PROJECT MANAGEMENT

CONCEPTS
RES658: PROJECT MANAGEMENT
AP225 : BACHELOR OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT (HONS)
FAKULTI SENIBINA, PERANCANGAN & UKUR,
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
DR. NORALIZA BASRAH
 WHAT IS PROJECT MANAGEMENT?

• PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS THE DISCIPLINE OF INITIATING, PLANNING, EXECUTING, CONTROLLING, AND

CLOSING THE WORK OF A TEAM TO ACHIEVE SPECIFIC GOALS AND MEET SPECIFIC SUCCESS CRITERIA.
• A PROJECT IS A TEMPORARY ENDEAVOR DESIGNED TO PRODUCE A UNIQUE PRODUCT, SERVICE OR RESULT
WITH A DEFINED BEGINNING AND END (USUALLY TIME-CONSTRAINED, AND OFTEN CONSTRAINED BY
FUNDING OR DELIVERABLES) UNDERTAKEN TO MEET UNIQUE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES, TYPICALLY TO
BRING ABOUT BENEFICIAL CHANGE OR ADDED VALUE.
• THE TEMPORARY NATURE OF PROJECTS STANDS IN CONTRAST WITH BUSINESS AS USUAL (OR
OPERATIONS), WHICH ARE REPETITIVE, PERMANENT, OR SEMI-PERMANENT FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES TO
PRODUCE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES.
• IN PRACTICE, THE MANAGEMENT OF THESE TWO SYSTEMS IS OFTEN QUITE DIFFERENT, AND AS SUCH
REQUIRES THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISTINCT TECHNICAL SKILLS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES.
 MEANING OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

(ANTHONY WALKER,
2015) (DENNIS LOCK, 2008)
• THE PLANNING, CONTROL AND COORDINATION • PLAN, COORDINATE AND CONTROL THE
OF A PROJECT FROM CONCEPTION TO COMPLEX AND DIVERSE ACTIVITIES OF
COMPLETION (INCLUDING COMMISSIONING) ON MODERN INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL AND
BEHALF OF A CLIENT. MANAGEMENT CHANGE AND IT PROJECTS.

• IT CONCERNED WITH IDENTIFICATION OF THE • THE PURPOSE IS TO FORESEE OR PREDICT

CLIENT’S OBJECTIVES IN TERM OF UTILITY, PROBLEMS SO THAT PROJECTS COMPLETE
FUNCTION, QUALITY, TIME, COST AND THE SUCCESSFULLY DESPITE ALL RISKS.
ESTABLISHMENT OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN • THE PRIMARY AIM IS TO SATISFY THE PROJECT
RESOURCES, INTEGRATION, MONITORING & SPONSOR AND ALL STAKEHOLDERS, WITHIN
CONTROL OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PROMISED TIMESCALE AND RESOURCES
PROJECT OUTPUT, THE EVALUATION & SELECTION ORIGINALLY BUDGETED FOR.
OF ALTERNATIVES TOWARDS CLIENTS’
SATISFACTION.
 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

HIGHEST MAINTENANCE SHORTEST

RETURN FREE TIME

SUPERIOR MAXIMUM MINIMUM

QUALITY QUANTITY COST
 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
INVOLVES MAJOR ACTIVITIES
AIMED AT ACHIEVING PROJECT
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE:

TIME

• AT THE DESIRED QUALITY

PERFORMANCE LEVEL

• WITHIN COST AND

SCOPE
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS

• ON TIME

• USING RESOURCES COST QUALITY

EFFICIENTLY AND
EFFECTIVELY.
 WHAT IS A PROJECT?
A PROJECT IS A GROUP OF INTERRELATED WORK ACTIVITIES CONSTRAINED
BY A SPECIFIC SCOPE, SCHEDULE AND BUDGET LIMIT TO ACHIEVE THE
STRATEGIC GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF AN ORGANISATION
 NATURE OF A PROJECT
• THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTIC
OF A PROJECT IS ITS NOVELTY.
PROJECTS ARE TEMPORARY &
UNIQUE. NO TWO PROJECTS
ARE EXACTLY ALIKE.
• THE PURPOSE OF A PROJECT IS
TO ATTAIN ITS OBJECTIVE AND
THEN TERMINATE.
• THE PROJECT CONCLUDES
WHEN ITS OBJECTIVES HAVE
BEEN ATTAINED.
 ESSENTIALS OF A PROJECT

RESOURCES TIME MONEY SCOPE

PEOPLE TASKS COSTS PROJECT SIZE

MATERIALS DEPENDENCIES CONTINGENCIES GOALS

TOOLS CRITICAL PATHS PROFIT REQUIREMENTS

 FOUR PROJECT TYPES
• Building • R&D products
• Land reclamation • Shipbuilding
• Tunnels • Automotive
• Oil & gas • Aircraft
• Infrastructure • Pharmaceuticals
• Food & drink

Civil, chemical
engineering Manufacturing
and
construction

Management Pure scientific

research

• IT systems • High risk

• Marketing projects • High investment
• Products • unpredictable
• Software
 PROJECT ELEMENTS

