1.

Storage and transport; digestive function in plants cells store nutrients and water on which a cell
can rely for its survival. Vacuoles and vesicles
2. Oxides and breaks down fatty acid and amino acid and detoxifies. Peroxisomes
3. An specified role in cell division in animal cells, organizing central of microtubules. Centrosomes
4. Maintains cell shape secure organelles on specific position allows cytoplasm and vesicles to
move within the cells and enables unicellular organisms to move independently. Cytoskeleton
5. Where DNA is located. Nucleoid
6. Cell’s organelles that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. Nucleus
7. The definite stages of growth duplication and division that cells undergo. Cell cycle
8. The cycle of alternating stages of division and rest from division. The cell cycle
9. Determine the phase. Interphase 1

10. Synapsis and crossing over occurs. Prophase 1

11. Tetrads line up on the plate. Metaphase 1

12. Homologous pairs separate. Anaphase 1

13. Telophase 1

14. Cytokinesis 1

15. Importance of cell division. Growth and development: Cell replacement, Asexual reproduction

16. The nucleus and the nuclear envelope are distinct and the chromosomes are in the form of
thread like chromatin. Interphase

17. The chromosome appear condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent. Prophase

18. Thick, coiled chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell on the ____ plate. Spindle fibers
are attached to the chromosomes. Metaphase

19. The chromosomes have seperated and are moving towards the poles. Anaphase

20. The chromosomes are at the poles, and are becoming more diffuse. The nuclear
envelope is reforming. The cytoplasm may be dividing. Telophase

21. Anaphase
22. Interphase

23. Metaphase

24. Prophase

25. Telophase
26. Cytokinesis

27. If our organisms diploid number is 12 its haploid number is.. 6

28. Composed of nerve cells or neurons and glial cells. Nervous

29. Result of oogenesis. 3 polar bodies and 1 ovum

30. He discovered the box like structures of cells using a microscope. Robert Hooke

31. Cell membranes are constructed of mainly of. Lipid bilayer

32. Which of the following is not a postulate of a unified cell theory. All cells undergo
complete development

33. Virus cell are not … considered because they lack.. not made up of cells

34. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of blank. 4 different daughter cells

35. Which of the following statements a lot, eukaryotic cells is incorrect. Eukaryotic cells
are smaller than prokaryotic cells

36. Which of the following sequence.. herarchy … from the most inclusive to least
inclusive. Organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle

37. You carefully cut a part of the epidermis of the top of the leaf what will happen to the
leaf. It will regenerate live

38. What connective tissue is made up of plasma… RBC … WBC … Blood

Give the three main components of plant and animal cell – Nucleus, Cytoplasm and
plasma membrane
Separate cell from external environment controls passage of organic molecules, ions,
water, oxygen and wastes into and at of the cell. Plasma/Cell membrane

Protection, structural support and maintenance of cell shape. Mostly found in the plant
cell. Cell wall

Provides structure to cell, site of many metabolic reactions; medium in which

organelles are found. Cytoplasm
 ATP (Adenoise triphosphate) production or cellular respiration are membrane- bound
cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s
biochemical reactions. Mitochondria

Modifies proteins and synthesis lipids; the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell:
made up of two submits rough and smooth. ER- Endoplasmic Reticulum

Protein synthesis; links amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of
messenger RNA; consists of two major components small and large. Ribosomes

Digestion of macromolecules; recycling or worn out organelles; contains digestive

enzynes; breaks down excess cell parts; maybe used to destroy including viruses or
bacteria. Lysosomes

Modifies, sorts, tags, packages and distributs lipids and proteins. Golgi apparatus

QUIZBEE

To see/view stuff that are not seen in our naked eye. Microscope

Basic unit of life. Cell

Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of protein. Nucleus

Stage of the cell cycle where DNA is being replicated. S phase

Difference of cell- plant cell- animal cells. Cell plate/cell wall

Meiosis produces eggcell in ovaries called oogenesis what is the term for production of
sperm in testes. Spermatogenesis

Phase in meiosis in which synapsis and “crossing over” happens. Prophase 1

Longest phase of the cell cycle. Interphase

How do cells arise from existing cells. Reproduction

Big difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have no internal

membrane (no membrane bound)

