Surveying 3 - Lecture

LECTURE 3
Leveling
Theory and Practice of Surveying Review Innovations

GAME!

Formula to compute
the first order vertical
accuracy

ANSWER
4.8mm 𝐷
(D – distance in km)

Leveling
Leveling is an operation in surveying performed to

determine the difference in levels of two points. By this
operation, the height of a point from a datum, known as
elevation, is determined.
Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Leveling
A level surface is the equipotential surface of the earth’s
gravity field. It is a curved surface and every element of
which is normal to the plumb line.

Leveling
A datum is a reference surface of constant potential,

called as a level surface of the earth’s gravity field, for
measuring the elevations of the points. One of such
surfaces is the mean sea level surface and is
considered as a standard datum. Also, an arbitrary
surface may be adopted as a datum.

Leveling

Methods of Leveling
Direct or Spirit Leveling is done by measuring vertical distances directly.

Direct leveling is the most precise method of determining elevations and is the
one commonly used. instrument height
𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝑩 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺
difference in elevation
B FS
BS
known elevation
unknown elevation
A

Methods of Leveling
Indirect or Trigonometric Leveling is done by measuring vertical angles and
horizontal or slope distances. B
unknown elevation
known elevation
A

Methods of Leveling
Stadia Leveling, in which vertical distances are determined by tacheometry

using the engineer’s transit and level rod, etc.
𝐷 = 𝑘𝑠 cos 2 𝛼 + 𝑐 cos 𝛼
1
𝑉 = 𝑘𝑠 sin 2𝛼 + 𝑐 sin 𝛼
2

Methods of Leveling
Barometric Leveling, by measuring the differences in

atmospheric pressure at various stations by means of a
barometer.
Gravimetric Leveling, by measuring the differences in

gravity at various stations by means of a gravimeter for
geodetic purposes.

Types of Direct Leveling
Simple Leveling – used to quickly determine the difference in elevation
between two points.
B FS
BS
known elevation
unknown elevation
A

Differential Leveling is the operation of determining differences in elevation

of points some distance apart or of establishing benchmarks. This is done by
successive simple leveling setups.
CP3
CP4
BM2
CP2
BM1 CP1
Precise leveling is leveling of a higher precision and is done through higher

precision instruments and high error control.
Profile Leveling is the operation – usually by direct leveling – of determining

elevations of points at short measured intervals along a located line, such as
the center line for a highway or a sewer.
CP1
BM1
2 3 8
1 7
4 5 6

Reciprocal levelling is employed to determine the correct difference of level
between two points which are quite apart and where it is not possible to set
up the instrument between the two points for balancing the sights. It
eliminates the errors due to the curvature of the earth, atmospheric
refraction and collimation.
𝑨𝑨 − 𝑩𝑨 + (𝑨𝑩 − 𝑩𝑩 )
∆𝒉𝑨→𝑩 =
𝟐
A B

Problem 3.1
From the given data of differential leveling shown,
a) What is the value of HI

in the 2nd setup?
b) Find the elevation of

TP5.
c) Determine the
elevation of BM2.

Problem 3.1
Solution 𝑯𝑰𝟏 = 𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽𝑩𝑴𝟏 + 𝑩𝑺𝟏
instrument height 𝑯𝑰𝟏 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟓𝟎𝟎 +𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔
𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝑩 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺 𝑯𝑰𝟏 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟓𝟔
𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽𝑻𝑷𝟏 = 𝑯𝑰𝟏 − 𝑭𝑺𝟐

𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟓𝟔
𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽𝑻𝑷𝟏 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟓𝟔 −𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟔
𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟕𝟎
𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟖𝟕 𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝟗 𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽𝑻𝑷𝟏 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟕𝟎
𝟗𝟕. 𝟔𝟑𝟎 𝟗𝟔. 𝟒𝟒𝟏
𝑯𝑰𝟐 = 𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽𝑻𝑷𝟏 + 𝑩𝑺𝟐
𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝟗𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟑
𝟗𝟓. 𝟖𝟓𝟖 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝑯𝑰𝟐 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟕𝟎 + 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟔
𝟗𝟒. 𝟔𝟐𝟒 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝑯𝑰𝟐 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟔
𝟗𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟔
Problem 3.1
Another Solution a) What is the value of HI in
𝒎 𝒎 the 2nd setup?
𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒎 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒏 + ෍ 𝑩𝑺𝒊 − ෍ 𝑭𝑺𝒊 𝑯𝑰𝟐 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟓𝟎𝟎 +(𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟔)
𝒊=𝒏 𝒊=𝒏 − 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟔
b) Find the elevation of TP5.

𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟔
𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝑻𝑷𝟓 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟓𝟎𝟎
+(𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟖
+𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟗 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟎)
𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 −(𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟕 + 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔
+𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟕 + 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓𝟔)
= 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟕
Problem 3.1
Another Solution
𝒎 𝒎
𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒎 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒏 + ෍ 𝑩𝑺𝒊 − ෍ 𝑭𝑺𝒊 c) Determine the elevation of

𝒊=𝒏 𝒊=𝒏 BM2.
𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝑩𝑴𝟐 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟕

+(𝟏. 𝟖𝟑𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟗)
−(𝟐. 𝟕𝟐𝟑 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒𝟖)
𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟕
𝟗𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟔
Problem 3.1
If the true elevation of BM2 is 92.070m and the distance between

points is 100 m,
d) Determine the order

of accuracy of the
𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 survey.
e) Find the corrected

elevation of TP5.
𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟕
𝟗𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟔
Problem 3.1
Vertical Control Surveys
Misclosure – amount which the level circuit fails to close.
𝜀 =𝑥−𝜏
Allowable error:
𝑙𝑚 distance from start to point

𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚 = −𝜀
𝐿 total distance
NOTE: The number of setups may also be used in some cases.

Problem 3.1
If the true elevation of BM2 is 92.070m and the distance between
points is 100 m,
d) Determine the order of accuracy of the survey.
i. Find the error value.
𝜀 = 𝑥 − 𝜏 = 92.076 − 92.070 = +0.006 𝑚
ii. Find the total level line distance.
100 𝑚
𝐿= × 7 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝𝑠 = 700 𝑚 = 0.7 𝑘𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝
iii. Compute accuracy standards and compare.
1𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 4.8 0.7 = 4.016 𝑚𝑚

2𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 8.4 0.7 = 7.028 𝑚𝑚
3𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 12 0.7 = 10.040 𝑚𝑚
Problem 3.1
e) Find the corrected elevation of TP5.

𝑙𝑚 500
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚 = −𝜀 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑃5 = −0.006 ×
𝐿 700
𝜀 = +0.006 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑃5 = −0.004 𝑚
Find the distance from BM1 to TP5.
100 𝑚
𝑙𝐵𝑀1→𝑇𝑃5 = × 5 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝𝑠 = 500 𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑇𝑃5,𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 94.027 − 0.004 = 94.023 𝑚

Problem 3.2
A reciprocal leveling is observed across a wide river and the reciprocal

level readings were taken between points A and B as follows.
Readings @ A Readings @ B
3.618, 3.619,
Instrument @ A 2.283, 2.285
3.621, 3.622
3.143, 3.140,
Instrument @ B 4.478, 4.476
3.146, 3.144

Problem 3.2
Compute the difference in elevation between A and B with the

instrument set up near A.
a. Find mean of the readings.
Readings @ A Readings @ B Mean @ A Mean @ B

3.618, 3.619,
Instrument @ A 2.283, 2.285 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟒 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟎
3.621, 3.622
3.143, 3.140,
Instrument @ B 4.478, 4.476 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟕
3.146, 3.144

