CHAPTER 1

BASIC/CIRCUIT LAWS
1. The current flowing through a heating
element is 5 A when a pd of 35 V is
applied across it. Find the resistance of
the element. [7 Ω]
2. A 60 W electric light bulb is connected
FIGURE 1.2 Electric circuit
to a 240 V supply. Determine (a) the for Problem 5
current flowing in the bulb and (b) the 6. For the networks shown in Figure 1.3,
resistance of the bulb. [(a) 0.25 A (b) find the values of the currents marked.
[ I1=4 A, I2=-1 A, I3=13 A; (b) I1=40 A,
960 Ω] I2=60 A, I3=120 A, I4=100 A, I5=-80 A]
3. Graphs of current against voltage for
two resistors P and Q are shown in
Figure 2.6. Determine the value of each
resistor. [2 mΩ, 5 mΩ]

FIGURE 1.3 Electric circuit

for Problem 6
7. Use Kirchhoff’s laws to find the current
flowing in the 6 Ω resistor of Figure 1.4
and the power dissipated in the 4 Ω
resistor. [2.162 A, 42.07 W]

FIGURE 1.1 Graph for

Problem 3
4. Determine the pd. which
must be applied to a 5 kΩ
resistor such that a current of 6 FIGURE 1.4 Electric circuit
mA may flow. [30 V] for Problem 7

1.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws 8. Find the current flowing in the 3 Ω

5. Find currents I3, I4 and I6 in Figure 1.2. resistor for the network shown in Figure
[𝐼3 = 2 A; 𝐼4 = −1 A; 𝐼6 = 3 A] 1.5. Find also the pd. across the 10 Ω
and 2 Ω resistors. [2.715 A, 7.410 V,
3.948 V]

1 Kirchhoff
 13. Determine the resistance of an electric
fire which takes a current of 12 A from a
240 V supply. Find also the power rating of
the fire and the energy used in 20 h. [20 Ω,
2.88 kW, 57.6 kWh]

FIGURE 1.5 Electric circuit 14. Determine the power dissipated when a
for Problem 8 current of 10 mA flows through an
9. For the networks shown in Figure 1.6 appliance having a resistance of 8 kΩ.
find: (a) the current in the battery, (b) [0.8 W]
the current in the 300 Ω resistor, (c) the
current in the 90 Ω resistor, and (d) the 15. 85.5 J of energy are converted into heat
power dissipated in the 150 Ω resistor. in nine seconds. What power is dissipated?
[(a) 60.38 mA; (b) 15.10 mA; (c) 45.28 [9.5 W]
mA; (d) 34.20 mW]
16. A current of 4 A flows through a
conductor and 10 W is dissipated. What pd
exists across the ends of the conductor?
[2.5 V]

FIGURE 1.6 Electric circuit 17. Find the power dissipated when:
for Problem 9 (a) a current of 5 mA flows through a
resistance of 20 kΩ
10. For the bridge network shown in Figure
(b) a voltage of 400 V is applied across
1.7, find the currents I1 to I5.
a 120 kΩ resistor
[I1 = 1.26 A, I2 = 0.74 A, I3 = 0.16 A, I4 =
1.42 A, I5 = 0.59 A] (c) a voltage applied to a resistor is 10
kV and the current flow is 4 mA.

[(a) 0.5 W (b) 113 W (c) 40 W]

18. A battery of emf 15 V supplies a current
of 2 A for 5 minutes. How much energy is
supplied in this time? [9 kJ]
FIGURE 1.7 Electric circuit
for Problem 10 19. In a household during a particular week
three 2 kW fires are used on average 25 h
1.3 Power and Energy
each and eight 100 W light bulbs are used
11. The hot resistance of a 250 V filament on average 35 hours each. Determine the
lamp is 625 Ω. Determine the current taken cost of electricity for the week if 1 unit of
by the lamp and its power rating. [0.4 A, electricity costs 7 GHp. [GH¢12.46]
100 W]
20. Calculate the power dissipated by the
12. Determine the resistance of a coil element of an electric fire of resistance 30
connected to a 150 V supply when a current Ω when a current of 10 A flows in it. If the
of (a) 75 mA (b) 300 μA flows through it. fire is on for 30 hours in a week, determine
[(a) 2 kΩ (b) 0.5 MΩ] the energy used. Determine also the weekly
cost of energy if electricity costs 7.2 GHp

2 Kirchhoff
per unit. I 1 = 100 − I2 = 100 − 60 = 40 A
[3 kW, 90 kWh, GH¢6.48]
100 + 20 = I 3 = 120 A
SOLUTION I3 = 20 + I 4 ,
V 35
1. Resistance, R = = =7Ω
I 5 I 4 = I3 - 20 = 120 – 20 = 100 A

2. a. Current, I =
P
=
60
= 0.25 A I4 + I5 = 20 ,
V 240

b. Resistance, R =
V 240
= = 960 Ω
I 5 = 20 - I 4 = 20 – 100 = - 80 A
I 0.25
7.
16×10-6
3. For resistor P, R = -3
= 2×10-3 Ω
8×10
20 10−6
For resistor Q, R = −3
= 5×10-3 Ω
4 10
4. V = I × R = (6 10−3 )  (5 103 ) = 30 V

5. I1 = I2 + I3 i.e. 4 = 2 + I3

I3 = 4 – 2 = 2 A From the top loop: 40 = 5I1 + 4 ( I1 + I2 )

I3 + I 4 = I5 i.e. 2+ I4 = 1 From the lower loop: 0 = 6I2 + 4 ( I1 + I2 )

I4 = 1 – 2 = - 1 A
Hence, 9I1 + 4I2 = 40 (1)
I2 = I4 + I6 i.e. 2 = -1 + I6
and 4I1 + 10I2 = 0 (2)
I6 = 2 + 1 = 3 A

I 2 + 3 = 2 i.e. I 2 = 2 – 3 = - 1 A 4  (1) gives: 36I1 + 16I2 = 160 (3)

6. a.

10 = 7 + I1 + I 2 i.e. 10 = 7 + I1 - 1 9  (2) gives: 36I1 + 90I2 = 0 (4)

I 1 = 10 - 7 + 1 = 4 A
(3) – (4) gives: −74I2 = 160
7 + I1 + 2 = I3 i.e. 7 + 4 + 2 = I3 160
and I2 = − = - 2.162 A
74
I 3 = 13 A
i.e. current in the 6  resistor = 2.162 A
b. 10 + 50 = I 2 = 60 A
Substituting in (1) gives:
I1 + I2 = 100, 9I1 + 4(− 2.162) = 40

3 Kirchhoff
from which, Hence,
40 + 4(2.162)
I1 = = 5.405 A
9 current in 3  resistor = I 1 = 2.715 A

I1 + I2 = 5.405 − 2.162 = 3.243A p.d. across 10  resistor = I 2 (10)

power dissipated in the 4, = 0.741  10 = 7.410 V

P4  = ( I1 + I2 )2 R = ( 3.243)2 ( 4 ) = 42.07 W
p.d. across 2 resistor = ( I1 − I 2 ) ( 2 )

= 1.974  2 = 3.948 V
8.
9. a. With the current directions as shown
in the diagram below,

From the top loop: 20 = 3I1 + 16I 2

From the bottom loop: 20 = 3I1 + 6 ( I1 − I2 ) from loop 1: 8 = 20 I1 + (60 + 90)( I1 - I2 )

Hence, 3I1 + 16I 2 = 20 (1)
from loop 2: 8 = 20 I1 + (300 + 150)( I 2 )
and 9I1 − 6I 2 = 20 (2)

3  (1) gives: 9I1 + 48I2 = 60 (3) i.e. 170 I1 - 150 I 2 = 8 (1)

(3) – (2) gives: 54I 2 = 40 and 20 I1 + 450 I 2 = 8 (2)

40
i.e. I2 = = 0.741 A 3 × equation (1) gives:
54
Substituting in (1) gives: 510 I1 - 450 I 2 = 24 (3)
3I1 + 16(0.741) = 20 and
(2) + (3) gives: 530 I1 = 32
20 − 16 ( 0.741)
I1 = = 2.715 A 32
3 current in the battery, I 1 =
530
Thus,
= 0.0603774 A = 60.38 mA
I1 − I2 = 2.715 − 0.741 = 1.974 A
b. In equation (1),

4 Kirchhoff
170( 60.3774 10−3 ) - 150 I 2 = 8 5  (1) gives:

25IA + 10IB = 33 (3)

from which, 10.26415 – 8 = 150 I 2
2  (2) gives:
and current in the 300  resistor, −14IA + 10IB = −16 (4)

I2 = 10.26415 − 8 (3) – (4) gives: 39IA = 49

= 0.015094 A
150
49
and IA = = 1.256 A
= 15.09 mA 39
Substituting in (1) gives:
c. Current in the 90 Ω resistor = I1 - I 2
5(1.256) + 2I B = 6.6
= 60.38 – 15.09 = 45.29 mA
from which,
6.6 − 5(1.256)
d. Power dissipated in 150  resistor, IB = = 0.160 A
2

= I 2 2 R = (15.09 10 −3 ) (150 ) = 0.034156 W

2
Hence, correct to 2 decimal places,

= 34.20 mW I 1 = I A = 1.26 A
10. I 2 = 2 - I A = 2 – 1.256 = 0.74 A

I 3 = I B = 0.16 A

I 4 = I A + I B = 1.256 + 0.160 = 1.42 A

I 5 = 2 - I A - I B = 2 – 1.26 – 0.16 = 0.58 A

V 250
11. a. Current, I = = = 0.4 A
R 625

From loop 1: b. Power rating,

6.6 = 3IA + 2 ( IA + IB ) P = V×I = 250×0.4 =100 W

12.a. Resistance,
From loop 2:
V 150
0 = 4 ( 2 − IA ) + 5IB − 3IA
R= = = 2000 = 2 kΩ
I 75×10-3

b. Resistance,
i.e. 5IA + 2IB = 6.6 (1)
V 150
R= = = 500 kΩ = 0.5 MΩ
I 300×10-6
and −7IA + 5IB = −8 (2)
V 240
13. a. Resistance, R = = = 20 Ω
I 12

5 Kirchhoff
 b. Power rating, therefore, weekly energy used by eight 100

P = V×I = 240×12 = 2880 W = 2.88 kW W light bulbs

c. Energy = power × time = 8 × 3.5 kWh = 28 kWh

= 2.88 kW × 20 h = 57.6 kWh Therefore, total energy per week,

14. Power, E = (150 + 28) kWh = 178 kWh

[NB: 1 unit of electricity = 1 kWh of
P = I2 R = (10×10-3 )2 (8×103 ) = 0.8 W Energy]

energy 85.5 J If 1 kWh = 7 GHp

15. Power, P = = = 9.5 W
time 9s then, 178 kWh = x
16. Power, P = V×I ⇒ x = 178  7 = 1246 GHp
1
P 10
from which p.d., V = = = 2.5 V Hence, the total cost of electricity for the
I 4
week is 1246 GHp (GH¢ 12.46).
17. a. Power, 20. Power, P = I2 R = 102 × 30 = 3 kW
2 -3 2 3
P = I R = (5×10 ) (20×10 ) = 0.5 W Energy = power  time = 3000 × 30

= 90 kWh
V2 4002
b. Power, P = = = 1.33 W
R 120×103 If 1 kWh = 7.2 GHp

c. Power, then 90 kWh = 𝑦

3 -3
P = V×I = (10×10 )(4×10 ) = 40 W 7.2  90
⇒ y= = 648 GHp
1
18. Energy = power × time = IVt
Hence, the total weekly cost of energy is
= 2×15×(5×60) = 9000 J = 9kJ 648 GHp (GH¢ 6.48).

19. Energy = power × time

Energy used by one 2 kW fire in 25 h TRY
= 2 kW × 25 = 50 kWh
1. Calculate the currents I1 and I 2 in the
therefore, weekly energy used by three 2 circuit diagram below [I1 = 0.8 A, I2 = 0.5
kWh fires A]
= 3 × 50 kWh = 150 kWh
Energy used by one 100 W light bulb in
35 h

= 100 W × 35

= 0.1 kW × 35 = 3.5 kWh

6 Kirchhoff
 CHAPTER 2 6. Use Thévenin’s theorem to find the
CIRCUIT THEOREMS current flowing in the 6 Ω resistor shown in
Figure 2.3 and the power dissipated in the 4
Ω resistor. [2.162 A, 42.07 W]
2.1 Superposition Theorem
1. Use the superposition theorem to find
currents I1, I2 and I3 of Figure 2.1(a).
[I1 = 2 A, I2 = 3 A, I3 = 5 A]

2. Use the superposition theorem to find

the current in the 8 Ω resistor of Figure FIGURE 2.3 Electric circuit
2.1(b). [0.385 A] for Problem 6
7. Repeat problems 1 – 4 using Thévenin’s
3. Use the superposition theorem to find the
theorem.
current in each branch of the network
shown in Figure 2.1(c).
8. In the network shown in Figure 2.4, the
[10 V battery discharges at 1.429 A,
battery has negligible internal resistance.
4 V battery charges at 0.857 A, Find, using Thévenin’s theorem, the current
flowing in the 4 Ω resistor. [0.918 A]
Current through 10 Ω resistor is 0.572 A]
4. Use the superposition theorem to
determine the current in each branch of the
arrangement shown in Figure 2.1(d).
[24 V battery charges at 1.664 A
52 V battery discharges at 3.280 A FIGURE 2.4 Electric circuit
for Problem 8
Current in 20 Ω resistor is 1.616 A]
9. For the bridge network shown in Figure
2.5, find the current in the 5 Ω resistor, and
its direction, by using Thévenin’s theorem.
[0.153 A from B to A]

FIGURE 2.1 Electric circuits for

Problems 1 – 4
2.2 Thévenin’s Theorem
5. Use Thévenin’s theorem to find the FIGURE 2.5 Electric circuit
current flowing in the 14 Ω resistor of the for Problem 9
network shown in Figure 2.2. Find also the
power dissipated in the 14 Ω resistor. 2.3 Norton’s Theorem
[0.434 A, 2.64 W] 10. Repeat problems 1 – 6, 8 and 9 using
Norton’s theorem.

FIGURE 2.2 Electric circuit for Problem 5

7 Kirchhoff
 SOLUTION
1.

(d)

 1 
 ( 3.643)
(a)
From diagram (c), I E = 
 1 + 0.5 
= 2.429 A

 0.5 
and IF =   ( 3.643)
 1 + 0.5 
= 1.214 A
Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to
(b)
diagram (c), then:
Initially the 8.5 V source is removed as
shown in diagram (a). This simplifies to I 1 = I A − I F = 3.214 – 1.214 = 2 A
4.5
diagram (b) where I A = = 3.214 A
1.4 I 2 = I D − IC = 3.643 – 0.643 = 3 A
 2  I 3 = I B + I E = 2.571 + 2.429 = 5 A
From diagram (a), I B =   ( 3.214 )
 2 + 0.5 
2. Initially the 10 V source is removed as
= 2.571 A shown in diagram (a). 8 Ω in parallel with
8 1 8
 0.5  1 Ω is given by = Ω
and IC =   ( 3.214 ) = 0.643 A 8 +1 9
 2 + 0.5 
Next, the 4.5 V source is removed as shown
in diagram (c). This simplifies to diagram
8.5
(d) where I D = = 3.643 A
2 + 0.333

(a)

From diagram (a), I1 = 30 = 10.385 A

8
2+
9

 1 
and I2 =   (10.385 ) = 1.154 A
 1+ 8 
(c)

8 Kirchhoff
Next, the 30 V source is removed as shown  10 
in diagram (b). 8 Ω in parallel with 2 Ω is From diagram (a), I 2 =   ( 2.143)
8 2
 2 + 10 
given by = 1.6 Ω
8+ 2 = 1.786 A

 2 
and I3 =   ( 2.143) = 0.357 A
 2 + 10 
Next, the 10 V source is removed as shown
in diagram (c). Diagram (d) is the same
circuit as diagram (c) and this simplifies to
4
diagram (e) where I 4 =
2 + 2.3077
(b) = 0.9286 A
10
From diagram (b), I3 = = 3.846 A
1 + 1.6

 2 
and I4 =   ( 3.846 ) = 0.769 A
 2+8
Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to
diagram (b), then:

current in 8 Ω resistor = I 2 − I 4
(c)
= 1.154 – 0.769 = 0.385 A
3.

(a) (d)

(b)
(e)
Initially the 4 V source is removed as
shown in diagram (a). This simplifies to  10 
10 From diagram (d), I5 =   ( 0.9286 )
diagram (b) where I1 = = 2.143 A  3 + 10 
3 + 1.667
= 0.714 A

9 Kirchhoff
  3  52
and I6 =   ( 0.9286 ) = 0.214 A From diagram (b), I 4 =
6+4
= 5.20 A
 3 + 10 
 5 
I5 =   ( 5.20 ) = 1.040 A
Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to and
diagram (c), then:  5 + 20 
the current discharging from 10 V  20 
source = I1 − I5 = 2.143 – 0.714 = 1.429 A,
and I6 =   ( 5.20 ) = 4.160 A
 5 + 20 

the current charging 4 V source = I2 − I4 Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to

diagram (b), then:
= 1.786 – 0.9286 = 0.857 A current flowing from 24 V = I6 − I1
and the current through the 10  resistor
= 4.160 – 2.496 = 1.664 A
= I3 + I6 = 0.357 + 0.214 = 0.571 A (i.e. battery is charging)
4. Initially the 52 V source is removed as current flowing in the 20Ω = I2 + I5
shown in diagram (a). 20 Ω in parallel with
6 Ω is given by = 0.576 + 1.040 = 1.616 A
20  6 current flowing from 52 V = I4 − I3
= 4.615 
20 + 6
= 5.20 – 1.920 = 3.280 A
(i.e. battery is discharging)
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
5.

(a)
24
From diagram (a), I1 = = 2.496 A
5 + 4.615

 6 
and I2 =   ( 2.496 ) = 0.576 A (a)
 6 + 20 
 20 
and I3 =   ( 2.496 ) = 1.920 A
 6 + 20 
Next, the 24 V source is removed as shown
in diagram (b). 5 Ω in parallel with 20 Ω is
5  20
given by = 4
5 + 20 (b)
• Removing the resistors in the
branch containing the 14  gives
diagram (a).

(b)

10 Kirchhoff
 • Open circuit e.m.f., E = • Open circuit e.m.f., E =
 5   4 
  (15 ) = 8.333 V by voltage   ( 40 ) = 17.778 V by voltage
 5+ 4  4+5
division. division.
• Resistance ‘looking in’ at break • Resistance ‘looking in’ at break
5 4 5 4
with source removed, r = = with source removed, r = =
5+ 4 5+ 4
2.222  from diagram (b). 2.222  from diagram (b).

(c)
(c)
• From the equivalent Thevenin
• From the equivalent Thevenin circuit in diagram (c),
circuit in diagram (c) current in 6  resistor,
current in 14  resistor, 17.778
I= = 2.162 A
8.333 2.222 + 6
I= = 0.434 A
2.222 + 3 + 14 If 2.162 A is flowing through the 6 Ω
and power dissipated in 14  resistor, resistor of the circuit shown in the question,
then the volt drop across the 6 Ω resistor is
P = I2 (14) = ( 0.434 ) (14 ) = 2.64 W
2
2.162 × 6 = 12.972 V. This is the same
voltage as across the 4 Ω resistor. Hence,
6. 12.972
the current in the 4 Ω resistor is =
4
3.243 A
Hence, power dissipated in 4  resistor,

P = I2 (4) = ( 3.243) ( 4 ) = 42.07 W

2

(a)
7. (Q. 1).

(b)
• Removing the resistors in the
branch containing the 6  gives (a)
diagram (a).

11 Kirchhoff
 From diagram (e), V = 5  0.5 = 2.5 V
Hence, using V = E – Ir,
2.5 = 4.5 - I1 (1)

I1 = 2 A

(b)
• Removing the 0.5  resistor gives
diagram (a); diagram (b) is the same
circuit as (a).
• From diagram (b), current
8.5 − 4.5 4
I1 = = A
2 +1 3
Hence, open circuit e.m.f., (e)
4 Similarly for the right hand source,
E = 8.5 - ( 2 ) = 5.833 V
3 2.5 = 8.5 - I 2 (2)
• Removing the voltage sources, the
8.5 − 2.5
resistance ‘looking in’ at the break, from which, I2 = =3A
1 2 2 2
r= =  (see diagram (c))
1+ 2 3 7. (Q. 2)

(c)
(a)

(d)
• From the equivalent Thevenin
circuit in diagram (d) (b)

current in 0.5  resistor, • Removing the 8  resistor gives

diagram (a); diagram (b) is the same
5.833 circuit as (a).
I3 = = 5A
2 • From diagram (b), current
+ 0.5
3 30 + 10 40
I1 = = A
2 +1 3

12 Kirchhoff
Hence, open circuit e.m.f., • Removing the 10  resistor gives
diagram (a).
40
E = 30 - ( 2) = 3.333 V • From diagram (a), current
3 10 − 4 6
I1 = = = 1.2 A
• Removing the voltage sources, the 3+ 2 5
resistance ‘looking in’ at the break,
Hence, open circuit e.m.f.,
1 2 2
r= =  (see diagram (c))
1+ 2 3 E = 10 – (1.2)(3) = 6.4 V
• Removing the voltage sources, the
resistance ‘looking in’ at the break,
3 2 6
r= = = 1.2 
3+ 2 5
• From the equivalent Thevenin
circuit in diagram (b),
(c)
current in 10  resistor,
6.4
I10 = = 0.5714 A = 0.571 A,
1.2 + 10
(correct to 3 d.p.’s)

(d)
• From the equivalent Thevenin
circuit in diagram (d)
current in 8  resistor,
3.333
I3 = = 0.385 A (c)
2
+8
3 From diag. (c), V = 0.5714  10 = 5.714 V
7. (Q. 3) Hence, using V = E – Ir,
5.714 = 10 - I A (3)
10 − 5.71
from which, I A = = 1.429 A
3
(i.e. the 10 V source is discharging)
Similarly for the right hand source,
(a)
5.714 = 4 - I B (2)

4 − 5.714
from which, I B = = - 0.857 A
2
(i.e. the 4 V source is charging)

(b)

13 Kirchhoff
7.(Q. 4) • From the equivalent Thevenin
circuit in diagram (d),
current in 20  resistor,
36.727
I3 = = 1.616 A
2.727 + 20
From diag. (e), V = 1.616  20 = 32.32 V
(a) Hence, using V = E – Ir,
32.32 = 24 - I1 (5)
from which, I1 = −1.664 A

(i.e. current is charging)

(b)
• Removing the 20  resistor gives
diagram (a); diagram (b) is the same
circuit as (a).
• From diagram (b),
(e)
52 − 24 28
I1 = = A Similarly for the right hand source,
5+6 11
32.32 = 52 - I 2 (6)
Hence, open circuit e.m.f.,
52 − 32.32
28 from which, I2 = = 3.280 A
E = 52 - ( 6 ) = 36.727 V 6
11
8.
• Removing the voltage sources, the
resistance ‘looking in’ at the break,
5 6
r= = 2.727  (see diagram (c))
5+6

(a)
(c)

(d) (b)

14 Kirchhoff
 • The resistors in the branch 9.
containing the 4  resistor are
removed as shown in diagram (a). • The 5  branch is open circuited as
Diagram (b) is diagram (a) redrawn. shown in diagram (a). Diagram (b)
is diagram (a) redrawn.
• By voltage division, open circuit
 3 
 8  • In diagram (b), VCA =   ( 6.6 )
e.m.f., E =   ( 28 ) = 16 V  3+ 2 
 6+8
= 3.96 V

 4 
and VCB =   ( 6.6 ) = 2.64 V
 4+6
Hence, VA = 6.6 – 3.96 = 2.64 V

and VB = 6.6 – 2.64 = 3.96 V

(c)

(d)
(a)
• Replacing the 28 V source with a
short circuit, the resistance r
‘looking in’ at the break is shown in
diagram (c). The equivalent circuit
of (c) is shown in (d), where,
8  6 48
r= = = 3.429 
8 + 6 14

(b)
Thus, the open circuit e.m.f.,
E = VBA = 3.96 – 2.64 = 1.32 V
(e)
• The Thevenin equivalent circuit is
shown in diagram (e) where
current in 4  resistor,
16
I4 = = 0.918 A
3.429 + 10 + 4

(c)

15 Kirchhoff
 NORTON’S THEOREM

1.

(d)
• The 6.6 V source is short circuited
as shown in diagram (c), which is
(a)
then redrawn as shown in diagram
(d), where resistance ‘looking in’ at
break = resistance between points A
and B, i.e.
2  3 4  6 6 24
r= + = + = 1.2 + 2.4 = 3.6 
2 + 3 4 + 6 5 10

(b)
• The 0.5  resistor is short circuited
as shown in diagram (a).
• From diagram (a),
4.5 8.5
ISC = I A + I B = + = 8.75 A
1 2
• With the voltage sources removed,
(e) the resistance ‘looking in’ at a break
• The Thevenin equivalent circuit is in the short circuit is given by 1 
shown in diagram (e) where in parallel with 2 , i.e.
1 2 2
1.32 r= = 
current in 5  , I = = 0.153 A 1+ 2 3
3.6 + 5 • The Norton equivalent circuit is
which flows from point B to point A shown in diagram (b), where
the current in the 0.5  resistor,
(since voltage at B is greater than voltage at

point A).  2 
 
I 3 =  3  ( 8.75) = 5 A
2
 + 0.5 
3 

16 Kirchhoff
2.

(a)
(a)

(b)
(b)
• The 8  resistor is short circuited as
shown in diagram (a). • With the voltage sources removed,
• From diagram (a), the resistance ‘looking in’ at a break
30 10 in the short circuit is given by 3 
ISC = I1 − I 2 = − =5A in parallel with 2 , i.e.
2 1
3 2 6
• With the voltage sources removed, r= = = 1.2 
the resistance ‘looking in’ at a break 3+ 2 5
in the short circuit is given by 2  • The Norton equivalent circuit is
in parallel with 1 , i.e. shown in diagram (b), where
2 1 2 the current in the 10  resistor,
r= = 
2 +1 3
• The Norton equivalent circuit is  1.2   1 
I10 =    5  = 0.571 A
shown in diagram (b), where  1.2 + 10   3 
the current in the 8  resistor, 4.

