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Unit Pressure

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821 views

Unit Pressure

Uploaded by

abandiola3819qc
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT PRESSURE

ENGR. J BENEDICT MELGAR


GAGE PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
If a fluid such as air were removed from its container, a perfect vacuum would exist and the
pressure within the container would be zero. This is commonly referred to as zero absolute
pressure. Any pressure that is measured above this value is referred to as the absolute pressure,
Pabs· For Example, standard atmospheric pressure is the absolute pressure that is measured at sea
level.
Patm = 101.325 KPa
Any pressure measured above or below the atmospheric pressure is called the gage pressure,
Pgage , because gages are often used to measure pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure. The
absolute pressure and the gage pressure are therefore related by
Pabs = Patm + Pgage
Pabs = Patm + Pgage + Pgage
Patm + Pgage = 101.325 KPa, (Pgage = 0)
- Pgage
Pabs = Patm - Pgage

Absolute Zero Reference, Pabs = 0


PRESSURE
- Pressure is defined as the force acting normal to an area divided by this area.
The pressure produced is uniformly distributed to the corresponding
perpendicular area.
!
P=
"

A
UNIT PRESSURE All pressure computed is in gage pressure
a LIQUID SURFACE

h Pabs = Patm + Pgage


Pabs = absolute pressure (+)
b
= barometric pressure

Pb = Pa + 𝛾h Closed container with pressure at liquid surface 1 atm = 101.325 KPa


Pb = 𝛾h Open surface, no pressure at Point A

h = vertical distance between “a” and “b”


𝛾 = unit weight of the liquid
P = unit pressure in kN/m2 or Pa or MPa
P = gage pressure ( + or - )
NOTE: if the given pressure is not specified,
assume gage pressure
UNIT PRESSURE
a
LIQUID SURFACE

P = 𝛾h
!
h="

Pressure Head, ”h” – height of the column of the fluid that is needed to
produce the pressure “p”
UNIT PRESSURE
P = 𝛾ℎ
Convert the pressure head
of liquid ”A” to the PA = PB
equivalent pressure of liquid
“B” 𝛾AℎA = 𝛾BℎB

sgA 𝛾w ℎA = sgB 𝛾w ℎB

sgA
hB = (hA)
B hB sgB
hA
A
UNIT PRESSURE
MANOMETER - consists of a transparent tube that is used to determine the gage pressure in a liquid.

TYPES OF MANOMETER

Piezometer U-Tube Manometer Differential Manometer


PROBLEM 1
Evaluate the greatest pressure of water in the tank shown.

35 KPa

Air 1.1 m
1
1m
Water 2 1.9 m

PASCAL’s LAW – in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure in one part is


transmitted without loss to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the
container.
PROBLEM 2
The pressure gage in a given tank reads 125 mm Hg. Calculate the equivalent
height of column of oil.

hoil = ?
0.125 m Hg Oil
PROBLEM 3
Determine the gage pressure at A in the given open-type manometer.
Water

0.7
2

A 1.6
0.3

Hg
PROBLEM 4
Assuming oil in the differential-type manometer shown, calculate the
difference in pressures between A and B.

(0.3+x)-1.2

x
PROBLEM 5
The tube shown is filled with oil. Determine the pressure heads at A and B in
meters of water.
PROBLEM 6
A weather report indicates the barometric pressure is 756 mm of mercury.
What is the atmospheric pressure in kPa?

P = 𝛾h
PROBLEM 7
If the atmospheric pressure is 0.9 bar abs and a gage attached to a tank reads
390 mm Hg vacuum, what is the absolute pressure within the tank?

Pabs = Patm + Pgage


Pabs = absolute pressure (+)
= barometric pressure
1 atm = 101.325 KPa
PROBLEM 8
The inclined-tube manometer shown in figure is used to measure small pressure changes.
Determine the difference in pressure between points A and E in lb/ft2 if the manometer
liquid, mercury, is in the position shown. The pipe at A contains water. and the one at E is
no liquid. For mercury, 𝛾Hg = 846 lb/ ft3.
PROBLEM 9
Determine the difference in pressure between the centerline points A and B in the two
pipelines in Figure if the manometer liquid CD in the position shown. The density of the
liquid in AC and DB is p = 800 kg/m3 and in CD, 𝜌CD = 1100 kg/ m3.
THIN-WALLED VESSEL
CIRCUMFENRENTIAL STRESS
2T = F
# T
𝜎= T=𝜎A
"
P
!
P= F=PA T
"
2T = F T t

2T = pD(1) F
D

2 𝜎t t (1) = pD(1) 1 m strip


T t
!"
𝜎t = # %
THIN-WALLED VESSEL
LONGITUDINAL STRESS
t
T
F=T
F D F = 𝜎𝐿 𝜋 D t
p A = 𝜎𝐿 𝜋 D t
t
&
p D2 = 𝜎𝐿 𝜋 D t
'
F=T
# !(
𝜎= T=𝜎A 𝜎𝐿 = ')
$
%
p=$ F=pA
THIN-WALLED VESSEL
Spacing of Hoops of a Wood Stave Pipe
S

S
S T

S ∑ Fh = 0] D
F
2T = F S
2T = pDS T
*#
T – tensile force in one hoop S = !(
S – center to center spacing of the hoops
PROBLEM 10
A 10-mm thick steel pipe with inside diameter of 600 mm conveys water under
a head of 480 m.

a. What is the tensile stress in the


pipe in MPa?
b. What is the stress in the pipe
wall if the head is increased to
500 meters of water?
c. What is the required thickness
under a head of 500 meters if
the allowable tensile stress of
the pipe is 118 MPa
PROBLEM 11
A 1.2-m ∅ wood-stave is pipe carries 76 m of water. It is provided with 25-mm ∅
steel hoops with an allowable tensile stress of 104.3 MPa.

a) What pressure of water will be


resisted by the hoops?
b) What is the actual tensile force in the
hoops if they are spaced at 75 mm
center to center
c) What spacing of the hoops will be
implemented?

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