If a cell has a cell membrane it is a.. either prokaryotic or eukaryotic

During normal mitotis cell division a parent cell having 4 chromosomes will produce 2
daughter cells, how many chromosomes will the daughter cells will have. 4
chromosomes

 Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis.. IPMAT (Interphase, prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Which of the following best describes cell modifications are specialization or modification
reacquired by a cell after cell division

Thread like structure that contain genetic information. Chromosomes

Type of tissue that is commonly seen outside the body as lining or protection. Epithelial tissue

 Sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gamets

(the sex cell, or egg and sperm) Meiosis
 Cell replicates its chromosomes, producing two identical nucleus, for growth and to
replace worn out cells. Mitosis
 Makes body cells such as skin cell, and stomach cell. Mitosis
 This makes sex cells (gametes), sperm and egg cell. Meiosis
 2 sets of chromosomes Diploid
 Chromosomes get duplicated. Interphase
 Acronym of PMAT. Prophase , Metaphase, anaphase telophase
 Homologous pairs, they have same sizes, and will exchange genetic information.
Meiosis
 Two identical diploid cell Mitosis
 Have non-identical gametes. Meiosis
 How many chromosomes does a human have? 46

PROKARYOTIC VS EUK
ARYOTIC CELLS
Animal cell – irregular/round shape
Plant cell- Angular/regular shape; cell wall, chloroplast

Eukaryotic- have distinct nucleus

Prokaryotic- don’t have a nucleus

HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
 Cell
 Tissue
 Organ
 Organ system
 Organisms

Cell modifications are specialization or modification reacquired by a cell after cell division.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
This type of tissue is commonly seen outside the body as coverings or as linings of organs and
cavities

cuboidal—for secretion
•simple columnar—brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active absorption
•simple squamous—plate-like cells; for exchange of material through diffusion
•stratified squamous—multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection
•pseudo-stratified columnar—single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of varying height; for
lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell modification that sweeps the mucus).

. Connective tissue- these tissues are composed of the following:

BLOOD —made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix); contains water, salts, and dissolved
proteins; erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense (WBC), and platelets for blood
clotting.
•CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)—made up of loose connective tissue that is found in the skin and
fibrous connective tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments. Adipose
tissues are also examples of loose connective tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the body
and

CARTILAGE —characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes are the
cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Cartilage functions as cushion between bones.
•BONE —mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts which deposit
collagen. The matrix of collagen is combined with calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions to make the
bone hard. Blood vessels and nerves are found at a central canal surrounded by concentric circles of
osteons.

Muscle Tissue—These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow the body to
move voluntary or involuntary. Movement of muscles is a response to signals coming from nerve cells. In
vertebrates, these muscles can be categorized into the following:
•• skeletal—striated; voluntary movements
•• cardiac—striated with intercalated disk for synchronized heart contraction; involuntary
•• smooth—not striated; involuntary

Nervous Tissue—These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells that function as
support cells.

Neurons- basic units of the nervous system.

Glia- helps nourish, insulate, and replenish

OTHER CELL MODIFICATION

 MICROVILLI- our small intestine

 CILIA- Are the slender protuberances
 FLAGELLA- Lash-like appendage

PLANT TISSUES
Most of the plant parts are tissues with dead cellsbecause tissues provide mechanical strength to the
plant.

Cells of some tissues are alive.

•In plants, growth takes place in some parts, so these parts contains tissue having continuously dividing
cells.

TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES

the meristematic tissues - found within the growing regions of the plant.)

Classification of Meristematic Tissue

•Based on Origin and development
•Based on Location in plant body
And the permanent tissues- formed from meristematic tissues. These tissues do not divide and contain
permanent shape and size. The two types of permanent tissues are simple permanent
tissue and complex permanent tissue.

Types of permanent tissue

•simple permanent tissue
•complex permanent tissue

 Parenchyma- tissue has loosely packed thin walled cells.