 2 
 
I 8 =  3  ( 5 ) = 0.385 A
2
 +8
3 

3.
(a)
• The 10  resistor is short circuited
as shown in diagram (a).
• From diagram (a),
10 4 1
ISC = I A + I B = + = 5 A
3 2 3

(b)

17 Kirchhoff
 • The 20  resistor is short circuited 5  4 20
r= = = 2.2222 
as shown in diagram (a). 5+ 4 9
• From diagram (a),
24 52
ISC = I1 + I 2 = + = 13.467 A
5 6
• With the voltage sources removed,
the resistance ‘looking in’ at a break
in the short circuit is given by 5 
in parallel with 6 , i.e.
5 6
r= = 2.727 
5+6 (c)
• The Norton equivalent circuit is • The Norton equivalent circuit is
shown in diagram (b), where shown in diagram (c), where
the current in the 20  resistor, the current in the 14  resistor,
 2.727 
 (13.467 ) = 1.616 A  
2.2222
 ( 3.75 ) = 0.434 A
I = I14 = 
 2.727 + 20   2.2222 + 3 + 14 
5. and power dissipated in 14  resistor,
• The branch containing the 14  P = I2 (14) = ( 0.434 ) (14 ) = 2.64 W
2

resistor is short circuited as shown

in diagram (a). 6.
• The branch containing the 6 
resistor is short circuited as shown
in diagram (a).

(a)

(a)

(b)
• Diagram (b) is equivalent to
diagram (a). From diagram (b),
15
ISC = = 3.75 A
4
• With the voltage source removed,
the resistance ‘looking in’ at a break
in the short circuit is given by 5 
in parallel with 4 , i.e. (b)

18 Kirchhoff
 • Diagram (b) is equivalent to
diagram (a). From diagram (b),
40
ISC = =8 A
5
• With the voltage source removed,
the resistance ‘looking in’ at a break
in the short circuit is given by 4  (a)
in parallel with 5 , i.e.
4  5 20
r= = = 2.2222 
4+5 9

(b)
• Diagram (b) is equivalent to
(c) diagram (a). 10 Ω in parallel with 8
• The Norton equivalent circuit is Ω is:
shown in diagram (c), where
10  8
= 4.444  .
the current in the 6  resistor, 10 + 8
Then (4.444 Ω + 6 Ω) in parallel
 2.2222 
I6 =   ( 8 ) = 2.162 A with 2 Ω is given by:
 2.2222 + 6 
If 2.162 A is flowing through the 6 Ω 10.444  2
= 1.679  .
resistor of the circuit shown in the question, 10.444 + 2
then the volt drop across the 6 Ω resistor is
Hence diagram (c) results.
2.162 × 6 = 12.972 V. This is the same
voltage as across the 4 Ω resistor. Hence, 28
12.972 IT = = 16.677 A
the current in the 4 Ω resistor is = 1.679
4
3.243 A
Hence, power dissipated in 4  resistor,

P = I2 (4) = ( 3.243) ( 4 ) = 42.07 W

2

8.
(c)
• The branch containing the 4  From diagram (b),
resistor is short circuited as shown
in diagram (a).  2 
I1 =   (16.677 ) = 2.680 A
 2 + 6 + 4.444 
From diagram (a),

 8 
ISC =   ( 2.680 ) = 1.191 A
 8 + 10 

19 Kirchhoff
With the voltage source removed, the
resistance ‘looking in’ at a break in the
short circuit is given by 10  + (6 Ω in
parallel with 8 ), i.e.
68
r = 10 + = 13.429  from diag. (d).
6+8

(a)

(d)
• The Norton equivalent circuit is
shown in diagram (e), where
the current in the 4  resistor, (b)
 13.429 
I4 =   (1.191) = 0.918 A • Resistance ‘looking in’ at break in
 13.429 + 4  short circuit, r = 3.6  (see page 16)

(e)
9.
(c)
• The branch containing the 5 
resistor is short circuited as shown
in diagram (a).
• Diagrams (b) and (c) are equivalent
to diagram (a).
6.6
Current, I = = 2.053 A
12 12
+
7 8
(d)
 4 
I3 =   ( 2.053) = 1.173 A • From equivalent Norton circuit of
 4+3 diagram (d),
 6   3.6 
and I2 =   ( 2.053) = 1.540 A I5 =   ( 0.367 ) = 0.154 A
 2+6  3.6 + 5 
flowing from B to A, since I 2 >
Hence,
ISC = I2 − I3 = 1.540 − 1.173 = 0.367 A I3

20 Kirchhoff
 TRY

1. Determine the Thevenin equivalent

circuit for terminals AB of the circuit
shown. Hence determine the current
flowing in a 6  resistor connected between 4. (a) Convert the network to the left of
1 terminals AB in the diagram below to an
A and B. [ I 6 = 1 A]
3 equivalent Thevenin circuit by initially
converting to a Norton equivalent network.
(b) Determine the current flowing in the 1.8
 resistance connected between A and B in
the circuit shown. [(b) I1.8 = 6 A]

2. For the network shown below, convert

each branch containing a voltage source to
its Norton equivalent and hence determine
the current flowing in the 5  resistance.

[I5 = 1.22 A]

5. The maximum power dissipated in a 4 

load is 100 W when connected to a d.c.
voltage V and internal resistance r.
Calculate (a) the current in the load, (b)
internal resistance r, and (c) voltage V. [(a)
IL = 5 A, (b) r = 4  (c) V = 40 V]
3. Determine the value of the load
resistance R L shown in the diagram that

gives maximum power dissipation and find

the value of the power. [ R L = 1.6 , PL

57.6 W]

21 Kirchhoff
 CHAPTER 3 relative permittivity 2.5 is 5 μC/m2.
CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE Find the voltage gradient between the
plates. [226 kV/m]

3.1 Charge and Capacitance 10. Two parallel plates having a pd of 250
1. Find the charge on a 10 μF capacitor V between them are spaced 1 mm apart.
when the applied voltage is 250 V. [2.5 Determine the electric field strength.
mC] Find also the electric flux density when
the dielectric between the plates is (a)
2. Determine the voltage across a 1000 pF air and (b) mica of relative permittivity
capacitor to charge it with 2 μC. [2 kV] 5. [250 kV/m (a) 2.213 μC/m2 (b)
11.063 μC/m2]
3. The charge on the plates of a capacitor 3.3 Parallel Plate Capacitor
is 6 mC when the potential between 11. A capacitor consists of two parallel
them is 2.4 kV. Determine the plates each of area 0.01 m2, spaced 0.1
capacitance of the capacitor. [2.5 μF] mm in air. Calculate the capacitance in
picofarads. [885 pF]
4. For how long must a charging current 12. A waxed paper capacitor has two
of 2 A be fed to a 5 μF capacitor to raise parallel plates, each of effective area
the pd between its plates by 500 V. 0.2 m2. If the capacitance is 4000 pF
[1.25 ms] determine the effective thickness of the
paper if its relative permittivity is 2.
5. A steady current of 10 A flows into a [0.885 mm]
previously uncharged capacitor for 1.5 13. Calculate the capacitance of a parallel
ms when the pd between the plates is 2 plate capacitor having 5 plates, each 30
kV. Find the capacitance of the mm by 20 mm and separated by a
capacitor. [7.5 μF] dielectric 0.75 mm thick having a
relative permittivity of 2.3. [65.14 pF]
3.2 Electric Field Strength, Electric Flux
14. How many plates has a parallel plate
Density and Permittivity
capacitor having a capacitance of 5 nF,
6. A capacitor uses a dielectric 0.04 mm
if each plate is 40 mm by 40 mm and
thick and operates at 30 V. What is the
each dielectric is 0.102 mm thick with a
electric field strength across the
relative permittivity of 6. [7]
dielectric at this voltage? [750 kV/m]
15. A parallel plate capacitor is made from
7. A two-plate capacitor has a charge of 25 25 plates, each 70mm by 120 mm
C. If the effective area of each plate is 5 interleaved with mica of relative
cm2 find the electric flux density of the permittivity 5. If the capacitance of the
electric field. [50 kC/m2] capacitor is 3000 pF. Determine the
thickness of the mica sheet. [2.97 mm]
8. A charge of 1.5 μC is carried on two
parallel rectangular plates each 16. The capacitance of a parallel plate
measuring 60 mm by 80 mm. Calculate capacitor is 1000 pF. It has 19 plates,
the electric flux density. If the plates are each 50 mm by 30 mm separated by a
spaced 10 mm apart and the voltage dielectric of thickness 0.40 mm.
between them is 0.5 kV determine the Determine the relative permittivity of
electric field strength. the dielectric. [1.67]
[312.5 μC/m2, 50 kV/m]
9. The electric flux density between two 17. A capacitor is to be constructed so that
plates separated by polystyrene of its capacitance is 4250 pF and to

22 Kirchhoff
 operate at a pd of 100 V across its FIGURE 3.1 Circuit diagram
terminals. The dielectric is to be for Problem 22
polythene (εr = 2.3) which, after
23. Three 12 μF capacitors are connected in
allowing a safety factor, has a dielectric
strength of 20 MV/m. Find (a) the series across a 750 V supply. Calculate
thickness of the polythene needed, and (a) the equivalent capacitance, (b) the
(b) the area of a plate. [(a) 0.005 mm charge on each capacitor and (c) the pd
(b) 10.44 cm2] across each capacitor.
[(a) 4 μF (b) 3 mC (c) 250 V]
3.4 Capacitors in Parallel and Series
24. If two capacitors having capacitances
18. Capacitors of 2 μF and 6 μF are
connected (a) in parallel and (b) in of 3 μF and 5 μF respectively are
series. Determine the equivalent connected in series across a 240 V
capacitance in each case. [(a) 8 μF (b) supply, determine (a) the pd across each
1.5 μF] capacitor and (b) the charge on each
capacitor. [(a) 150 V, 90 V (b) 0.45
19. Find the capacitance to be connected in mC on each]
series with a 10 μF capacitor for the
equivalent capacitance to be 6 μF. 25. In Figure 3.2 capacitors P, Q and R are
[15 μF] identical and the total equivalent
capacitance of the circuit is 3 μF.
20. Two 6 μF capacitors are connected in Determine the values of P, Q and R.
series with one having a capacitance of [4.2 μF each]
12 μF. Find the total equivalent circuit
capacitance. What capacitance must be
added in series to obtain a capacitance
of 1.2 μF? [2.4 μF, 2.4 μF]

21. Determine the equivalent capacitance

when the following capacitors are
connected (a) in parallel and (b) in
series: i. 2 μF, 4 μF and 8μF ii. 0.02 μF, FIGURE 3.2 Circuit
0.05 μF and 0.10 μF iii. 50 pF and 450 diagram for Problem 25
pF iv. 0.01 μF and 200 pF 3.5 Energy Stored
[(a) (i) 14 μF (ii) 0.17 μF (iii) 500 pF 26. When a capacitor is connected across a
(iv) 0.0102 μF] 200 V supply the charge is 4 μC. Find
[(b) (i) 1 μF (ii) 0.0125 μF (iii) 45 pF (a) the capacitance and (b) the energy
(iv) 196.1 pF] stored. [(a) 0.02 μF (b) 0.4 mJ]
22. For the arrangement shown in Figure
3.1. find (a) the equivalent circuit 27. Find the energy stored in a 10 μF
capacitance and (b) the voltage across a capacitor when charged to 2 kV.
4.5 μF capacitor. [(a) 1.2 μF (b) 100 V] [20 J]

28. A 3300 pF capacitor is required to store

0.5 mJ of energy. Find the pd to which
the capacitor must be charged. [550 V]

29. A capacitor, consisting of two metal

plates each of area 50 cm2 and spaced

23 Kirchhoff
 0.2 mm apart in air, is connected across 5. I  t = C  V from which,
a 120 V supply. Calculate (a) the energy I  t 10 1.5 10−3
stored, (b) the electric flux density and capacitance, C = =
V 2 103
(c) the potential gradient. [(a) 1.593
μJ (b) 5.31 μC/m (c) 600 kV/m]
2 = 7.5 F
6. Electric field strength,
30. A bakelite capacitor is to be constructed
to have a capacitance of 0.04 μF and to V 30
E= = = 750 kV/m
have a steady working potential of 1 kV d 0.04 10 −3
maximum. Allowing a safe value of 7. Electric flux density,
field stress of 25 MV/m thud (a) the
thickness of bakelite required, (b) the Q 25C
D= = −4
= 50000 C / m 2
area of plate required if the relative A 5 10 m 2

permittivity of bakelite is 5, (c) the = 50 kC / m 2

maximum energy stored by the
capacitor and (d) the average power
developed if this energy is dissipated in 8. a. Electric flux density,
a time of 20 μs. [(a) 0.04mm (b) 361.6 Q 1.5 10−6
cm2 (c) 0.02 J (d) 1 kW] D= = −6
= 312.5 C / m 2
A 60  80 10
b. Electric field strength,

V 0.5 103
E= = = 50 kV/m
SOLUTION d 10 10−3
1. Charge, Q = C  V = 10 10−6  250 D
9. =  0  r from which, voltage gradient,
= 2.5 10−3 C = 2.5 mC E
D 5 10−6
2. Q = CV hence voltage, E= = = 226 kV/m
0  r 8.85  10−12  2.5
Q 2 10−6
V= = 10. Electric field strength, E =
C 1000 10−12 V 250
= = 250 kV/m
= 2000 V or 2 kV d 110−3
3. Charge, Q = CV hence capacitance, D
10. a. For air,  r = 1, hence = 0
Q 6 10−3 E
C= = = 2.5 10−6 F from which,
V 2.4 103
electric flux density,
= 2.5 μF
D = E 0 = 250 103  8.85 10−12
4. Charge Q = I  t and Q=CV
hence I  t = C  V = 2.213 C / m 2

C  V 5 10−6  500 D
=  0  r from which,
From which, time = = b.
E
I 2
= 1.25 ms D = E 0 r = 250 103  8.85 10−12  5

= 11.063 C / m 2

24 Kirchhoff
11. Capacitance, V
17. (a) Dielectric strength, E = from
A 8.85 10−12 1 0.01 d
C = 0 r (n − 1) = (2 − 1) = 885 10−12 F
d 0.110 3
which,

= 885 pF since  r = 1 for air thickness of polythene,

0r A V 100
12. C = hence, thickness of the d= = = 5  10−6 m = 0.005 mm
d E 20 106
paper, 0r A
(b) C = from which, cross-
  A 8.85 10−12  2  0.2 d
d= 0 r = sectional area,
C 4000 10−12
= 885 10−6 m = 0.885 mm C d 4250 10−12  5 10 −6
A= =
0 r 8.85 10 −12  2.3
0r A
13. Capacitance, C = (n − 1)
d = 1.044 10−3 m 2 = 1.044 10−3 104 cm 2
8.85 10−12  2.3  30  20 10−6
= (5 − 1) = 10.44 cm 2
0.75 103
18. (a) In parallel, equivalent capacitance,
= 65.14 pF
CT = 2 + 6 = 8 μF
A
14. C = 0 r (n − 1) from which,
d 1 1 1 1 1 4
(b) In series, = + = + =
Cd CT C1 C 2 2 6 6
n–1= ,
0 r A from which, CT =
6
= 1.5 μF
4
5 10−9  0.102 10−3
= =6 1 1 1
8.85 10−12  6  40  40 10−6 19. For series connection, + =
C1 C2 CT
Hence, number of plates, n = 6 + 1 = 7
1 1 1
A i.e. + = from which,
15. C = 0 r (n − 1) from which, 10 C 2 6
d
1 1 1
0 r A = − = 0.06666666
dielectric thickness, d = (n − 1) C 2 6 10
C
1
8.85 10−12  5  70 120 10−6 and C2 = = 15 F
= (25 − 1) 0.06666666
3000 10−12
= 0.00297 m = 2.97 mm 20. Two 6 F capacitors in series has a total
6 6
0r A capacitance of = 3 F. (Two equal
16. C = (n − 1) hence, 6+6
d value capacitors in series will have a total
capacitance of half the value of one of the
Relative permittivity,
capacitors).
Cd 1000 10−12  0.40 10−3
r = = 3 F in series with 12 F has a total
0 A (n − 1) 8.85 10−12  50  30 10−6  (19 − 1)
3  12
capacitance of = 2.4 F = total
= 1.67 3 + 12
circuit capacitance.

25 Kirchhoff
Let new capacitance be C X then if new 1.5 F and 0.5 F capacitors in parallel
total capacitance is to be 1.2 F, then gives 1.5 + 0.5 = 2 F
1 1 1 2 F in series with 3 F gives:
= + from which
1.2 2.4 C X 23 6
= = 1.2 F = equivalent circuit
1
=
1
−
1
= 0.41666 2+3 5
C X 1.2 2.4 capacitance

Hence, capacitance to be added, b. The equivalent circuit is shown below

 3 
1 where V1 =   ( 500 ) = 300 V =
CX = = 2.4 F  2+3
0.41666
voltage across three 4.5 F capacitors in
21. a. (i) CT = 2 + 4 + 8 = 14 μF series. Hence, voltage across each 4.5 F
capacitor = 300/3 = 100 V.
(ii) CT = 0.02 + 0.05 + 0.10 = 0.17 μF

(iii) CT = 50 + 450 = 500 pF

(iv) CT = 0.0110−6 + 200 10−12

= 10.2 nF or 0.0102 μF
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
b. (i) = + + = + + = (Alternatively, to find V1 :
CT C1 C 2 C3 2 4 8 8
8 Since CT = 1.2 F then
from which, CT = = 1.143 μF
7
QT = CT  V = 1.2 10−6  500 = 600 C
1 1 1 1
(ii) = + + This is the charge on each capacitor of the
CT C1 C 2 C3
circuit shown below. Hence,
1 1 1 Q T 600  10−6
= + + = 80 V1 = = = 300 V)
0.02 0.05 0.10 C1 2  10−6
1
from which, CT = = 0.0125 μF 1 1 1 1
80 23. a. = + + = 0.25 from
CT 12 12 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 which, equivalent capacitance,
(iii) = + = + =
CT C1 C 2 50 450 45
1
from which, CT = 45 pF CT = = 4 F
0.25
1 1 1 (Alternatively, the total capacitance of
(iv) = +
CT C1 C2 three capacitors each having the same
value, will be one third the value of one of
1 1 12
= −6
+ −12
= 5.1 109 the capacitors, i.e. CT = = 4 F)
0.01 10 200  10 3
1
from which, CT = = 196.1 pF b. Total charge,
5.1 109
QT = CT  V = 4 10−6  750 = 3000 10−6 C
22. a. Three 4.5 F capacitors in series
gives 1.5 F and two 1 F capacitors in = 3 mC = the charge on each
series gives 0.5 F capacitor since they are connected in
series.

26 Kirchhoff
 750 26. a. Q = CV from which, capacitance,
c.P.d. across each capacitor = = 250
3
Q 4 10−6
since each capacitor has the same value. C= = = 20 nF or 0.02 F
V 200
24. The circuit is shown below.
1
b. Energy stored, W = CV 2
a. Similar to question 5(b), 2
 5 
 ( 240 ) = 150 V
1
V1 =  =  0.02 10−6  2002
 3+5 2
and = 400 J or 0.4 mJ
 3  1
V2 =   ( 240 ) = 90 V 27. Energy stored, W = CV 2
 3+5 2
1
=  10  10−6  20002 = 20 J
2
1
28. Energy, W = CV 2 from which, p.d.,
2
2W  2  0.5 10−3 
V= =  −12 
= 550 V
C  3300 10 
b. Charge, Q1 = C1  V1 = 3 10 −6 150
1
= 450 C or 0.45 mC 29. a. Energy stored, W = CV 2
2
and Q2 = C2  V2 = 5 10−6  90
and capacitance,
= 450 C or 0.45 mC 0  r A 8.85 10−12 1 50 10−4
C= =
(Note that in a series circuit the charge d 0.2 10−3
is the same on each capacitor).
= 221.25 10−12 F
25. 3.5 F and 4.5 F in parallel gives an
equivalent capacitance of 3.5 + 4.5 = 8 F Hence, energy stored,

2 F in series with 8 F gives 1

W=  221.24 10−12 1202 = 1.593 J
2
2  8 16
= = 1.6 F b. Electric flux density,
2 + 8 10
Let the equivalent capacitance of P, Q and Q C  V 221.25 10−12 120
D= = =
R in series be C X A A 50 10−4

Then 1.6 + C X = 3 from which, = 5.31 C / m 2

C X = 3 – 1.6 = 1.4 F c. Potential gradient or electric field

V 120
strength, E = = = 600 kV/m
Thus,
1
=
1
+
1
+
1
=
3 d 0.2 10 −3
1.4 CP CQ CR CP
V
30. a. Field stress, E = from which,
(since CP = CQ = CR ) d
thickness of dielectric,
i.e. C P = 31.4 = 4.2 F = CQ = C R

27 Kirchhoff
 V 1000
d= = = 40  10−6 m
E 25 10 6

2. A circuit consists of two capacitors P and

= 40 10−3 mm = 0.04 mm
Q in parallel, connected in series with
0 r A
b. Capacitance, C = from which, another capacitor R. The capacitances of P,
d
Q and R are 4 F, 12 F and 8 F
Cd
cross-sectional area, A = respectively. When the circuit is connected
0 r
across a 300 V d.c. supply find (a) the total
0.04 10−6  0.04 10−3
= −12
= 0.03616 m 2 capacitance of the circuit, (b) the p.d. across
8.85 10  5
each capacitor and (c) the charge on each
= 361.6 cm 2
capacitor. [(a) CT = 5.33 F, (b) VP = 100
1
c. Maximum energy, Wmax = CV 2 V, VQ = 100 V, VR = 200 V (c) QP = 0.4
2
mC, QQ = 1.2 mC, QR = 1.6 mC ]
1
=  0.04 10−6 10002 = 0.02 J
2 3. A capacitor is to be constructed so that its
d. Energy = power  time, hence, power, capacitance is 0.2 μF and to take a p.d. of
energy 0.02 J
P= = = 1000 W or 1 1.25 kV across its terminals. The dielectric
time 20  10 −6 s
is to be mica which, after allowing a safety
kW
factor of 2, has a dielectric strength of 50
MV/m. Find (a) the thickness of the mica
TRY
needed, and (b) the area of a plate assuming
a two-plate construction. (Assume εr for
1. For the circuit shown below, determine mica to be 6). [(a) d = 0.025 mm, (b) A =
(a) the total circuit capacitance, (b)
the total energy in the circuit, and 941.6 cm2 ]
(c) the charges in the capacitors
shown as C1 and C2 4. A capacitor is charged with 10 mC. If the
energy stored is 1.2 J find (a) the voltage
[(a) CT = 0.857 F , (b) W = 1.071 mJ, (c)
and (b) the capacitance. [(a) V = 240 V, (b)
Q = 42.85 C on C1 and C2 each] C = 41.67 μF]

5. A 12 μF capacitor is required to store 4 J

of energy. Find the p.d. to which the
capacitor must be charged. [p.d = 816.5 V]

28 Kirchhoff
 CHAPTER 4 of mean diameter 250 mm. If the coil
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT has 500 turns find the current in the coil.
[7.85 A]

4.1 Magnetic Circuit Quantities 9. Find the relative permeability of a piece

1. What is the flux density in a magnetic of silicon iron if a flux density of 1.3 T
field of cross-sectional area 20 cm2 is produced by a magnetic field strength
having a flux of 3 mWb? [1.5 T] of 700 A/m. [1478]

2. Determine the total flux emerging from 10. Part of a magnetic circuit is made from
a magnetic pole face having dimensions steel of length 120 mm, cross-sectional
5 cm by 6 cm, if the flux density is 0.9 area 15 cm2 and relative permeability
T. [2.7 mWb] 800. Calculate (a) the reluctance and (b)
the absolute permeability of the steel.
3. The maximum working flux density of [(a) 79 580 /H (b) 1 mH/m]
a lifting electromagnet is 1.9 T and the
effective area of a pole face is circular 11. A steel ring of mean diameter 120 mm
in cross-section. If the total magnetic is uniformly wound with 1500 turns of
flux produced is 611 mWb determine wire. When a current of 0.30 A is
the radius of the pole face. [32 cm] passed through the coil a flux density of
1.5 T is set up in the steel. Find the
4. Find the magnetic field strength and the relative permeability of the steel under
magnetomotive force needed to these conditions. [1000]
produce a flux density of 0.33 T in an
air-gap of length 15 mm. [(a) 262 600
12. A mild steel closed magnetic circuit has
A/m (b) 3939 A]
a mean length of 75 mm and a cross-
sectional area of 320.2 mm2. A current
5. An air-gap between two pole pieces is of 0.40 A flows in a coil wound
20 mm in length and the area of the flux uniformly around the circuit and the
path across the gap is 5 cm2. If the flux flux produced is 200 μWb. If the
required in the air-gap is 0.75 mWb find relative permeability of the steel at this
the mmf necessary. [23 870 A] value of current is 400 find (a) the
reluctance of the material and (b) the
6. Find the magnetic field strength applied number of turns of the coil. [(a) 466
to a magnetic circuit of mean length 50 000/H (b) 233]
cm when a coil of 400 turns is applied
to it carrying a current of 1.2 A. [960 13. A uniform ring of cast steel has a cross-
A/m] sectional area of 5 cm2 and a mean
circumference of 15 cm. Find the
7. A solenoid 20 cm long is wound with current required in a coil of 1200 turns
500 turns of wire. Find the current wound on the ring to produce a flux of
required to establish a magnetizing 0.8 mWb. (Use the magnetization curve
force of 2500 A/m inside the solenoid. for cast steel shown on page 78.) [0.60
[1 A] A]

8. A magnetic field strength of 5000 A/m 14. (a) A uniform mild steel ring has a
is applied to a circular magnetic circuit diameter of 50 mm and a cross-

29 Kirchhoff
 sectional area of 1 cm2. Determine the
mmf necessary to produce a flux of 50
μWb in the ring. (Use the B-
H curve for mild steel shown on page
78.)
(b) If a coil of 440 turns is wound
uniformly around the ring in part (a)
what current would be required to
FIGURE 4.1 Magnetic
produce the flux? [(a) 110 A (b) 0.25
circuit diagram for
A]
Problem 17
4.2 Composite Series Magnetic
18. A ring forming a magnetic circuit is
Circuits
made from two materials; one part is
15. A magnetic circuit of cross-sectional
mild steel of mean length 25 cm and
area 0.4 cm2 consists of one part 3 cm
cross-sectional area 4 cm2, and the
long, of material having relative
remainder is cast iron of mean length 20
permeability 1200, and a second part 2
cm and cross-sectional area 7.5 cm2.
cm long of material having relative
Use a tabular approach to determine the
permeability 750. With a 100 turn coil
total mmf required to cause a flux of
carrying 2 A, find the value of flux
0.30 mWb in the magnetic circuit. Find
existing in the circuit. [0.195 mWb]
also the total reluctance of the circuit.
Use the magnetization curves shown on
16. (a) A cast steel ring has a cross-
page 78. [550 A, 18.3 × 105/H]
sectional area of 600 mm2 and a radius
of 25 mm. Determine the mmf 19. Figure 4.2 shows the magnetic circuit of
necessary to establish a flux of 0.8 a relay. When each of the air gaps are
mWb in the ring. Use the B-H curve for 1.5 mm wide find the mmf required to
cast steel shown on page 78. produce a flux density of 0.75 T in the
(b) If a radial air gap 1.5mm wide is cut air gaps. Use the B-H curves shown on
in the ring of part (a) find the mmf now page 78. [2970 A]
necessary to maintain the same flux in
the ring. [(a) 270 A (b) 1860 A]