Development Projects
•PERFORMED BY A TEAM OF
PEOPLE

•LIMIT TO ITS SCOPE

•CONSTRAINED BUDGET

•WITHIN THE TIME FRAME

•SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS

•AVAILABLE RESOURCES

•RISKS AND CHALLENGES

 CATEGORIES OF PROPERTY
DEVELOPMENT
• PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONCEPT IS • RESIDENTIAL (BUNGALOWS, APARTMENTS,
TERRACE HOUSES),
APPLICABLE TO ANY PROJECTS
• COMMERCIAL (OFFICE, RETAIL, HOTELS,
RANGING FROM RESTAURANTS),
• SIMPLE TASKS (OFFICE RENOVATIONS
• INDUSTRIAL (FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES),
OR REFURBISHMENTS) TO
• RECREATIONAL (MARINAS, GOLF COURSES,
• COMPLEX AND COMPLICATED THEME PARKS, RECREATIONAL COMPLEX),
PROJECTS (DESIGN AND
• INSTITUTIONAL (HOSPITALS, MUSEUMS, LIBRARY,
CONSTRUCTION OF AIRPORT),
NEIGHBOURHOOD CENTRE AND
• INFRASTRUCTURE (HIGHWAYS, TUNNELS,
TOWNSHIP DEVELOPMENT) BRIDGES, POWER STATION, DAMS).
 COMPONENTS OF A DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT

Design brief Project Functional Financial Time-scale

• Parameters specification definition definition definition
• Requirements • Technical • Dimensions • Funds • Scheduled
• Financial • Layout • Financing Programmes
• Built up • Costing • Milestones
• M+E • Cash flow • Key events
• Infra projections • Phasing
• Interior • Critical
activities
• Work
package
WHAT IS PROJECT
LIFE CYCLE?
 Project owner /
client

Completion and Project definition

handover

Build & fulfilment Preparation and

planning

TYPICAL LIFE
CYCLE OF
SMALL
Purchasing
PROJECTS goods and Detailed design
 PROJECT SHORTCOMINGS
DURING ITS LIFE CYCLE:
• UNCLEAR SCOPE & OBJECTIVES
• VAGUE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
• ESTIMATES OF COST & TIMESCALE TOO
OPTIMISTIC
• INCOMPLETE RISK ASSESSMENT
• INAPPROPRIATE STRATEGIES
• INSUFFICIENT PROVISION OF FUNDS
• INTERESTS & CONCERNS OF STAKEHOLDERS
ARE NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
• DEMOTIVATED TEAM MEMBERS
• INSUFFICIENT CHANGE MANAGEMENT
• APPROVAL NOT ALIGNED TO BUSINESS PLAN
 CHALLENGES

• THE PRIMARY CHALLENGE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS TO ACHIEVE ALL

OF THE PROJECT GOALS WITHIN THE GIVEN CONSTRAINTS. THIS
INFORMATION IS USUALLY DESCRIBED IN A USER OR PROJECT MANUAL,
WHICH IS CREATED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.
• THE PRIMARY CONSTRAINTS ARE SCOPE, TIME, QUALITY AND BUDGET.
• THE SECONDARY — AND MORE AMBITIOUS — CHALLENGE IS TO
OPTIMIZE THE ALLOCATION OF NECESSARY INPUTS AND INTEGRATE THEM
TO MEET PRE-DEFINED OBJECTIVES.
 WHAT ARE THE
INVOLVED
PROCESS?

PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
TASK
THE APPLICATION OF
KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS,
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
IN PROJECT ACTIVITIES TO
MEET THE PROJECT
REQUIREMENTS
 WHAT ARE PROJECT
MANAGEMENT PROCESSES?
PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
 Project management processes are overlapping activities which
occur at varying levels of intensity throughout each phase of the
Level of project.
Activity
Executing processes

Planning
processes Closing
processes
Initiating
processes
Controlling processes

Phase Phase
Time
Start Finish

Overlap of Processes in a Project Management Phase

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE
INITIATING PROCESS

INITIATING PROCESSES

To the
Project Planning
Initiation Processes
 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE
PLANNING PROCESSES
PLANNING PROCESSES

Core Processes

Activity Schedule
Scope Activity
Sequencing Development
Planning Definition
Activity Cost
From the Resource Duration
Scope Budgeting
Initiating Planning Estimating
Definition To the
Processes Cost Project Plan Executing
Estimating Development Processes

Facilitating Processes
From the Risk Response
Controlling Quality Communications Risk Risk
Development
Processes Planning Planning Identification Quantification

Organizational Procurement Solicitation

Staff Planning Planning
Planning
Acquisition
 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE
EXECUTING PROCESSES
EXECUTING PROCESSES

Project Plan Execution

From the
Planning
Processes
Facilitating Processes Revert back
to the
Quality Assurance Controlling
Information Team Processes
From the Distribution Development
Controlling Scope Verification
Processes
Solicitation Source Selection
Contract
Administration
 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE
CONTROLLING PROCESSES
CONTROLLING PROCESSES

Performance Overall Change

Reporting Control
To the
Planning
Processes
Facilitating processes
From the
Executing
Processes Scope Change Schedule Cost Control
Control Control
To the
Quality Control Risk Response Closing
Control Processes
 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE
CLOSING PROCESSES
Closing Processes

From the
Controlling
Processes
Contract Administrative
Close-out Closure
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES IN EACH
OVERLAPPING PROCESSES
THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE PROJECT • CONCLUSIONS
MANAGER
“PROJECT LIFE CYCLE IS UNIQUE
• PLANS AND CONTROLS THE TASKS TO EACH PROJECT AND NOT ALL
OR ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE PROJECT OF THE PROJECT PROCESSES WILL
AND BE SIMILAR ON ALL PROJECTS”
• HARNESS THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE &
(PEOPLE, MATERIAL, TIME, MONEY,
INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE, “NOT ALL OF THE INTERACTIONS
EQUIPMENT AND SPACE) WILL APPLY TO ALL PROJECTS”
• TO ACHIEVE SET GOALS,
STANDARDS AND OBJECTIVES
(USUALLY IN TERMS OF TIME, COST
AND QUALITY)
TUTORIAL DISCUSSION
PROJECT MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES:
FAILURE & SUCCESS FACTORS