O intercellular space is found.
O some parenchyma contain chlorophyll i.e. chlorenchyma of leaves,
involved in photosynthesis.
O some parenchyma contain large air cavities like aerenchyma of
hydrophytes that help the plant to float on
water arenchym chlorenchyma

Collenchyma- this tissue is composed of elongated cells with less

intercellular space.
O the cell walls of cells
Are thicker at corner due to presence of lignin.
O this tissue gives flexibility to the parts of the plant and allows easy
bending.
O this tissue also provide mechanical support to the small parts of
plants

Sclerenchyma- this tissue is composed of long narrow dead thick walled

cells.
O the cell wall contains lignin which provides hardness to them.
O no intercellular space is there in sclerenchyma.
O this tissue provide hardness and strength to the parts of plant like
Wall of wall-nut, seed coat etc.

Fundamental
Tissues of plants:
  Collenchyma
 Sclerenchyma
 Parenchyma

The complex tissues in a plant handle moving

nutrients and water to the leaves, whereas
removing the product of chemical processes
from the leaves.

Xylem is a plant tissue specially designed

for delivering water and nutrients

The phloem is composed of a variety of

different cell types which work
Together to produce a continual
interconnected passageway connecting
cells of the plant. The phloem,
Rather than bringing water up from the
roots, needs to carry sugar down to the
roots and stems.
Flow of water, minerals and product
of photosynthesis through xylem
and phloem

Postulates of cell theory

cell
is the basic morphological and physiological
unit of life.

abiotic factors refer to all the non-living chemical and physical factors present in the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and lithosphere.

biotic factors relate to all the living

proponents of cell theory

•theodor schwann
•matthias schleiden
•rudolph virchow

Schwann and Schleiden

1. All ORGANISMS are made up of ONE or MORE cells

Schwann and Schleiden
2. Cells are the BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL UNIT in all
ORGANISMs.
Schwann and Schleiden
3. Cells form by free cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation).

Virchow
4. All cells come from CELLS that already EXIST.
Schwann and Schleiden; Virchow
•All ORGANISMS are made up of ONE or MOREcells.
•Cells are the BASIC UNIT of STRUCTURE and FUNCTION in all ORGANISMs.
•All cells come from CELLS that already EXIST.
 RECAP ABOUT CELL MEMBRANE

plasma membranes are selectively permeable—they allow some substances to pass through, but not
others

Plasma membranes must allow certain substances to enter and leave a cell, and prevent some
harmful materials from entering and some essential materials from leaving.

PassiveTransport is a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert
any of its energy to accomplish the movement. In passive transport, substances move from
an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. A physical space in which
there is a range of concentrations of a single substance is said to have a concentration
gradient.
Passive transport: Diffusion
Diffusion is a passive process of transport. A single substance tends to move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across a space.

Passive transport: Facilitated Diffusion

In Facilitated Diffusion , materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane
proteins. A concentration gradient exists that would allow these materials to diffuse into the cell without
expending cellular energy

Passive transport: Osmosis

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Since it is diffusion, it
depends on the concentration gradient, or the amount of water on each side of the membrane.

TONICITY AND OSMOLARITY

Tonicity describes how an extracellular solution can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis. A
solution’s tonicity often directly correlates with the osmolarity of the solution. Osmolarity describes the
total solute concentration of the solution.

Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the
osmolarity of the extracellular fluid.
prefix hypo- (“lower”) means that the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes, or a
lower osmolarity, than the cell cytoplasm.

Active transport mechanisms

require the use of the cell’s energy, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The combined gradient of concentration and electrical charge that affects an ion is called
its electrochemical gradient.

Vesicle Transport
 Some molecules or particles are just too large to pass through the plasma membrane or to move
through a transport protein.
So cells use two other active transport processes to move these macromolecules (large
molecules) into or out of the cell. Vesicles or other bodies in the cytoplasm move macromolecules or
large particles across the plasma membrane.

Vesicle Transport
There are two types of vesicle transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.

Endocytosis
is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the
cell membrane.

Phagocytosis
or cellular eating, occurs when the dissolved materials enter the cell.

Pinocytosis
or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing
dissolved substances to enter the cell.

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also known as ‘Clathrin-mediated endocytosis’, is a

process by which bulk of specific molecules like metabolites, vitamins, hormones, proteins, and also
viruses (in some cases) get imported into a cell through binding to a receptor present on the cell surface.
Exocytosis
describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents
to the outside of the cell, as shown in Figure below.