Problem 3.2
Compute the difference in elevation between A and B with the

instrument set up near A.
difference in elevation @ A
∆𝒉𝑨→𝑩 = 𝑨𝑨 − 𝑩𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟒 − 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟎
𝟐
𝑨𝑨 − 𝑩𝑨 = −𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟔
Readings
Mean @@A A Readings
Mean @@B B
3.618, 3.619,
𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟒 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟎
3.621, 3.622
3.143, 3.140,
Instrument @ B 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 4.478, 4.476
𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟕
3.146, 3.144

Problem 3.2
What is the true difference in elevation between A and B?
true difference in elevation between A and B

∆𝒉𝑨→𝑩 =
𝟐 𝑨𝑩 − 𝑩𝑩 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 − 𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟕
𝑨𝑩 − 𝑩𝑩 = −𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟒
Readings
Mean @@A A Readings
Mean @@B B
3.618, 3.619, −𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟔 − 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟒
𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟒 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟎 ∆𝒉𝑨→𝑩 =
3.621, 3.622 𝟐
3.143, 3.140,
Instrument @ B 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 4.478, 4.476
𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟕 ∆𝒉𝑨→𝑩 = −𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟓
3.146, 3.144

Problem 3.2
If the elevation at A is 300 m, what is the elevation of B?

𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 + ∆𝒉𝑨→𝑩
𝒉𝑩 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟓
𝒉𝑩 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟔𝟓 𝒎
Readings
Mean @@A A Readings
Mean @@B B
3.618, 3.619,
𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟒 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟎
3.621, 3.622
3.143, 3.140,
Instrument @ B 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 4.478, 4.476
𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟕
3.146, 3.144
Problem 3.3
A line of levels 6 km long is run from BM1 to BM2 with a computed

elevation of BM2 at 165.8m. The average BS and FS distances are
100m and 150m respectively. It was found out however that the
line of sight of the instrument is inclined upward by 0.003m in a
distance of 10m.
a. Compute the error in every setup.

b. Determine the total error.
c. Find the correct elevation of BM2.

Problem 3.3
A line of levels 6 km long is run from BM1 to BM2 with a computed elevation of BM2 at
165.8m. The average BS and FS distances are 100m and 150m respectively. It was found out
however that the line of sight of the instrument is inclined upward by 0.003m in a distance of
10m.
0.003 m
10 m
100 m 150 m B
A
Problem 3.3
10m.
Use similar triangles to find error at 100 m and 150 m
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒙 increases BS by x and FS by y

= 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 x
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒚 0.003 m
= 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 10 m 90 m 50 m

Problem 3.3
A line of levels 6 km long is run from BM1 to BM2 with a computed elevation of BM2 at 165.8m. The average BS and
FS distances are 100m and 150m respectively. It was found out however that the line of sight of the instrument is
inclined upward by 0.003m in a distance of 10m.
Use similar triangles to find error at 100 m and 150 m
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎
=
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 x
0.003 m
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒚 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓 90 m
= 10 m 50 m
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎
a) Compute the error in every setup.
𝜺=𝒙−𝝉
100 m 150 m B
𝜺𝒉𝑩 = 𝒙𝒉𝑩 − 𝝉𝒉𝑩
𝒙𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺
A
𝝉𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 − [𝑭𝑺 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓]
= 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓
𝜺𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺 − 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓
𝜺 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓
Problem 3.3
10m.
b) Determine the total error.
Get the total number of setups.
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎
𝑵= = 𝟐𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎
Multiply it by the error.
𝜺𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝟐𝟒 × −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟔

Problem 3.3
10m.
c) Find the correct elevation of BM2. measured elevation
error per setup true elevation
𝜺 = 𝒙 − 𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐
−𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 = 𝒙 − 𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐
total error
−𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟖 − 𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐
𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔
𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟔 𝒎
Problem 3.4
To adjust a dumpy level by peg method of adjustment, two points A and

B were set up. With the instrument at Point A, the rod reading at A was
1.623m and the foresight at B was 2.875m. The level is transferred at B
and the backsight at B was 1.622m while the rod reading at A was
0.362m.
a. Find the true elevation between A and B.

b. What is the error in the line of sight?
c. Determine the correct reading at A that will give the level line
of sight with the instrument still at point B.

