1

Stoichiometry and Mole So the relative atomic mass (or

Concept Ar) of sodium = 23.
Definition 1
Relative atomic mass of an Aluminium is given as ²⁷Al. So, its
element is how many times the Ar = 27.
mass of a hydrogen atom goes
into the mass of an atom of Definition 2
that element. The relative formula mass of a
compound is the sum of the
Some definitions use the mass of relative atomic masses of all
a carbon atom for comparison the atoms in the formula of the
instead of a hydrogen atom. Since compound.
the mass of a hydrogen atom is
1/12 of the mass of a carbon Example 2
atom, they use this definition: Find the RFM of:
a) MgCl₂
Relative atomic mass of an b) Na₂O
element is how many times c) Na₂(CO₃)
one-twelfth of the mass of a d) NH₄OH
carbon atom goes into the e) Mg(OH)₂
mass of an atom of that f) CaCO₃
element. g) Cu(NO₃)₂
h) Mg(NO₃)₂
Example 1 i) CuSO₄
On the Periodic Table, the mass of
a sodium atom and the mass of a Solutions
hydrogen atom, and their symbols a) RFM (MgCl₂)
appear as = 24 + (35.5×2)
²³Na and ¹H. = 24 + 71
= 95
Dividing the mass of an atom of
Na by that of H gives
K.H. Exam Prep
23÷1 = 23 times. 53743131
Mar 24, 2024, 1:56 PM
 2

h) RFM of Mg(NO₃)₂ 6.02×10²³ (or Avogadro's

= 24 + (14+(16×3))×2 constant).
= 24 + (14+48)×2
= 24 + 62×2 This number is called a constant
= 24 + 124 because it remains the same for
= 148 any mass that is equal to the Ar of
an element.
Exercise 1
Find the rest of the RFM's in the Exercise 2
above example. Complete the table.
Element Ar Number of
Note atoms
Many times you will see the term
₂₀Ca⁴⁰ 40 6.02×10²³
relative molecular mass (Mr) being
used instead of relative formula ₁₉K³⁹ 6.02×10²³
mass.
₁₆S³² 32

Counting the number of atoms ₈O¹⁶

The Ar of sodium is 23. If we
measured 23g of sodium, and Did you know?
then counted the number of atoms 2 shoes are called a pair of shoes.
it has we would find that there are 12 boxes of milk are called a
602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 dozen.
of them. 30 eggs are called a tray.
3 goals scored by the same person
In standard form, there are in one match are called a
6.02×10²³ atoms. This number is hattrick.
called Avogadro's constant.
Definition 3
The Ar of magnesium is 24. So if 6.02×10²³ atoms of an element
we measured 24g of magnesium are called a mole of that element.
and counted the atoms in it, how
many would there be?
 3

(A mole always contains the f) Sodium oxide are in 31g of

same number of grams as the sodium oxide?
Ar of that element.) g) Sodium are in 92g of
sodium?
6.02×10²³ molecules of a
compound are called a mole of Solutions
that compound. a) Ar of oxygen is 16
(A mole always contains the So n=m/Ar
same number of grams as the =16/16
Mr of that compound.) =1 mole

Changing mass to moles f) Mr of sodium oxide (Na₂O)

For an element: = (23×2) + 16
number of moles = given mass = 62
over Ar So n=m/Mr
Or =31/62
For a compound: =0.5 moles
number of moles = given mass
over Mr Exercise 3
Calculate the rest of the number
Example 3 of moles in the above example.
Given that the Ar of:
O is 16 and Na is 23; Percentage composition by
how many moles of: mass
a) Oxygen are in 16g of The formula of carbon dioxide is
oxygen? CO₂.
b) Sodium are in 23g of Carbon dioxide consists of two
sodium? elements: carbon and oxygen.
c) Sodium oxide are in 62g of
sodium oxide? How much of the mass of carbon
d) Oxygen are in 32g of dioxide comes from oxygen?
oxygen?
e) Oxygen are in 4g of oxygen?
 4

