arâa 26 1444, 1949 (fHft Hrfrfrd yI

THE CONSTITUTION OF
INDIA
PREAMBLE

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having

solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
'[SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure
toall its citizens:
JUSTICE, SOcia, economic and
political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief,
faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of
the individual and the {unity and
integrity of the Nation];
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
this twenty -sixth day of November, 1949 do
HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE To
OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
1. Subs. by the Constitution ( Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, Sec.2,
for "Sovereign Democratic Republic" (w.e.f.3. 1. 1977)
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment)Act, 1976, Sec.2,
for "Unity of the Nation" (w.e.f.3. 1. 1977)
SIX FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS IN INDIA

RIGHT TO EQUALITY
Right to equality (Article 14 to 18) prohibits the
inequality on the basis of caste, religion, place of
birth, race and gender. It ensures equal rights for
all citizens.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM
These rights (Article 19, 20, 21 A. 22)are freedom of
speech, freedom of expression, freedom of
movement throughout the territory of our country.
freedom to practice any profession, freedom to
reside in any part of the country. However, these
rights have their own restrictions.

3 RIGHT AGAINST
EXPLOITATION
Right against Exploitation (Article 23 and 24)
condemns human trafficking. child labor, forced
labor making it an offense punishable by law.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF
RELIGION
(Article 25 to 28) It guarantees religious freedom
and ensures secular states in India. All people have
freedom of conscience and right to preach,
practice and propogate any religion of their choice.

CULTURAL AND
EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS
1+72
(Article 29 and 30) Cultural Rights protects the
rights of cultural, religious and linguistic
minorities by enabling them to conserve their
heritage and protecting them against
discrimination. Educational rights ensure
education for everyone irrespective of their caste,
gender. religion, etc.

RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL
REMEDIES
Right to constitutional remedies (Articles 32 to 35)
empowers the citizens to move to a court of law in
case of any denial of the fundamental rights.
 FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
The Constitution of India
Article 51A
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India
to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and
institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our
national struggle for freedom ;
" to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity
of India;
" to defend the country and render national service when
called upon to do so ;
to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood
amongst all the people of India transcending religious,
linguistic and regional or sectional diversities ; to renounce
practices derogatory to the dignity of women ;
to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite
culture;
to protect and impróve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to have compassion for
living creatures ;
to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit
of inquiry and reform ;
to safeguard public property and to abjure violence ;