Problem 3.4
To adjust a dumpy level by peg method of adjustment, two points A and B were set up. With the
instrument at Point A, the rod reading at A was 1.623m and the foresight at B was 2.875m. The level
is transferred at B and the backsight at B was 1.622m while the rod reading at A was 0.362m.
Visualize the A SETUP 1
B
setup. You can ∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟑 + 𝜺 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟓
assume the
direction of ε. ε
1.623 2.875
ΔElev
SETUP 2
∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟐 = 𝜺 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟐
0.362 ε
1.622
ΔElev
Problem 3.4
To adjust a dumpy level by peg method of adjustment, two points A and B were set up. With the
instrument at Point A, the rod reading at A was 1.623m and the foresight at B was 2.875m. The level
is transferred at B and the backsight at B was 1.622m while the rod reading at A was 0.362m.
∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟑 + 𝜺 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 ∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 + 𝜺 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟑

∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟐 = 𝜺 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 ∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 − 𝜺 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟐
2 equations, 2 unknowns
a) Find the true elevation between A and B.

∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝒎
b) What is the error in the line of sight?
𝜺 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝒎 error is downward!

Problem 3.4
c) Determine the correct reading at A that will give the level line of
sight with the instrument still at point B.
ε
𝝉
0.362 𝜺=𝒙−𝝉
−𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟐 − 𝝉
𝝉 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
𝝉 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔
Problem 3.5
The line of sight of a wye level was tested by setting up exactly

midway between two points A and B. The rod reading on A was
1.520 and at B was 1.395. The instrument was next set up at B and
rod readings A and B are 1.683 and 1.490, respectively.
a. What is the true difference in elevation between A and B?

b. What is the error in the line of sight?
c. Determine the true rod reading at A that will make the line
of sight horizontal at point B.

Problem 3.5
The line of sight of a wye level was tested by setting up exactly midway between two points A and
B. The rod reading on A was 1.520 and at B was 1.395. The instrument was next set up at B and rod
readings A and B are 1.683 and 1.490, respectively.
a) What is the true difference in elevation between A and B?
Visualize the setup. You can assume the direction of ε.
B
A SETUP 1
ε ε
1.520 1.395
ΔElev
𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟎 = ∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝟓
∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
Problem 3.5
b) What is the error in the line of sight? B
A Visualize the setup. You can assume the direction of ε.
SETUP 2
ε
1.683 1.490
ΔElev
𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 = ∆𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 + 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟎 + 𝜺
𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟎 = 𝜺
𝜺 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 assumed direction is correct

Problem 3.5
c) Determine the true rod reading at A that will make the line of sight
horizontal at point B.
ε
1.683
𝝉 𝜺=𝒙−𝝉
𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 − 𝝉
𝝉 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖
𝝉 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟓
Problem 3.6
Differential leveling is run from BM1 to BM2 at a distance of 6km.
It was observed that the leveling rod was inclined 4 degrees from
the vertical every time the backsight is taken. The average BS
reading is 2.4m and the average length per setup is 300m.
Determine the correct elevation of BM2 if the recorded elevation
was 68.3m.
2.40
A B

Problem 3.6
Differential leveling is run from BM1 to BM2 at a distance of 6km. It was observed that the
leveling rod was inclined 4 degrees from the vertical every time the backsight is taken. The
average BS reading is 2.4m and the average length per setup is 300m. Determine the correct
elevation of BM2 if the recorded elevation was 68.3m.
Compute the error per setup.
𝜺=𝒙−𝝉
𝜺 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎 cos 𝟒° = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟔
ε
𝜺𝒉𝑩 = 𝒙𝒉𝑩 − 𝝉𝒉𝑩
𝒙𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺 2.40 cos 4ᵒ
2.40
𝝉𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟔 − 𝑭𝑺 2.40 2.40 cos 4ᵒ
= 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟔
𝜺𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺 − 𝒉𝑨 + 𝑩𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟔
= +𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟔
error per setup

