KATE L.

TURABIAN 8th Edition

A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations
Turabian Quick Guide

Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations presents
two basic documentation systems: notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and
author-date style (sometimes called reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as
those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style, sixteenth edition, with slight modifications for
the needs of student writers.

Bibliography style is used widely in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents
bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes and, usually, a bibliography.

The more concise author-date style has long been used in the physical, natural, and social
sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in parentheses in the text by author's last name
and date of publication. The parenthetical citations are amplified in a list of references, where
full bibliographic information is provided.

Aside from the use of notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share a
similar style. Click on the tabs below to see some common examples of materials cited in each
style. For a more detailed description of the styles and numerous specific examples, see chapters
16 and 17 of the 8th edition of Turabian for bibliography style and chapters 18 and 19 for author-
date style. If you are uncertain which style to use in a paper, consult your instructor.

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Notes-Bibliography Style: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate citations using notes-bibliography style. Examples of notes are
followed by shortened versions of citations to the same source. For more details and many more
examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of Turabian. For examples of the same citations using the
author-date system, click on the Author-Date tab above.
Book
One author

Footnote
1. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference
(Boston: Little, Brown, 2000), 64-65.
2. Ibid., 67.
2. Gladwell, Tipping Point, 71.

Bibliography
Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston:
Little, Brown, 2000.

Two or more authors

Footnote:
1. Peter Morey and Amina Yaqin, Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation after 9/11
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 52.
2. Morey and Yaqin, Framing Muslims, 60-61.

Bibliography
Morey, Peter and Amina Yaqin. Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation after 9/11.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.

For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only
the first author, followed by "et al."("and others"):

Footnote:
1. Jay M. Bernstein et al., Art and Aesthetics after Adorno (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2010), 276.
2. Bernstein et al., Art and Aesthetics, 18.

Bibliography:
Bernstein, Jay M., Claudia Brodsky, Anthony J. Cascardi, Thierry de Duve, Ales Erjavec, Robert
Kaufman, and Fred Rush. Art and Aesthetics after Adorno. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2010.

Editor or translator instead of author

1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951), 91-92.
2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.

Bibliography:
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
Editor or translator in addition to author

Footnote:
1. Jane Austen, Persuasion: An Annotated Edition, ed. Robert Morrison (Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 311-12.
2. Austen, Persuasion, 315.

Bibliography:
Austen, Jane. Persuasion: An Annotated Edition. Edited by Robert Morrison. Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.

Chapter, article or other part of a book or in a Journal

1. Angeles Ramirez, "Muslim Women in the Spanish Press: The Persistence of Subaltern
Images," in Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality, ed. Faegheh Shirazi
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010), 231.
2. Ramirez, "Muslim Women," 239-40.

Bibliography:
Ramirez, Angeles. "Muslim Women in the Spanish Press: The Persistence of Subaltern Images."
In Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality, edited by Faegheh Shirazi,
227-44. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010.

Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

Footnote
1. William Cronon, foreword to The Republic of Nature, by Mark Fiege (Seattle: University of
Washington Press, 2012), ix.
2. Cronon, foreword, x-xi.

Bibliography:
Cronon, William. Foreword to The Republic of Nature, by Mark Fiege, ix-xii. Seattle: University
of Washington Press, 2012.

Book published electronically

If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books
consulted online, include an access date and a URL. If you consulted the book in a library or
commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead of a URL. If no fixed page
numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number.

Footnote
1. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration
(New York: Vintage, 2010), 183-84, Kindle.
2. Wilkerson, Warmth of Other Suns, 401.
Bibliography:
Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration.
New York: Vintage, 2010. Kindle.

Website link:
1. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders' Constitution (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, accessed October 15, 2011, http://press-
pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
2. Kurland and Lerner, Founders' Constitution.

Bibliography:
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders' Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed October 15, 2011. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Database:
Footnote:
1. Joseph P. Quinlan, The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of Globalization, the End of
American Dominance, and What We Can Do about It (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 211,
accessed December 8, 2012, ProQuest Elibrary.
2. Quinlan, Last Economic Superpower, 88.

Bibliography:
Quinlan, Joseph P. The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of Globalization, the End of
American Dominance, and What We Can Do about It. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Accessed
December 8, 2012. ProQuest Ebrary.

Journal article

In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range
for the whole article.

Article in a print journal

Footnote:
1. Alexandra Bogren, "Gender and Alcohol: The Swedish Press Debate," Journal of Gender
Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2011): 156.
2. Bogren, "Gender and Alcohol," 157.

Bibliography:
Bogren, Alexandra. "Gender and Alcohol: The Swedish Press Debate." Journal of Gender
Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2011): 155-69.
Article in an online Journal

For a journal article consulted online, include an access date and a URL. For articles that include
a DOI, form the URL by appending the DOI to http://dx.doi.org/ rather than using the URL in
your address bar. The DOI for the article in the Brown example below is 10.1086/660696. If you
consulted the article in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database
instead.

Footnote:
1. Campbell Brown, "Consequentialize This," Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 752, accessed
December 1, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.
2. Brown, "Consequentialize This," 761.

Bibliography:
Brown, Campbell. "Consequentialize This." Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 749-71. Accessed
December 1, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.

