Microwave Engineering

EC 401
DoECE
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute Of Technplogy

Module 3

Impedance Matching and Tuning

Matching By component and stub

 Why matching or tuning is important?
 To maximize power delivery and minimize power loss.
 To improve signal to noise ratio as in sensitive receiver components
such as LNA, antenna, etc.
 To reduce amplitude and phase error as in distributed network such
as antenna array.

Matching
Z0 Network
Load ZL
Basic idea of impedance matching
 Concept of maximum power transfer
In lump circuit in circuit Theory
Power deliver at ZL is PL
Zo
2
1 1 2 1  Vi 
PL  VL I  I Z L    ZL
2 2 2  Z L  Zo 
Vi I ZL VL

Power maximum whence ZL = Zo

Z0 ZL
In transmission line Theory or EM Theory

Pin Z0  Power Reflected=Pr=Pin |ρ|2

Z L  Zo Z L  RL  jX L Power Delivered=PL=Pin(1-|ρ|2 )
 
Z L  Zo
 Concept of maximum power transfer (contd.)
In transmission line Pin 
Z0 ZL  RL  jX L
Z L  Zo
 
Z L  Zo

Pin=PL+PR
The important parameter is reflection
coefficient PR
Power Reflected=Pr=Pin |ρ|2
Power Delivered=Pd=Pin(1-|ρ|2 ) PL
No reflection whence ZL = Zo , hence ρ=0 Z0 ZL
The load ZL can be matched as long as ZL not equal to zero (short-
circuit) or infinity (open-circuit)
 Factors in selecting matching network
Complexity: simpler, cheaper, more reliable and low loss
circuit is preferred.
Bandwidth: match over a desirable bandwidth.
Implementation: depend on types of transmission line either
cable, stripline, microstripline, waveguide, lump circuit etc.
Adjustability: some network may need adjustment to match
a variable load.
 Lossy Impedance Matching
Design a Impedance matching Network (IMN) using
lumped component to match ZL=10+j10Ω to Z0=50Ω.
Simple Solution-Lossy.
IMN→ Bad solution, as resistor
will consume power

ZL=10+j10Ω
 Impedance Matching (cont.)
Matching

ad
rc
u
Ckt.

Lo
So
Matching Methods:

1) Lumped element matching circuits

2) Transmission line matching circuits
3) Quarter-wave impedance transformers
7
Lumped-Element Matching Circuits
Examples
"pi"
"ell" jX 1 jX 2

jX 2 shunt-series jX 1 jX 3
y
ilit
ib
x
fle
No

One extra degree of freedom

jX 2

jX 1 series-shunt

2 elements  2 degrees of freedom

8
 More complicated networks
 Three-element Pi and T networks permit the matching of
almost any load conditions
 Added element has the advantage of more flexibility in
the design process (fine tuning)
 Provides quality factor design
Load impedance to conjugate complex source impedance

10
ZL

ZL
(b)

(d)
ZS

ZS

0 .2
5 .0 0.. 2
5 .0
2.0 2.0
2 .0 2.0
0 .5
2.0 0.. 5
2.0
1.. 0 1 .0 1.. 0
1.0 1.0 1 .0 1 .0 1.. 0 1.0
1
.0

1 .0 1.0 1.0
2 .0
0.5 2.. 0
0.5
2.. 0 2.. 0
2.0 2.0
5 .0
0.2 5.. 0
0.2
( ZS  Z S*  50 )

0.. 2
5.0
2 .0 2.0
0.. 2
0.. 5 5 .0
2.0
2.0 2.0
0.. 5
1 .0 1.. 0 1 .0 2 .0

1
.0
1.0 1.0 1 .0
1.0 1.. 0 1 .0

1
.0
2.. 0 1 .0 1 .0 1.0
0.5
2.. 0 2.. 0
2.. 0
5.. 0 0 .5
0.2
2.0 2.0
5.. 0
0 .2
ZL

ZL
(a)