Solution Solution
Mr of CO₂ = 12 + (16×2) 2Mg+O₂➞2MgO
= 44 0.24g 0.16g 0.40g
12g ?
(16×2)g = 32g come from oxygen
Cross multiplying:
% mass of oxygen mass of MgO
= (32/44)×100% = (12×0.40)/0.24
= 20g
= 72.7%

Example 5
Exercise 4
36g of coal (or carbon) reacts with
Calculate the percentage mass of:
96g of oxygen to form 132g of
a) Carbon in CO₂
carbon dioxide (CO₂). What is the
b) Nitrogen in ammonia (NH₃)
mass of oxygen required to react
c) Nitrogen in ammonium with carbon to form 44g of CO₂?
hydroxide (NH₄OH)
d) Nitrogen in ammonium Solution
nitrate (NH₄NO₃) C+O₂➞CO₂
e) Hydrogen in methane (CH₄)
36g 96g 132g

Calculating reacting masses ? 44g

We can use the masses of Cross multiplying:
elements reacting to form a mass of oxygen
compound to determine the mass = (96×44)/132
of the compound formed. = 32g

Example 4 Exercise 5
0.24g of magnesium reacts with 1. 42.5g of ammonia gas (NH₃)
0.16g of oxygen to produce 0.40g was produced from 35g of
of magnesium oxide (MgO). How nitrogen. How many grams
much magnesium oxide will be of nitrogen are required to
produced from burning 12g of produce 17g of ammonia
magnesium? gas?
 5

2. 80g of methane (CH₄) are Solution

produced by reacting 60g of Filling in the masses from the
carbon and 20g of hydrogen. balanced equation in the table
How many grams of CaCO₃(s)→CaO(s)+CO₂(g)
hydrogen will be required to 40+12 40+16 12+(16×2)
produce 4g of methane? +(16×3) =46 =44
3. A 16g sample of copper (II) =100
oxide (CuO) contains 12.8g
20.0 ?
of Cu.
a. Find the mass of Cross multiplying:
oxygen in this sample. mass of CaO
b. What percentage of = (20×46)/100
this sample by mass is = 9.2g
oxygen?
c. If 40g of copper reacts Example 7
with oxygen, how Calculate the mass of magnesium
many grams of CuO oxide formed when 3.0g of
will be formed? magnesium burns in excess
oxygen.
Masses from chemical
equations Solution
Example 6 Filling in the masses from the
Calcium carbonate decomposes balanced equation in the table
when it is heated according to the 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
balanced equation (2×24) (2×16) 2(24+16)
CaCO₃(s) → CaO(s) + CO₂(g) =48 =32 =80
3.0 ?
Calculate the mass of calcium
oxide, CaO, that is produced when Cross multiplying:
20.0g of calcium carbonate, mass of MgO
CaCO₃, is heated until there is no = (3×80)/48
= 5.0g
further change.
[3 marks]
 6

Exercise 6 b. V = n×24 = 0.5×24

1- Calculate the mass of oxygen = 12dm³
needed to burn 20g of methane. 2. 88g of gas;
(The equation has been balanced 3. 11g of gas;
for you.) 4. 660g of gas.
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
Reacting volumes of gas
2- Calculate the mass of copper Methane (CH₄) burns in excess
(II) sulphate formed when 5.0g of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
copper (II) oxide reacts with and water as shown in the
excess sulphuric acid. (The equation
equation has been balanced for CH₄(g)+O₂(g)→CO₂(g)+H₂O(g)
you.)
CuO + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + H₂O Calculate the volume of carbon
dioxide (CO₂) produced from
Relating volume of gas to moles burning 40g of methane (CH₄).
Did you know that 1 mole of every
gas occupies a volume of 24dm³ Solution
at r.t.p.? Meaning: Filling in the masses from the
● 2 moles of gas occupy balanced equation in the table
V = 2×24 = 48dm³. CH₄(g)+O₂(g)→CO₂(g)+H₂O(g)
● 3 moles of gas occupy CH₄ CO₂
V = 3×24 = 72dm³. 12+(1×4) 12+(2×16)
● In general, =16 =44
Vg = n × 24dm³
40 ?
Exercise 7 Cross multiplying:
Calculate the volume of carbon mass of CO₂
dioxide at r.t.p. for each of the = (40×44)/16
following masses of gas: = 110g
1. 22g of gas; n=m/Mr Vg=n×24
a. n = mass/Mr =110/44 =2.5×24
= 22/44 =2.5 moles =60 dm³
= 0.5 moles
 7

