Genetics M3L1-3 Masing Richelle

MODULE III
CYTOGENETICS
LESSON 1: DNA and Chromosome
Activate Prior Knowledge:

Arranges the letters to form a word and relate it to Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
SOMECORHMO
-chromosomes
Write your thoughts here…

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal
and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Each chromosome is made of protein and a single
molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Activity:
Direction: Using the rubrics below as a guide, draw a DNA structure and don’t forget to
label the parts.
Points
Guidelines
3 2 1
Creativity Creatively and Creatively and Drawn using colors.
neatly drawn using neatly drawn using
colors and other color.
resources.
Information and All the parts of the All the parts of the All the parts of the
Organization DNA structure are DNA structure are DNA structure is
present and labeled present and some present and only 3
correctly. parts are labeled parts are being
correctly. labeled. Correctly.
Final Points
Assessment:
A.
1. Define the following in your own terms. (2pts. Each)
a) DNA
DNA is present in white blood cells of humans, but not red blood cells which lack
nuclei.
b) Chromosomes
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins called histones which, aided by
chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity.
2. What are the difference between the types of chromosomes in terms of their
morphological characteristics? (5pts)
Centromeres consist of a complex combination of proteins and DNA. They are
essential to the division of cells and ensure the accurate segregation of chromosomes.
Studies have demonstrated that chromosomes without centromeres segregate
randomly and are eventually lost from cells. In contrast, chromosomes that have
multiple centromeres can be subject to fragmentation.
Metacentric Chromosomes- have the centromere in the center, such that both
sections are of equal length. Human chromosome 1 and 3 are metacentric.
Submetacentric Chromosomes- have the centromere slightly offset from the center
leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the two sections. Human chromosomes 4
through 12 are submetacentric.
Acrocentric Chromosomes- have a centromere which is severely offset from the
center leading to one very long and one very short section. Human chromosomes 13,15,
21, and 22 are acrocentric.
B. Write a reflection on what you have learned in this lesson. (10points)

In this lesson, I learned that DNA means Deoxyribonucleic acid and is the
largest macromolecule found in living cells. A single DNA molecule can be composed of
linear sequence of hundreds of millions of nucleotides. Also, chromosomes, are bundles
of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. It is the repositories of genes and composed of
2 sister chromatids held by centromere. And The DNA of an average human
chromosome is an extraordinarily long, linear, doubled-stranded structure that
contains well over million nucleotides. An average-sized human chromosome is
expected to carry about 1000 different genes.
LESSON 2: The Cell: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
Activity
DIRECTION: Using the Venn diagram compare and contrast the following:
1. Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell.
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
CELL CELL
 Capsule  Cytoplasm  Plasma

 Cell Wall  Cell Membrane
 Cell  Membran  Endoplasmic
Membrane e Reticulum
 Pili  Ribosome  Golgi Apparatus
 Flagella s  Mitochondria
 Plasmids  Nucleus
 Nucleoid  Nuclear
Region Membrane
 Nucleolus
 Lysosomes
 Microtubules
 Peroxisomes
 Microfilaments
 Chromatin
Assessment:
A. Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and if it is not, write the word that makes
the statement wrong and give the correct answer. (2 pts. each)
1. Ribosomes are the largest membrane-bound organelles which comprise RNA

