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CONDITIONALS

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CONDITIONALS

Conditional sentences tell us a condition (if …)* and its

consequence.

The tenses we use depend on:

✔ whether the condition and its consequence are possible,
unlikely or imaginary.
✔ whether they are generally true or are linked to a particular
event.

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ZERO CONDITIONAL

We use this to state general truths.

• If means the same as when in zero conditional sentences:

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FIRST CONDITIONAL

We use this for a condition which we believe is possible.

• We use a present tense after if even though we are very often

referring to a future possibility:

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FIRST CONDITIONAL

• Future possibility:

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FIRST CONDITIONAL

• If does not mean the same as when in sentences like these:

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SECOND CONDITIONAL

We use this for an imaginary condition, which we believe to be impossible or very

improbable.
• We use the past tense after if even though we are referring to the present or
future:

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SECOND CONDITIONAL

We use the past tense after if even though we are referring to the
present or future:

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SECOND CONDITIONAL

We often use were instead of was in the if clause, especially when we

write.

• It is more formal.

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THIRD CONDITIONAL

We use this to talk about past events which cannot be changed, so we

know that the condition is impossible and its consequence is
imaginary

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THIRD CONDITIONAL

We know that the condition is impossible and its

consequence is imaginary

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MIXED CONDITIONALS

We sometimes meet sentences which contain a mixture of second and third

conditionals because of their particular context:

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OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING IF

Unless means ‘if not’ and is used with the present tense to talk about a
condition in the present or future:

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OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING IF

In case shows that an action is taken to prepare for a possible event or situation.
We use the present tense after in case when we explain that a present action
prepares us for a future event:

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OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING IF

• In case does not mean the same as if. Compare:

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PROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT
AND AS/SO LONG AS
These expressions are used with a present tense to talk about the
future.
• They have a similar meaning to if:

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I WISH AND IF ONLY

I wish and if only are both used to express a wish for something. They have
the same meaning, but if only is less common and is usually stronger.

• Wish / if only + the past simple is used when we express a wish about a
present situation:

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I WISH AND IF ONLY

Wish / if only + the past perfect is used when we express a wish or regret
about the past.

• It’s like the third conditional – the event can’t be changed:

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I WISH AND IF ONLY

Wish / if only + would is used when we express a wish

• for something to happen now or in the future:

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I WISH AND IF ONLY

Wish / if only + would is used when we express a wish

• for someone to do something (often when we are

annoyed):

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I WISH AND IF ONLY

Notice the difference between I hope + will and I wish + would when
talking about the future:

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OTHERWISE AND OR ELSE

• These words mean ‘because if not’:

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COMPARATIVES

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COMPARATIVES

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COMPARATIVES

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COMPARATIVES

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THE…THE + COMPARATIVES

• Comparison and contrast are expressed by the use of the…the… with

comparative adjectives in parallel clauses.
• This structure is used to show proportionate increase or decrease.

the + comparative adjective + clause + the + comparative adjective + clause

The more adventurous it is, the more I like it.

(NOT The more it is adventurous, the more I like it.)

The less I see him, the more I like him.

The more he reads, the less he understands.

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