(c)
ZS

ZS
Lumped-Element Matching Circuits (cont.)
“tee” jX 1 jX 3

jX 2 One extra degree of freedom

“ladder”

m+2
m+2 elements
m

m extra degrees of freedom

11
 Matching with lumped elements
Lossless Impedance Matching
The simplest matching network is an L-section using two reactive elements

jX
𝑍𝐿 is inside (1 + 𝑗𝑥)
Configuration 1 Z0 jB ZL
When RL>Zo
ZL=RL+jXL
jX
𝑍𝐿 is outside (1 + 𝑗𝑥)
Z0 jB ZL
Configuration 2
When RL<Zo
 Matching with lumped elements (Cont.)
If the load impedance (normalized) Constant 1 circle
lies in unity circle, configuration 1 jX

is used. Otherwise configuration 2 is Z0 jB ZL

used.
The reactive elements are either Configuration 2
inductors or capacitors. So there are
8 possibilities for matching circuit Configuration 1
for various load impedances.
Matching by lumped elements are jX

possible for frequency below 1 GHz or Z0 jB ZL

for higher frequency in integrated
circuit(MIC, MEM).
 Impedances for serial lumped elements
Series circuit
Reactance Relationship Values

+ve X=2πfL L=X/(2πf)

-ve X=1/(2πfC) C=1/(2πfX)
L C

R R
Impedances for parallel lumped elements
Parallel circuit
Susceptance Relationship Values

+ve B=2πfC C=B/(2πf)

-ve B=1/(2πfL) L=1/(2πfB)

C
L R R
 Series and Shunt Elements
 plane - +
Shunt L

Series L
Series C

Shunt C Load

Center of Smith chart:

Z  Z0 , Y  Y0  1/ Z0
+ -
Z0  Zin
The Smith chart is not actually being used as a transmission-line calculator but an
impedance/admittance calculator. Hence, the normalizing impedance Z0 is arbitrary.
(Usually we choose it to be the desired input resistance Rin.) 16
Lumped elements for microwave integrated circuit
Lossy film

Planar resistor

Chip resistor Loop inductor

Spiral inductor

r
Dielectric

r
Interdigital gap
capacitor Metal-insulator-
metal capacitor Chip capacitor
Lossless Impedance Matching (When RL<Zo)
Design a Impedance matching Network (IMN) using
lumped component to match ZL=10+j10Ω to Z0=50Ω.
1. Locate zL on smitch chart
2. Move along a constant resistance
circle to reach point z1
2
intersecting g=1 circle (dotted
1 3
line)
3. Locate y1 at radially opposite 4

point from z1 on r=1 circle

4. Move along r=1circle to reach 18

z0=1 point
 Lossless Impedance Matching, RL<Zo (cont.)
Design 1: Calculation of lumped elements values
Path 2  change in reactance
=(+jx1)-(+jxL)
=j0.4-j0.2=j0.2
Inductive Reactance
Add inductance in series
Path 4  change in susceptance
=(-jb0)-(+jb1)
=-j0-(-j2)=j2
Capacitive susceptance 19

Add capacitance in parallel

Lossless Impedance Matching (cont.)

Matching Network
20
Lossless Impedance Matching (cont.)

21
Low Pass and High Pass Matching Networks
 Design 1 Design 2

Low Pass Design High Pass Design

Generally, Low Pass designs are preferred as high

pass matching networks have more noise. 22
Impedance Matching-Example 2 (when RL<Zo)

23

Matching Network
 Impedance Matching, RL<Zo - Example 2
Alternate Design:

Matching Network 24
 Quarter-Wave Transformer
Quarter-Wave Transformer: First consider a real load on a lossless line.
l /4
Note :   d  0 /  r

Z0 Z0T Z L  RL 0  c / f

Zin

 Z L  jZ 0T tan   l    2   
Zin  Z 0T   tan   l   tan  l   tan    
 Z 0T  jZ L tan   l      2
2 2
Z 0T Z 0T
Z in  Hence Z in   real
ZL RL
25
 Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)
l /4

Z0 Z0T Z L  RL

Zin
Example:
2 Z 0  50   
Z
Set Zin  Z0 Hence  Z0 Z L  100   
0T
RL

Z 0T   50 100   70.71   
This gives us Z0T  Z0 RL
26
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Complex
Load
Next, consider a general (complex) load impedance ZL:

Z0 ZL  RL  jX L

We discuss two methods:

(a) Shunt element added to load
(b) Extension line added to load
27
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Complex Load (cont.)
(a) Shunt element added to load
l /4
Z LTOT
Z0 Z0T jBs YL  1/ Z L  GL  jBL

Bs   BL

Shunt (parallel) susceptance Bs is added: Ys  jBs

The shunt element (susceptance) converts the complex load to a real load.
l /4
New model:

Z0 Z0T Z LTOT  1 / GL real

28
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Complex Load
(cont.)
Summary of quarter-wave transformer matching method
(A shunt susceptance is added to the load.)

l /4
jBs

Z0 Z0T YL  GL  jBL

Z 0T  Z 0 / GL
Bs   BL
29
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Complex Load (cont.)
Realization using a shorted stub:
(An open-circuited stub could also be used as the shunt element.)
l /4

Z0 Z0T YL  GL  jBL

Z 0s
Binstub   BL
Y0 s  1/ Z0 s
ls

Z instub  jZ 0 s tan   s ls  Yinstub   jY0 s cot   s ls  Binstub  Y0 s cot   sls 

1
Hence we have: Y0 s cot   s ls    BL ls  cot 1  BL / Y0 s 
s
30
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Complex Load (cont.)
(b) Extension line added to load
l /4 d

Z0 Z0T Z0 ZL

Z in   d 
Extension line
The extension line converts the complex load to a real load.

 We choose the length d to make the input impedance Zin (-d) real.
 We then use a quarter-wave transformer to change the impedance to Z0.
31
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Complex Load (cont.)
Example Z 0  50[]
Z L  50  j 75 []
l /4 d

Z0 Z0T Z0 ZL
Z  Z L / Z0  1  j (1.5)
N
L

Z in  d 
Extension line
32
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Complex Load (cont.)
0.176
Z LN  1  j(1.5)
Z LN
Wavelengths
towards generator
Z inN  d 
0 0.250

d  0.250  0.176 Z inN   d   4.3

d  0.074
 also, SWR  4.3
33
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Complex Load (cont.)

Zin  50 [] l /4 d

Z0  50[] Z0T Z0 ZL  50  j75 []

d  0.074
Zin  215 []

Z inN  d   4.3  Z in   d   50  4.3  215 []

Z0T   50 215 Z0T  103.7[]

34
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Line Extension (cont.)
Summary of Design
l /4 d  0.074
SWR  1.0

Z0  50[] Z0T  103.7[] Z0 ZL  50  j75 []

SWR  2.07 SWR  4.3

Zin  50[] Zin  215 []

Note: On the transformer line, the line  RLT Z 0T  215 

SWR  Max  T ,   2.07
sees a real load RLT, so for the transformer  Z 0 RLT  103.7 
line we have:
35
 Single stub-matching
Parallel configuration short-stub

x
ZL
Short-stub matching Zo

open-stub

x
ZL
Zo
Open-stub matching

d
 Single stub-matching (Example of shunt)
Design two single–stub tuning networks to match a load ZL=15+j10Ω to 50Ω
at 2GHz. The load consists of a resistor and inductor in series. Plot the
reflection magnitude from 1 GHz to 3 GHz for each solution.

Solution by Smith Chart

•Normalized the load zL=0.3+j0.2
•Construct SWR circle and convert load to admittance
•Then move from load to generator to meet a circle (1+jb) to obtain two points i.e y1=1-
j1.33 and y2=1+j1.33.
•The distance d from the load to stub is obtained either of these two points i.e. d1= 0.044l and
d2=0.387l.
• To improve bandwidth, the stub is chosen as close as possible to the load.
•The tuning requires a stub of j1.33 for y1 and –j1.33 for y2.
•For open circuit-stub i1 =0.147l and i2=0.353l.
Single stub-matching (Example of shunt) (Cont..)
0.147 0.353

15 15
50 50 50 50
0.796nH 0.796nH

0.044 0.387
Solution 1 Solution 2

Convert j0.2 to inductance value, thus

Reflection coefficient
0.2  50
L  0.796nH 1

2  2 109 0.8

refl. coeff.
0.6 Solution 1

Use this value to calculate reflection 0.4 Solution 2

0.2
coefficient
Z L  Zo
0


1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Z L  Zo
f (GHz)
 Single-Stub Matching
A parallel (shunt) susceptance is added at a distance d from the load.
d
Note:
The “+” denotes just to the
Y0  1/ Z0 Y0 ZL right of the point z = -d.