and protein. TRUE
2. DNA provides energy for breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules.
DNA- Metabolism
3. Central Vacuole occupies around 30% of the cell’s volume in a mature plant cell.
TRUE
4. Golgi apparatus are found in all prokaryotic cells which are involved in
distributing synthesized macromolecules to various parts of the cell. Prokaryotic
cells – Eukaryotic Cells
5. The chloroplast is shaped like a disc and the phospholipids is the fluid within the
chloroplast that comprises a circular DNA. TRUE
6. The nucleus is a membrane-bound structure that is present only in eukaryotic
cells. TRUE
7. Flagella are long, whip-like protrusions that aid in molecular locomotion.
molecular- cellular
8. Plasmids are gene-carrying, circular RNA structures that are not involved in
reproduction. TRUE
9. Cell Wall is a rigid layer which is composed of cellulose, glycoproteins, lignin,
pectin and hemicellulose. It is located outside the cell membrane. TRUE
10. Plasma membrane is a double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus.
Plasma – Nuclear Membrane
B. Write a reflection on what you have learned in this lesson. (10 points)
In this lesson, I learned that Cells are the simplest unit of matter that is
living. The two primary kinds of cells are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus
containing DNA and prokaryotic cells, which have no true nucleus. In prokaryotic cells,
the DNA is coiled up in a region called the nucleoid. I also learned the type of cells and
the eukaryotic that is for animals and prokaryotic cells for plants and its parts.
LESSON 3: The Cell Cycle
Acquire New Knowledge:

Let’s connect!!!
With this picture as a guide, construct two words that is very essential in living
organisms. Write your ideas about those words in the space provided.
Write your ideas here…
The first picture shows a cell for the person who commit sins while the other picture
shows a cycle.
Application and Assessment:
Direction: Solve the following problem.

Problem #1
a. If an organism has a diploid number of 16 (2N=16), how many chromatids
are visible at the end of mitotic prophase?
 If an organism has a diploid number of 16, there will be 32 chromatids
visible at the endof mitotic prophase and there will be 16
chromosomes moving to each pole during anaphase of mitosis.
b. How many chromosomes are moving to each pole during anaphase of
mitosis?
 23 Chromosomes
Problem #2
a. If an organism has a diploid number of 16 (2N=16), how many tetrads are

present in the first meiotic prophase?
 8 tetrads
b. How many dyads are present in the second meiotic prophase?

 46 Dyads
c. How many monads migrate to each pole during the second meiotic anaphase?
 When the centromere on each dyad separates, 16 monads are formed ---
8 monads moving to each pole of the dividing cell. In a cell in Prophase 1
(meiosis) with 5 tetrads and a diploid number of 10.
 What is the difference between the two-cell cycle? (5pts)
Cells divide and reproduce in two ways, mitosis and

meiosis. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells,
whereas meiosis results in four sex cells. Below we highlight
the keys differences and similarities between the two types of
cell division.
 What is the difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II? (5pts)
In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, while

in meiosis II, sister chromatids separate. Meiosis II produces 4
haploid daughter cells, whereas meiosis I produces 2 diploid
daughter cells. Genetic recombination (crossing over) only
occurs in meiosis I.
 What will happen if the cell cycle in a living organism stopped or being
interrupted? Explain your answer. (5pts)
If there is no mitosis, there would be no cell growth
and cell reproduction. Most importantly, genetic information
cannot be passed on. All cell functions would be hugely
affected.
 Write a reflection on what you have learned in this lesson. (10 points)
In this lesson I learned that, Cell cycle is the events that occur from one
cell division until the beginning of the next. Eukaryotic Cells Progress through a
Cell Cycle to Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cell. Eukaryotic cells that
have destined to divide progress through a series of phases known as cell cycle. I
also learned the steps of cell cycle, the cell cycle Meiosis, and the types of
chromosomes. I can say that this lesson in the module is the most difficult
because there were a lot of unfamiliar words.

Genetics M3L1-3 Masing Richelle

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MODULE III

Activate Prior Knowledge:

Write your thoughts here…

1. Define the following in your own terms. (2pts. Each)

B. Write a reflection on what you have learned in this lesson. (10points)

LESSON 2: The Cell: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

1. Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell.

 Capsule  Cytoplasm  Plasma

1. Ribosomes are the largest membrane-bound organelles which comprise RNA

LESSON 3: The Cell Cycle

Acquire New Knowledge:

Application and Assessment:

Direction: Solve the following problem.

a. If an organism has a diploid number of 16 (2N=16), how many tetrads are

b. How many dyads are present in the second meiotic prophase?

 What is the difference between the two-cell cycle? (5pts)

Cells divide and reproduce in two ways, mitosis and

 What is the difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II? (5pts)

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, while

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