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APES Unit 4 Study Guide

The document provides information on Earth systems including the age of Earth, its layers, plate tectonics, earthquakes, plate boundaries, weathering, soil layers and properties, human effects on soil, math problems related to rates and distances, and layers of the atmosphere.

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63 views

APES Unit 4 Study Guide

The document provides information on Earth systems including the age of Earth, its layers, plate tectonics, earthquakes, plate boundaries, weathering, soil layers and properties, human effects on soil, math problems related to rates and distances, and layers of the atmosphere.

Uploaded by

parikhkrish85
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APES Unit 4 Study Guide

Earth System and Resources


● Estimated age is 4.5 Billion Years
● Between 250-300 billion years ago Pangea existed
Earth Layers
● Asthenosphere- the outer part of the mantle
● Lithosphere- outermost layer, consisting of mantle and crust
● Crust- the outermost layer of the lithosphere, where many environmental cycles occur
Theory Of Plate Tectonics
● 1) Continental Drift Theory by Wegner
○ Continents fit like a puzzle
○ Geological and fossils lined up
● 2) Sea Floor Spreading
○ Sonar (sea floor maps) by Hess
○ Magma spilling pushed continents apart
Earthquake
● A sudden movement of the earth's crust caused by the release of potential energy along
geological fault
○ Epicenter- center
○ Richter Scale- measuring system
Plate Boundaries
● Convergent → ←
○ Causes rare but disastrous volcanos
○ high-magnitude earthquakes
● Divergent ← →
○ Slow-moving lava flow
○ frequent low-impact earthquakes and gentle volcanic eruptions
● Transform- plates move sideways past each other
○ low impact earthquakes and rare volcanoes
○ San Andreas Fault
Weathering
● Chemical- break down by chemical reactions
○ Ex: lichen and moss
● Physical- mechanical breakdown
○ Ex: wind and rain
● Erosion- the movement of broken down material from the original location
Soil Layers
● O- organic horizon at the surface
● A- topsoil
● E- zone of leaching
● B- mineral material; little organic matter
● C- bedrock
Soil Properties
● Particle Size
○ Largest to Smallest; sand silt clay
● Porosity
● Permeability
Human Effects on Soil
● Mining (first 4 are subsurface)
1. Strip Mining- strips from the surface and moves down
2. Open Pit Mining- drills down and makes a pit
3. Mountain Top Removal- removes entire mountain top w/explosives
4. Placer Mining- minerals in water
a. Causes dust in the air
b. Water contamination
c. Soil removal
d. Habitat destruction
e. Poor air quality
5. Subsurface- 100m below surface; caves
a. Emissions from fossil fuels
b. Acid drainage into water
c. Habitat destruction
d. Occupational hazard
Math Problem
● Years=Distance/Rate
○ 1 km= 1mm
○ 1 km= 1000m
Layers of Atmosphere
● Troposphere (lowest)
● Stratosphere
● Mesosphere
● Thermosphere
● Etosphere
○ Defined by gas concentration and avg temp
● The density of Air DECREASES as Altitude increases
● Temperature depends on a positive lapse rate.
○ Switches off
○ Trophere is positive and switches off after that

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