Ys  jBs Yin  Gin  jBin Goal: determine d, Bs

1) We choose the distance d so that at this distance from the load

Y  Y0  jB
in

in i.e., G
in  Y0 , or G N
in 1

2) We then choose the shunt susceptance so that Bs   Bin

39
 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
d

Ys  jBs
Y0 ZL


Y  Y0  jB  Yin  Y0  jBin The feeding transmission
in in
line on the left sees a
d perfect match!

Yin  Y0  Zin  Z 0
Y0 Ys  jBs ZL

 
Bs   B

Y  Y0 Y  Y0  jB
in in
in
in
40
 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Realization using a shorted stub
(An open-circuited stub could also be used.)
d
Ys  jBs
Z0 ZL
Z 0s
Z 0s
ls
Goal: Find d and ls.
ls

41
 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
We use the Smith chart as an admittance calculator to determine the distance d.
d

Z0 ZL Note: If desired, we can use

the Smith chart in step # 4 to
find the stub length ls.
Z 0s

ls

1) Convert the load impedance ZL to a load admittance YL.

2) Determine the distance d to make the normalized input conductance equal to 1.0.
3) Determine the required value of Bs to cancel Bin+ (Bs = - Bin+).
4) Determine the stub length ls from the value of Bs.
42
 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Example
Z 0  50 []
Z L  100  j100 []
d

Z0 ZL

Z 0s Z LN  2  j 2

Assume Z0 s  Z0
ls
1
YLN   0.25  j  0.25
2  j2

Z L  Z0 Z  1
N  L  0.62 e j /6  0.62 30o
L   L
Z L  Z0 Z  1
N
L L  0.62 e j /6  0.62 30o
43
 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Solution : Im  0.041  0.178  0.219
Add YsN  - j1.57 at d  0.219 0.041  0.322  0.363
or YsN   j1.57 at d  0.363 0.178
1  j1.57 Use this one

Wavelengths 0.219 Z LN
toward generator

Wavelengths Re 
toward load 0.363
0.041
Note: GinN  1
0.5 - 0.459 = 0.041 YLN Gin  1

0.459 1  j1.57
d  0.219
Smith chart scale:
0.322

44
 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Next, we find the length of the short-circuited stub: BsN  1.57
Rotate clockwise from S/C to desired Bs value. Note:
Im   z  Here we have Z0s = Z0.
Otherwise, we have to be
careful with the
0+j1 normalization (see the note
0+j0.5 0+j2 below).

S/C
Yn  
0+j0
Re 

Note: In general,
0-j0.5 0-j2
BsN    BinN Y0  / Y0 s 0-j1 Y  0  j1.57
N
s
 1.57 Y0 / Y0 s  Admittance calculator 45
 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
From the Smith chart: Admittance chart
ls  0.340  0.250 ls  0.090
Analytically:
Z sshort  jZ 0 s tan   ls 
0 S / C 0.250
 Ysshort   jY0 s cot   ls  O/C

 BsN   cot   ls 
Hence : 0.090
1.57   cot  ls 0  j1.57
1
cot  ls  1.57; tan  ls   0.637
1.57 0.340
2
 ls  ls  tan 1  0.637   0.567 [radians] ls  0.0903
 46
Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Final Design
Zin  50  d d  0.219

Z0 ZL

Z 0s

ls ls  0.0903

47
 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Unmatched 1.62 1+  L  1.62
 L  0.62 e j /6 1.55
 L  0.62
1.0
ZL V z / V 
0.78

0.38 1- L  0.38
z
0
z
z 0.292 0.219 0.042
0.178

0.042 (0.25  0.178 )