17. For the magnetic circuit shown in

Figure 4.1 find the current I in the coil
needed to produce a flux of 0.45 mWb
in the air-gap. The silicon iron magnetic
circuit has a uniform cross-sectional
area of 3 cm2 and its magnetization
curve is as shown on page 78.
[0.83 A]

FIGURE 4.2 Magnetic

circuit diagram for
Problem 19

30 Kirchhoff
 SOLUTION NI
7. Magnetic field strength, H =
L

1. Flux density, B =
A H L (2500)(20 10−2 )
from which, I = =
N 500
3 10−3 Wb
= = 1.5 T
20 10−4 m 2 =1A

 8. Length of magnetic field, L= d

2. B = from which, flux,
A = (0.25) m
 = B  A = 0.9  5  6 10−4 = 2.7 mWb NI
H= from which, current,
  L
3. B = = 2 from which,
A r H  L 5000   0.25
I= = = 7.85 A
N 500
   
r2 = and radius, r =   B
B  B  9. = 0 r from which, relative
H
B 1.3
611 10−3 permeability,  r = =
= = 0.32 m or 32 cm  0 H 410−7  700
1.9  
B = 1478
4. =  0 r from which, magnetic field
H 10. a. Reluctance,
B 0.33
strength, H = = L 0.12
 0  r 4  10 −7  1 S= = −7
 0  r A 4 10  800  15  10 −4
= 262600 A/m
= 79580 /H or 79580 A/Wb
Magnetomotive force, m.m.f. = H  L b. Absolute permeability,
−3
= 262600  15 10 = 3939 A  = 0 r = 410−7  800 = 1 mH/m
B
5. =  0 for air, from which, 11. Length of magnetic field,
H
L=  d = 120 mm = 120 10−3 m

B A  = 0.12 m
H= = =
0 0 A 0
Magnetic field strength,
and m.m.f. = H  L NI (1500)(0.3)
H= = = 1193.66 A/m
 −3
0.75 10  20 10 −3 L 0.12
= L =
A 0 5 10−4  410−7 B
= 0 r from which, relative
H
=23870 A
permeability,
6. Magnetic field strength,
B 1.5
r = = −7
= 1000
H=
NI (400)(1.2)
= = 960 A/m  0 H 410 1193.66
L 50 10−2
12. a. Reluctance,

31 Kirchhoff
 L
=
0.075 L1 3 10−2
S= S1 = =
 0  r A 410  400  320.2 10 −6
−7
0  r1 A1 410−7 1200  0.4 10−4
= 466000 /H = 497359 /H
m.m.f . N I
b. S = = from which, number Reluctance of part 2,
 
S  466000  200 10−6 L2 2 10−2
of turns, N = = S2 = =
I 0.40 0  r2 A 2 410−7  750  0.4 10−4

= 233 = 530516 /H
13. Length of magnetic field, Total reluctance,

L = 15 10−2 m = 0.15 m , A = 5  10−4 m 2 , ST = S1 + S2 = 497359 + 530516 = 1027875 / H

flux,  = 0.8 10−3 Wb m.m.f . N I
ST = = from which, flux,
 0.8 10−3  
Flux density, B = = = 1.6 T
A 5 10−4 N I 100  2
= = = 0.195 mWb
From the graph of cast steel, when B = 1.6, ST 1027875
H = 4800 A/m
16. a. c.s.a., A = 600  10−6 m 2 , length of
Magnetomotive force, magnetic circuit, L = 2r = 2  25 10−3 m
m.m.f. = H  L = N  I ,  = 0.8 10−3 Wb

from which, current,  0.8 10−3

B= = = 1.33333 T = 1.33 T,
A 600 10−6
H  L 4800  0.15
I= = = 0.60 A
N 1200 From the graph of cast steel, when B = 1.33,
H = 1720 A/m
14. a. Length of magnetic field,
−3 −4
m.m.f. = H  l = 1720  2  25 10−3
L =  50  10 m , c.s.a., A = 110 m , 2

= 270 A
flux,  = 50 10−6 Wb
B
 50 10−6 b. For the air gap, =  0 from which,
Flux density, B = = = 0.5 T H
A 110−4
B 1.33333
H= = = 1061030 A
From the graph of mild steel, when B = 0.5,  0 4 10−7
H = 700 A/m
Magnetomotive force, m.m.f. = H  L = 1061030  1.5  10−3

m.m.f. = H  L = 700   50 10−3 = 1592

Total m.m.f. = 270 + 1592 = 1860 A,
= 110 A
correct to 4 significant figures
b. m.m.f. = N I from which, current,
17. For the silicon iron core,
m.m.f . 110
I= = = 0.25 A  0.45 10−3
N 440 B= = = 1.5 T
A 3 10−4
15. Reluctance of part 1,

32 Kirchhoff
 From the magnetisation curve), H = 3500
A/m
TRY
B
For the air gap, = o since r = 1
H 1. A closed magnetic circuit made of silicon
B 1.5 iron consists of a 40 mm long path of cross-
from which, H = =
 o 4 x 10-7 sectional area 90 mm2 and a 15 mm long
= 1193662 A/m path of cross-sectional area 70 mm2. A coil

Total m.m.f, of 50 turns is wound around the 40 mm

m.m.f.T = m.m.f.ring + m.m.f.gap length of the circuit and a current of 0.39 A

=H +H flows. Find the flux density in the 15 mm

ring gap
length path if the relative permeability of the
Hr ring = 3500  20 10−2 = 700 A
silicon iron at this value of magnetising
H gap = 1193662 1.5 10−3 = 1790.5 A
force is 3000. [B = 1.59 T]
m.m.f.T = 700 + 1790.5 = 2490.5 A
2. A mild steel closed magnetic circuit has
2490.5
Since m.m.f. = NI, I = = 0.83 A a mean length of 75 mm and a cross-
3000
18. Mild steel (M.S): L = 0.25 m, sectional area of 320.2 mm2 . A current of
0.40 A flows in a coil wound uniformly
c.s.a., A = 4  10−4 m 2
around the circuit and the flux produced is
Cast iron (C.I): L = 0.20 m,
c.s.a., A = 7.5 10−4 m 2 200 Wb. If the relative permeability of the
P.O.C  A B H L mmf steel at this value of current is 400 find (a)
-4
M.S 0.3× 4×10 0.75 1000 0.25 250
10 -3 the reluctance of the material and (b) the
C.I 0.3× 7.5×10-4 0.40 1500 0.20 300 number of turns of the coil.
10-3
[ (a) 466000 /H (b) 233]
Total mmf: 550 A
3. A closed magnetic circuit made of silicon
m.m.f . 550
Total reluctance, S = =
 0.30 10−3 iron consists of a 40 mm long path of cross-
= 1.83  10 / H 6
sectional area 90 mm2 and a 15 mm long
19. path of cross-sectional area 70 mm2. A coil
P.O.C A B H L mmf of 50 turns is wound around the 40 mm
length of the circuit and a current of 0.39 A
Cast 0.8 10−4 0.75 5500 0.20 1100
iron flows. Find the flux density in the 15 mm
−4
Mild 0.8 10 0.75 1000 0.08 80 length path if the relative permeability of the
steel
Air 0.8 10−4 0.75 596831 0.003 1790 silicon iron at this value of magnetising
force is 3000. [B = 1.59 T]
Total mmf: 2970 A

33 Kirchhoff
 CHAPTER 5 direction of the magnetic field is from
ELECTROMAGETISM left to right, what is the direction of the
80 N force? [(a) 14.2 mm
(b) towards the viewer]
5.1 Force on a Current-Carrying
Conductor 6. A coil is wound uniformly on a former
1. A conductor carries a current of 70 A at having a width of 18 mm and a length
right-angles to a magnetic field having of 25 mm. The former is pivoted about
a flux density of 1.5 T. If the length of an axis passing through the middle of
the conductor in the field is 200 mm the two shorter sides and is placed in a
calculate the force acting on the uniform magnetic field of flux density
conductor. What is the force when the 0.75 T, the axis being perpendicular to
conductor and field are at an angle the field. If the coil carries a current of
of 45°? [21.0 N, 14.8 N] 120 mA, determine the force exerted on
2. Calculate the current required in a 240 each coil side, (a) for a single-turn coil,
mm length of conductor of a dc motor (b) for a coil wound with 400 turns.
when the conductor is situated at right- [(a) 2.25 × 10–3 N (b) 0.9 N]
angles to the magnetic field of flux
density 1.25 T, if a force of 1.20 N is to
5.2 Force on a Charge
be exerted on the conductor. [4.0 A]
7. Calculate the force exerted on a charge
of 2 × 10–18 C travelling at 2 × 106 m/s
3. A conductor 30 cm long is situated at perpendicular to a field of density 2 ×
right-angles to a magnetic field. 10–7 T. [8 × 10–19 N]
Calculate the strength of the magnetic
field if a current of 15 A in the
8. Determine the speed of a 10–19 C charge
conductor produces a force on it of 3.6
travelling perpendicular to a field of
N. [0.80 T]
flux density 10–7 T, if the force on the
charge is 10–20 N. [106 m/s]
4. A conductor 300 mm long carries a
current of 13 A and is at right- angles to
a magnetic field between two circular
pole faces, each of diameter 80 mm. If
the total flux between the pole faces is
0.75 mWb calculate the force exerted
on the conductor. [0.582 N]

5. (a) A 400 mm length of conductor

carrying a current of 25 A is situated at
right-angles to a magnetic field
between two poles of an electric motor.
The poles have a circular cross-section.
If the force exerted on the conductor is
80 N and the total flux between the pole
faces is 1.27 mWb, determine the
diameter of a pole face. (b) If the
conductor in part (a) is vertical, the
current flowing downwards and the

34 Kirchhoff
 SOLUTION I = 120 10−3 A
1. Force, F = B I L sin  For a single-turn coil, force,

= 1.5  70  200 10−3 sin 90 F = B I L = 0.75 120 10−3  25 10−3

= 21.0 N = 2.25  10−3 N
When  = 45, F = 21.0 sin 45 = 14.8 N b. For a coil wound with 400 turns, force,
2. Force, F = B I L sin  from which, F = 400  2.25 10−3 = 0.9 N
current,
7. Force, F = Q v B
F 1.20
I= = = 2 10−18  2 106  2 10−7
B L sin  1.25  240 10 −3  sin 90

= 4.0 A = 8  10 −19 N

3. Force, F = B I L sin  from which, flux 8. Force, F = Q v B from which, speed,

F 3.6 10−20
density, B = = F
= −19 = 10 6 m/s
I L sin  15  0.30  sin 90 v=
Q B 10 10 −7

= 0.80 T
4. When conductor and field are at right

angles, force, F = B I L where B =
A
Hence, force,

F=  I L
A

0.75 10−3
=  13  300 10−3 = 0.582 N
 ( 40 ) 10 −6
2

5. a. Force, F = B I L
 
=  I L = 2  I  L
A r

from which, radius,

 I  L 1.27 10−3  25  400 10−3

r= =
F  80  

= 7.110−3 m = 7.1 mm

Hence, diameter = 2  r = 2  7.1

= 14.2 mm
b. By Fleming’s left hand rule, the direction
of the force is towards the viewer

6. a. B = 0.75 T, L = 25  10 −3 m and

35 Kirchhoff
 CHAPTER 6 changes by 12 mWb. Find the time, in
ELECROMAGNETIC INDUCTION milliseconds, in which the flux makes
the change. [144 ms]
6.1 Induced emf
1. A conductor of length 15 cm is moved
at 750 mm/s at right-angles to a uniform 8. An ignition coil having 10000 turns has
flux density of 1.2 T. Determine the an emf of 8 kV induced in it. What rate
emf induced in the conductor. [0.135 of change of flux is required for this to
V] happen? [0.8 Wb/s]

2. Find the speed that a conductor of 9. A flux of 0.35 mWb passing through a
length 120 mm must be moved at right 125-turn coil is reversed in 25 ms. Find
angles to a magnetic field of flux the magnitude of the average emf
density 0.6 T to induce in it an emf of induced. [3.5 V]
1 .8 V. [25 m/s]
6.3 Energy Stored
10. Calculate the value of the energy
3. A 25 cm long conductor moves at a
stored when a current of 30 mA is
uniform speed of 8 m/s through a
flowing in a coil of inductance 400 mH.
uniform magnetic field of flux density
[0.18 mJ]
1.2 T. Determine the current flowing in
the conductor when (a) its ends are
open-circuited, (b) its ends are 11. The energy stored in the magnetic
connected to a load of 15 ohms field of an inductor is 80 J when the
resistance. [(a) 0 (b) 0.16 A] current flowing in the inductor is 2 A.
Calculate the inductance of the coil.
4. A car is travelling at 80 km/h. [40 H]
Assuming the back axle of the car is
1.76 m in length and the vertical 6.4 Inductance of a Coil
component of the earth’s magnetic field 12. A flux of 30 mWb links with a 1200
is 40 μT, find the emf generated in the turn coil when a current of 5 A is
axle due to motion. [1.56 mV] passing through the coil. Calculate (a)
the inductance of the coil, (b) the
5. A conductor moves with a velocity of
energy stored in the magnetic field, and
20 m/s at an angle of (a) 90 (b) 45 (c)
30, to a magnetic field produced (c) the average emf induced if the
between two square- faced poles of side current is reduced to zero in 0.20 s.
length 2.5 cm. If the flux on the pole (a) 7.2 H (b) 90 J (c) 180 V]
face is 60 mWb, find the magnitude of 13. An emf of 2 kV is induced in a coil
the induced emf in each case. when a current of 5 A collapses
[(a) 48 V (b) 33.9 V (c) 24 V] uniformly to zero in 10 ms. Determine
6.2 Inductance the inductance of the coil. [4 H]
6. Find the emf induced in a coil of 200
turns when there is a change of flux of 14. An average emf of 60 V is induced
30 mWb linking with it in 40 ms. in a coil of inductance 160 mH when a
[- 150 V] current of 7.5 A is reversed. Calculate
the time taken for the current to reverse.
7. An emf of 25 V is induced in a coil of [40 ms]
300 turns when the flux linking with it

36 Kirchhoff
 15. A coil of 2500 turns has a flux of 10 the other coil, (b) the change of flux
mWb linking with it when carrying a linked with the other coil if it is wound
current of 2 A. Calculate the coil with 400 turns. [(a) -180 V (b) 5.4
inductance and the emf induced in the mWb]
coil when the current collapses to zero
in 20 ms. [12.5 H, 1.25 kV]
SOLUTION
16. A coil is wound with 600 turns and 1. Length, l = 15 cm = 0.15 m and
has a self-inductance of 2.5 H. What
current must flow to set up a flux of 20 velocity, v = 750 mm/s = 0.75 m/s
mWb? [4.8 A] Induced e.m.f., E = B l v

17. When a current of 2 A flows in a = 1.2  0.15  0.75 = 0.135 V

coil, the flux linking with the coil is 80 2. Induced e.m.f., E = B l v from which,
μWb. If the coil inductance is 0.5 H,
E 1.8
calculate the number of turns of the speed, v = = = 25m / s
coil. [12 500] Bl 0.6×0.12
3. Induced e.m.f., E = B l v
18. A steady current of 5 A when
= 1.2  0.25  8 = 2.4 V
flowing in a coil of 1000 turns produces
a magnetic flux of 500 μWb. Calculate a. If the conductor is open circuited, then
the inductance of the coil. The current no current will flow.
of 5 A is then reversed in 12.5 ms. E 2.4
Calculate the emf induced in the coil. b. Current, I = = = 0.16 A
R 15
[0.1 H, 80 V]
4. Generated e.m.f, E = B l v
6.5 Mutual Inductance 80 103
19. The mutual inductance between two = 40 10−6 1.76 
60  60
coils is 150 mH. Find the magnitude of
the emf induced in one coil when the = 1.56 mV
current in the other is increasing at a
5. Induced e.m.f., E = B l v sin θ
rate of 30 A/s. [4.5 V]
a. θ = 90  , E = B l v sin 90 
20. Determine the mutual inductance
between two coils when a current Φ
= ×l×v×sin90°
changing at 50 A/s in one coil induces A
an emf of 80 mV in the other. [1.6 mH]
60×10-3
= 2 -4
×2.5×10-2 ×20×sin90°
(2.5) ×10
21. Two coils have a mutual inductance
of 0.75 H. Calculate the magnitude of = 48 V
the emf induced in one coil when a
current of 2.5 A in the other coil is b. θ = 45  , E = B l v sin 45 
reversed in 15 ms. [250 V] = 48 sin 45  = 33.9 V

22. The mutual inductance between two c. θ = 30  , E = B l v sin 30 

coils is 240 mH. If the current in one = 48 sin 30  = 24 V
coil changes from 15 A to 6 A in 12 ms,
calculate (a) the average emf induced in

37 Kirchhoff
6. Induced e.m.f., 1 2 1
LI = ×7.2× ( 5 ) = 90 J
2
W=
2 2
dΦ  30 10−3 
E = -N = -200  −3 
= - 150 V
 40 10 
dt c. Induced e.m.f.,

dΦ
dI  5-0 
E= L = 7.2   = 180 V
7. E =N from which, time for dt  0.20 
dt
change, dI
13. Induced e.m.f., E = L ,from which
NdΦ 300×12×10-3 dt
dt = = = 0.144 s inductance,
E 25
or 144 ms E 2000 2000×10×10-3
L= = = =4H
dI 5-0 5
dΦ dt 10×10-3
8. E =N from which, rate of change
dt
of flux, dI
14. Induced e.m.f., E = L
dt
dΦ E 8×103
= = = 0.8 Wb / s
 7.5 - - 7.5 
dt N 10000 i.e. 60 = (160×10-3 )  
 dt 
9. Magnitude of induced e.m.f.,
From which, the time taken for the
dΦ
E= N current to reverse,
dt
160×10-3 ×15
 0.35×10 --0.35×10 
-3 -3 dt = = 40×10-3 s = 40 ms
=125   = 3.5 V 60
 25×10-3 
15. a. Inductance,
NB: (Since the flux is reversed, it changes
from 35 mWb to -35 mWb, which is a NΦ 2500×10×10-3
L= = = 12.5 H
change of 35 - -35, i.e. 70 mWb). I 2

10. Energy stored, b. Induced e.m.f.,

 2-0 
LI = ×400×10-3 × ( 30×10-3 )
1 2 1 2 dI
W= E= L =12.5  -3 
= 1.25 kV
2 2 dt  20×10 
= 0.18 mJ NΦ
16. Inductance, L = from which,
1 2 I
11. Energy, W = LI from which, current,
2
inductance, NΦ ( 600 ) ( 20×10 )
-3

I= = = 4.8 A
2W 2×80 L 2.5
L= = = 40 H
( 2)
2
I2 NΦ
17. If L = then number of turns,
12. a. Inductance of coil, I
LI 0.5×2
NΦ 1200×30×10-3 N= = = 12500
L= = = 7.2 H Φ 80×10-6
I 5
18. a. Inductance,
b. Energy stored,

38 Kirchhoff
 NΦ 1000×500×10-6
L= = = 0.1H
I 5
b. Induced e.m.f.,
dI  5- -5 
E= L = ( 0.1)  -3 
= 80 V
dt  12.5×10 
19. Magnitude of the e.m.f. induced,

= (150×10-3 ) ( 30 ) = 4.5 V
dI1
E2 = M
dt
dI1
20. E2 = M hence, mutual
dt
inductance,
E 2 80×10-3
M= = =1.6mH
dI1 50
dt
21. Induced e.m.f.
dI1  2.5- -2.5 
E2 = M = ( 0.75 )  -3 
= 250 V
dt  1.5×10 
22. a. Induced e.m.f.,
 15-6 
= - ( 240×10-3 ) 
dI1
-3 
E 2 = -M = - 180 V
dt  12×10 
dΦ
b. E = N from which, change of
dt
flux,
Edt 180×12×10-3
dΦ = = = 5.4 mWb
N 400

39 Kirchhoff
 CHAPTER 7
ALTERNATING CURRENT THEORY

7.1 Frequency and Periodic Time

1. Determine the periodic time for the FIGURE 7.1 Waveforms
following frequencies: (a) 2.5 Hz (b) for Problem 5
100 Hz (c) 40 kHz. [(a) 0.4 s (b) 10
ms (c) 25 μs] 6. An alternating voltage is triangular in
shape, rising at a constant rate to a
2. Calculate the frequency for the maximum of 300 V in 8 ms and then
following periodic times: (a) 5ms falling to zero at a constant rate in 4 ms.
(b)50μs (c)0.2s The negative half cycle is identical in
[(a) 0.2 kHz (b) 20 kHz (c) 5 Hz] shape to the positive half cycle.
Calculate (a) the mean voltage over half
3. An alternating current completes 4 a cycle, and (b) the rms voltage
cycles in 5 ms. What is its frequency? [(a) 150 V (b) 170 V]
[800 Hz]
7.3 AC Values of Sinusoidal
7.2 AC Values of Non-Sinusoidal Waveforms
Waveforms 7. Calculate the rms value of a sinusoidal
4. An alternating current varies with time curve of maximum value 300 V. [212.1
over half a cycle as follows: V]

I 0 0.7 2.0 4.2 8.4 8.2 2.5 1.0 0.4 0.2 0 8. Find the peak and mean values for a
ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 200 V mains supply. [282.9 V, 180.2
The negative half cycle is similar. Plot the V]
curve and determine:
(a) the frequency, 9. A sinusoidal voltage has a maximum
(b)the instantaneous values at 3.4 ms and 5.8 value of 120 V. Calculate its rms and
average values. [84.8 V, 76.4 V]
ms, (c) its mean value, and (d) its rms
value.
10. A sinusoidal current has a mean
[(a) 50 Hz (b) 5.5 A, 3.4 A (c) 2.8 A value of 15.0 A. Determine its
(d) 4.0 A] maximum and rms values. [23.55 A,
16.65 A]
5. For the waveforms shown in Figure 7.1
determine for each (i) the frequency (ii)
the average value over half a cycle (iii) v = Vm sin(ωt ±φ)
the rms value (iv) the form factor (v)
the peak factor. 11. An alternating voltage is represented by
[(a) (i) 100 Hz (ii) 2.50 A (iii) 2.88 A
v = 20sin157.1t volts. Find (a) the
(iv) 1.15 (v) 1.74]
maximum value (b) the frequency (c)
[(b) (i) 250 Hz (ii) 20 V (iii) 20 V (iv) 1.0
the periodic time. (d) What is the
(v) 1.0]
angular velocity of the phasor
[(c) (i) 125 Hz (ii) 18 A (iii) 19.56 A (iv) representing this waveform? [(a) 20 V
1.09 (v) 1.23] [(d) (i) 250 Hz (ii) 25 V (iii) (b) 25 Hz (c) 0.04 s (d) 157.1 rad/s]
50 V (iv) 2.0 (v) 2.0]

40 Kirchhoff
12. Find the peak value, the rms value, the Sketch the curve for one cycle showing
periodic time, the frequency and the relevant points.
phase angle (in degrees and minutes) of
[(a) 200 V, 0.04 s, 25 Hz, 2958’ lagging;
the following alternating quantities:
(b) – 49.95 V; (c) 66.96 V; (d) 7.426 ms,
(a) v = 90sin400πt volts 19.23 ms; (e) 25.95 ms, 40.71 ms; (f) 13.33
[90 V, 63.63 V, 5 ms, 200 Hz, 0o] ms]
(b) i = 50sin(100πt + 0.30) amperes
[50 A, 35.35 A, 0.02 s, 50Hz, 7.4 Combination of Periodic
17 11’ lead]
o
Functions
(c) e = 200sin(628.4t −0.41) volts 16. The instantaneous values of two
[200 V, 141.4 V, 0.01 s, 100 Hz, alternating voltages are given by v1 =
23o29’ lag] 5sinωt and v2 = 8sin(ωt −π6). By
plotting v1 and v2 on the same axes,
13. A sinusoidal current has a peak value of using the same scale, over
30 A and a frequency of 60 Hz. At time one cycle, obtain expressions for (a) v1 + v2
t = 0, the current is zero. Express the and (b) v1 – v2
instantaneous current i in the form i =
[(a) v1 +v2 = 12.58sin(ωt −0.325) V
Im sinωt.
[i = 30sin120πt ] (b) v1 −v2 = 4.44sin(ωt + 2.02) V ]

14. An alternating voltage v has a periodic

time of 20 ms and a maximum value of 17. Repeat Problem 16 by resolution of
200 V. When time t = 0, v = – 75 volts. phasors.
Deduce a sinusoidal expression for v
and sketch one cycle of the voltage
showing important points.
SOLUTION
[v = 200sin(100πt − 0.384)]
1 1
1.(a) Periodic time, T = = = 0.4s
15. The instantaneous value of voltage in f 2.5
an ac circuit at any time seconds is 1 1
(b)Periodic time,T = = = 0.01 s
given by v = 100sin(50πt −0.523) V. f 100
Find: or 10 ms
1 1
(a) the peak-to-peak voltage, the (c) Periodic time, T = =
periodic time, the frequency and the f 40  103
phase angle = 25 s
1 1
(b) the voltage when t = 0 2. (a) Frequency, f = =
T 5 10−3
(c) the voltage when t = 8 ms = 200 Hz or 0.2 kHz
(d) the times in the first cycle when the 1 1
(b) Frequency, f = =
voltage is 60 V (e) the times in the first T 50 10−6
cycle when the voltage is – 40 V, and = 20 kHz
1 1
(f) the first time when the voltage is a (c) Frequency, f = = = 5 Hz
T 0.2
maximum. 5
3. Time for one cycle, T = ms
4

41 Kirchhoff
 area under curve 2 (
5 10−3 ) ( 5 )
= 1.25 ms 1
1 1
Hence, frequency, f = = = =
T 1.25 10−3 length of base 5 10−3
= 800 Hz = 2.50 A
4. The graph is shown plotted below.