Exercise 8 Concentration
1- Calculate the volume of oxygen = mass of solute/volume of
(O₂) at r.t.p. to burn 1.4g of butene solution
(C₄H₈) if they react according to = 50/5
the following balanced equation = 10 g/dm³
C₄H₈(g)+6O₂(g)→4CO₂(g)+4H₂O(g)
b) If another 50g sample of the
2- What is the volume of oxygen same salt forms 500 cm³ we can
(O₂) needed to react with 20 cm³ write
of ethane (C₂H₆)? Use the
following balanced chemical V = 500/1000 = 0.5 dm³
reaction
2C₂H₆(g)+7O₂(g)→4CO₂(g)+6H₂O(g) Concentration
= m of solute/V of solution
3- What volume of steam (H₂O(g)) = 50/0.5
is produced in question 2? = 100 g/dm³

Concentration So the second salt solution is

Concentration is used to compare more concentrated than the first.
the amount of solute dissolved to
the amount of solution. For Calculating concentration in
example, a salt solution is more mol/dm³
concentrated if there are more Calculate the concentration in
grams of salt dissolved in water. mol/dm³ of the following solutions
of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The
Concentration can be calculated in Mr of NaOH is 40.
g/dm³ or in mol/dm³. a) 2g in 100 cm³
b) 25g in 500 cm³
Calculating concentration in c) 1g in 10 cm³.
g/dm³
a) If 50g of a salt dissolves in
water to form 5dm³ of salt solution
we can write
 8

Solution NaOH H₂SO₄

a) V = 100/1000 = 0.1 dm³ 2 1

n=m/Mr V=20/1000
= 2/40 =0.02 dm³
= 0.05 moles
? n=C×V
=0.2×0.02
Conc. = n/V =0.004 moles
=0.05/0.1
=0.5 mol/dm³ Cross multiplying:
n of NaOH
b) …….. = (2×0.004)/1
c) …….. = 0.008 moles

Exercise 9 V=n/C
Finish up the calculations of =0.008/0.16
concentration in the above =0.05 dm³
example.
Exercise 10
Using a balanced chemical 1- 25 cm³ sodium carbonate,
equation concentration 0.1 mol/dm³, was
Calculate the volume of sodium neutralized by 31.0 cm³ of
hydroxide, concentration 0.16 hydrochloric acid. Calculate the
mol/dm³, needed to neutralize 20 concentration of the acid in
cm³ of sulphuric acid, mol/dm³.
concentration 0.2 mol/dm³ if the Na₂CO₃+2HCl→2NaCl+CO₂+H₂O
balanced chemical equation is as
follows
2NaOH + H₂SO₄→Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O

Solution
Filling in the moles from the
balanced equation in the table
2NaOH + H₂SO₄→Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O
 9