Footnote:
1. Anastacia Kurylo, "Linsanity: The Construction of (Asian) Identity in an Online New York
Knicks Basketball Forum," China Media Research 8, no. 4 (October 2012): 16, accessed March
9, 2013, Academic OneFile.
2.. Kurylo, "Linsanity," 18-19.

Bibliography:
Kurylo, Anastacia. "Linsanity: The Construction of (Asian) Identity in an Online New York
Knicks Basketball Forum." China Media Research 8, no. 4 (October 2012): 15-28. Accessed
March 9, 2013. Academic OneFile.

Magazine article

1. Jill Lepore, "Dickens in Eden," New Yorker, August 29, 2011, 52.
2. Lepore, "Dickens in Eden," 54-55.

Bibliography:
Lepore, Jill. "Dickens in Eden." New Yorker, August 29, 2011.
Newspaper article
Newspaper articles may be cited in running text ("As Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker
noted in a New York Times article on January 23, 2013, . . .") instead of in a note, and they are
commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions
of the citations.

Footnote:
1. Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker, "Pentagon Lifts Ban on Women in Combat," New York
Times, January 23, 2013, accessed January 24, 2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/us/pentagon-says-it-is-lifting-ban-on-women-in-
combat.html.
2. Bumiller and Shanker, "Pentagon Lifts Ban."

Bibliography:
Bumiller, Elisabeth, and Thom Shanker. "Pentagon Lifts Ban on Women in Combat." New York
Times, January 23, 2013. Accessed January 24, 2013.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/us/pentagon-says-it-is-lifting-ban-on-women-in-
combat.html.

Book review

Footnote:
1. Joel Mokyr, review of Natural Experiments of History, ed. Jared Diamond and James A.
Robinson, American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 754, accessed December 9, 2011,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3. 752.
2. Mokyr, review of Natural Experiments of History, 752.

Bibliography:
Mokyr, Joel. Review of Natural Experiments of History, edited by Jared Diamond and James A.
Robinson. American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 752-55. Accessed December 9,
2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3.752.

Thesis or dissertation

Footnote:
1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit
Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools" (PhD diss., University of
Michigan, 2010), 101-2.
2. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex," 98.

Bibliography:
Levin, Dana S. "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit
Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools." PhD diss., University of
Michigan, 2010.
Paper presented at a meeting or conference

1. Rachel Adelman, " 'Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On': God's Footstool in the Aramaic
Targumim and Midrashic Tradition" (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of
Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21-24, 2009).
2. Adelman, "Such Stuff as Dreams."

Bibliography:
Adelman, Rachel. " 'Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On': God's Footstool in the Aramaic
Targumim and Midrashic Tradition." Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of
Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21-24, 2009.

Website

A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note ("As of
July 27, 2012, Google's privacy policy had been updated to include . . ."). If a more formal
citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to
change, include an access date and, if available, a date that the site was last modified.

Footnote:
1. "Privacy Policy," Google Policies & Principles, last modified July 27, 2012, accessed January
3, 2013, http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. Google, "Privacy Policy."

Bibliography:
Google. "Privacy Policy." Google Policies & Principles. Last modified July 27, 2012. Accessed
January 3, 2013. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Blog entry or comment

Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text ("In a comment posted to The Becker-
Posner Blog on February 16, 2012, . . .") instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted
from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.

1. Gary Becker, "Is Capitalism in Crisis?," The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12, 2012, accessed
February 16, 2012, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-
becker.html.
2. Becker, "Is Capitalism in Crisis?"

Bibliography:
Becker, Gary. "Is Capitalism in Crisis?" The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12, 2012. Accessed
February 16, 2012. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-
becker.html.
E-mail or text message

E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text ("In a text message to the author on July
21, 2012, John Doe revealed . . .") instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a
bibliography. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.

1. John Doe, e-mail message to author, July 21, 2012.

Comment posted on a social networking service

Like e-mail and text messages, comments posted on a social networking service may be cited in
running text ("In a message posted to her Twitter account on August 25, 2011, . . .") instead of in
a note, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography. The following example shows the more
formal version of a note.

Sarah Palin, Twitter post, August 25, 2011 (10:23 p.m.), accessed September 4, 2011,
http://twitter.com/sarahpalinusa.

What's New in the Eighth Edition

The Manual has remained relevant for generations both by drawing on years of tradition and by
evolving to respond to new sources for research. The technologies that today are part of everyday
scholarly life would have been unimaginable to Kate Turabian, though the foundations of good
research haven't changed since her day: do research carefully, present it clearly and accurately,
and follow accepted academic standards for citation, style, and format. To best facilitate these
goals, the new edition incorporates changes that include:

• Updated coverage on finding and using digital sources

• New examples for the two Chicago citation styles-notes-bibliography format, used
widely in the humanities and most social sciences, and author-date format, used in many
of the sciences and some social sciences
• Alignment with the most recent Chicago Manual of Style, the sixteenth edition
• Revised guidelines-vetted by dissertation officials nationwide-for formatting research
papers, theses, and dissertations and preparing them for submission
• An updated discipline-specific bibliography, organized by subject area, that lists current
sources for research and style issues