(a) Periodic time, T = 2  10 ms

(iii) R.m.s. value
= 20 ms,
1 1  i 2 + i 2 2 + i32 + i 4 2 + i5 2 
hence, frequency, f = = =  1
T 20 10−3 
= 50 Hz  5 
(b) At 3.4 ms, current, i = 5.5 A
and at 5.8 ms, i = 3.1 A  0.52 + 1.52 + 2.52 + 3.52 + 4.52 
=  
area under curve  5 
(c) Mean value =
length of base
=2.87 A
Using the mid-ordinate rule,
area under curve = r.m.s. 2.87
(iv) Form factor = = = 1.15
(110 ) (0.3 +1.4 + 3.1+ 6.0 + 8.8 + 5.5 +1.6 + 0.8 + 0.3 + 0.2)
−3
average 2.50
= (110−3 ) ( 28) = 28 10−3 max imum value 5
(v) Peak factor = =
28 10−3 r.m.s. 2.87
Hence, mean value =
10 10−3 = 1.74
= 2.8 A
(d) r.m.s. value = (b) (i) T = 4 ms, hence, frequency,
 0.32 + 1.42 + 3.12 + 6.02 + 8.82 + 5.52 + 1.62 + 0.82 + 0.32 + 0.22  1 1
  f= = = 250 Hz
 10  T 4  10−3
158.68 (ii) Average value
= = 3.98 A or 4.0 A,
10 area under curve 20  2
(correct to 2 significant figures). = = = 20 V
length of base 2
5. (a) (i) T = 10 ms, hence, frequency,
(iii) R.m.s. value
1 1
f= = = 100 Hz
T 10 10−3  v12 + v 2 2 + v32 + v 4 2 
=  
(ii) Average value  4 

42 Kirchhoff
  202 + 202 + 202 + 202  (d) (i) T = 4 ms, hence, frequency,
=   = 20 V 1 1
 4  f= = = 250 Hz
T 4  10−3
r.m.s. 20 (ii) Average value
(iv) Form factor = = = 1.0 area under curve 0.5  100
average 20 = = = 25 V
length of base 2
max imum value 20 (iii) R.m.s. value
(v) Peak factor = =
r.m.s. 20  v12 + v 2 2 + v32 + v 4 2 
=  
= 1.0  4 
(c) (i) T = 8 ms, hence, frequency,  02 + 02 + 1002 + 02 
=   = 50 V
1 1  4 
f= = = 125 Hz
T 8 10−3 (iv) Form factor =
r.m.s.
=
50
= 2.0
average 25
(ii) Average value =
(v) Peak factor
1  1 
 1 24  + ( 2  24 ) +  1 24  max imum value 100
area under curve  2  2  = 72 = = = 2.0
= r.m.s. 50
length of base 4 4 6. The voltage waveform is shown
= 18 A below.

(iii) R.m.s. value

(a) Average value =

area under curve 2 (

8 10−3 ) ( 300 ) + ( 4 10−3 ) ( 300 )
 i + i 2 + i3 + i 4 + .... 
2 2 2 2 1 1
1
=   2
 8  =
length of base 12 10−3
 32 + 92 + 152 + 212 + 242 + 242 + 242 + 242  = 150 V
=  
 8  18. (b) R.m.s. value
 v12 + v 2 2 + v32 + v 4 2 + v5 2 + v 6 2 
= 19.56 A =  
 6 
r.m.s. 19.56
(iv) Form factor = = = 1.09
average 18  37.52 + 112.52 + 187.52 + 262.52 + 2252 + 752 
=  
max imum value 24  6 
(v) Peak factor = = = 170 V
r.m.s. 19.56
= 1.23 7. R.m.s. value = 0.707  peak value

43 Kirchhoff
 = 0.707  300 = 212.1 V = 0.707  50 = 35.35 A
100 =  = 2f, from which,
8. 200 V is the r.m.s. value,
100 
frequency, f = = 50 Hz
r.m.s. value = 0.707  peak value, 2
1 1
from which, peak value Periodic time, T = = = 0.02 s
f 50
r.m.s. 200 = 20 ms
= = = 282.9 V
0.707 0.707 Phase angle = 0.30 radians
180
Mean value = 0.637  peak value = 0.3 = 17.19 leading

= 0.637  282.9 = 180.2 V (c) Peak value = 200 V
R.m.s. value = 0.707  peak value
9. R.m.s. value = 0.707  peak value = 0.707  200 = 141.4 V
628.4 =  = 2f, from which,
= 0.707  120 = 84.8 V 628.4
frequency, f = = 100 Hz
Average value = 0.637  peak value 2
1 1
= 0.637  120 = 76.4 V Periodic time, T = = = 0.01 s
f 100
10. Mean value = 0.637  maximum value, = 10 ms
Phase angle = 0.41 radians
from which, maximum value 180
= 0.41 = 23.49 lagging
=
mean value 15.0
= = 23.55 A 
0.637 0.637 13. i = 30 sin  2(60)t + 
R.m.s. value = 0.707  maximum value If t = 0 when i = 0, thus, 0 = 30 sin 
i.e. 0 = sin 
= 0.707  23.55 = 16.65 A
from which,  = sin −1 0 = 0
11. (a) Maximum value = 20 V Hence, i = 30 sin 120t A
1 1
(b) 157.1 =  = 2f, from which, 14. Frequency = = = 50 Hz
T 20 10−3
Hence, v = 200 sin  2(50)t + 
157.1
frequency, f = = 25 Hz
2
1 1 = 200 sin (100t +  )
(c) Periodic time, T = = = 0.04 s If t = 0 when v = - 75, thus
f 25
= 40 ms - 75 = 200 sin  from which,
(d) Angular velocity = 157.1 rad/s  −75 
 = sin −1   = - 0.384
 200 
12. (a) Peak value = 90 V
Hence, v = 200 sin(100t – 0.384) V
R.m.s. value = 0.707  peak value 15. (a) Peak to peak voltage
= 0.707  90 = 63.63 V = 2  maximum value
400 =  = 2f, from which, = 2  100 = 200 V
400 50 =  = 2f, from which,
frequency, f = = 200 Hz
2 50 
1 1 frequency, f = = 25 Hz
Periodic time, T = = = 5 ms 2
f 200
1 1
Phase angle = 0 Periodic time, T = = = 0.04 s
(b) Peak value = 50 A f 25
R.m.s. value = 0.707  peak value = 40 ms

44 Kirchhoff
Phase angle = 0.523 rad lagging or 50t = 2 - 0.4115 + 0.523
180
= 0.523 = 29.97 lagging
 2 − 0.4115 + 0.523
and t = = 40.71 ms
or 2958 lagging 50
(b) When t = 0, v = 100 sin[50(0) –
0.523] = - 49.95 V
(c) When t = 8 ms,
v = 100 sin[50( 8  10 −3 ) – 0.523]
= 100 sin 0.7336 = 66.96 V
(d) When v = 60 V,
60 = 100 sin[50t – 0.523]
60
from which, = sin[50t – 0.523]
100
i.e. 50t – 0.523 = sin −1 0.60 (f) The first time when the voltage is a
= 0.6435 or  - 0.6435
(sine is positive in the 1st and 2nd maximum is when v = 100 V
quadrants, as shown)
i.e. 100 = 100 sin[50t – 0.523]
Hence, 50t = 0.6435 + 0.523 and
i.e. 1 = sin[50t – 0.523]

i.e. 50t – 0.523 = sin −1 1 = 1.5708

1.5708 + 0.523
from which, t =
50

= 13.33 ms
0.6435 + 0.523
t= = 7.426 ms
50 A sketch of v = 100 sin[50t – 0.523]
or 50t =  - 0.6435 + 0.523
 − 0.6435 + 0.523 is shown below.
and t = = 19.23 ms
50
(e) When v = -40 V,
-40 = 100 sin[50t – 0.523]
40
from which, − = sin[50t – 0.523]
100
i.e. 50t – 0.523 = sin −1 (−0.40)
=  + 0.4115 or 2 - 0.4115
(sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th
quadrants, as shown)

Hence, 50t =  + 0.4115 + 0.523

 + 0.4115 + 0.523
and t = = 25.95 ms
50

45 Kirchhoff
16. 8sin150
sin  = = 0.317965 and
12.58
 = sin −1 0.317965 = 18.54 or 0.324 radians

Hence,
v1 + v 2 = 12.58sin ( t − 0.324)

(b) The relative positions of v1 and v 2 at

time t = 0 are shown as phasors in diagram
(iii).

(a) From the sketched graphs above,

v1 + v 2 = 12.6sin ( t − 0.32 )
(b) From the sketched graphs above,
v1 − v 2 = 4.4sin ( t + 2)
17. (a) The relative positions of v1 and
v 2 at time t = 0 are shown as phasors (iii)
in diagram (i).

(i) (iv)
The phasor diagram is shown in diagram
(iv).
Using the cosine rule,

( ac ) = 52 + 82 − 2 ( 5)(8) cos30
2

from which, ac = 4.44

(ii) 8 4.44
The phasor diagram is shown in Using the sine rule, =
sin  sin 30
diagram (ii).
8sin 30
Using the cosine rule, from which, sin  = = 0.90090
4.44
( ac ) = 5 + 8 − 2 ( 5)(8) cos150
2 2 2
and
from which, ac = 12.58  = sin −1 0.90090 = 64.28 or 180 − 64.28 = 115.72
Using the sine rule,
8 12.58 From the phasor diagram,  = 115.72
=
sin  sin150 or 2.02 radians
from which, Hence,
v1 − v 2 = 4.44sin ( t + 2.02)

46 Kirchhoff
 CHAPTER 8 8.2 R–L AC Circuits
FUNDAMENTALS OF 9.Determine the impedance of a coil which
ALTERNATING CURRENT has a resistance of 12 and a reactance of 16
[20]

8.1 AC Circuits Containing Pure 10. A coil of inductance 80 mH and

Inductance and Pure Capacitance resistance 60 is connected to a 200 V, 100
1.Calculate the reactance of a coil of Hz supply. Calculate the circuit impedance
inductance 0.2 H when it is connected to (a) and the current taken from the supply. Find
a 50 Hz, (b) a 600 Hz and (c) a 40 kHz also the phase angle between the current
supply. [(a) 62.83 (b) 754 Ჲ (c) 50.27 k] and the supply voltage. [78.27 , 2.555 A,
39°570 lagging]
2. A coil has a reactance of 120 in a circuit
with a supply frequency of 4 kHz. Calculate 11. An alternating voltage given by v D
the inductance of the coil. [4.77 mH] 100sin240t volts is applied across a coil of
resistance 32 and inductance 100 mH.
3. A supply of 240 V, 50 Hz is connected Determine (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the
across a pure inductance and the resulting current flowing, (c) the p.d. across the
current is 1.2 A. Calculate the inductance of resistance, and (d) the p.d. across the
the coil. [0.637 H] inductance. [(a) 40 (b) 1.77 A (c) 56.64 V
(d) 42.48 V]
4. An e.m.f. of 200 V at a frequency of 2
kHz is applied to a coil of pure inductance 12. A coil takes a current of 5 A from a 20
50 mH. Determine (a) the reactance of the V d.c. supply. When connected to a 200 V,
coil, and (b) the current flowing in the coil. 50 Hz a.c. supply the current is 25 A.
[(a) 628 (b) 0.318 A] Calculate the (a) resistance, (b) impedance
and (c) inductance of the coil. [(a) 4 (b) 8
5. Calculate the capacitive reactance of a (c) 22.05 mH]
capacitor of 20 µF when connected to an
a.c. circuit of frequency (a) 20 Hz, (b) 500 13. A coil of inductance 636.6 mH and
Hz, (c) 4 kHz [(a) 397.9 (b) 15.92 (c) 1.989 negligible resistance is connected in series
] with a 100 resistor to a 250 V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate (a) the inductive
6. A capacitor has a reactance of 80 when reactance of the coil, (b) the impedance of
connected to a 50 Hz supply. Calculate the the circuit, (c) the current in the circuit, (d)
value of its capacitance. [39.79 µF] the p.d. across each component, and (e) the
circuit phase angle. [(a) 200 (b) 223.6
7. A capacitor has a capacitive reactance of (c)1.118 A (d) 223.6V ,111.8 V (e) 63°260
400 when connected to a 100 V, 25 Hz lagging]
supply. Determine its capacitance and the
current taken from the supply. [15.92 µF, 8.3 R–C AC Circuits
0.25 A] 14. A voltage of 35 V is applied across a C–
R series circuit. If the voltage across the
8. Two similar capacitors are connected in resistor is 21 V, find the voltage across the
parallel to a 200 V, 1 kHz supply. Find the capacitor. [28 V]
value of each capacitor if the circuit current
is 0.628 A. [0.25 µF] 15. A resistance of 50 is connected in series
with a capacitance of 20 µF. If a supply of

47 Kirchhoff
200 V, 100 Hz is connected across the
arrangement find (a) the circuit impedance, 20. For the circuit shown in Figure 8. 1,
(b) the current flowing, and (c) the phase determine the voltages V1 and V2 if the
angle between voltage and current. [(a) supply frequency is 1 kHz. Draw the phasor
93.98 (b) 2.128 A (c) 57°510 leading] diagram and hence determine the supply
voltage V and the circuit phase angle. [V1
16. An alternating voltage v = 250sin800 t D 26.0V,V2 D 67.05 V, VD 50 V,53°80
volts is applied across a series circuit leading]
containing a 30 resistor and 50 µF
capacitor. Calculate (a) the circuit
impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the
p.d. across the resistor, (d) the p.d. across
the capacitor, and (e) the phase angle
between voltage and current [(a) 39.05 (b)
4.527 A (c) 135.8V (d) 113.2 V (e) 39°480]

17. A 400 resistor is connected in series

with a 2358 pF capacitor across a 12 V a.c. Figure 8.1
supply. Determine the supply frequency if
the current flowing in the circuit is 24 mA. 8.5 Series Resonance and Q-factor
[225 kHz] 21 Find the resonant frequency of a series
a.c. circuit consisting of a coil of resistance
8.4 R–L–C AC Circuits 10 and inductance 50 mH and capacitance
18. A 40 µF capacitor in series with a coil 0.05 µF. Find also the current flowing at
of resistance 8 and inductance 80 mH is resonance if the supply voltage is 100 V.
connected to a 200 V, 100 Hz supply. [3.183 kHz, 10 A]
Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the
current flowing, (c) the phase angle 22. The current at resonance in a series L–
between voltage and current, (d) the voltage C–R circuit is 0.2 mA. If the applied
across the coil, and (e) the voltage across voltage is 250 mV at a frequency of 100
the capacitor. [(a) 13.18 (b) 15.17 A (c) kHz and the circuit capacitance is 0.04 µF,
52°380 (d) 772.1 V (e) 603.6 V] find the circuit resistance and inductance.
[1.25 k, 63.3 µH]
19. Three impedances are connected in
series across a 100 V, 2 kHz supply. The 23. A coil of resistance 25 and inductance
impedances comprise: 100 mH is connected in series with a
(i) an inductance of 0.45 mH and 2 capacitance of 0.12 µF across a 200 V,
resistance, (ii) an inductance of 570 µH and variable frequency supply. Calculate (a) the
5 resistance, and (iii) a capacitor of resonant frequency, (b) the current at
capacitance 10 µF and resistance 3 . resonance and (c) the factor by which the
Assuming no mutual inductive effects voltage across the reactance is greater than
between the two inductances calculate (a) the supply voltage. [(a) 1.453 kHz (b) 8 A
the circuit impedance, (b) the circuit (c) 36.52]
current, (c) the circuit phase angle and (d)
the voltage across each impedance. Draw 24. Calculate the inductance which must be
the phasor diagram. [(a) 11.12 (b) 8.99 A connected in series with a 1000 pF
(c) 25°550 lagging (d) 53.92 V,78.53 capacitor to give a resonant frequency of
V,76.46 V] 400 kHz. [0.158 mH]

48 Kirchhoff
 supply. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance,
25. A series circuit comprises a coil of (b) the current flowing and (c) the power
resistance 20 and inductance 2 mH and a dissipated in the circuit. [(a) 154.9 (b) 0.968
500 pF capacitor. Determine the Q-factor of A (c) 75 W]
the circuit at resonance. If the supply
voltage is 1.5 V, what is the voltage across 34. The power taken by a series circuit
the capacitor? [100, 150 V] containing resistance and inductance is 240
W when connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz
8.6 Power in AC Circuits supply. If the current flowing is 2 A find the
26. A voltage v D 200sinωt volts is applied values of the resistance and inductance. [60
across a pure resistance of 1.5 k. Find the , 255 mH]
power dissipated in the resistor. [13.33 W]
35. A circuit consisting of a resistor in
27. A 50 µF capacitor is connected to a 100 series with an inductance takes 210 W at a
V, 200 Hz supply. Determine the true power factor of 0.6 from a 50 V, 100 Hz
power and the apparent power. [0, 628.3 supply. Find (a) the current flowing, (b) the
VA] circuit phase angle, (c) the resistance, (d)
the impedance and (e) the inductance. [(a)
28. A motor takes a current of 10 A when 7 A (b) 53°80 lagging (c) 4.286 (d) 7.143
supplied from a 250 V a.c. supply. (e) 9.095 mH]
Assuming a power factor of 0.75 lagging
find the power consumed. Find also the cost 36. A 200 V, 60 Hz supply is applied to a
of running the motor for 1 week capacitive circuit. The current flowing is 2
continuously if 1 kWh of electricity costs A and the power dissipated is 150 W.
7.20 p. [1875 W, £22.68] Calculate the values of the resistance and
capacitance. [37.5 , 28.61 µF]
29. A motor takes a current of 12 A when
supplied from a 240 V a.c. supply. 8.7 R–L Parallel AC Circuit
Assuming a power factor of 0.75 lagging, 37. A 30 resistor is connected in parallel
find the power consumed. [2.16 kW] with a pure inductance of 3 mH across a
110 V, 2 kHz supply. Calculate (a) the
30. A substation is supplying 200 kVA and current in each branch, (b) the circuit
150 kvar. Calculate the corresponding current, (c) the circuit phase angle, (d) the
power and power factor. [132 kW, 0.66] circuit impedance, (e) the power consumed,
and (f) the circuit power factor. [(a) IR =
31.A load takes 50 kW at a power factor of 3.67 A, IL = 2.92 A (b) 4.69 A (c) 38°300
0.8 lagging. Calculate the apparent power lagging (d) 23.45 (e) 404 W (f) 0.783
and the reactive power. [62.5 kVA, 37.5 lagging]
kvar]
38. A 40 resistance is connected in parallel
32. A coil of resistance 400 and inductance with a coil of inductance L and negligible
0.20 H is connected to a 75 V, 400 Hz resistance across a 200 V, 50 Hz supply and
supply. Calculate the power dissipated in the supply current is found to be 8 A. Draw
the coil. [5.452 W] a phasor diagram to scale and determine the
inductance of the coil. [102 mH]
33. An 80 resistor and a 6 µF capacitor are
connected in series across a 150 V, 200 Hz

49 Kirchhoff
8.8 R–C Parallel AC Circuit 44. A 25 nF capacitor is connected in
39. A 1500 nF capacitor is connected in parallel with a coil of resistance 2 kand
parallel with a 16 resistor across a 10 V, 10 inductance 0.20 H across a 100 V, 4 kHz
kHz supply. Calculate (a) the current in supply. Determine (a) the current in the
each branch, (b) the supply current, (c) the coil, (b) the current in the capacitor, (c) the
circuit phase angle, (d) the circuit supply current and its phase angle (by
impedance, (e) the power consumed, (f) the drawing a phasor diagram to scale, and also
apparent power, and (g) the circuit power by calculation), (d) the circuit impedance,
factor. Draw the phasor diagram. [(a) IR = and (e) the power consumed. [(a) 18.48 mA
0.625 A, IC = 0.943 A (b) 1.13 A (c) 56°280 (b) 62.83 mA (c) 46.17 mA at 81°290
leading (d) 8.85 (e) 6.25 W (f) 11.3 VA (g) leading (d) 2.166 k (e) 0.683 W]
0.55 leading]
8.11 Parallel Resonance and Q-factor
40. A capacitor C is connected in parallel 45. A 0.15 µF capacitor and a pure
with a resistance R across a 60 V, 100 Hz inductance of 0.01 H are connected in
supply. The supply current is 0.6 A at a parallel across a 10 V, variable frequency
power factor of 0.8 leading. Calculate the supply. Determine (a) the resonant
value of R and C. [R = 125 , C = 9.55 µF] frequency of the circuit, and (b) the current
8.9 L–C parallel AC Circuit circulating in the capacitor and inductance.
41. An inductance of 80 mH is connected in [(a) 4.11 kHz (b) 38.73 mA]
parallel with a capacitance of 10 µF across
a 60 V, 100 Hz supply. Determine (a) the 46 .A 30 µF capacitor is connected in
branch currents, (b) the supply current, (c) parallel with a coil of inductance 50 mH
the circuit phase angle, (d) the circuit and unknown resistance R across a 120 V,
impedance and (e) the power consumed. 50 Hz supply. If the circuit has an overall
[(a) IC = 0.377 A, IL = 1.194 A (b) 0.817 A power factor of 1 find (a) the value of R, (b)
(c) 90° lagging (d) 73.44 (e) 0 W] the current in the coil, and (c) the supply
current. [(a) 37.7 (b) 2.94 A (c) 2.714 A]
42. Repeat problem 41 for a supply
frequency of 200 Hz. [(a) IC = 0.754 A, IL 47.A coil of resistance 25 and inductance
= 0.597 A (b) 0.157 A (c) 90° leading (d) 150 mH is connected in parallel with a 10
382.2 (e) 0 W] µF capacitor across a 60 V, variable
frequency supply. Calculate (a) the
8.10 LR–C Parallel AC Circuit resonant frequency, (b) the dynamic
43. A coil of resistance 60 and inductance resistance, (c) the current at resonance and
318.4 mH is connected in parallel with a 15 (d) the Q-factor at resonance. [(a) 127.2 Hz
µF capacitor across a 200 V, 50 Hz supply. (b) 600 (c) 0.10 A (d) 4.80]
Calculate (a) the current in the coil, (b) the
current in the capacitor, (c) the supply 48. A coil of resistance 1.5kand 0.25 H
current and its phase angle, (d) the circuit inductance is connected in parallel with a
impedance, (e) the power consumed, (f) the variable capacitance across a 10 V, 8 kHz
apparent power and (g) the reactive power. supply. Calculate (a) the capacitance of the
Draw the phasor diagram. [(a) 1.715 A (b) capacitor when the supply current is a
0.943 A (c) 1.028 A at 30°540 lagging (d) minimum, (b) the dynamic resistance, and
194.6 (e) 176.5 W (f) 205.6 VA (g) 105.6 (c) the supply current. [(a) 1561 pF (b)
var] 106.8k(c) 93.66 µA]

50 Kirchhoff
8.12 Power Factor Improvement SOLUTION
49. A 415 V alternator is supplying a load
of 55 kW at a power factor of 0.65 lagging. 1. (a) Inductive reactance,
Calculate (a) the kVA loading and (b) the XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 50 )( 0.2 ) = 62.83 
current taken from the alternator. (c) If the
power factor is now raised to unity find the
(b) Inductive reactance,
new kVA loading. [(a) 84.6 kVA (b) 203.9
XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 600 )( 0.2 ) = 754 
A (c) 84.6 kVA]

50. A single phase motor takes 30 A at a (c) Inductive reactance,

power factor of 0.65 lagging from a 240 V, XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 40 103 ) ( 0.2 )
50 Hz supply. Determine (a) the current = 50.27 k
taken by the capacitor connected in parallel
to correct the power factor to unity, and (b) 2. X L = 2 f L hence,
the value of the supply current after power
factor correction. [(a) 22.80 A (b) 19.5 A] XL 120
inductance, L = =
2 f 2 ( 4 103 )
51. A motor has an output of 6 kW, an
efficiency of 75% and a power factor of = 4.77 mH
0.64 lagging when operated from a 250 V, V 240
60 Hz supply. It is required to raise the 3. Inductive reactance, X L = =
I 1.2
power factor to 0.925 lagging by
connecting a capacitor in parallel with the = 200 Ω
motor. Determine (a) the current taken by X L = 2 f L hence,
the motor, (b) the supply current after
power factor correction, (c) the current XL 200
inductance, L = = = 0.637 H
taken by the capacitor, (d) the capacitance 2 f 2 ( 50 )
of the capacitor and (e) the kvar rating of
the capacitor. [(a) 50 A (b) 34.59 A (c) 4. (a) Inductive reactance,

XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 2 103 )( 50 10−3 )
25.28 A (d) 268.2 µF (e) 6.32 kvar]

52. A 200 V, 50 Hz single-phase supply = 628 

feeds the following loads: (i) fluorescent
lamps taking a current of 8 A at a power V 200
(b) Current, I = = = 0.318 A
factor of 0.9 leading, (ii) incandescent X L 628
lamps taking a current of 6 A at unity power
factor, (iii) a motor taking a current of 12 A 5. (a) Capacitive reactance,
at a power factor of 0.65 lagging. 1 1
XC = =
Determine the total current taken from the 2 f C 2 20  20 10 −6
supply and the overall power factor. Find
also the value of a static capacitor = 397.9 
connected in parallel with the loads to
(b) Capacitive reactance,
improve the overall power factor to 0.98
lagging. [21.74 A, 0.966 lagging, 21.68 µF] 1 1
XC = =
2 f C 2 500  20  10 −6

= 15.92 
(c) Capacitive reactance,

51 Kirchhoff
 XC =
1
=
1 XL = 2 f L = 2 (100 ) (80 10−3 )
2 f C 2 4000  20 10 −6
= 50.265 
= 1.989 
Impedance,
1
6. Capacitive reactance, X C =
2 f C Z = R 2 + X L 2 = 602 + 50.2652 = 78.27 
(see impedance triangle in the diagram
from which, below)
1 1
capacitance, C = =
2 f X C 2 ( 50 )(80 )

= 39.79 F
1
7. Capacitive reactance, X C = V 200
2 f C Current, I = = = 2.555 A
Z 78.27
from which,
XL
1 1 From the impedance triangle, tan  =
capacitance, C = = R
2 f X C 2 ( 25 )( 400 )
hence the circuit phase angle,
= 15.92 F  50.265 
 = tan −1   = 39.95 lagging
 60 
V 100
Current, I = = = 0.25 A 11. (a) Inductive reactance,
X L 400
XL = 2 f L = L = ( 240 ) (100 10−3 )
V 200
8. X C = = = 318.47 
I 0.628 = 24 
1 Circuit impedance,
i.e. = 318.47 , hence,
2 f C
Z= R 2 + X L 2 = 322 + 242 = 40 
1
total capacitance, CT =
2 (103
) (318.47 ) (b) Current flowing,
V 0.707 100
= 0.50 F I= = = 1.77 A (Note r.m.s.
Z 40
Since for parallel connection of capacitors, current = 0.707  maximum value)
CT = C1 + C2 = 2C1 , then
(c) P.d. across the resistance,

C1 =
0.50
= 0.25 F VR = I R = 1.77  32 = 56.64 V
2
i.e. each capacitor has a capacitance of
0.25 F
9. Impedance,

Z= R 2 + X L 2 = 122 + 162 = 20 
(d) P.d. across the inductance,
10. Inductive reactance,
VL = I X L = 1.77  24 = 42.48 V

52 Kirchhoff
12. (a) From a d.c. circuit, resistance, (d) Voltage across resistance,
V 20 VR = I R = 1.118 100 = 111.8 V
R= = =4
I 5
Voltage across inductance,
(b) From an a.c. circuit, impedance,
VL = I X L = 1.118  200 = 223.6 V
V 200
Z= = =8 XL
I 25 (e) From impedance triangle, tan  =
R
(c) From the impedance triangle,
from which, circuit phase angle,
Z2 = R 2 + X L 2
−1 XL  200 
from which,  = tan = tan −1   = 63.43
R  100 
lagging
XL = Z2 − R 2 = 82 − 42 = 6.9282 

Also, X L = 2 f L from which, 14. Supply voltage, V = VR 2 + VC 2 i.e.