Problem 3.6
Differential leveling is run from BM1 to BM2 at a distance of 6km. It was observed that the leveling
rod was inclined 4 degrees from the vertical every time the backsight is taken. The average BS reading
is 2.4m and the average length per setup is 300m. Determine the correct elevation of BM2 if the
recorded elevation was 68.3m.
Get the total number of setups.
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎
𝑵= = 𝟐𝟎 𝜺𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎
Determine the correct elevation of BM2 if the recorded elevation was 68.3m.
measured elevation
true elevation
error per setup
𝜺 = 𝒙 − 𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟔 = 𝒙 − 𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐
total error 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟑 − 𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐
𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝝉𝑩𝑴𝟐 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝒎

Problem 3.7
In order to determine the elevation of a point B on top of the cliff, a
transit was set up at point A with elevation 261.60m and the height of
the instrument is 1.5m and when point B was sighted, the vertical angle
measured was +16-29. Another point C was next located at a horizontal
distance of 200m from point A. Then the transit was next transferred at
point C and the vertical angle recorded at B was +24-25. Finally with the
telescope horizontal, the reading on the level rod at point A was 4.3m.
a. Find the elevation of C when the height of instrument at this

point is 1.7m.
b. Compute the elevation of point B.
c. What is the horizontal distance between point C and B?

Problem 3.7
In order to determine the elevation of a point B on top of the cliff, a transit was set up at point A with elevation 261.60m and the
height of the instrument is 1.5m and when point B was sighted, the vertical angle measured was +16-29. Another point C was
next located at a horizontal distance of 200m from point A. Then the transit was next transferred at point C and the vertical
angle recorded at B was +24-25. Finally with the telescope horizontal, the reading on the level rod at point A was 4.3m.
a) Find the elevation of C when the height of instrument at this point is 1.7m.
𝒉𝑪 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟑 − 𝟏. 𝟕 1.7
4.3
𝒉𝑪 = 𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟐𝟎
C
261.60 m
A
𝑯𝑰𝑪 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟑 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟗𝟎
Problem 3.7
In order to determine the elevation of a point B on top of the cliff, a transit was set up at point A with elevation 261.60m and the
height of the instrument is 1.5m and when point B was sighted, the vertical angle measured was +16-29. Another point C was
next located at a horizontal distance of 200m from point A. Then the transit was next transferred at point C and the vertical
angle recorded at B was +24-25. Finally with the telescope horizontal, the reading on the level rod at point A was 4.3m.
b) Compute the elevation of point B. B
65-35
𝑯𝑰𝑪 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟑 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟗𝟎 𝑯𝑰𝑪 − 𝑯𝑰𝑨
24-25
𝑯𝑰𝑨 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟔𝟑. 𝟏𝟎
By sine law, 𝒙
𝒙 𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟗 − 𝟐𝟔𝟑. 𝟏
=
sin 𝟔𝟓°𝟑𝟓′ sin 𝟐𝟒°𝟐𝟓′
24-25
𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟖
16-29
1.5 A C

Problem 3.7
In order to determine the elevation of a point B on top of the cliff, a transit was set up at point A with elevation 261.60m and
the height of the instrument is 1.5m and when point B was sighted, the vertical angle measured was +16-29. Another point C
was next located at a horizontal distance of 200m from point A. Then the transit was next transferred at point C and the
vertical angle recorded at B was +24-25. Finally with the telescope horizontal, the reading on the level rod at point A was 4.3m.
b) Compute the elevation of point B. 7-56 B
By sine law,
y
𝒚 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟑𝟐 16-29
=
sin 𝟏𝟔°𝟐𝟗′ sin 𝟕°𝟓𝟔′ 193.832 7-56
𝒚 = 𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟒𝟕𝟎 𝒎 y
24-25
155-35
16-29 24-25
193.832
200 – 6.168 6.168
1.5 A C