Z LN
1.55
0 1.62
0.38 0.250 Crank Diagram
0.78

Recall: The stub is

0.219 located at d = 0.219 
0.397
Recall : V  z  / V   1    z 
48
 Conversion between open circuit and
short circuit
 If open circuit length 𝓁open > 0.25λ
 Then short circuit length 𝓁Short =(𝓁open -0.25λ)
 If open circuit length 𝓁open < 0.25λ
 Then short circuit length 𝓁Short =(𝓁open +0.25λ)
Similarly
 If short circuit length 𝓁Short > 0.25λ
 Then open circuit length 𝓁open =(𝓁Short -0.25λ)
 If short circuit length 𝓁open < 0.25λ
 Then open circuit length 𝓁open =(𝓁Short +0.25λ)
49
 Summary of Methods
Quarter-wave transformer (real load)
Z0T  Z0 RL
Quarter-wave transformer (complex load)

(a) Shunt element (susceptance) (b) Extension line (length d)

Z 0T  Z 0 / GL d  length of extension line

Bs   BL needed to convert load to real value :
Z in  d   Rin

Z 0T  Z 0 Rin
50
 Summary of Methods (cont.)
Single-Stub Matching
d  length of main line needed to convert load admittance to complex value so that :
Yin  d   Y0  jBin  d   in  1
G N

ls  length of stub line needed to obtain desired stub susceptance :

Y stub
in  jBs   jBin  d 

51
 SINGLE STUB TUNING
A matching technique that uses a single open-
circuited or short-circuited length of transmission
line (a "stub"),

A matching circuit connected either in parallel or

in series with the transmission feed line at a certain
distance from the load, as shown in Figure 5.4
 Shunt Stubs
The single-stub shunt tuning circuit is shown in Figure 5.4a.
We will first discuss an example illustrating the Smith chart
solution, and then derive formulas for d and l.
(a) Shunt stub
(b) Series stub
•For a load impedance ZL=60 -j80Ω, design
two single-stub (short circuit) shunt tuning
networks to match this load to a 50Ω line.
Assuming that the load is matched at 2 GHz,
and that the load consists of a resistor and
capacitor in series, plot the reflection
coefficient magnitude from 1 GHz to 3 GHz
for each solution
• The first step is to plot the normalized load impedance
zL= 1.2 - j I .6
• Construct the appropriate SWR circle, and convert to the
load admittance, yL, as shown on the Smith chart in
Figure 5.5a
• The SWR circle intersects the 1+ jb circle at two points,
denoted as y1 and y2 in Figure 5.5a
• Thus the distance d, from the load to the stub, is given by either
of these two intersections
• Solution of
Example5.2.( a)
Smith chartf or the
shunt-stub tuners
• At the two intersection points, the normalized admittances are
y1 = 1.00 + j1.47,
y2 = 1.00 − j1.47.
• Thus, the first tuning solution requires a stub with a
susceptance of −j1.47.
• The length of a short-circuited stub that gives this
susceptance can be found on the Smith chart by
starting at y =∞ (the short circuit) and moving along
the outer edge of the chart (g = 0) toward the generator
to the −j1.47 point. The stub length is then
l1= 0.095λ.
• Similarly, the required short-circuit stub length for the
second solution is
l2 = 0.405λ.
SINGLE-STUB SERIES TUNING
• Match a load impedance of ZL = 100 + j80 to a 50Ω
line using a single series open-circuit stub. Assuming
that the load is matched at 2 GHz and that the load
consists of a resistor and inductor in series, plot the
reflection coefficient magnitude from 1 to 3 GHz.
• First plot the normalized load impedance, zL = 2 + j1.6, and
draw the SWR circle.
• For the series-stub design the chart is an impedance chart.
• Note that the SWR circle intersects the 1 + j x circle at two
points, denoted as z1 and z2 in Figure 5.6a.
• The shortest distance, d1, from the load to the stub is, from
the WTG scale,
d1 = 0.328 − 0.208 = 0.120λ,
• and the second distance is
d2 = (0.5 − 0.208) + 0.172 = 0.463λ.
• The normalized impedances at the two intersection points are
z1 = 1 − j1.33,
z2 = 1 + j1.33.
• Thus, the first solution requires a stub with a reactance of
j1.33.
• The length of an open-circuited stub that gives this reactance
can be found on the Smith chart by starting at z =∞(open
circuit), and moving along the outer edge of the chart (r = 0)
toward the generator to the j1.33 point.
• This gives a stub length of
l1 = 0.397λ.
• Similarly, the required open-circuited stub length for the
second solution is
l2 = 0.103λ.
 Single stub-matching
Serial configuration
Zo ZL
Zo