X 6.9282 V 2 = VR 2 + VC 2 i.e.
L= L = = 22.05 mH
2 f 2 ( 50 )
352 = 212 + VC2
13. The circuit is shown in the diagram from which, voltage across the capacitor,
below.
VC = 352 − 212 = 28 V

15. The circuit diagram is shown below.

(a) Inductive reactance of coil,

XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 50 ) ( 636.6 10−3 )

= 200  (a) Capacitive reactance,

(b) Impedance, 1 1
XC = =
2 f C 2 (100 ) ( 20 10−6 )
Z= R 2 + X L 2 = 1002 + 2002 = 223.6 
(from impedance triangle) = 79.577 
Impedance,

Z= R 2 + XC 2 = 502 + 79.577 2

= 93.98 
V 200
(b) Current, I = = = 2.128 A
V 250 Z 93.98
(c) Current, I = = = 1.118 A
Z 223.6

53 Kirchhoff
 XC  25 
 = tan −1 = tan −1   = 39.81
R  30 
leading
17. The circuit is shown below.

XC
(c) tan  = from which, phase angle,
R
X  79.577 
 = tan −1 C = tan −1   = 57.86
R  50 
leading
16. The circuit is shown below. V 12
Impedance, Z = = = 500 
I 24  10 −3
From the impedance triangle (as in the
previous problem), Z2 = R 2 + X L 2

from which, capacitive reactance,

XC = Z2 − R 2 = 5002 − 4002 = 300 

(a) Capacitive reactance,
1 1
Hence, 300 = =
XC =
1
=
1
=
1 2 f C 2 f ( 2358 10−12 )
2 f C C ( 800 ) ( 50 10−6 )
from which, supply frequency,
= 25  1
f= = 225 kHz
Impedance, 2 ( 300 ) ( 2358 10−12 )

Z= R 2 + X C 2 = 302 + 252 = 39.05  18. The circuit diagram is shown below.

V 0.707  250
(b) Current, I = = = 4.526 A
Z 39.05
(c) P.d across the resistor,
VR = I R = 4.526  30 = 135.8 V

(d) P.d across the capacitor,

(a) Inductive reactance,
VC = I X C = 4.526  25 = 113.2 V
XL = 2 f L = 2 (100 ) (80 10−3 ) = 50.265 

Capacitive reactance,
1 1
XC = = = 39.789 
2 f C 2 (100 ) ( 40 10−6 )

X L − XC = 50.265 − 39.789 = 10.476 

X
(e) tan  = C from which, phase angle, Impedance,
R

54 Kirchhoff
 Inductive reactance,
R 2 + ( X L − X C ) = 82 + 10.4762
2
Z=
( )
XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 2000 ) 1.02 10−3 = 12.818 
= 13.18 
Capacitive reactance,
V 200 1 1
(b) Current flowing, I = = XC = = = 7.958 
Z 13.18 2 f C 2 ( 2000 ) 10 10−6 ( )
= 15.17 A
X L − X C = 12.818 − 7.958 = 4.86 
XL − XC
(c) tan  = from which,
R
phase angle,
XL − XC  10.476 
 = tan −1 = tan −1  
R  8 
= 52.63 lagging
(a) Impedance,
(d)
R 2 + ( X L − X C ) = 102 + 4.862
2
Zcoil = R 12 + X L1 2 = 82 + 50.2652 = 50.898  Z=

Voltage across coil, =11.12 

Vcoil = I Zcoil = (15.17 )( 50.898) = 772.1 V V 100
(b) Current, I = = = 8.99 A
Z 11.12
(e) Voltage across capacitor,
VC = I XC = (15.17 )( 39.789 ) = 603.6 V XL − XC
(c) tan  = from which,
R
19. The circuit is shown below.
phase angle,
XL − XC  4.86 
 = tan −1 = tan −1  
R  10 
= 25.92 lagging
(d)
Total resistance, R T = 2 + 5 + 3 = 10  (
XL1 = 2 ( 2000 ) 0.45 10−3 = 5.655  )
Total inductance, Z1 = R 12 + X L1 2 = 2 2 + 5.6552 = 5.998 
LT = 0.45 mH + 570 H = 1.02 mH
Voltage across first impedance,
The simplified circuit is shown below.
V1 = I Z1 = (8.99 )( 5.998) = 53.92 V

XL2 = 2 ( 2000 ) ( 570 10−6 ) = 7.163 

Z2 = R 2 2 + X L2 2 = 52 + 7.1632 = 8.735 

Voltage across second impedance,

V2 = I Z2 = (8.99 )(8.735) = 78.53 V

55 Kirchhoff
 X C3 = 7.958  from earlier
Z2 = R 2 2 + X L2 2 = 32 + 7.9582 = 8.505 

Voltage across third impedance,

V3 = I Z3 = (8.99 )(8.505) = 76.46 V

20.
(
XL1 = 2 f L = 2 (1000 ) 1.9110−3 = 12 )
Z1 = R 12 + X L1 2 = 52 + 12 2 = 13  and
XL  12 
 = tan −1 = tan −1   = 67.38 lagging (ii)
R  5
The supply voltage V is the phasor sum of
Voltage, V1 = I Z1 = ( 2 )(13) = 26.0 V at voltages V1 and V2 . V is shown by the
67.38 lagging length ac in diagram (ii).
1 1 In ∆abc, b = 180 - 72.65 – 67.38
X C2 = = = 32 
2 f C 2 (1000 ) ( 4.974 10−6 )
= 39.97
Z2 = R 2 2 + X C2 2 = 10 2 + 32 2 = 33.526  Using the cosine rule,

and  = tan −1
XC  32 
= tan −1   = 72.65 ac2 = 67.052 + 26.02 − 2 ( 67.05)( 26.0 ) cos39.97
R  10 
leading from which, ac = 50 V

Voltage, V2 = I Z2 = ( 2 )( 33.526 ) = 67.05

26.0 50
Using the sine rule, =
sin  sin 39.97
V at 72.65 leading
from which,
The voltages are shown in the phasor 26.0sin 39.97
sin  = = 0.3340
diagram (i) below. 50
from which,  = sin −1 0.3340 = 19.51 and
from diagram (ii),
 = 72.65 −19.51 = 53.14 leading.
Hence, supply voltage, V = 50 V at 53.14
leading
21. Resonant frequency,
1 1
fr = =
2 LC 2 ( 50 10 )( 0.05 10 )
−3 −6

(i) = 3.183 kHz

V 100
At resonance, I = = = 10 A
R 10

56 Kirchhoff
 V 1 L 1 2 10−3
22. At resonance, current, I = i.e. 25. Q-factor = =
R R C 20 500 10−12
V 250 10−3
resistance, R = = = 1.25 k = 100
I 0.2 10−3
VC
At resonance, resonant frequency, Q = hence, voltage across the
V
fr =
1
i.e. 2f =
1
and capacitor, VC = VQ = (1.5)(100 ) = 150 V
2 LC LC
1 26. Power dissipated in the resistor, P = I2 R
( 2f ) =
2

( )
LC
V 200 / 2
Hence, inductance, Current, I = = = 0.09428 A
R 1500
1 1 (note that in the formula for power I has to
L= =
C ( 2f ) 0.04 10−6 ( 2100 103 )
2 2 be the r.m.s. value)
Hence, power dissipated
= 63.3 H
P = I2 R = ( 0.09428) (1500) = 13.33 W
2

23. (a) Resonant frequency,

1 1 27. Capacitive reactance,
fr = =
2 LC 2 (100 10−3 )( 0.12 10−6 ) 1 1
XC = =
2fC 2 ( 200 ) ( 50 10−6 )
= 1.453 kHz
= 15.915 
V 200
(b) At resonance, current, I = =
R 25 V 100
Current, I = = = 6.283 A
X C 15.915
=8A
(c) Q-factor True power,
P = V I cos  = (100)(6.283) cos 90 = 0
1 L 1 100 10−3
= = = 36.51
R C 25 0.12 10−6 Apparent power,

1 S = V I = (100)(6.283) = 628.3 VA
24. Resonant frequency, f r =
2 LC 28. P = V I cos  = (250)(10)(0.75) since
power factor = cos 
1
from which, 2 LC = and
fr = 1875 W

LC =
1 Energy = power  time
2 f r
= (1.875 kW)(7  24) = 315 kWh
2
 1  Hence, cost of running motor for 1 week
and LC =   and
 2 f r  = 315  12.20 = 3843 p = £38.43
2
1 1 
2
1  1  29. Power consumed, P = V I cos 
L=   = −12  3 
C  2 f r  1000 10  2 400 10 
= (240)(12)(0.70)
= 158 H or 0.158 mH since power factor = cos 

57 Kirchhoff
 = 2016 W or 2.016 kW P = 5.452 W

30. Apparent power, S = V I = 200 103 VA Alternatively, P = I2 R = ( 0.11675) ( 400 )

2

and reactive power,

= 5.452 W
Q = V I sin  = 150  103 var
33. (a) Capacitive reactance,
Hence, 200 10 sin  = 150  10
3 3
from
1 1
150 103 XC = =
which, sin  = = 0.75 2 f C 2(200)(6 10 −6 )
200 103

and  = sin −1 0.75 = 48.59 = 132.63 

Impedance,
Thus, power, P = V I cos 

= 200 103 cos 48.59 = 132 kW Z= R 2 + X L 2 = 802 + 132.632 = 154.9 

and power factor = cos  = cos 48.59 V 150

(b) Current, I = = = 0.968 A
= 0.66 Z 154.9

31. True power P = 50 kW = VI cos  and (c) From the impedance triangle,
power factor = 0.8 = cos  XC
tan  = and
P 50 R
Apparent power, S = VI = =
cos  X  132.63 
0.8  = tan −1 C = tan −1   = 58.90
R  80 
= 62.5 kVA
Hence, power dissipated in coil,
Angle  = cos −1 0.8 = 36.87o hence sin  =
sin 36.87o = 0.6 P = V I cos  = (150)(0.968) cos 58.90

Hence, reactive power, Q = VI sin  = 75 W

Alternatively, P = I2 R = ( 0.968) (80 )

2
= 62.5 × 103 × 0.6 = 37.5 kvar
32. Inductive reactance,
= 75 W
XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 400 )( 0.20 ) = 502.65 
240 = ( 2 ) R
2
34. Power, P = I2 R i.e.
Impedance, 240
from which, resistance, R = = 60 
( 2)
2

Z= R + X L = 400 + 502.65
2 2 2 2

V 200
= 642.39  Impedance, Z = = = 100 
I 2
V 75
Current, I = = = 0.11675 A From the impedance triangle,
Z 642.39
Z = R + XL2
2 2

XL
From the impedance triangle, tan  = from which,
R
XL  502.65  XL = Z2 − R 2 = 1002 − 602 = 80  i.e.
−1
and  = tan = tan −1   = 51.49
R  400  2 f L = 80 from which, inductance,
Hence, power dissipated in coil,
P = V I cos  = (75)(0.11675) cos 51.49

58 Kirchhoff
 80 1
L= = 0.255 H or 255 mH C= = 28.61 F
2 ( 50 ) 2 ( 60 )( 92.702 )

35. (a) Power, P = V I cos  i.e. 37. The circuit is shown below.
210 = (50) I (0.6) since p.f. = cos 
210
Hence, current, I = =7A
( 50 )( 0.6 )
(b) If cos  = 0.6 then circuit phase

angle,  = cos −1 0.6 = 53.13 lagging

i.e. 210 = ( 7 ) R
2
(c) Power, P = I2 R
210
from which, R= = 4.286  V 110
(7)
2 (a) Current in resistor, I R = =
R 30
V 50 = 3.67 A
(d) Impedance, Z = = = 7.143 
I 7 Inductive reactance,
(e) From the impedance triangle, XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 2000 ) 3 10−3 ( )
Z2 = R 2 + X L 2 = 37.70 
from which, Current in inductance,
XL = Z − R = 7.143 − 4.286
2 2 2 2
IL =
V
=
110
= 2.92 A
X L 37.70
= 5.71425 
(b) Circuit current,
i.e. 2 f L = 5.71425 from which,
inductance, L =
5.71425
= 9.095 mH I= (I R
2
+ IL 2 ) = (3.67 2
+ 2.922 ) = 4.69 A
2 (100 )
IL
(c) tan  = hence, circuit phase angle,
150 = ( 2 ) R
2 2
36. Power, P = I R i.e. IR
150
= 37.5   2.92 
from which, R =  = tan −1   = 38.51 lagging
( 2)
2
 3.67 

V 200 V 110
Impedance, Z = = = 100  (d) Circuit impedance, Z = =
I 2 I 4.69
From the impedance triangle, = 23.45 

Z2 = R 2 + X C 2 (e) Power consumed,

P = VI cos  = (110)(4.69) cos 38.51
from which,
XC = Z2 − R 2 = 1002 − 37.52 = 404 W or

P = IR 2 R = ( 3.67 ) ( 30 ) = 404 W
2
= 92.702  i.e
1
92.702 =
2 f C
from which, (f) Power factor = cos  = cos 38.51

59 Kirchhoff
 = 0.782 lagging
38. The circuit diagram is shown in (a)
below.

(ii)
V 10
(a) Current in resistor, I R = =
R 16
(a)
= 0.625 A
Capacitive reactance,
1 1
XC = =
2fC 2 10 10 1500 10−9
3
( )( )
= 10.61 
V 10
Current in capacitor, I C = =
X L 10.61
(b)
= 0.943 A
V 200
Current, I R = = =5A (b) Supply current,
R 40
From the phasor diagram in diagram (b) I= (I R
2
+ IC 2 ) = ( 0.625 2
+ 0.9432 )
above, current
IL = (I 2
− I R 2 ) = 82 − 52  = 6.245 
= 1.131 A
IC
(c) tan  = hence, circuit phase angle,
V IR
Inductive reactance, XL = i.e.
IL  0.943 
200  = tan −1   = 56.46 leading, as
2 f L =  0.625 
6.245 shown in the phasor diagram in (ii) above
from which, inductance, V 10
(d) Circuit impedance, Z = =
200 I 1.131
L= = 0.102 H or 102 mH
( 6.245)( 250 ) = 8.84 
39. The circuit diagram is shown below. (e) Power consumed,
P = VI cos  = (10)(1.131) cos 56.46

= 6.25 W
or
P = IR 2 R = ( 0.625) (16 ) = 6.25 W
2

(f) Apparent power, S = VI = (10)(1.131)

60 Kirchhoff
 S = 11.31 VA 41. The circuit diagram is shown in (i)
below.
(g) Power factor = cos  = cos 56.46
= 0.553 leading
40. The circuit diagram is shown in (a)
below.

(i)

(a)

(ii)
(a) Inductive reactance,

XL = 2 f L = 2 (100 ) (80 10−3 )

= 50.265 
(b)
Hence, current in inductance,
Power factor = cos  = 0.8 hence,
 = cos −1 0.8 = 36.87 leading IL =
V
=
60
= 1.194 A
X L 50.265
From the phasor diagram in (b) above,
Capacitive reactance,
current in resistor,
1 1
IR = I cos  = 0.6cos 36.87 = 0.48 A XC = =
(
2fC 2 (100 ) 10 10−6 )
and current in capacitor,
IC = Isin  = 0.6sin 36.87 = 0.36 A = 159.155 

V 60 Hence, current in capacitor,

Resistance, R = = = 125 
I R 0.48 V 60
IC = = = 0.377 A
X C 159.155
V 60
Capacitive reactance, X C = =
IC 0.36 (b) Supply current, I = I L − I C

1 = 1.194 – 0.377 = 0.817 A

X C = 166.67 =
2fC (c) From the phasor diagram in (ii) above,
from which, capacitance, circuit phase angle,  = 90 lagging

1 V 60
C= = 9.55 F (d) Impedance, Z = = = 73.44 
(166.67 )( 2100 ) I 0.817
(e) Power consumed,

61 Kirchhoff
P = VI cos  = (60)(0.817) cos 90 = 0 W

42. (a) Inductive reactance,

XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 200 ) (80 10−3 )

= 100.53 
Hence, current in inductance,
V 60
IL = = = 0.597 A
X L 100.53
(ii)
Capacitive reactance,
1 1 (a)
XC = =
(
2fC 2 ( 200 ) 10 10−6 ) (
XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 50 ) 318.4 10−3 = 100 )
=79.577  Hence,

Hence, current in capacitor, ZLR = R 2 + X L 2 = ( 60 2

+ 1002 ) = 116.62 

V 60 V 200
IC = = = 0.754 A Current in coil, I LR = =
X C 79.577 ZLR 116.62

(b) Supply current, I = I C − I L = 1.715 A

= 0.754 – 0.597 = 0.157 A Phase angle,

X  100 
(c) From the phasor diagram in below,  = tan −1 L = tan −1  
R  60 
circuit phase angle,  = 90 leading
= 59.04 lagging
(b)
1 1
XC = = = 212.2 
2fC 2 ( 50 ) (15 10−6 )

V 60 Current in capacitor,
(d) Impedance, Z = = = 382.2 
I 0.157 V 200
IC = = = 0.943 A leading by 90
(e) Power consumed, X C 212.2

P = VI cos  = (60)(0.157) cos 90 = 0 W The phasor diagram is shown in (ii)

above.
43. The circuit is shown in (i) below.
(c) Horizontal component of
ILR = ILR cos59.04 = 1.715cos59.04 = 0.8823 A

Horizontal component of
IC = IC cos 90 = 0

Total horizontal component

= 0.8823 + 0 = 0.8823 A
(i)

62 Kirchhoff
 Vertical component of Hence,
ILR = ILR sin 59.04 = −1.715sin 59.04 = −1.4707 A ZLR = R 2 + X L 2 = ( 2000 2
+ 5026.552 ) = 5410 

Vertical component of V 100

Current in coil, I LR = =
IC = IC sin 90 = 0.943sin 90 = 0.943 A ZLR 5410

Total vertical component = 18.48 mA

= -1.4707 + 0.943 = - 0.5277 A Phase angle,

X  5026.55 
From the diagram below, resultant  = tan −1 L = tan −1  
R  2000 
current,
= 68.30 lagging
I= ( 0.88232 + 0.52772 ) = 1.028 A

 0.5277 
Phase angle,  = tan −1  
 0.8823  (i)

= 30.88 lagging
V 200
(d) Circuit impedance, Z = =
I 1.028
= 194.6 
(e) Power consumed, P = V I cos 
= (200)(1.028) cos 30.88 = 176.5 W

or P = ILR 2 R = (1.715) ( 60 ) = 176.5 W

2

(ii)
(f) Apparent power, S = V I (b)
= (200)(1.028) = 205.6 VA 1 1
XC = = = 1591.55 
2fC 2 ( 4000 ) ( 25 10−9 )
(g) Reactive power,
Q = (200)(1.028) sin 30.88 = 105.5 var Current in capacitor,
V 100
The phasor diagram is shown sketched in IC = = = 62.83 mA leading
X C 1591.55
(ii) above.
by 90
44. The circuit diagram is shown in (i)
below. The phasor diagram is shown in (ii)
above.
(a)
XL = 2 f L = 2 ( 4000 )( 0.2 ) = 5026.55  (c) Total horizontal component
= 18.48 cos 68.30 + 62.83 cos 90

63 Kirchhoff
 = 6.833 mA V V
ICIRC = = = 2π fr C V
Total vertical component XC  1 
 
= - 18.48 sin 68.30 + 62.83 sin 90  2f r C 

= 45.660 mA
Hence, ICIRC = 2π(4109)(0.15 × 10-6)(10)
From the diagram below, resultant
current, = 0.03873 = 38.73 mA
V V
I= ( 6.8332 + 45.6602 ) = 46.17 mA (Alternatively, ICIRC =
XL
=
2f r L
=

10
= 38.73 mA)
2(4109)(0.01)
46. The circuit is shown below.

 45.66 
Phase angle,  = tan −1  
 6.833 
= 81.49 leading
(d) Circuit impedance,
Since power factor = 1, then cos  = 1 and
V 100  = cos −1 1 = 0 , hence the circuit is at
Z= = = 2166 
I 46.17 10 −3 resonance.
(e) Power consumed, P = V I cos  (a) Resonant frequency,
= (100) (46.17 10−3 ) 2 cos 81.49 1  1 R2 
fr =  −  i.e.
2  LC L2 
= 0.683 W

or P = I LR 2 R = (18.48 10 −3 ) ( 2000 )  

2
1  1 R2 
50 = −
2  ( 50 10−3 )( 30 10−6 ) ( 50 10−3 )2 
= 0.683 W  
45. (a) Parallel resonant frequency, and
 R2 
1  1 R2  1  1  2(50) =  666.667 103 − 
fr =  − =    0.0025 
2  LC L2  2  LC 
i.e.
when R = 0
 2 ( 50 )  = 666.667  103 − 400R 2
2

1  1  1
 −6 
= (25819.0) Hence,
2  (0.01)(0.15 10 )  2
400R 2 = 666.667 103 −  2 ( 50 )  = 567.97 103
2

= 4109 Hz = 4.11 kHz

(b) Current circulating in L and C at
resonance,

64 Kirchhoff
 from which, (b) Dynamic resistance,
567.97 103 L 150 10 −3
R2 = = 1419.927 and RD = = = 600 
400 CR (10  10−6 ) ( 25 )
resistance, R = 1419.927 = 37.68 
V 60
(c) Current at resonance, I r = =
(
(b) XL = 2 ( 50 ) 50 10 −3
) = 15.71  R D 600

Hence, = 0.10 A
ZLR = R + X L =
2 2
( 37.68 2
+ 15.71
2
) (d) Q-factor

2f r L 2 (127.2 ) (150 10 )

−3
= 40.824 
= = = 4.80
and current in the coil, R 25

V 120 48. The circuit is shown below. Since the

I LR = = = 2.94 A supply current is a minimum, the circuit is
ZLR 40.824 at resonance.
(c) Current at resonance,
V V VCR
Ir = = =
RD L L
CR

(120 )( 37.7 ) ( 30 10−6 )

= = 2.714 A
50  10−3
47. The circuit is shown below.
(a) Resonant frequency,
1  1 R2 
fr =  − 
2  LC L2 

1 R2
( 2 f r ) = −
2
from which,
LC L2

R2 1
( 2 f r ) + =
2
i.e. 2
L LC
(a) Resonance frequency
from which, capacitance,
1  1 R  2
fr =  −  1 1
2  LC L2  C= =
 R 2
 2 1500 
2
L ( 2 f r ) + 2  0.25 ( 2 (8000 ) ) +
2

   L   0.252 
1  1 252 
= −
2  (150 10−3 )(10 10−6 ) (150 10−3 )2  = 1561 pF
 
(b) Dynamic resistance,
L 0.25
RD = =
=
1
2
( 666.667 10 3
− 27.778 103 ) (
CR 156110−12 1.5 103 )( )
= 127.2 Hz = 106.769 k or 106.8 k

65 Kirchhoff
(c) Current at resonance, = 30 sin 49.46 = 22.80 A
V 10
Ir = = = 93.66 A (b) After power factor correction, new
R D 106.769 103 supply current = oa in the above phasor
diagram
49. (a) Power = VI cos 
= (VI)(power factor) = 30 cos 49.46 = 19.50 A
power output
power 55  103 51. (a) Efficiency = hence,
Hence VI = = power input
p.f. 0.65
75 6000
= 84615VA = 84.6 kVA =
100 power input
84615
(b) VI = 84615 VA hence I = from which,
V
84615 6000
= = 203.9 A power input = = 8000 W
415 0.75

(c) The kVA loading remains at 84.6 kVA Hence,

8000 = VIM cos  = ( 250 )( IM )( 0.64 )

irrespective of changes in power factor
50. The circuit diagram is shown below in since cos  = power factor = 0.64
(i) and the phasor diagram is shown in (ii).
where  = cos −1 0.64 = 50.21

Current taken by motor,

8000
IM = = 50 A
( 250 )( 0.64 )
(b) To improve the power factor to 0.925
lagging, the new phase angle =
cos −1 0.925 = 22.33 as shown in the phasor
(i) diagram below.

