Sue, Caryle. “Jul 16, 1054 CE: Great Schism” National Geographic Society. April 6, 2020.

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