Short-stub matching
i
d
short-stub

Zo ZL
Zo

Open-stub matching
i
d
open-
stub
 Single stub-matching (Example of series)
Match a load impedance of ZL=100+j80Ω to a 50 Ω line using a single series open-stub.
Assuming the load consists of resistor and inductor in series at 2GHz. Plot the reflection
coefficient from 1 GHz to 3 GHz.

Solution by Smith Chart

•Normalized the load zL=2+j1.6

•Construct SWR circle
•Then move from load to generator to obtain two points on unity circle(1+jx) z1=1-j1.33 and
z2=1+j1.33.
•The distance d from the load to stub is obtained either of these two points i.e. d1= 0.120l and
d2=0.463l.
• To improve bandwidth, the stub is chosen as close as possible to the load.
•The tuning requires a stub of j1.33 for z1 and –j1.33 for z2.
•For open circuit-stub i1 =0.397l and i2=0.103l.
 Continue
0.397  0.103 
0.120 0.463
50 50

100 100

50 50 50

50
6.37nH 6.37nH

Solution 1 Solution 1

Convert j1.6 to inductance value, thus Reflection coefficient

1.6  50
L  6.37nH
1

2  2 10
0.8
9

refl. coeff.
0.6 Solution 1
0.4 Solution 2
Use this value to calculate reflection 0.2

coefficient 0
Z L  Zo 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
 f (GHz)

Z L  Zo
 DISADVANTAGE OF SINGLE-STUB TUNING
The single-stub tuner suffers from the disadvantage of
requiring a variable length of line between the load and
the stub.
This may not be a problem for a fixed matching circuit.
It would probably pose some difficulty if an adjustable
tuner was desired.
The double-stub tuner, which uses two tuning stubs in
fixed positions, can be used
DOUBLE-STUB TUNING
• The double-stub
tuner circuit is
shown in Figure
5.7a, where the
load may be an
arbitrary distance
from the first
stub
DOUBLE-STUB TUNING
The load YL has
been transformed
back to the
position of the
first stub, is easier
to deal with and
does not lose any
generality.
Rotated 1+jb
continue DOUBLE-STUB
circle TUNING
/8
b1 y1

y2’
yL
y1’ b1’ b2’

b2 y2
DOUBLE-STUB TUNING Smith Chart Solution
The susceptance of the first stub, b1 (or b’1, for the
second solution), moves the load admittance to y1 (or y’1).
These points lie on the rotated 1 + jb circle; the amount of
rotation is d wavelengths toward the load, where d is the
electrical distance between the two stubs.
Then transforming y1 (or y’1) toward the generator
through a length d of line leaves us at the point y2 (or y’2),
which must be on the 1 + jb circle.
DOUBLE-STUB TUNING Smith Chart Solution
The second stub then adds a susceptance b2 (or b’2),
which brings us to the center of the chart and completes
the match.
Design a double-stub shunt tuner to match a load
impedance ZL = 60 − j80 to a 50 Ω line. The stubs are to be
open-circuited stubs and are spaced λ/8 apart.
Assuming that this load consists of a series resistor and
capacitor and that the match frequency is 2 GHz, plot the
reflection coefficient magnitude versus frequency from 1
to 3 GHz.
 DOUBLE-STUB TUNING
• Design a double-stub shunt tuner to match a load impedance ZL = 60 − j80Ω
to a 50 Ω line. The stubs are to be open-circuited stubs and are spaced λ/8
apart.
1. Locate yL on smitch chart
2. Move along a constant
conductance circle to reach
point y1 intersecting 900 rotated
g=1 circle (dotted line)
3. Rotate y1 900 to reach point y2
on g=1 circle
4. Move along =1circle to reach 77

g0=1 point
 DOUBLE-STUB TUNING (cont.)
Design 1: Calculation of input
susceptance of open-circuited stubs:
Path (y1-yL)  change in susceptance
=(+jb1)-(+jbL)=j1.714-j0.4=j1.314
Input susceptance of first open-
circuited stubs that is nearer to load
Stubs length (First) = 𝒍𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝝀
Path (y0-y2)  change in susceptance
=(-jb0)-(+jb2) =-j0-(-j3.38)=j3.38
Input susceptance of second
open-circuited stubs 78

