Kingdom Plantae Edited

Plant shows a life cycle where
gametophyte generation and

sporophyte generation are
alternate.
Gametophyte generation:
multicellular haploid (n) organism
that gives rise to haploid male and
female gametes by mitosis
Sporophyte generation:
multicellular diploid (2n) organism
that gives rise to haploid spores by
meiosis
Non vascular plants: Most lack of vascular tissues
(xylem and phloem) for transport and support.
No true roots, stems, leaves.
Some have specialized conducting tissues to
transport water and organic compounds but the
cell walls lack of lignin.
Habitat: moist and shady places
Dominant generation is gametophyte: Large in size,
long life span
Sporophytes generation is smaller in size, short life
span, depend on gametophytes for nutrient and
water (gametophytes are able to carry out
photosynthesis)
Gametophytes consist of only one or a few cell(s) thick.

So, all cells are located close to water and dissolved minerals (provide
large surface area to increase absorption of water and minerals)
Most grow close to the ground, support by rhizoids.

Anchor the bryophytes to substratum.
Do not play a primary role in water and mineral
absorption – lack of specialized conducting cells.
Watery medium is needed for both asexual and

sexual reproductions.
In asexual reproduction: dispersal of gemmae from
gemma cup needs.
watery medium/raindrops (e.g. Marchantia sp.)
In sexual reproduction: biflagellated sperm cells
need watery medium to swim to archegonia.
Haploid gametophytes produce the gametangium.

Haploid gametes are produced and developed within gametangium.
Two types of gametangium:
✎ Archegonium (female gametangium)
- Produce an egg cell @ oosphere
✎ Antheridium (male gametangium)
- Produce large numbers of biflagellated sperm cells @ antherozoid
Habitat: most common in damp (moist) places.
Seedless plants (do NOT produce seeds)
Have simple, lignified vascular tissues (to transport water and nutrients /
minerals and provide mechanical support).
- have lignified phloem and xylem but, vascular tissues is not well
developed /non complex vascular system
Sporophyte has true roots, stems and leaves
Has stomata that allow gaseous exchange and transpiration
Sporophyte has adventitious roots
Sporophyte has water proof cuticle
Reproduction:
Fertilization is fully dependent on watery medium (the flagellated sperm
cells must swim through a film of water to reach the egg cell)
Pteridophytes reproduce sexually by producing spores for dispersion
Dominant generation is sporophyte

- Because large in size and long life span
Gametophyte is small in size and free
living.
Young sporophyte dependent on
gametophyte for nutrition.
Matured sporophyte is not dependent on
gametophyte for nutrition because it can
carry out photosynthesis.
Most are heterosporous,

some homosporous
✎ Homosporous
- Has one type of sporangium that
produces ONE type of spore.
E.g. Lycopodium sp. and
Dryopteris sp.
✎ Heterosporous
- Has two types of sporangia that
produce TWO types of spore
(microspore and megaspore)
E.g. Selaginella sp.
Seed-bearing plants
- seed is NOT enclosed in an ovary (‘naked seed’)
- seeds are exposed on sporophyll
Do NOT produce fruits because have NO ovary
All are heterosporous
Complex, lignified vascular plants

- Xylem: only have tracheids, with NO vessel element (xylem vessel)
- Phloem: only contain sieve tube, with NO companion cells
Pollination agent is wind
Water is NOT needed for sexual reproduction because
- sperm cell do NOT swim (non-motile)
- sperm cell are conveyed to egg cell by pollen tube
Most have cones on which sporangium develop

- Cones consist of closely packed
sporophylls
Some have with thick cuticles (to conserve
water) needle-shape leaves
Gametophyte generation is reduced (microscopic)
and depend on sporophyte (for nutrients)
Seed plants
- Seeds are enclosed in ovary
Complex, lignified vascular plants
- Xylem contain vessels element and tracheids
- Phloem contain companion cells and sieve tubes
Heterosporous
- gametophyte reduced (microscopic) and depend on sporophyte (for
nutrition)
- gametophyte of angiosperms: pollen grain / embryo sac
Do NOT require water for fertilization

- sperm cells are non-motile
- pollen tube help sperm cells to reach the egg cell
Undergoes double fertilization & after double fertilization:

- ovary develops into fruit
- ovule develops into seed
- seed consist of diploid embryo
- seed is enclosed by seed coat (derive from integuments of ovule)
- fruit protect seed and aid in dispersal
Sexual reproductive structure is flower

- Flowers are bright in colors, scented, offer pollen or nectar as food
- Pollination by several agents: insects, animals (instead of wind)
Bryophytes:
- Small in size
- Have NO true roots, stems, leaves
Pteridophytes:
- Large in size compared with bryophytes
- Have true roots, stems, leaves
Gymnosperms & Angiosperms:
- The largest size compared with bryophytes and pteridophytes
(most are woody plants and very tall)
Bryophytes & Pteridophytes:

-Gametophytes are macroscopic (visible to naked eye)
- Gametophytes are microscopic
Bryophytes:
- Non vascular plants (absence of vascular tissues)
- Have NO true roots, stems, leaves
Pteridophytes:
- Vascular plants (presence of simple, lignified vascular tissues)
- Vascular plants (presence of complex, lignified vascular tissues)
Bryophytes:
- Dominant generation is gametophyte
Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms & Angiosperms:
- Dominant generation is sporophyte
Bryophytes:
- Sporophytes depend on gametophytes (in obtaining nutrients)
- Gametophyte is free living and carry out photosynthesis
Pteridophytes:
- Gametophyte is independent (free-living and carry out photosynthesis)
- Young sporophyte depend on gametophyte
- Matured sporophyte is independent
- Gametophytes depend on sporophytes (in obtaining nutrients)
- Gametophyte is surrounded and protected by tissue of sporophyte

- Water is needed (because flagellated sperm cells are motile @ can swim)
- Water is NOT needed because sperm cells are non motile

- Female gametophyte (archegonium) protects the embryo
- Sporophyte protects the embryo (from drought @ desiccation and
harmful UV radiation)

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Plant shows a life cycle where

gametophyte generation and

Gametophytes consist of only one or a few cell(s) thick.

Most grow close to the ground, support by rhizoids.

Watery medium is needed for both asexual and

Haploid gametophytes produce the gametangium.

Dominant generation is sporophyte

Most are heterosporous,

Complex, lignified vascular plants

Most have cones on which sporangium develop

Do NOT require water for fertilization

Undergoes double fertilization & after double fertilization:

Sexual reproductive structure is flower

Bryophytes & Pteridophytes:

Bryophytes & Pteridophytes:

Bryophytes & Pteridophytes:

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