Problem 3.7
b) Compute the elevation of point B. 398.438 B

z
By SOHCAHTOA,
24-25
𝒛 = 𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟒𝟕𝟎 sin 𝟐𝟒°𝟐𝟓′ = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟓
𝑯𝑩 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏. 𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟓

398.438 z
𝑯𝑩 = 𝟒𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟏𝟓 𝒎
24-25
1.5 A C

Problem 3.7
c) What is the horizontal distance between point C and B? B
By SOHCAHTOA,
𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝑨𝑩 = = 𝟓𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝒎
tan 𝟏𝟔°𝟐𝟗′
𝒅𝑪𝑩 = 𝒅𝑨𝑩 − 𝒅𝑨𝑪 = 𝟓𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟑 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎
164.702
𝒅𝑪𝑩 = 𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝒎
16-29
1.5 A C

Lecture 3 DONE!
Padayon lang, Engineer!

Pabaon ni Sir Jay
Listen to this:
https://youtu.be/lie1L61Qnos
Quizlet Sets (password: GE2022)
Laws Definition of Terms: https://quizlet.com/_a680q6?x=1jqt&i=yv7ow

Compilation of Remote Sensing Terms: https://quizlet.com/_a1b6i1?x=1jqt&i=yv7ow
Cartography Terms: https://quizlet.com/_a18gkm?x=1jqt&i=yv7ow

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LECTURE 3

Theory and Practice of Surveying Review Innovations

Theory and Practice of Surveying Review Innovations

Theory and Practice of Surveying Review Innovations

Theory and Practice of Surveying Review Innovations

Leveling is an operation in surveying performed to

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

A datum is a reference surface of constant potential,

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Direct or Spirit Leveling is done by measuring vertical distances directly.

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Stadia Leveling, in which vertical distances are determined by tacheometry

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Barometric Leveling, by measuring the differences in

Gravimetric Leveling, by measuring the differences in

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Differential Leveling is the operation of determining differences in elevation

Precise leveling is leveling of a higher precision and is done through higher

Profile Leveling is the operation – usually by direct leveling – of determining

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

From the given data of differential leveling shown,

a) What is the value of HI

b) Find the elevation of

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽𝑻𝑷𝟏 = 𝑯𝑰𝟏 − 𝑭𝑺𝟐

b) Find the elevation of TP5.

𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒎 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒏 + ෍ 𝑩𝑺𝒊 − ෍ 𝑭𝑺𝒊 c) Determine the elevation of

𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝑩𝑴𝟐 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟕

If the true elevation of BM2 is 92.070m and the distance between

d) Determine the order

e) Find the corrected

𝑙𝑚 distance from start to point

NOTE: The number of setups may also be used in some cases.

1𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 4.8 0.7 = 4.016 𝑚𝑚

e) Find the corrected elevation of TP5.

Find the distance from BM1 to TP5.

𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑇𝑃5,𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 94.027 − 0.004 = 94.023 𝑚

A reciprocal leveling is observed across a wide river and the reciprocal

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Compute the difference in elevation between A and B with the

Readings @ A Readings @ B Mean @ A Mean @ B

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Compute the difference in elevation between A and B with the

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

What is the true difference in elevation between A and B?

true difference in elevation between A and B

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

If the elevation at A is 300 m, what is the elevation of B?

A line of levels 6 km long is run from BM1 to BM2 with a computed

a. Compute the error in every setup.

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒙 increases BS by x and FS by y

Theory and Practice of Surveying: Lecture 3

Get the total number of setups.