Stubs length (Second) = 𝒍𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝝀

 DOUBLE-STUB TUNING (cont.)
Design 2: Calculation of input
susceptance of open-circuited stubs:
Path (y’1-y’L)  change in susceptance
=(+jb1)-(+jbL)=j1.714-j0.4=-j0.114
Input susceptance of first open-
circuited stubs that is nearer to load
Stubs length (First) =𝒍′𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟐𝝀
Path (y0-y’2)  change in susceptance
=(-jb0)-(+jb2)=-j0-(j1.38)=-j1.38
Input susceptance of second
79
open-circuited stubs
Stubs length (Second) = 𝑙′2 = 0.350𝜆
DOUBLE-STUB TUNING

𝑍0 = 50Ω, 𝑍𝐿 = 60 − 𝑗80
𝑦𝐿 = 0.3 + 𝑗0.4, 𝑑 = 𝜆/8 80
 DOUBLE-STUB TUNING

𝑏1 = 1.314 𝑏′1 = −0.114

𝑦2 = 1 − 𝑗3.38 𝑦′2 = 1 + 𝑗3.38
𝑏2 = 3.38 𝑏′2 = −.38
𝑙1 = 0.146𝜆, 𝑙2 = 0.204𝜆 𝑙′1 = 0.482𝜆, 𝑙′2 = 0.350𝜆 81
 DOUBLE-STUB TUNING
The normalized load admittance is yL = 0.3 + j0.4, which is plotted
on the Smith chart of Figure 5.9a.
Next we construct the rotated 1 + jb conductance circle by moving
every point on the g = 1 circle λ/8 toward the load.
We then find the susceptance of the first stub, which can be one of
two possible values:
b1 = 1.314 or b’1= −0.114.
We now transform through the λ/8 section of line by rotating along
a constant radius (SWR) circle λ/8 toward the generator.
This brings the two solutions to the following points:
y2 = 1 − j3.38 or y’2= 1 + j1.38.
DOUBLE-STUB
TUNING
 DOUBLE-STUB TUNING
Then the susceptance of the second stub should be
b2 = 3.38 or b’2= −1.38.
The lengths of the open-circuited stubs are then found as
l1= 0.146λ, l2 = 0.204λ

or l’1= 0.482λ, l’2= 0.350λ.

 This completes both solutions for the double-stub tuner

design.
 Disadvantage of double-stub Matching
The double-stub tuner
cannot match all load
impedances.

The shaded region forms a

forbidden range of load
admittances.
 Triple stub matching and optimization
In triple stub
configuration, the
aim of third stub is
to transform YL
falling in forbidden
region to YLnew
outside the
forbidden region,
so that matching
could be done
easily.
 Triple Stub Tuner:
A disadvantage of double-stub tuner is that it cannot
match all load admittances.
To overcome this problem, triple-stub tuner is used. Stub 1
along with the λ/8 line is used to move the load admittance
out of the forbidden region (transforms load admittance YL
to new admittance Y’L).
Stubs 2 and 3 provide a conventional double-stub tuner for
matching Y’L to the line.
The Stub 1 with the λ/4 length and shorted load are used
so that it appeared as open circuit at input of this line.
 Triple Stub Tuner:
When the load admittance is out of the forbidden
region, then Stubs 1 and 2 provide a conventional
double-stub tuner for matching YL to the line.

The Stub 3 with the λ/4 length and shorted load

are used so that it appeared as open circuit at
input of this line.
Design a double-stub shunt tuner to match a load
admittance YL = (150 − j80)Ω to a 50 Ω line. The
stubs are to be short-circuited stubs and are
spaced λ/8 apart.