to strive towardsexcellence in all spheres of individual and

collective activity so that the Nation constantly rises to
higher levels of endeavour and achievement ;
 1. The Indian peacock is the national bird of India. Peacocks are swan-sized birds indigenous
to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Myanmar.
2. The Peacock was acknowledged as the National Bird of India in 1963.
3. The peacock is well distributed within the country and familiar to the common man.
4. Peacock has a projecting reference in ancient Indian Art and Architecture as well as has a
religious and mythological connection in Indian traditions.
5. In Hinduism, the peacock is portrayed as the image of the God of thunder, rains, and war,
Indra.
6. Peacocks have been given full protection under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
7. Peacocks have been considered as sacred birds by Hindus. The bird is related to Lord
Murugan, the son of Lord Shiva.
8. The peacocks are omnivorous, found in low altitude grasslands, forests, and adjacent
human habitats.
9. The founder of the Maurya dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya, was believed to be the child of
peacock tamers– Mayura-Poshakha in Sanskrit.
10. According to IUCN Red list peacock belongs to Least Concern category.
 The Banyan tree, also known as the Indian fig tree is the national tree of
India. The Indian government adopted the banyan tree as a national tree of
India in the year 1950. The Banyan tree is home to distinct animals and birds
that reflect India and its people of many races, faiths, and castes. Ficus
bengalensis” is its scientific name, and it grows in a wide range of habitats.
The tree is also known as “Kalpavriksha”, which translates to “wish-fulfilling
tree.” Banyan tree is present everywhere in India, regardless of area or
climate, which is one of the key reasons for choosing it as a national tree of
India. The Banyan tree has several medical benefits and is connected with
longevity. In Hindu philosophy, the banyan tree is regarded as a sacred tree.
For centuries, people from the village have discussed incidents under the
banyan tree, it was the main spot to discuss the village affairs. Because of its
ever-expanding branches, the Banyan tree signifies finite existence. The
country’s unity is signified by the tree’s massive structure and its deep roots.
 The National flower of India is the icon of supreme veracity. The Hindu religion and
mythology depict goddess Saraswathi, on a lotus flower as a goddess of
Learning/Education.
The lotus flourishes in freshwater lakes in the semitropical climates.
The lotus is found in white, red, blue, pink, and purple color and is found mainly in Asian
countries.
Lotus denotes wealth, mysticism, knowledge, productiveness and enlightenment. In
India, it is considered as the sign of triumph.
It is a sacred flower and occupies a distinctive position in the art and mythology of
ancient India.
Along with cultural significance, the seeds of Lotus are used for medicinal purposes like
the treatment of heart ailments, spleen, and kidney.
The seeds, leaf, roots and leaf stalk of the Lotus are edible and they are consumed as
vegetable in India.
It has been a fortune symbol of Indian culture since time immemorial.
Lotus is adored and considered as a sacrosanct flower in Buddhism as well.
 The National River of India Ganga flows through India and Bangladesh.
The river flows through the Himalayas, Gangetic plains and empties into the Bay of Bengal.
In Indian traditions and culture, river Ganga is personified as Goddess Ganga.
It is a revered belief that to remit sins, one has to take a dip in river Ganga. It further channelizes the salvation, so is
believed in Indian culture.
Many sacred places are located alongside the stretches of Ganga river:- Gangotri, Haridwar, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Kali
Ghat.
A Siamese festival called ‘Loy Krathong’ of Thailand includes a tradition of floating candles into the waterways praying
to Goddess Ganga.
Hindus consider the Ganga river the holiest of all the rivers.
Ganga is also mentioned in one of the four Vedas – Rigveda.
Various reptiles and mammals find their habitat in the Ganga river: Gharial, National Aquatic Animal of India –
Gangetic River Dolphin.
The river starts from the Gangotri Glacier in the name of Bhagirathi river.
Ghagra river is the largest tributary of river Ganga.
The five confluences of Ganga river are revered as sacred and they are:
Vishnuprayag – Dhauliganga joins the Alaknanda;
Nandprayag – River Mandakini joins
Karnaprayag – River Pindar joins
Rudraprayag – River Mandakini joins
Devprayag – Bhagirathi river and Alaknanda river form Ganga river
 Jana Gana Mana is the national anthem of India. It
was originally composed as Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata
in Bengali by polymath Rabindranath Tagore. The
first stanza of the song Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata was
adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the
National Anthem on 24 January 1950.
 Vande Mataram is a Sanskrit poem written by
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee which he included in his
1882 Bengali novel Anandamath. The poem was first
sung by Rabindranath Tagore at the 1896 session of
the Indian National Congress. The first two verses of
the song were adopted as the National Song of India
On 24 January 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of
India.
 A horizontal rectangular tricolour with equally sized
deep saffron at the top, white in the middle and India
green at the bottom. Saffron colour is a symbol of
sacrifice and courage. White colour of National flag
represents peace, honesty, and purity. Green colour of
National flag represents faith and chivalry, and is a
symbol of prosperity, vibrancy, and life. Shape of
National Flag shall be in the ratio of 3:2 ( ratio of length
to height ). In the center is a navy blue wheel with
twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra. The
flag is based on the Swaraj flag designed by Pingali
Venkayya.
 The Tiger or Panthera tigris species has a subspecies
called Royal Bengal Tiger. Royal Bengal Tiger is National
Animal of India with effect from April 1973. Tiger is one
of the largest specimen among the cat family. It is a form
of a specific population of the Panthera tigris subspecies
that is native to the Indian subcontinent. Nagpur is
known as the 'Tiger Capital of India'. Due to decrease of
forest cover and poaching the population of Royal
Bengal Tigers are falling abruptly and Tigers are added in
the Red List by the IUCN. Indian Government has
launched Project Tiger in 1973 to conserve the Tigers.
 Mango is India’s national fruit. Indians have traditionally
regarded ripe meaty mangoes as the King of all fruits, and they
are undoubtedly delicious. The uncooked ones are great for
making spicy pickles, which are a staple in Indian cuisine.
Mangoes are the most cultivated tropical fruits and belong to
the Mangifera indica species.
As India’s national fruit, it represents prosperity, abundance,
and wealth in the country’s image. Apart from this season,
India’s fresh mango distribution is well-organized, and the
country still only processes approximately 7% of its fruit into
juices and single-strength or concentrated purees. The country
has a completed product manufacturing capability of roughly
700,000 tonnes, while actual output is around 450,000-
500,000 tonnes per year.
The South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is an
endangered freshwater or river dolphin found in the
region of Indian subcontinent, which is split into two
subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin and the Indus river
dolphin. The Ganges river dolphin is primarily found in
the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers and their tributaries
in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal, while the Indus river
dolphin is now found only in the main channel of the
Indus River in Pakistan and River Beas (a tributary of the
Indus) in Punjab in India.The Ganges river dolphin has
been recognized by the government of India as its
National Aquatic Animal
 An adaptation of Lion Capital of Ashoka at sarnath
was adopted as the National Emblem of India on 26
January 1950, the day India became a republic.
Forming an integral part of the emblem is the motto
inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script:
"Satyameva Jayate" (English: Truth Alone Triumphs),
a quote taken from Mundaka Upanishad, the
concluding part of the sacred Hindu Vedas.