Solution 3- Aluminium sulfate and sodium

Filling in the moles from the hydroxide react according to the
balanced equation in the table following unbalanced equation:
Na₂CO₃+2HCl→2NaCl+CO₂+H₂O 6NaOH+Al₂(SO₄)₃→3Na₂SO₄+2Al(
OH)₃
Na₂CO₃ HCl
1 2 (i) Calculate the relative formula
mass of aluminium sulfate.
V=25/1000 [Ar: Al, 27; S, 32; O, 16]
=0.025 dm³
(ii) 700g of aluminium sulfate was
n=C×V ?
=0.1×0.025 used. Calculate the mass of
=0.0025 moles aluminium hydroxide that would be
produced.
Cross multiplying:
n of HCl
= (0.0025×2)/1 4- Some students reacted 0.1g of
= 0.005 moles magnesium with excess
hydrochloric acid.
V=31/1000=0.031 dm³ a) Balance this equation for the
reaction
C=n/V _Mg + _HCl→_MgCl₂+_H₂
=0.005/0.031
b) Calculate the volume of
=0.16 mol/dm³
hydrogen gas produced.

2- 50 cm³ of sulphuric acid of Determining limiting reactants

concentration 0.2 mol/dm³ is used in chemical reactions
with an excess of sodium When two substances are reacted
hydroxide. together, the substance that gets
2NaOH+H₂SO₄→Na₂SO₄+2H₂O used up first and causes the
reaction to stop is called the
Calculate the mass of sodium limiting reagent. The other
sulphate produced, showing your substance that remains is said to
working. be in excess.
[RFM: H₂SO₄; 98, Na₂SO₄; 142]
 10
K.H. Exam Prep
53743131
Example 8 Solution Mar 24, 2024, 2:04 PM

1- 5.6g of iron, Fe, and 4.0g of 2S + 3O₂ → 2SO₃

sulfur, S, are mixed together and moles S Moles moles O₂ Moles
heated. The equation for the n=m/Ar SO₃ n=m/Ar SO₃
reaction is: = 32/32 32/(16×2)
=1 =1
Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS(s)

Deduce which substance is the 2 2 3 2

limiting reactant. Cross multiplying Cross multiplying
Moles of SO₃ Moles of SO₃
produced produced
Solution = (1×2)/2 = (1×2)/3
1Fe(s) + 1S(s) → 1FeS(s) =1 = 0.67
moles Fe Moles moles S Moles
n=m/Ar FeS n=m/Ar FeS The moles of O₂ produce fewer
= 5.6/56 = 4.0/32
moles of the product (SO₃). So
= 0.10 = 0.125
O₂ is the limiting reactant.

1 1 1 1
Exercise 11
Cross multiplying Cross multiplying Determine the limiting reagent in
Moles of FeS Moles of FeS
each of the following reactions:
produced produced
= (0.10×1)/1 = (0.125×1)/1 a) Consider the reaction
= 0.10 = 0.125 between 5 moles of
aluminium metal and 5
The moles of Fe produce fewer moles of hydrochloric acid to
moles of the product (FeS). So produce hydrogen gas.
Fe is the limiting reactant. 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl₃ + 3H₂
b) 3.5g of zinc metal reacts
2- 32g of sulfur is burned to react with 2.5g of hydrochloric
with 32g of oxygen to produce acid to produce zinc chloride
sulfur trioxide. and hydrogen gas, as shown
2S + 3O₂ → 2SO₃ _Zn + _HCl → _ZnCl₂ + _H₂
Balance the chemical
Determine the limiting reagent. equation before determining
the limiting reactant.
 © UCLES 2009
DATA SHEET
The Periodic Table of the Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII 0
1 4
H He
Hydrogen Helium
1 2

7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton

publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
16

85 88 89 91 93 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Tin Antimony Tellurium Xenon

0652/02/O/N/09
Indium Iodine
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

226 227
Fr Ra Ac

Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

www.xtremepapers.net
Francium Radium Actinium
87 88 89

140 141 144 150 152 157 159 162 165 167 169 173 175
*58-71 Lanthanoid series
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
90-103 Actinoid series Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
a a = relative atomic mass 232 238
Key X X = atomic symbol Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
b b = proton (atomic) number 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

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