(ii)
After power factor correction, the
(a) Power factor = cos  = 0.65 from supply current is shown as I in the phasor
which, phase angle,  = cos −1 0.65 = 49.46 diagram.
For unity power factor, current taken In triangle oab, oa = 50 cos 50.21 = 32 A
by capacitor, IC = ab in the phasor and ab = 502 − 322 = 38.42 A by
diagram Pythagoras

66 Kirchhoff
 oa 32 2. A 20  non-reactive resistor is connected
In triangle oac, cos 22.33 = =
oc oc in series with a coil of inductance 80 mH
32
from which, current, I = oc = and negligible resistance. The combined
cos 22.33
circuit is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz
= 34.59 A
supply. Calculate
(c) The current taken by the capacitor, IC ,
is given by length bc, where bc = ab – ac (a) the reactance of the coil, (b) the
impedance of the circuit, (c) the current in
ac = 34.59 sin 22.33 = 13.14
the circuit,
Hence, capacitor current,
(d) the power factor of the circuit, (e) the
IC = bc = ab – ac = 38.42 – 13.14
power absorbed by the circuit, (f) the value
= 25.28 A of a power factor correction capacitor to
(d) Capacitive reactance, produce a power factor of unity, and (g) the
V 250
XC = = = 9.89  value of a power factor correction capacitor
I C 25.28
to produce a power factor of 0.9
1
i.e. = 9.89 from which, [(a) 25.13  (b) 32.1251.49  (c)
2 f C
6.227-51.49 A (d) 0.623 (e) 775.5 W
1 1
C= = (f) 77.56 F (g) 47.67 F]
2 f ( 9.89 ) 2 ( 60 )( 9.89 )

= 268.2 F
(e) The kvar rating of the capacitor
V IC ( 250 )( 25.28 )
= = = 6.32 kvar
1000 1000

TRY

1. A supply of 250 V, 80 Hz is connected

across an inductive load and the power
consumed is 2 kW, when the supply current
is 10 A. Determine the resistance and
inductance of the circuit. What value of
capacitance connected in parallel with the
load is needed to improve the overall power
factor to unity ? [ (a) R = 20 Ω, L = 29.84
mH (b) C = 47.75 F]

67 Kirchhoff
APPLIED ELECTRICITY B. Resistance of the conductor
increases
C. Voltage connected to it triples.
Course Number: D. All of the above
CE/EL/GL/GM/MA/MC/MN/M
R/PE/ES 151 Preamble 2: Use Figure 1 to answer
Questions 6-8.
I1 = 10 A
SECTION A
I2 = 2 A
I3

Circuit Laws and Theorems V

1. The statement “algebraic sum of EMFs

in a closed path of a network is equal to
the algebraic sum of the potential drops I6 I4
in the network” represents: I5 = 3 A
A. Ohm’s law
B. Kirchhoff’s Current Law Figure 1: Circuit for Questions 6-8
C. Faraday’s Law
D. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 6. Current I3 will be
A. 7 A B. 6 A
2. Four resistances 2 Ω, 5 Ω, 10 Ω and R C. 8 A D. 10 A
are connected in parallel. If the voltage
across the 10 Ω resistance is 20 V. Total 7. Current I4 will be
current of the supply is 2 A. The value of A. 5 A B. 1 A
the voltage across R will be C. -5 A D. 10 A
A. 40 V B. 20 V
8. Current I6 will be
C. 30 V D. 16 V
A. 7 A B. -3 A
Preamble 1: Use this to answer C. 5 A D. -7 A
Questions 3 and 4
9. To neglect a current source in
A 50 V source is connected across a 5 superposition theorem, the terminals
Ω and 10 Ω resistances connected in across the source are
parallel. A. open-circuited
B. Replaced by some resistance
3. What will be the current flowing through C. short-circuited
the 5 Ω resistance if the 10 Ω resistance D. D. replaced by inductor
has its branch opened circuited?
A. 5 A B. 10 A 10. In which circuit theorem method
C. 6 A D. 5 A analysis do we select one of the
principal nodes as the reference and
4. What will be the current through the 10 assign voltages to the remaining
Ω resistance if its branch is closed? principal nodes.
A. 10 A B. 2 A A. Branch Current Method
C. 3.33 A D. 5 A B. Mesh Current Method
C. Millman’s Theorem
5. Which of the following statements is/ are D. Node Voltage Method
true when the temperature of a current
carrying conductor increases?
A. Current through it doubles

68 Kirchhoff
 Preamble 3: Figure 2 (b) is the Norton’s resistance, RN
equivalent of the circuit shown in Figure 2 B. Thevenin’s equivalent voltage source
(a). Use Figure 2 to answer questions 11 to is the short circuit voltage of the
13. network.
1 C. The load is connected in series to the
4Ω 2Ω Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
and thevenin’s equivalent voltage
source.
5V 4Ω D. Thevenin’s equivalent voltage is an
active element.

Preamble 4: A battery has an EMF of 20.0

2 V and an internal resistance (r) of 0.05
(a)
ohms. Its terminals are connected to a load
1 resistance of 10.0 ohms as shown in Figure
3 below. Use Figure 3 to answer Questions
15-16.

IN RN

2
(b)
Figure 2: Circuit for Questions 11-13
11. Determine IN
5 5 Figure 3: Circuit for Questions 15-16
A. 4 A B. 8 A 15. Find the current (I) flowing in the circuit
5 5 A. 400 A B. 2 A
C. 1.99 A D. 2.01 A
C. 5 A D. 2 A
16. What is the terminal voltage of the
12.What is the Norton’s equivalent
battery?
resistance, RN?
A. 0.1 V B. 20.1 V
A. 5.3 Ω B. 8 Ω C. 20 V D. 19.9 V

C. 4 Ω D. 10 Ω 17. If each of the battery unit in Figure 4 has

characteristics of 10 volts and 3 amps,
13. If the load that was initially removed what will be the total output of the four
was 10 Ω, find the current through this battery units from the connection
10 Ω resistor. shown?
5 25 A. 40 V, 3A B. 20 V, 6 A
C. 10 V, 12 A D. 40 V, 12 A
A. 28 A B. 56 A
5 5
C. 8 A D. 4 A

14. Which of the following statements

is/are incorrect?
A. Thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTH
is the same as Norton’s equivalent Figure 4: Circuit for Question 17

69 Kirchhoff
Preamble 4: Use Figure 5 to answer Current Current
SN
Questions 18 - 20 Designation Value
22. I1 75 A
23. I4 125 A
24. I6 - 34 A

Preamble 5: Use fig. 7 to answer

questions 25 and 26

Figure 5: Circuit for Question 18 – 20

18. Find the voltage drop across the 2Ω
resistor.
A. 1 V B. 2 V
C. 3 V D. 4 V
Fig. 7: For questions 25 - 26
19. Determine the value of the unknown
25. The value of the current I1 is given as;
resistor R.
A. 0.5 A B. 0.6 A
A. 1 Ω B. 2 Ω C. 0.7 A D. 0.8 A
C. 3 Ω D. 4 Ω
26. The value of current I2 is given as;
20. Calculate the voltage drop across the A. 0.5 A B. 0.6 A
2RΩ resistor. C. 0.7 A D. 0.8 A
A. 2 V B. 4 V
C. 6 V D. 8 V 27. There are three resistors in parallel, with
values of 20 Ω, 25 Ω, and 30 Ω. A 15-
21. Suppose you double the voltage in a V battery is connected across this
simple dc circuit, and cut the resistance combination. What is the current
in half. The current will become: drawn from the battery by this
A. Four times as great. resistance combination?
B. Twice as great. A. 1.35 A B. 1.55 mA
C. The same as it was before. C. 1.85 A D. 1.95 mA
D. Half as great.
28. Three equal resistances when combined
in series are equivalent to 180 Ω. Their
equivalent resistance (in ohms) when
combined in parallel will be:
A. 810 B. 270
C. 20 D. 10

29. Four equal resistances when combined

in parallel are equivalent to 5 Ω. Their
Fig. 6: For questions 22 - 24 equivalent resistance (in ohms) when
Using Fig. 6, determine and fill the table combined in series will be:
with the values of the branch currents A. 10 B. 20
labelled I1, I4 and I6. C. 40 D. 80
30. Which of the following statements is
false?

70 Kirchhoff
 A. The current in a series dc circuit is C. Linear D. Non-linear
divided up among the resistances.
B. In a parallel dc circuit, the voltage 36. Which of the following statements is
is the same across each component. true?
C. In a series dc circuit, the sum of the A. The current in a series dc circuit is
voltages across all the components, divided up among the resistances.
going once around a complete B. In a parallel dc circuit, the total
circle, is zero. voltage is the sum of the individual
D. The net resistance of a parallel set voltages.
of resistors is less than the value of C. In a series dc circuit, the sum of the
the smallest resistor. voltages across all the components,
going once around a complete
31. Which of the following statement is circle, is zero.
correct regarding resistance? D. The net resistance of a series set of
A. The resistance of a conductor is the resistors is less than the value of the
hindrance by which the conductor smallest resistor.
opposes the flow of current through
it. 37. While Thevenizing a circuit between
B. The resistance of wire is two terminals, VTH is equal to
independent of the temperature for A. Short-circuit terminal voltage.
most of the materials. B. Open-circuit terminal voltage.
C. The resistance of a wire does not C. Net voltage available in the circuit.
depend upon its material. D. Emf of the battery nearest to the
D. None of the above. terminals

32. Which of the following relation is not 38. Four resistances 50 Ω, 40 Ω, 25 Ω and
correct? R are connected in parallel. Current
through 25 Ω resistance is 4 A. Total
A. B. 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 current of the supply is 11 A. The value
𝑃 of R will be
𝐼 = √𝑅
C. D. 𝑉 = √𝑃𝑅 A. 14.3 Ω B. 20 Ω
C. 40 Ω D. 50 Ω
33. Which of the following is not
equivalent to watts? 39. Four 100 𝑊 bulbs are connected in
parallel across 200 V supply line. If
A. amperes volts
one bulb gets fused
B. (amperes)2 × ohm
A. no bulb will light
C. ampere/volts
B. rest of the three bulbs will light
D. joules per second C. all the four bulbs will light
D. none of these.
34. Which of the following statements is
incorrect? 40. A constant current source supplies a
A. Resistor is a passive element current of 300 𝑚𝐴 to a load of 1 kΩ.
B. Inductor is a passive element When the load is changed to 100 Ω,
C. Current source is a passive element the load current will be
D. Voltage source is an active element A. 3 A B. 300 mA
C. 30 mA D. 100 mA
35. A network having one or more than one
source of emf is known as 41. To neglect a voltage source, the
..................... network. terminals across the source are
A. Passive B. Active A. open-circuited

71 Kirchhoff
 B. short-circuited 47. While determining RTH of a circuit
C. replaced by some resistance A. voltage and current sources should
D. replaced by inductor be left as they are
B. all sources should be replaced by
42. For determining the polarity of the their source resistances
voltage drop across a resistor, it is C. all independent current and voltage
necessary to know the sources are short-circuited
A. value of resistor D. none of the above
B. value of current
C. direction of current flowing through 48. In applying Thevenin’s theorem, VTH
the resistor is the
D. value of emf in the circuit A. open-circuit terminal voltage
B. short-circuit terminal voltage
43. What is the power delivered by 24 V C. total voltage in the circuit
source? D. source voltage

Preamble 6: Use the circuit given in figure

10 to answer questions 49 to 51.
Ix

24 V 6Ω 2Ix A
10 Ω 5Ω

10 V 10 Ω
Figure 8: Circuit for question 43 A
A. 96 W B. 144 W
C. 192 W D. 288 W
B
44. Nodal analysis is based on Figure 10: Circuit for questions 49 - 51
A. KCL B. KVL
C. both D. none of these 49. What is the Thevenin’s voltage seen at
terminals AB?
45. In nodal analysis, if there are N nodes A. 5 V B. 10 V
in the circuit, how many equations are C. 20 V D. 54 V
needed to solve the network?
A. N – 2 B. N – 1 50. The Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
C. N D. N + 1 RTH for the network is
A. 5 Ω B. 10 Ω
46. In the circuit shown in figure 9, what is C. 13.3 Ω D. 25 Ω
the voltage across the 5 Ω resistor? 51. If the load that was initially removed
A. -1250 V B. – 30 V was 15 Ω, find the current through this
C. 41.54 V D. 1250 V 15 Ω resistor.
A. 2 A B. 0.33 A
V1 5 V2 C. 0.2 A D. 0.05 A

52. Which of the following statements

17 7 1 11
is/are correct?
A. Norton’s equivalent resistance is
the same as Thevenin’s equivalent
Figure 9: Circuit for question 46 resistance RTH

72 Kirchhoff
 B. Norton’s equivalent is the current A. Resistance is a passive element
equivalent of the network. B. Inductor is a passive element
C. The load is connected in parallel to C. Capacitor is an active element
the Norton’s equivalent resistance D. Voltage source is an active element
and equivalent current source
D. All of the above. Preamble 8: Figure 12 (b) is the Norton’s
equivalent of the circuit shown in Figure 12
53. Which of the following theorems is (a). Use Figure 12 to answer questions 57
applicable for both linear and non- to 59.
linear circuits?
A. Superposition
B. Thevenin’s
C. Norton’s
D. None of these
Preamble 7: Figure 11 (b) is the Norton’s
equivalent of the circuit shown in Figure 11
(a).

1 (a)
3Ω 4/5 Ω

2V 2Ω

2
(a)

1
(b)
IN RN Figure 12: Circuit for Questions
57-59
57. Determine IN
2
(b)
A. A B. A
Figure 11: Circuit for questions 54 - 55
54. Determine IN C. A D. A
2 4 58. What is the Norton’s equivalent
A. A B. A
5 5 resistance, RN?
5 5 A. 5.3 Ω B. 8 Ω
C. A D. A
4 2 C. 4 Ω D. 10 Ω

55. What is the Norton’s equivalent 59. If the load that was initially removed
resistance, RN? was 10 Ω, find the current through this
A. 1 Ω B. 5Ω 10 Ω resistor.
12
C. 2 Ω D. A. A B. A
5
56. Which of the following statements is
incorrect? C. A D. A

73 Kirchhoff
60. Which of the following statements A. no bulb will light
is/are incorrect? B. rest of the two bulbs will light
A. Thevenin’s equivalent resistance C. all the three bulbs will light
RTH is the same as Norton’s D. none of these.
equivalent resistance RN
66. If each of the battery unit in figure 13
B. Thevenin’s equivalent voltage
has characteristics of 18 volts and 3.5
source is the short circuit voltage
of the network. amps, what will be the total output of
C. The load is connected in series to the four battery units from the
the Thevenin’s equivalent connection shown?
resistance and thevenin’s
equivalent voltage source
D. Thevenin’s equivalent voltage is
an active element. +

61. Four resistances 10 Ω, 20 Ω, 30 Ω and

R are connected in parallel. Current
through the 30 Ω resistance is 5 A.
Total current of the supply is 30 A.
The value of R will be
A. 45 Ω B. 40 Ω Figure 13: Circuit for question 66
C. 60 Ω D. 55 Ω
A. 18V, 14A B. 72 V, 3.5 A
62. Four resistances 5 Ω, 10 Ω, 15 Ω and R C. 36 V, 7 A D. 18 V, 7 A
are connected in series. Current through
the 10 Ω resistance is 2 A. The current 67. Which of the following relation is not correct?
through R will be V
A. P = 2 B. 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
A. 4 A B. 2 A R
C. 6 A D. 5 A
C. D. 𝑉 = √𝑃𝑅
63. In question (62) above, what will be the
value of R if the Electromotive force 68. Kirchhoff’s voltage law is concerned
(Emf) across the resistances in series is with
80 V. A. IR drop
A. 10 Ω B. 20 Ω B. battery emf
C. 15 Ω D. 5 Ω C. junction voltage
D. both A and B
64. The condition for the validity of Ohm’s
Law is that the 69. What is the power delivered by the 48
A. Current should be proportional to V source?
voltage
B. Resistance must be wire wound A. 864 W B. 1152 W
type C. 192 W D. 288 W
C. Temperature should remain
constant
D. All of the above

65. Three 100 𝑊 bulbs are connected in

parallel across 100 V supply line. If one
bulb gets fused

74 Kirchhoff
 75. The flow of electric current in a
Ix conductor is due to the flow of
A. electrons
48 V 6Ω 2Ix B. protons
C. charged particle
D. electrons and ions

Figure 14 Circuit for question 69 76. The correct form of Ohm’s law is

70. In mesh current analysis, current is A. I = VR B. V ∝ I

assigned to C. V = IR D. Both B and C
A. each branch
B. no branch 77. The Ohm is a unit of
C. each window or loop
A. Opposition to electrical current
D. no window
B. Electrical charge quantity
Preamble 9: Use the circuit given in figure C. Electrical conductance
15 to answer questions 71 to 73. D. The rate at which charge carriers
flow
A
10 Ω 5Ω 78. The nodal analysis method is based on
A. KVL AND Ohm’s Law
10 V 10 Ω B. KCL and Ohm’s law
C. KVL and KCL
D. Both A and B
B
Figure 15: Circuit for questions 71 - 73 79. The current in a wire:

71. What is the Thevenin’s voltage seen at A. depends only on the resistance of
terminals AB? the wire
A. 10 V B. 5 V B. depends only on the potential
C. 20 V D. 54 V difference applied
C. depends on both resistance and
72. The Thevenin’s equivalent resistance potential difference
RTH for the network is D. does not depend on resistance
A. 20 Ω B. 3.33 Ω
and potential difference
C. 10 Ω D. 25 Ω
80. There are three resistors in parallel, with
73. If the load that was initially removed
was 15 Ω, find the current through this values of 22 Ω, 27 Ω, and 33 Ω. A 12-
15 Ω resistor. V battery is connected across this
A. 2 A B. 0.33 A combination. What is the current drawn
C. 0.2 A D. 0.05 A from the battery by this resistance
combination?
74. Which of the following relation is not A. 1.5 A B. 1.35 A
correct? C. 150 mA D. 15 mA
P
A. I = B. P = VI 81. A battery of e.m.f 12V and internal
R
resistance 1.5 Ჲ is required to give a
V
C. P = 2 D. V = PR current of 0.60A when connected to an
R external load of resistance, R. Calculate

75 Kirchhoff
 the value of R. values are 1 Ჲ , 2 Ჲ and 3 Ჲ. What is the
A. 4.8 Ჲ B. 18.5 Ჲ voltage (in volts) across the 3 Ჲ
C. 20 Ჲ D. 21.5 Ჲ resistor?
A. 2 B. 4
82. The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the unit of C. 6 D. 12
A. current used 88. Three resistors with the values of 47 Ჲ,
B. power developed
68 Ჲ and 82 Ჲ are connected in series
C. energy consumed
with a 50 V dc generator. The total
D. resistance offered
power consumed by the network of
83. Norton’s theorem converts a circuit to resistors is:
an equivalent form consisting of A. 250 mW B. 13 mW
C. 13W D. 17W
A. a current source in series with a
resistor
B. a voltage source in parallel with a
Electrostatics and Capacitors
resistor 89. In finding the equivalent of two
C. a voltage source in series with a capacitances, when do we use the ratio
resistor of their product to their addition?
D. a current source in parallel with a A. When they are connected to a
resistor resistance
B. When they are connected in series
84. Three equal resistances when combined C. When they are connected in
in series are equivalent to 90 Ω. Their parallel
equivalent resistance (in ohms) when D. None of these
combined in parallel will be:
90. When the voltage across a capacitor is
A. 750 B. 220
tripled, the stored charge is
C. 30 D. 10 A. Is cut to one third B. Doubles
C. Stay the same D. Triples
85. A 6.0 V battery is connected to a
parallel combination of two resistors, 91. Of the following capacitors, which one
whose values are 8 Ჲ and 12 Ჲ. What is has the highest dielectric constant
the power (in watts) dissipated in the 8 A. Air B. Glass
Ჲ resistor? C. Mica D. Paper
A. 0.3 B. 5
C. 4.5 D. 3.5 92. When the plate area of a capacitor
increases
86. A 1000W kettle and 750W pressing A. The voltage it can withstand
iron are used together for 2.5 hours. If increases
the cost of electricity is Ghs 5.00 per B. The capacitance decreases
C. The capacitance increases
kWh, then the total cost involved will
D. The capacitance is unaffected
be approximately
A. Ghs 22,000.00 93. Which of the following capacitors is
B. Ghs 220.00 polarized?
C. Ghs 202.00 A. Plastic film B. Ceramic
D. Ghs 22.00 C. Electrolytic D. Mica

87. A 12-V battery is connected to a set of 94. A capacitor stores energy within a
three resistors in series. The resistance dielectric between the conducting plates

76 Kirchhoff
 in the form of a/an: considered:
A. positive voltage A. Linear
B. negative voltage B. Magnetic
C. magnetic field C. A current block
D. electric field D. Exponential
101. The material used between the plates
95. A capacitor is constructed of two of a capacitor is called its
parallel: A. Dielectric material
A. Conductors B. Insulation material
B. Semiconductors C. Separation material
C. Inductors D. Plate-divider material
D. Dielectric
102. The strength of an electric field at a
96. Which of the following determines the given point is proportional to the
capacitance of a capacitor? potential difference on the plates and
inversely proportional to the:
A. Plate area, dielectric constant,
A. Field strength
and plate separation
B. Negative plate only
B. Plate area, dielectric strength and
C. Plate separation
plate separation
D. Charge difference
C. Voltage rating, dielectric constant
and temperature coefficient 103. A 100 μF capacitor supplied from 3 V
D. Temperature coefficient, plate source with a frequency of 50 Hz. The
area and plate separation capacitive reactance is
A. 63.68 Ω B. 15.92 Ω
97. In a capacitive circuit, current flow is
C. 31.82 Ω D. 7.96 Ω
limited to
A. Both charging period and 104. A 10 μF capacitor and 100 W, 220 V
discharging period lamp is connected in series across a
B. Charging period 220 V alternating supply. In which
C. Neither charging period nor frequency of the supply the lamp will
discharging period glow brightest?
D. Discharging period A. 1000 Hz B. 1 Hz
C. 10 Hz D. 100 Hz
98. Which of the following statements is
true? 105. If a capacitors of capacitance 100 μF
A. An uncharged capacitor appears is connected across a voltage source of
as a short to an instantaneous 10 V, then what will be the energy
change in current stored in that capacitor?
B. The voltage to which a capacitor A. 5 x 10-3 J B. 10 x 10-3 J
is charged can change 6
C. 10 x 10 J D. 5 x 102 J
instantaneously
C. The current in a capacitor takes 106. A capacitor carries a charge of 0.3 C at
time to change 20 V. Its capacitance is
D. A fully charged capacitor appears A. 1.5 F B. 0.015 F
as a short to dc current C. 1.515µF D. 15µF
99. What is the reactance value for a 107. Coulomb’s law for the force between
capacitor installed in a dc circuit?
electric charges most closely resembles
A. Zero B. Cannot tell
C. Moderate D. Infinite A. Newton’s law of motion
B. Law of conservation of energy
100. A capacitor’s rate of charge is C. Gauss’s theorem

77 Kirchhoff
 D. Newton’s law of gravitation A. pd between the plates will decrease
B. electric intensity will decrease
108. Unit of electric intensity is C. capacitance will increase
A. Joules/coulomb
D. all of them
B. Newton/coulomb
C. Volt/meter 114. In a parallel plate capacitor of
D. both (b) and (c)
capacitance C, and electric field E, if a
109. The electric field intensity at a point mica slab (𝜀𝑟 = 6) is introduced to fill
situated at a distance d from a straight the capacitor completely then the new
charged conductor is proportional to capacitance and electric field will be
A. D B. d2 A. 6 C and 6 E B. C/6 and 6 E
C. 1/d D. 1/d2 C. 6C and E/6 D. C/6 and E/6
110. During dielectric breakdown of a 115. A parallel plate capacitor has
capacitor
capacitance of 10 𝜇𝐹. If the linear
A. permanent conduction path is
dimensions of the plates are doubled
established between capacitor
plates and the separation between them is
B. electrons are scattered also doubled the value of the capacitor
C. electrons cease to move from one would be
plate to another. A. 5 𝜇𝐹 B. 10 𝜇𝐹
D. none of the above C. 20 𝜇𝐹 D. 40 𝜇𝐹
111. Consider the following statements
associated with parallel plate 116. How are 500 𝜇𝐹 capacitors connected
capacitor; so as to give an effective capacitance
i. Capacitance is of 750 𝜇𝐹?
proportional to area A. 3 capacitors of 500 𝜇𝐹 each in series
ii. Capacitance is inversely B. 3 capacitors of 500 𝜇𝐹 each in
proportional to distance of parallel
separation of plates. C. 2 capacitors of 500 𝜇𝐹 each in
iii. The dielectric material is in parallel and the combination in
a state of compression. series with another 500 𝜇𝐹
capacitor
Of these statements D. 2 capacitors of 500 𝜇𝐹 each in series
and the combination in parallel with
A. i, ii and iii are correct
B. i and ii are correct another 500 𝜇𝐹 capacitor
C. i and iii are correct
117. Two capacitors each having
D. ii and iii are correct
capacitance C and breakdown voltage
112. Joules/Coulomb is the unit of V are joined in series. The capacitance
A. Electric field potential and breakdown voltage of the
B. Potential combination will be
C. Charge
A. 2 𝐶 and 2 V B.
D. Energy
C
C. D. and 2 V
2
113. In a parallel plate capacitor, a
dielectric slab is introduced. Then the 118. The number of 2 𝜇𝐹, 400 V, capacitors

78 Kirchhoff
 needed to obtain total capacitance of parallel, and 6 pF, if connected in
1.5 𝜇𝐹 rated for 1600 V is series. Find C1 and C2.
A. 12 B. 6 A. 5 and 20 pF B. 6 and 25 pF
C. 8 D. 4
C. 10 and 15 pF D. 19 and 31 pF
119. A parallel plate capacitor of 5 𝑝𝐹
capacitance has a charge of 0.1 𝜇𝐶 on 125. Doubling the voltage across a given
its plates. What is the energy stored in capacitor causes the charge stored in
the capacitor? that capacitor to
A. 1000 J B. 1 mJ A. reduce to one half B. Double
C. 1 μJ D. 1 pJ C. quadruple D. reduce to one fourth.

120. Three capacitors each of breakdown 126. The following are all properties of
voltage of 500 V are connected in lines of force except
parallel. The breakdown rating of the A. Each line of force starts from a
combination will be positive charge and terminates in a
A. 167 V B. 250 V negative charge.
C. 500 V D. 1500 V B. The direction of the line is that of
the force experienced by a positive
121. Potential difference across a capacitor charge placed at a point in the
of capacitance 20 𝜇𝐹 is increased electric field.
uniformly from 0 to 240 in 1 second. C. The electric field is relatively strong
The charging current will be where the field lines are close and
A. 1.2 mA B. 4.8 mA weak where the lines are farther
C. 9.6 mA D. 12 mA apart.
D. The lines of force never intercept.
122. Six capacitors of different
capacitances C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 127. The above statement is associated with
are connected in series. C1 > C2 > C3 > A. Newton’s law of gravitation
C4 > C5 > C6. What is the total B. Coulomb’s law
capacitance almost equal to? C. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
A. C1 induction
D. Newton’s laws of motions
B.
C. C6 128. The direction of an electrostatic field
D. C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + C5 + C6 is defined as that of the force acting on
a unit ____ test charge placed in the
123. Two identical capacitors, each with field
capacitance C, are connected in series A. positive B. negative
and the combination is connected C. neutral D. infinite
in parallel to a third identical
capacitor. The equivalent capacitance 129. What is the charge on a 5 μF capacitor
of this arrangement is: when the applied voltage is 75 V
A. 15 C B. 1.5 × 107 C
A. B. C -8
C. 6.67 × 10 C D. 3.75 ×10-4 C
C. D. 3C 130. Two isolated conducting spheres are
124. Two capacitors having equivalent each given the same net charge +Q.
capacitance of 25 pF, if connected in Sphere A has a radius of 10 cm and
sphere B has a radius of 20 cm. The

79 Kirchhoff
 electric potential on the surface of 135. How many plates has a parallel plate
sphere A is capacitor having a capacitance of 25
A. same as that on sphere B nF, if each plate is 10 mm by 8 mm
B. half that on sphere B and each dielectric is 0.408 mm thick
C. twice that on sphere B with a relative permittivity of 12?
D. zero A. 4 B. 5
C. 6 D. 7
Preamble 10:Use the circuit of Figure 16
below to answer questions 131 and 132. 136. What is the total capacitance between
the open terminals of the circuit
below?

Fig. 17: Circuit for questions 136 - 137

Fig. 16: Circuit for questions 131 - 132 A. 1 F B. 0.615 F

C. 8 F D. 12 F

131. What is the effective capacitance CAB 137. If the dielectric constant of a capacitor
of the given circuit is decreased, then its capacitance will:
A. C B. C2 A. Increase B. decrease
C. 2C 2
D. C2/2 C. remain the same D. be destroyed

132. If the potential difference between 138. A capacitor has 25 V across its plates
points A and B is V, what is the and a stored charge of 1500 µC. What
potential difference across the plates is the capacitance value?
of each capacitor? A. 60 pF B. 60 µF
A. V/4 B. V/2 C. 16.67 mF D. 37.5 mF
C. V D. 2V
139. In a parallel plate capacitor, the
______ the area of the plates, the
133. ----- is a region of space surrounding greater the number of electrons and
electrically charged particles in which
______ that can be stored.
an electric charge experiences a force
A. larger, charge B. smaller, charge
A. potential difference C. larger, voltage D. smaller, voltage
B. electric potential
C. electrostatic field 140. Which of the following statements
D. electric field intensity about electric field lines is not true?
A. they never cross
134. Calculate the capacitance of a parallel B. they are continuous lines
plate capacitor having 5 plates, each C. density of field lines indicate field
25 mm by 25 mm and separated by a strength
dielectric 0.75 mm thick having a D. Each line of force starts from a
relative permittivity of 2.0 negative charge and terminates in
A. 53.1 pF B. 73.75 pF positive a charge
C. 65 pF D. 59 pF
141. Electric field strength is measured in

80 Kirchhoff
 A. Volt/metre B. Ampere/metre stored in that capacitor?
C. Newton/metre D. Watt/metre A. 5 x 10-3 J B. 10 x 10-3 J
C. 10 x 106 J D. 5 x 102 J
142. Find the energy stored in a 5 μF
capacitor when charged to 2 kV. 149. Select the equation below that
A. 20 J B. 10 J represents the relationship between
C. 5 J D. 2 J charge, capacitance, and voltage for a
capacitor.
143. A 3300 pF capacitor is required to A. Q = CV B. C = QV
store 0.5 mJ of energy. Find the pd to
which the capacitor must be charged C. V = IR D. Xc = 1/(2πfc)
A. 167 V B. 250 V
150. When is a capacitor fully charged?
C. 550 V D. 1500 V
A. when the voltage across its plates is
144. Which of the following is not a half of the voltage from ground to
dielectric used in capacitors? one of its plates
A. paper B. wire B. when the current through the
C. air D. mica capacitor is the same as when the
capacitor is discharged
145. Which of the following statements C. when the voltage across the plates is
about parallel plate capacitor is not 0.707 of the input voltage
true? D. when the current through the
A. capacitance C is proportional to the capacitor is directly proportional to
area A of plates the area of the plates
B. capacitance C is inversely
proportional to distance of separation 151. A capacitor's rate of charge is
d of plates considered:
C. capacitance C depends on the nature A. magnetic B. a current block
of dielectric material used C. linear D. exponential
D. capacitance C is inversely
proportional to relative permittivity 152. As a capacitor is being charged,
of dielectric current flowing into the capacitor will
A. Increase B. Decrease
146. Two capacitors have an equivalent C. Remain the same D. Double
capacitance of 30 pF, if connected in
parallel, and 7.2 pF, if connected in 153. A capacitor stores energy within a
series. Find C1 and C2. dielectric between the conducting
A. 6 and 24 pF B. 7.2 and 30 pF plates in the form of:
C. 12 and 18 pF D. 16 and 22 pF A. magnetic field
B. Positive voltage
147. A capacitor passes a current of 12.6 C. Negative voltage
mA when supplied with 20 V AC with D. An electric field
a frequency of 1000 Hz. The
capacitance will be 154. As a capacitor is being charged, the
A. 0.001 µF B. 0.01 µF voltage across its terminals will:
C. 0.1 µF D. 1.0 µF A. Increase
B. Decrease
148. It a capacitors of capacitance 100 μF C. Remain the same
is connected across a voltage source of D. Oppose the source
10 V, then what will be the energy
155. Which of the following determines the

81 Kirchhoff
 capacitance of a capacitor ? C. 4 𝝁 F D. 8 𝜇 F
A. Plate area, dielectric strength, and
plate separation 162. When the voltage across a capacitor is
B. Voltage rating, dielectric strength, tripled, the stored charge
and plate separation A. Triples B. Is cut to one-third
C. Temperature coefficient, plate area, C. Stays the same D. Doubles
and plate separation
D. Plate area, dielectric constant, and 163. Find the capacitance to be connected
plate separation in series with a 10 𝜇F capacitor for the
equivalent capacitance to be 6 𝜇F.
156. The capacitance of a parallel plate A. 15 𝝁 F B. 4 𝜇F
capacitor with n plates is C. 10 𝜇F D. None of these
A. Directly proportional to n-1
B. Inversely proportional to n 164. What is the effective capacitance of
C. Inversely proportional to n-1 the arrangement in figure 18?
D. Is equal to the sum of the n plates

157. If C1 a 4.7 𝜇F capacitor, and C2, a 3.3

𝜇F capacitor are in series with 18 Vdc
applied, what is the voltage across C1?
A. 3 V B. 7.4 V
C. 6.6 V D. 9.4 V :
158. What is the value of a capacitor that Figure 18 : Circuit for question 164
can store two coulombs of charge
when 500 volts is applied across its A. 0.5 F B. 0.45 F
plates? C. 2.0 𝜇 F D. 9.0 𝝁 F
A. 4 𝜇 F B. 250 𝝁 F
C. 4,000 𝜇 F D. 250 F 165. What is the effective capacitance of

159. A capacitor has 25 V across its plates figure 19?

and a stored charge of 1500 𝜇C. What
is the capacitance value?
A. 60 pF B. 60 𝝁 F
C. 16.67 mF D. 37.5 MF
Figure 19: Circuit for question 165
160. A 0.00022 F capacitor equals how
many microfarads ? A. 0.5 F B. 0.45 F
A. 22 𝜇 F B. 220 𝝁 F C. 2.0 𝝁 F D. 9.0 𝜇 F
C. 2,200 𝜇 F D. 22,200 𝜇 F
166. Capacitor is a device used
161. Two series capacitors (one 2 𝜇F, the to ……………………
other of unknown value) are charged A. store electrical energy
B. vary the resistance
from a 24 V source. The 2 𝜇F
C. store magnetic energy
capacitor is charged to 16 V and the D. dissipate energy
other to 8 V. The value of the
unknown capacitor is 167. Capacitor stores which type of energy?
A. 1 𝜇 F B. 2 𝜇 F A. kinetic energy

82 Kirchhoff
 B. vibration energy given by
C. potential energy A. (1/2)QV2 B. 2QV
D. heat energy C. QV D. 2V

168. If a parallel plate capacitor of plate 177. Energy stored in a 2000 mF capacitor
area 2 m2 and plate separation 1m store charged to a potential difference of 10
the charge of 1.77 x 10-11 C. What is V is
the voltage across the capacitor? A. 0.12 J B. 1.3 J
A. 1V B. 2V C.0.10 J D. 3 J
C. 3V D. 4V
178. Capacitor is fully charged if potential
169. What is the value of a capacitance of a difference is equal to
capacitor which has a voltage of 4V A. e.m.f B. current
and has 16C of charge? C. resistance D. power
A. 2F B. 4F
C. 6F D. 8F 179. The capacitance between two plates
increases with
170. For which medium capacitance is A. shorter plate area and higher applied
high? voltage
A. air B. mica B. shorter plate area and shorter
C. water D. metal distance between them
C. larger plate area, longer distance
171. If plates of capacitor are oppositely between plates and higher applied
charged then total charge is equal to voltage
A. negative B. positive D. larger plate area and shorter distance
C. zero D. infinite between plates

172. If charge stored on plates of capacitor 180. Capacitor plates are separated by an
is large, then capacitance will be insulator known as
A. small B. large A. non-metal B. dielectric
C. zero D. infinite C. paper D. wood

173. Capacitance and charge on plates are 181. Charge on capacitor plate is directly
A. inversely related proportional to
B. directly related A. Current
C. not related at all B. electric field intensity
D. always equal C. potential difference
D. resistance
174. If capacitors are connected in parallel
then the potential difference across 182. Ability of capacitor to store energy
each capacitor is depends upon
A. same B. different A. area of plates
C. zero D. infinite B. distance between plates
C. type of dielectric used
175. Total capacitance of 300 mF capacitor D. all of the above
and 600 mF in series is
A. 300 mF B. 500 mF
C. 200 mf D. 1000 mF

176. Work done in charging a capacitor is

83 Kirchhoff
 parallel rectangular plates each measuring
183. The unit of capacitance is 60 mm by 80 mm. If the plates are spaced
A. volts/coulomb 10 mm apart and the voltage between them
B. coulombs/volt is 0.5 kV, then the electric field strength is
C. henry/Wb given as
D. ohms A. 312.5 C/m2 B. 50 kV
C. 4.5 V/m D.50000 V/m
184. Capacitance of a capacitor is not
affected by
A. distance between plates Magnetism, Electromagnetism and
B. area of plates Magnetic Circuits
C. thickness of plates
D. all the above 190. What is the cross-sectional area of a
magnetic material if a flux of 6 mWB
185. When the plate area of a parallel plate in it produces a flux density of 1.5 T?
capacitor is increased keeping the A. 20 cm2 B. 40 cm2
capacitor voltage constant the force C. 200 cm2 D. 250 cm
between the plates
A. increases 191. What is the flux density in a magnetic
B. Decreases field of cross-sectional area 60 cm2
C. remains constant having a flux of 1.5 mWb?
D. may increase or decrease depending A. 0.25 T B. 9 T
on metal making up the plate C. 90 T D. 0.0025 T

186. The charge in a capacitor is stored in 192. A magnetic field strength of 2000 A/m
dielectric. is applied to a circular magnetic circuit
A. True B. False of mean diameter 320 mm. If the coil
has 3142 turns, find the current in the
187. If 10J of energy are required to move coil
5 coulombs of charge between two A. 45 mA B. 220 mA
points, the potential difference
between the total points is equal to C. 520 mA D. 640 mA
how many volts
193. Resistance is to Electrical circuits as
A. 50V B. 4V ______ is to magnetic circuits.
C. 2V D. 0.5V A. Remanence B. Hysteresis
C. Reluctance D. Flux
188. A parallel plate capacitor has nineteen
interleaved plates each 75 mm by 75 194. The ratio of the magnetic flux density
mm separated by mica sheets 0.2 mm to the magnetic field strength for any
thick. Assuming the relative medium gives____ of the medium.
permittivity of the mica is 5, the A. Permeability
capacitance of the capacitor is B. Magnetomotive force
C. Surface area
A. 22.4 nF B. 16 F D. Magnetic potential energy
C. 35 pF D. 10 nF
195. In a magnetic circuit, reluctance is
189. A charge of 1.5 𝜇C is carried on two never
A. Unity

84 Kirchhoff
 B. Less than zero force acting on the wire.
C. Greater than zero A. 0.125 N, from right to left
D. Greater than unity B. 0.125 N, from left to right
C. 2.0 N, from right to left
196. The flux density produced in an iron D. 2.0 N, from left to right
ring of relative permeability 1600
which is uniformly wound with a coil 201. A bar magnet is divided in two pieces.
producing a magnetic field strength of Which of the following statements is
500 A/m is true?
A. 2.05 B. 5.21 A. The broken part of each piece is a
C. 0.45 D. 1.01 north pole
B. The broken part of each piece is
197. A conductor carrying a current of 250 neither a north pole nor a south
mA is at an angle of 45° to a magnetic pole
field having a flux density of 1.2 T. If C. The magnetic poles are reversed
the length of the conductor in the field D. Two new bar magnets are created
is 10 m, calculate the force acting on
the conductor. 202. The north-seeking pole of a freely
A. 2.05 N B. 1.47 N suspended compass needle points to
C. 33.94 N D. 2.12 N the earth’s
A. Geographic North Pole
198. The ratio of magnetic flux to area is B. Magnetic North Pole
known as C. Neutral point
A. Permeability D. Center
B. Flux density
C. Magnetic field strength 203. If current through a coil having an
D. Magnetomotive force inductance of 0.5 H is reduced from 7
A to 4 A in 0.05 s, then the mean value
199. The direction of the magnetic field of the emf induced in the coil is equal
formed around a current-carrying to:
conductor can be determined by A. 60 A/s B. 35 V
A. The Right-hand screw rule C. -30 V D. -60 mV
B. Fleming’s Right-hand rule
C. Fleming’s Left-hand rule 204. A conductor of length 7.5 cm is moved
D. Lenz’s law at 750 mm/s at right-angles to a
uniform flux density of 2.4 T.
Preamble 11: Figure 20 below shows a Determine the emf induced in the
current carrying conductor placed in a conductor.
magnetic field of flux density 0.25 T. Use A. 0.135 V B. 0.24 V
this to answer Question 200. C. 13.5 V D. 24 V

205. The prime mover or force which

pushes magnetic flux round a
ferromagnetic core is
A. Electromagnetic force
B. Electrostatic force
C. Magnetomotive force
200. If the wire is 1m long and carries 0.5 D. Electromotive force
A of current in the direction from the
top of the page to the bottom, what is 206. An electromagnetic field is formed
the magnitude and direction of the round a conductor only when there

85 Kirchhoff
 is___ through it. 212. If a wire coil has 10 turns and carries
A. increase in current 500 mA of current, what is the
B. decrease in current magnetomotive force in ampere-
C. current turns?
D. no current A. 5000 B. 50
C. 5.0 D. 0.02.
207. When the current through the coil of
an electromagnet reverses, the 213. An ac electromagnet:
A. Magnitude of the magnetic field A. will attract only other magnetized
reduces to zero objects
B. Magnitude of the magnetic field B. will attract pure, unmagnetized iron
doubles
C. will repel other magnetized objects
C. Direction of the magnetic field
D. will either attract or repel permanent
reverses
D. Direction of the magnetic field magnets, depending on the polarity.
remains unchanged
214. An advantage of an electromagnet
208. The force between a magnet and a over a permanent magnet is that:
piece of ferromagnetic metal that has A. an electromagnet can be switched on
not been magnetized: and off
A. can be either repulsive or attractive B. an electromagnet does not have
B. is never repulsive specific polarity
C. gets smaller as the magnet gets C. an electromagnet requires no power
closer to the metal source
D. depends on the geomagnetic field. D. permanent magnets must always be
cylindrical.
209. Magnetic flux can always be attributed
to: 215. One of the examples of a ‘ hard ‘
A. ferromagnetic materials magnetic material is:
B. aligned atoms A. stalloy B. soft iron
C. motion of charged particles C. alcomax D. copper.
D. the geomagnetic field.
216. If the direction of the current in a
210. Lines of magnetic flux are said to conductor is considered to be the
originate: direction of travel of screw, then the
A. in atoms of ferromagnetic materials direction of the lines of flux will be the
B. at a north magnetic pole direction of rotation of the screw. This
C. where the lines converge to a point statement refers to :
D. in charge carriers. A. left-hand screw rule
B. right-hand screw rule
211. The magnetic flux around a straight, C. Faraday’s rule
current-carrying wire: D. electromagnetism rule.
A. gets stronger with increasing distance
from the wire 217. The flux density (T) produced in an
B. is strongest near the wire iron ring of relative permeability 1600
C. does not vary in strength with distance which is uniformly wound with a coil
from the wire producing a magnetic field strength of
D. consists of straight lines parallel to the 500 A/m is given as:
wire. A. 2.05 B. 5.21

86 Kirchhoff
 C. 0.45 D. 1.01 reluctance and can be used as
magnetic screens to:
218. The flux density (T) existing in an area A. prevent magnetic fields affecting
of 400 mm2 if a uniform magnetic flux materials within the screen
of 300 µWb exists at right angles to B. reduce the sensitivity of measuring
that area is: instruments
A. 1.85 B. 0.75 C. improve the magnetic properties of
C. 1.33 D. 0.22. field lines within the screen
D. increase the magnetic field strength
219. A current-carrying conductor is within the screen.
situated at right-angles in a uniform
magnetic field having a density of 0.3 224. Hysteresis is the ‘lagging’ effect of
T. The force in newtons per length on flux density B whenever there are
the conductor when the current is 200 changes in the
A is: A. magnetomotive force
A. 600 B. 30 B. magnetic circuit
C. 60 D. 100 C. reluctance
D. magnetic field strength.
220. A coil of 200 turns is wound uniformly
over a wooden ring having a mean 225. Any material that is easily magnetized
circumference of 600 mm and a has:
uniform cross-sectional area of 500 A. high permeability
mm2. If the current through the coil is B. low permeability
4 A, the flux density will be: C. constant magnetic flux
A. 1333 T B. 160 T D. uniform permeability.
C. 1675 µT D. 0.7 µT
226. A material that can be permanently
221. The magnetomotive force required to magnetized is generally said to be:
produce a flux of 0.015 Wb across an A. magnetic
air gap 2.5 mm long, having an B. electromagnetic
C. Permanently magnetic
effective area of 200 cm2 and
D. Ferromagnetic.
permeability of free space 4𝜋 ×10-7
H/m is approximately equal to: 227. An 20 H inductor has a current of 5 A
A. 200 A B. 250 T flowing through it. How much energy
C. 0.75 Wb D. 1492 A. is stored in the magnetic field of the
inductor?
222. If current through a coil having an A. 50 J B. 0.2 kJ
inductance of 0.5 H is reduced from C. 250 J D. 100 J
5A to 2 A in 0.05 s, then the mean
value of the emf induced in the coil is 228. The maximum working flux density of
equal to: a lifting electromagnet is 1.8 T and the
A. 60 A/s effective area of a pole face is circular
B. 35 V in cross-section. If the total magnetic
C.-30V flux produced is 353 mWb, then the
D.-60mV. diameter of the pole face is:
A. 0.50 m B. 0.25 m
223. Ferromagnetic materials have a low C. 2.5 cm D. None of these

87 Kirchhoff
229. The flux density produced in an iron when there is a change of flux of 45
ring of relative permeability 1600, if it mWb linking with it in 50 ms is
is uniformly wound with a coil which determined as:
produces a magnetic field strength of A. 0.5 kV B. -270 V
500 A/m is given approximately as: C. -100 V D. 50 kV
A. 10.05 T B. 1.00 mT
234. A current carrying conductor is
C. 1.01 T D. 5.00 T
moving towards the viewer. What is
230. A conductor carries a current of 10 A the direction of the force acting on the
and is at right-angles to a magnetic conductor?
field lying between two circular pole A. clockwise
faces each of radius 60 mm. If the total B. anticlockwise
flux between the pole faces is 0.5 C. towards the viewer
mWb and the magnitude of the force D. away from the viewer
exerted on the conductor is 0.155 N,
235. Factors which affect the inductance of
the conductor length will be
an inductor include:
A. 0.35 cm B. 300 mm
I. The number of turns of wire.
C. 350 mm D. 30 m
II. The cross-sectional area of the
231. The direction of the force acting on the coil of wire.
current carrying conductor in Figure III. The presence of a magnetic
21 is: core.
A. upward IV. The way the turns are arranged.
B. downward
C. towards the viewer Which of the above statements are true?
D. away from the viewer
A. I, II, III and IV
B. II, III and IV
C. II and IV
D. I and II

236. Determine the flux density existing in

an area of 300 mm2 if a uniform
Figure 21:Direction of force acting
magnetic flux of 400 mWb exists at
on a current carrying conductor
right angles to that area.
232. A conductor 300 mm long moves at a A. 0.75 T B. 13.33 T
uniform speed of 4 m/s at right-angles C. 7.50 T D. 1.33 T
to a uniform magnetic field of flux 237. The m.m.f. produced by a current of
density 1.25 T. The current flowing in 1.235 A flowing in a 320-turn coil is
the conductor when its ends are given as.
connected to a load of 20 Ω resistance A. 495.2 At B. 450 At
C. 395.2 At D. 350 At
is given as:
A. 57 A B. 1.5 A 238. A 25 H inductor has a current of 4.5 A
C. 75 mA D. 25 mA flowing through it. How much energy
233. The emf induced in a coil of 300 turns is stored in the magnetic field of the
inductor?
88 Kirchhoff
 A. 278 J B. 0.253 kJ
C. 250 J D. 194 J

Preamble 12: Use the hysteresis

to answer questions 239 to 240.

Fig. 23: Circuit for questions 242 - 244

242. Determine the reluctance of the air
gap.
A. 31.8*106A/Wb
B. 23.7*106A/Wb
C. 15.9*106A/Wb
D. 10.6*106A/Wb

243. Find the reluctance of the iron ring.

A. 31.8*106A/Wb
B. 23.7*106A/Wb
Fig. 22: Diagram for questions 239 - 240 C. 15.9*106A/Wb
D. 10.6*106A/Wb
239. Label ‘oc’ represents
_________Retentivity________________ 244. Calculate the current in the coil to
_____ maintain a flux of 10.5 𝜇Wb in the
______________________________ iron ring and in the air gap.
_________________ A. 20.04 A B. 15.03 A
C. 10.02 A D. 5.01 A
240. Label ‘od’ represents
____________Coercivity_________ 245. The length of an air-gap between two
_________ pole pieces is 4 mm and the area of
___________________________ the flux path across the gap is 600 cm2.
____________________ Find the mmf necessary to establish a
flux of 5 µWb in the air-gap.
241. A magnetic circuit made of armature A. 8. 050 A B. 0.142 A
iron of relative permeability 1500 has C. 0.267 A D. 32.25 A
a mean length of 80 cm and a cross-
sectional area of 400 mm2. Calculate 246. The flux density produced in an iron
the reluctance of the circuit. ring of relative permeability 1600
A. 2.5*106A/Wb which is uniformly wound with a coil
B. 2.37*106A/Wb producing a magnetic field strength of
C. 1.69*106A/Wb 500 A/m is
D. 1.06*106A/Wb A. 2.05 B. 5.21
C. 0.45 D. 1.01
Preamble 13: Figure 2 shows an
iron ring of mean circumference 40 247. An emf of 1.5 V is induced in a coil
cm and cross-sectional area 25mm2 when a current of 400 mA collapses
with a relative permeability of 800. uniformly to zero in 2 s. Determine the
It has a coil of 100 turns wound inductance of the coil.
around it and a 1mm air gap cut A. 2 H B. 7.5 H
radially through it. C. 0.3 D. 3.2 H

89 Kirchhoff
248. What is the magnetomotive force magnetise because of their low
needed to establish a flux of 80 mWb A. Reluctance B. Permeability
in a magnetic material of reluctance C. remanence D. Flux
2500 A/Wb?
A. 200 At B. 32 µAt 255. What is the magnetomotive force in a
C. 56 mAt D. 680 At 150-turn coil of wire with 2 A flowing
through it?
249. What is the flux produced in a A. 75 AT B. 0.013 At
magnetic material having a C. 300 At D. 13.33 At
rectangular cross-sectional area of 4
256. A bar of length 10 cm slides along
cm by 5 cm if the flux density is 1.5 T?
metal rails at a speed of 5 m/s in a
A. 750 Wb B. 30 Wb
magnetic field of flux density 0.1 T.
C. 750 mWb D. 3mWb
What is the emf induced in the bar and
250. How much flux is there in a magnetic rails?
field when its flux density is 5000 µT A. 0.05 V B. 0.5 V
and its cross-sectional area is 300 C. 0.2 V D. 0.02 V
mm2?
257. How much energy is stored in the
A. 3 mWb B. 5 µWb
magnetic field of a 12 H inductor if a
C. 16.67 mWb D. 1.5 µWb
current of 400 mA flows through it?
251. A force of 24 N is exerted on a current- A. 0.96 W B. 4.8 W
carrying conductor at right angles to a C. 30 W D. 0.033 W
magnetic field of flux density 1.5 T. If
258. Figure 24 shows the magnetic field
the conductor is 75 cm long, what is the
around a current-carrying conductor.
magnitude of the current in this
The current must be moving
conductor?
A. From right to left along the
A. 27 A B. 12 A conductor
C. 21.33 A D. 16.47 A B. From left to right along the
conductor
252. The magnetic analogy of current in C. Concentric circles around the
electrical circuit is conductor in the clockwise direction
A. Remanence B. Hysteresis
C. Reluctance D. Flux D. Concentric circles around the
conductor in the anti-clockwise
253. Fleming’s left hand rule is used to direction
determine the direction of
A. The force acting on a current-
carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field
B. The magnetic field around a current-
carrying conductor
C. The emf induced in a conductor
moving in a magnetic field
Figure 24: Diagram for question 258
D. The magnetic field around a
solenoid 259. A magnetic field changes at the rate of
5 mWb/s. If a coil with 250 turns is
254. Certain materials are difficult to

90 Kirchhoff
 placed in this field, the induced change of current in one of the coils 20
voltage across the coil is A/s, Calculate the emf induced in the
A. 5 kV B. 12.5 V other.
C. 2 mV D. 50 V A. 1.8 V B. 9 mV
C. 111.11 V D. 3.6 V
260. The magnetic domain theory is useful
265. What is the magnetomotive force in a
for explaining
60-turn coil of wire when there are 5A
A. The shape of the magnetization curve
of current through it?
B. Why opposite poles attract and like A. 83.33 mAt B. 12 At
poles repel
C. The behaviour of magnetic fields C. 30 At D. 65 At
around curved surfaces
266. An iron rod is found between two pole
D. The peculiarities of Coulomb’s law
faces of adjacent bar magnets. If there
261. The current in a coil around an iron rod is induced emf in the rod, which of the
is suddenly removed. In practice, the following conclusions is valid?
flux develop may never return to zero A. Current must flow through the rod
unless ___________ is applied
A. Forward magnetisation B. The rod must be moving
B. Residual flux C. The strength of the magnetic field
determines the polarity of the induced
C. Magnetic dipole
emf
D. Coercive mmf
D. This phenomenon violates Faraday’s
262. The figure below shows a straight long law of electromagnetic induction
wire carrying an electric current. The
267. A piece of unmagnetised cobalt strip
wire is placed in a uniform magnetic
is placed near the north pole of a bar
field directed as shown. What is the
direction of the force on the wire? magnet. Which of the following
events will occur? The cobalt strip
will be
A. Magnetised
B. Induced with emf
C. Repelled by the bar magnet
D. Attracted by the bar magnet
A. Right to Left
268. The left hand rule correlates to
B. Left to right
C. Top to bottom
A. Current, induced e.m.f and direction
D. Bottom to Top
of force on a conductor
263. A flux of 120 mWb links with a 220 B. Magnetic field, electric field and
turn coil when a current of 600 mA direction of force on a conductor
passes through the coil. Calculate the C. Self-induction, mutual induction
inductance of the coil. and direction of force on a
A. 15.84 H B. 44 H conductor
C. 1100 H D. 327 H D. Current, magnetic field and
264. The mutual inductance between two direction of force on a conductor
coils is 180 mH. If the steady rate of 269. Substances which have permeability

91 Kirchhoff
 less than the permeability of free space A. 63.38 N/Wb B. 633.8 N/Wb
are known as C. 6338 N/Wb D. 63380 N/Wb
A. ferromagnetic B. paramagnetic
276. The unit of flux is the same as that of
C. diamagnetic D. bipolar
A. reluctance
270. When a magnet is in motion relative to B. resistance
a coil, the induced e.m.f does not C. permeance
depend upon D. pole strength
A. resistance of the coil
B. motion of the magnet 277. Unit for quantity of electricity is
C. number of turns of the coil
D. pole strength of the magnet A. ampere-hour B. watt
C. joule D. coulomb
271. Two long parallel conductors carry 278. The most effective and quickest way
100A. if the conductors are separated of making a magnet from soft iron is
by 20mm, the force per meter of length by
of each conductor will be A. placing it inside a coil carrying
A. 100 N B. 10 N current
C. 1 N D. 0.1 N B. induction
C. the use of permanent magnet
272. A 300 mm long conductor is carrying
D. rubbing with another magnet
a current of 10 A and is situated at
right angles to a magnetic field having 279. The retentivity (a property) of material
a flux density of 0.8 T; the force on the is useful for the construction of
conductor will be A. permanent magnets
A. 240 N B. 24 N B. transformers
C. 2.4 N D. 0.24 N C. non-magnetic substances
273. The electromagnet has 50 turns and a D. electromagnets
current of 1A flows through the coil. If
the length of the magnetic circuit is 280. Hysteresis loop in case of
200 mm, what is the magnetic field magnetically hard materials is more in
strength? shape as compared to magnetically
A. 2500 AT/m B. 250 AT/m soft materials
C. 25 AT/m D. 2.5 AT/m A. circular B. triangular
C. rectangular D. none of the above
274. What is the magnitude and the
direction of force per 1.1m length of a 281. The magneto-motive force is
pair of conductors of a direct current A. the voltage across the two ends of
line carrying 10 amperes and spaced exciting coil
100 mm apart? B. the flow of an electric current
A. 22 × 108 N B. 22 × 107 N C. the sum of all currents embraced by
6
C. 22 × 10 N D. 22 ×105 N one line of magnetic field
D. the passage of magnetic field through
275. A square cross-sectional magnet has a
an exciting coil.
pole strength of 1 10 Wb and cross
sectional area of 20 mm 20 mm. What 282. What will be the current passing
is the strength at a distance of 100 mm through the ring shaped air cored coil
from the unit pole in air.
92 Kirchhoff
 when the number of turns is 800 and A. electromagnetic materials
ampere turns are 3200? B. non-magnetic materials
A. 2 B. 4 C. permeability of free space
C. 6 D. 8 D. ferromagnetic materials

283. The magnetic reluctance of a material 289. The amount of magnetic field (or the
number of line of force) produced by a
A. decreases with increasing cross
magnetic source is termed as……….
sectional area of material
A. Magnetomotive force
B. increases with increasing cross-
B. Magnetic flux density
sectional area of material
C. Magnetic flux
C. does not vary with increasing cross-
D. Reluctance
sectional area of material
D. any of the above 290. …………… have a low reluctance and
can be used as magnetic screens to
284. The stray line of magnetic flux is
prevent magnetic fields affecting
defined as
materials within the screen
A. a line vertical to the flux
A. electromagnetic materials
B. the mean length of a ring shaped-coil
B. ferromagnetic materials
C. a line of magnetic flux in a non-
C. magnetic materials
uniform field
D. paramagnetic materials
D. a line of magnetic flux which does
not follow the designed path.
Alternating Current Theory
285. Temporary magnets are used in
A. loud-speakers B. generators 291. How is AC current related to AC
voltage in a purely capacitive circuit?
C. motors D. all of the above
A. AC current is 0.707 of the AC
286. Magnetism of a magnet can be voltage
destroyed by B. AC current is 0.637 of the AC
A. heating voltage
B. hammering C. AC current leads AC voltage
C. By inductive action of another D. AC current lags AC voltage
magnet
292. A current is said to be alternating when
D. all of the above it changes in
A. magnitude only
287. Core of an electromagnet should have B. both magnitude and direction
A. low coercivity C. direction only
B. high susceptibility D. none of these
C. both of the above
293. The ratio of the effective value to the
D. none of the above
mean value of the periodic wave is
A. Amplitude B. Peak factor
288. Certain materials when placed inside a
C. Form factor D. Average
coil have the property of greatly
increasing the magnetic flux density 294. When a periodic wave, such as a
by as much as 1000 times. These sinusoidal wave, goes through one
materials are referred to as; complete set of positive and negative
values it is said to have completed one
93 Kirchhoff
 A. Frequency B. Period 1 1
C. D.
C. Cycle D. Amplitude  LC
2
2 LC
295. The average value of a sine wave is 301. In a purely resistive circuit, the
100 A. Its peak value is average power is ________ the peak
A. 15.9 A B. 141.4 A
power Pmax .
C. 157.1 A D. 314.2 A
A. One-fourth B. one-half
296. The current through a resistor has a C. Equal to D. double
waveform as shown in Figure 25. The
reading shown by a moving coil 302. If two sinusoids of the same frequency
ammeter will be _________ amperes. but of different amplitudes and phase
10 10 difference are added, the resultant is a
A. B. A. sinusoid of double the original
 2 frequency
5 5 B. sinusoid of half the original
C. D.
2  frequency
C. sinusoid of the same frequency
D. non-sinusoid
10 𝐴
303. A 20 µF capacitor carries a sinusoidal
𝑖 current of 5 A rms at a frequency of 50
Hz. The average power dissipated by
the inductor is
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 A. 7957.8 W B. 3979.9 W
𝜔𝑡 C. 1989.4 W D. 0 W
Figure 25: Diagram for Question 296 304. The reactance offered by an inductor
to ac of frequency 60 Hz is 24 Ω. If
297. Unit of reactive power is
the frequency
A. VA B. Watt A. 12 Ω B. 20 Ω
C. VAR D. Ohm C. 28.8 Ω D. unchanged

298. Two sinusoidal emfs are given as and 305. When a sinusoidal voltage is applied
The phase difference between the two across R-L series circuit having the
quantities in degrees is phase angle will be
A. 15° B. 45° A. 45° lagging
C. 75° D. 105° B. 90° lagging
C. 45° leading
299. In an R-C series circuit, the power D. 90° leading
factor is
A. leading B. lagging 306. An ac source of 200 Vrms supplies
C. zero D. unity active power of 600 W and reactive
power of 800 VAR. The rms current
300. A series R-L-C circuit will have unity drawn from the source is
power factor if operated at a frequency A. 3 A B. 4 A
of C. 5 A D. 7 A
1 1
A. B.
LC  LC 307. The voltage phasor of a circuit is and
the current phasor is . The active and
reactive powers in the circuit are

94 Kirchhoff
 A. 10 W and 17.32 VAR
B. 20 W and 60 VAR
C. 5 W and 8.66 VAR
D. 20 2 W and 10 2 VAR

Preamble 14: Use the following to answer

Questions 308 - 310
A. 2 V B. 4V
An alternating voltage is represented by C. 6 V D. 8V
v = 30sin(314t + 0.6) volts.

308. Find the frequency.

A. 314 Hz B. 50 Hz
C. 30 Hz D. 0.6 Hz

309. What is its form factor?

A. 21.2 B. 19.1
C. 0.6 D. 1.11 316. What type of waveform is shown in
the given circuit above?
310. Determine the phase angle in degrees. A. Sine wave
B. Sawtooth wave
A. 17.2° B. 34.4° C. Triangle wave
C. 0.6° D. 314° D. Square wave
311. Determine the frequencies for a 317. The rms value f the a-c voltage
periodic time of 4 μs V(t) = 200 sin 314 t is :
A. 25 000 kHz B. 2 500 kHz A. 200 V B. 314 V
C. 250 kHz D. 25 kHz C. 157.23 V D. 141.42 V

312. An alternating current completes 5 318. If a wave has frequency of 2 Hz, it has
cycles in 8 ms. what is its frequency? a period of ?
A. 625 Hz B. 6250 Hz A. 1 s B. 1 2 s
C. 62500 Hz D. 625000 Hz
C. 2.5 s D. 2 s
313. Calculate the rms value of a sinusoidal
current of maximum value 20 A 319. The value of for the wave form
A. 1.414 A B. 14.14 A shown is
C. 141.4 A D. 1414.0 A

314. What is the instantaneous peak voltage

at 250° on a 6 V peak sine wave?
A. +5.64 V B. –5.64 V
C. +26.13 V D. –26.13 V
A. 2 B. 1.11
315. What is the peak-to-peak voltage of 1
C. 1 D.
the waveform in the given circuit? 2
320. The phase angle between the two
waveforms in the given circuit equals
_____.

95 Kirchhoff
 328. In a purely resistive ac circuit, the
current and applied voltage are always
A. lagging B. in phase
C. opposing D. none of these

329. In a purely inductive ac circuit, the

current _______ the applied voltage.
A. 75 B. 15
A. lags B. leads
C. 105 D. 45
C. is in phase with D. none of these
321. An alternating voltage is represented
330. In a purely capacitive ac circuit, the
by v = 20sin157.1t volts. The
current ________ the applied voltage.
frequency is ......
A. 0 Hz B. 15 Hz A. lags B. leads
C. 25 Hz D. 50 Hz C. is in phase with D. none of these

331. The square root of the mean of the

322. A sinusoidal current has a mean value
of 15.0 A. The rms value is........ squares of successive ordinates of
A. 16.65 A B. 18.65 A alternating current or voltage is its
C. 23.55 A D. 25.55 A A. Effective value
B. Average value
323. An a.c. series circuit has a resistance C. Peak value
of 10 Ჲ , an inductance of 0.2 H and a D. Instantaneous value
capacitance of 60 𝜇F. Calculate the
resonance frequency. 332. The reactance offered by an inductor
A. 200 Hz B. 314 Hz to ac of frequency 60 Hz is 24 Ω. If
C. 54 Hz D. 46 Hz the frequency is decreased to 50 Hz,
reactance becomes
324. The average power over one period for A. 12 Ω B. 20 Ω
a purely inductive circuit ……… C. 28.8 Ω D. unchanged
A. is unity B. is undefined
B. varies D. is zero Preamble 14: Use the following to answer
Questions 333 - 335
325. The average power over one period for
a purely capacitive circuit …… An alternating voltage is represented
A. is unity B. is undefined by V = 30sin (314t +0.6) volts.
B. varies D. is zero
333. Find the frequency.
326. At resonance, the circuit impedance is A. 314 Hz B. 50 Hz
….. C. 30 Hz D. 0.6 Hz
A. Maximum B. minimum
334. What is its form factor?
C. zero D. none of the above
A. 21.2 B. 19.1
327. In a series RC circuit, 10 V rms is C. 0.6 D. 1.11
measured across the resistor and 10 V
335. Determine the phase angle in degrees.
rms is also measured across the
A. 17.2° B. 34.4°
capacitor. The rms source voltage is
C. 0.6° D. 314°
____ volts.
A. 20 B. 14.14 336. A current is said to be direct current
C. 28.28 D. 10
96 Kirchhoff
 when its factor is:
A. magnitude remains constant with A. leading B. lagging
time C. zero D. unity
B. direction changes with time
C. magnitude changes with time 343. Unit of capacitive reactance is
D. magnitude and direction changes A. Henry B. Ohm
with time C. Weber D. Farad

337. The direction of current in an ac circuit 344. Which of the following apply to power
A. is from positive to negative in a purely reactive circuit?
B. varies from instant to instant A. 𝑃 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 0
C. is always in one direction B. P is maximum and 𝑄 = 0
D. cannot be determined C. 𝑃 = 0 and Q is maximum
D. P and Q are both maximum
338. An alternating current of frequency 50
𝐻𝑧 and maximum value 200 A is given
as Preamble 15: for questions 345 – 350:
A. 𝑖 = 200 sin 628𝑡
An alternating voltage is represented
B. i = 200sin314t by 𝑣 = 60 sin(80𝜋𝑡 + 0.8) volts.
C. 𝑖 = 100√2 sin 314𝑡
D. 𝑖 = 100√2 sin 157𝑡 345. Find the amplitude.
A. 0.8 V B. 42.43 V
339. The electric iron is rated as 230 V, 500 C. 60 V D. 80 V
W, ac. The 230 V refers to
346. Determine the rms value.
A. rms value A. 38.22 V B. 42.43 V
B. average value C. 60 V D. 84.87 V
C. peak value
D. peak-to-peak value 347. Find the average value, Vave
A. 80 V B. 60 V
340. Which of the following statements
C. 42.43 V D. 38.22 V
associated with purely resistive
circuits is correct? 348. Find the angular velocity (in rad/s) of
A. Power factor is zero the alternating voltage.
B. Power factor is unity A. 0.8 V B. 80 V
C. Power consumed is zero C. 125.7 V D. 251.3 V
D. Heat produced is zero
349. What is the form factor?
341. Average power in a pure resistive A. 0.9 V B. 1.11 V
circuit is equal to: C. 0.8 V D. 0.71 V
A. zero
350. Determine the phase angle in degrees.
B. product of average values of current
A. 1440 B. 720
and voltage
C. 45.80 D. 22.90
C. product of peak values of current and
voltage 351. If the rms current through a 2.5 MΩ
D. product of rms or effective values of resistor is 40 mA, the rms voltage drop
current and voltage across the resistor is ____.
342. In an R-L series circuit the power
97 Kirchhoff
 A. 7.07 kV B. 10 kV B. average current
C. 70.7 kV D. 100 kV C. instantaneous current
D. total current
352. Two series resistors are connected to
an ac source. If there are 8.4 V rms 359. In a sinusoidal wave, average current
across one resistor and 3.6 V rms is always………… rms current.
across the other. The peak source A. greater than B. less than
voltage is ____ volts. C. equal to D. not related
A. 8.49 B. 12.0
C. 16.72 D. 24.0 360. Peak value divided by the rms value
gives us?
353. A 10 mH inductor carries a sinusoidal A. peak factor
current of 1 mA rms at a frequency of B. crest factor
50 Hz. The average power dissipated C. both peak and crest factor
by the inductor is D. neither peak nor crest factor
A. 0 W B. 1 W
361. A resistance R is connected in series
C. 3.14 W D. 10 W with capacitance C. The impedance of
354. Apparent power is measured in the circuit is 10Ჲ and R = 6Ჲ. Find the
A. watts power factor of the circuit.
B. amperes A. 0.4 B. 0.6
C. voltamperes C. 0.67 D. 0.9
D. reactive voltamperes
362. A resistance (R) = 12Ჲ; inductance
(L) = 2 H and capacitive reactance C =
355. The reactance offered by a capacitor to 5 mF are connected in series to an ac
ac of frequency 50 Hz is 10 Ω. If the generator
frequency is increased to 100 Hz, A. at resonance, the circuit impedance
reactance becomes is zero
A. 40 Ω B. 20 Ω B. at resonance, the circuit impedance
C. 5 Ω D. 2.5 Ω is 12Ჲ
356. RSM stands for ……………. C. the resonance frequency of the
circuit is 1/2
A. Root Mean Square D. at resonance, the inductive reactance
B. Root Mean Sum is less than the capacitive reactance.
C. Root Maximum Sum
D. Root Minimum Sum 363. In an A.C. circuit, the current is I = 5

357. ………. current is found by dividing sin(100 - ) and A.C. potential is
2
the area enclosed by half cycle by the V = 200 sin(100t) volt. Then the power
length of the base of the half cycle consumption is
A. RMS current A. 20 watts B. 40 watts
B. average current C. 1000 watts D. 0 watts
C. instantaneous current
D. total current 364. If the number of turns, area and current
of an ac circuit id doubled, then the
358. What is the effective value of current? new inductance will be
A. RMS current A. equal to the former

98 Kirchhoff
 B. twice of the former applied across a series LR circuit of
C. four times of the former 3 mH inductance and 4Ჲ resistance.
D. half of the former The amplitude of the current is
A. 0.6 A B. 1.2 A
365. When an ac power is applied to a C. 1.4 A D. 1.8 A
reactive load, then the voltage is
A. in phase with the current 372. The voltage V applied across an A.C.
B. 90 degrees out of phase with the circuit and the current I flowing in it
current are given by V= 12 cos volt and
C. 180 degrees out of phase with the I = 20 sin milliampere respectively.
current The power dissipated in the circuit is
D. 270 degrees out of phase with the A. 120 watt B. 120 milliwatt
current C. 240 watt D. zero

366. A vector quantity has 373. The form factor is the ratio of

A. only magnitude B. only direction A. peak value to r.m.s value

C. both A and B D. none of these B. r.m.s value to average value
C. average value to r.m.s value
367. If the voltage increases from zero to D. none of the above
peak value decreases back to zero
during one alteration, then the average 374. A heater is rated as 230V, 10 kW, A.C.
value must be The value 230 refers to
A. less than zero A. average voltage B. r.m.s voltage
B. greater than peak value C. peak voltage D. none of the above
C. between zero to peak value
D. none of these 375. The instantaneous voltage is always a
fraction of
368. The number of instantaneous values A. peak voltage B. frequency
between zero and the peak value is C. period D. none of these
A. zero B. one
C. eleven D. infinity 376. During each half cycle, a sine wave
reaches a peak value
369. Peak to peak value of a sine wave is A. 2 times
A. equal to the maximum or phase value B. 3 times
of sine wave C. 4 times
B. twice the maximum or phase value D. a number of times depending on the
of sine wave frequency.
C. half of the maximum or phase value
377. The value of current which will
of sine wave
produce the same heating effect as an
D. four times the maximum or phase
equivalent direct current is called
value of sine wave
A. average value
370. The most common waveform of ac is B. effective value
C. mean value
A. square B. triangle D. form factor
C. sinusoidal D. saw tooth
378. The difference between alternating
371. An alternating emf, V = 6 cos 1000t is current (a.c) and direct current (d.c) is
99 Kirchhoff
 that value 100V is applied to a lamp. Which
A. ac changes value and dc does not of the following direct voltages, if
B. ac changes direction and dc does not applied to the lamp, would cause the
C. Both A and B lamp to light with the same brilliance?
D. neither A nor B A. 100V B. 63.7V
C. 70.7V D. 141.4V
379. If the peak value of a sine wave is 10V,
the peak to peak value is ………. volts 386. The value normally stated when
A. 20 B. 5 referring to alternating currents and
C. 100 D. 1000 voltages is the:
A. instantaneous value
380. The average value of a 10V peak sine B. r.m.s. value
wave over one complete cycle is…….. C. average value
volts. D. peak value
A. 14.14 B. 70.70
C. 0 D. 0.707 387. State which of the following is false.
For a sine wave:
381. The value of an alternating current at A. the peak factor is 1.414
any given instant is: B. the r.m.s. value is 0.707 × peak value
A. a maximum value C. the average value is 0.637 × r.m.s.
B. a peak value value
C. an instantaneous value D. the form factor is 1.11
D. an r.m.s. value
388. An a.c. supply is 70.7V, 50 Hz. Which
382. An alternating current completes 100
of the following statements is false?
cycles in 0.1 s. Its frequency is:
A. The periodic time is 20 ms
A. 20 Hz B. 100 Hz
B. The peak value of the voltage is
C. 0.002 Hz D. 1 kHz
70.7V
383. The supply of electrical energy for a C. The r.m.s. value of the voltage is
consumer is usually by a.c. because: 70.7V
A. transmission and distribution are D. The peak value of the voltage is
more easily effected 100V
B. it is most suitable for variable speed
389. An alternating voltage is given by
motors
v = 100 sin(50πt − 0.30)V. Which of
C. the volt drop in cables is minimal
the following statements is true?
D. cable power losses are negligible
A. The r.m.s. voltage is 100V
384. Which of the following statements is B. The periodic time is 20 ms
false? C. The frequency is 25 Hz
A. It is cheaper to use a.c. than d.c. D. The voltage is leading v = 100 sin
B. Distribution of a.c. is more 50πt by 0.30 radians
convenient than with d.c. since
390. The number of complete cycles of an
voltages may be readily altered
alternating current occurring in one
using transformers
second is known as:
C. An alternator is an a.c. generator
A. the maximum value of the
D. A rectifier changes d.c. to a.c.
alternating current
385. An alternating voltage of maximum B. the frequency of the alternating current

100 Kirchhoff
 C. the peak value of the alternating  10
C.  D. 
current 10 4

D. the r.m.s. or effective value
397. In a series a.c. circuit the voltage
391. An inductance of 10 mH connected across a pure inductance is 12V and
across a 100V, 50 Hz supply has an the voltage across a pure resistance is
inductive reactance of 5V. The supply voltage is
A. 10π Ჲ B. 1000π Ჲ A. 13V B. 17V
C. π Ჲ D. π H C. 7V D. 2.4V

392. When the frequency of an a.c. circuit 398. If the supply frequency is increased at
containing resistance and inductance resonance in a series R–L–C circuit
is increased, the current and the values of L, C and R are
A. decreases B. increases constant, the circuit will become:
C. stays the same A. capacitive B. resistive
C. inductive D. resonant
393. In question 392, the phase angle of the
circuit 399. Which of the following statements is
A. decreases B. increases false?
C. stays the same A. Impedance is at a minimum at
resonance in an a.c. circuit
394. When the frequency of an a.c. circuit B. The product of r.m.s. current and
containing resistance and capacitance voltage gives the apparent power in
is decreased, the current an a.c. circuit
A. decreases B. increases C. Current is at a maximum at
C. stays the same resonance in an a.c. circuit
395. In question 394, the phase angle of the D. Apparent power True power gives
power factor
circuit
400. A series R–L–C circuit has a resistance
A. decreases B. increases of 8 Ჲ, an inductance of 100 mH and a
C. stays the same capacitance of 5 μF. If the current
flowing is 2A, the impedance at
396. A capacitor of 1 μF is connected to a
resonance is:
50 Hz supply. The capacitive
reactance is A. 160 Ჲ B. 16 Ჲ
10 C. 8 mᲲ D. 8 Ჲ
A. 50 MΩ B. kΩ


101 Kirchhoff
Circuit Laws and Theorems

1. D 11. B 21. A 31. A 41. B 51. C 61. C 71. B 81. B

2. B 12. C 22. 32. A 42. C 52. D 62. B 72. C 82. C

3. B 13. A 23. 33. C 43. D 53. D 63. A 73. C 83. D

4. D 14. B 24. 34. C 44. A 54. A 64. C 74. C 84. D

5. B 15. C 25. D 35. B 45. B 55. C 65. B 75. A 85. C

6. C 16. D 26. A 36. C 46. C 56. C 66. C 76. D 86. D

7. C 17. C 27. C 37. B 47. B 57. B 67. A 77. A 87. C

8. A 18. D 28. C 38. C 48. A 58. C 68. D 78. B 88. C

9. A 19. A 29. D 39. B 49. A 59. A 69. B 79. C

10.D 20. B 30. A 40. B 50. B 60. B 70. C 80. B

Electrostatics and Capacitors

89. B 100. D 111. A 122. C 133. C 144. B 155. D 166. A 178. A

90. D 101. A 112. B 123. C 134. D 145. D 156. A 167. C 179. D

91. B 102. C 113. D 124. C 135. A 146. C 157. B 168. A 180. B

92. C 103. C 114. C 125. B 136. D 147. C 158. B 169. B 181. C

93. C 104. A 115. C 126. B 137. B 148. A 159. B 170. D 182. D

94. D 105. A 116. D 127. B 138. B 149. A 160. B 171. C 183. B

95. A 106. B 117. D 128. A 139. A 150. B 161. C 172. B 184. C

96. A 107. D 118. A 129. D 140. D 151. D 162. A 173. B 185. A

97. A 108. D 119. B 130. C 141. A 152. A 163. A 174. A 186. A

98. A 109. C 120. C 131. A 142. B 153. D 164. D 175. C 187. B

99. D 110. A 121. B 132. B 143. C 154. A 165. C 176. A 188. A

177. C 189. D
Magnetism, Electromagnetism and Magnetic Circuits

190. B 201. D 212. C 223. A 234. B 245. C 256. A 267. D 279. A

191. A 202. A 213. B 224. D 235. A 246. D 257. A 268. D 280. C

192. D 203. C 214. A 225. A 236. D 247. B 258. B 269. C 281. C

193. C 204. A 215. C 226. D 237. C 248. A 259. B 270. A 282. B

194. A 205. C 216. B 227. C 238. B 249. D 260. A 271. D 283. A

195. B 206. C 217. D 228. A 239. 250. D 261. A 272. C 284. D

196. D 207. C 218. B 229. C 240. 251. C 262. B 273. B 285. D

197. D 208. B 219. C 230. C 241. D 252. D 263. B 274. D 286. D

198. B 209. C 220. C 231. A 242. C 253. A 264. D 275. C 287. C

199. A 210. B 221. D 232. C 243. A 254. B 265. C 276. D 288. D

200. B 211. B 222. C 233. B 244. D 255. C 266. B 277. D 289. C

278. A 290. B

Alternating Current Theory

291. C 302. C 313. B 324. D 335. B 346. B 357. B 368. D 379. A 390. B

292. B 303. D 314. B 325. D 336. A 347. D 358. A 369. B 380. C 391. C

293. C 304. B 315. D 326. B 337. B 348. D 359. B 370. C 381. C 392. A

294. C 305. A 316. C 327. A 338. B 349. A 360. C 371. B 382. D 393. B

295. C 306. C 317. D 328. B 339. A 350. C 361. B 372. D 383. A 394. B

296. A 307. A 318. A 329. A 340. B 351. D 362. B 373. B 384. D 395. A

297. C 308. B 319. 330. B 341. D 352. C 363. D 374. B 385. C 396. B

298. D 309. D 320. B 331. A 342. B 353. A 364. C 375. A 386. B 397. A

299. A 310. B 321. C 332. B 343. B 354. C 365. B 376. A 387. C 398. C

300. D 311. C 322. A 333. B 344. C 355. C 366. C 377. B 388. B 399. D

301. B 312. A 323. D 334. D 345. C 356. A 367. C 378. C 389. C 400. D