Band is usually small, formed by several families living together; oftentimes moving from one place

to the other to search for food.

Tribe is more complex and larger than a band. Tribe is organized through pantribal associations in
the form of councils, tribal leaders, elders, etc. due to the presence of multiple communities in a
tribe and usually headed by a village headman.

Chiefdom has a more defined political organization. Chiefdoms have more or less permanent,
fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions. These leaders are referred to as the
“chief”.

Nations are groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits,
and ethnicity.

State is a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty presiding over a group of
people and a well-defined territory and has the highest form of political organization.

Nation-state - combines the concepts of "nation" and "state." It emphasizes the convergence of a
specific people and a political unit with a territory.

State-nation - suggests a state where the population shares a strong national identity influencing
the state's governance, but it doesn't fully capture the key element of supreme authority within its
territory like a “state.”

Authority is the right to command. Authority is observed when an individual has a command to
make a person do things.

Legitimacy is a “value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and
proper. For authority to be binding and stable, it must be legitimate.

Bureaucracy - a system of administration with well-defined hierarchies and procedures, not directly
related to the perceived rightness or propriety of its actions.

Legal-rational - describes a type of authority based on established rules and procedures but doesn't
directly address the acceptance or recognition of that authority as legitimate.

Charismatic - refers to leaders who possess personal qualities and abilities that inspire devotion,
loyalty, and strong emotions in their followers. Their charisma often stems from strong moral
conviction, passionate delivery, and the ability to connect with people on a deep emotional level.

Historical - refers to individuals who have significantly impacted the course of history through their
actions, decisions, or influence on a particular period or event.

Monarchical - refers to leaders who inherit or maintain power through a hereditary system.

Traditional - relies on established norms, values, and customs within a society.

Bank is a place where people deposit or save their money with corresponding interest on a given
period of time.
Corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as
such in law.

Cooperative or coop refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward

the attainment of common economic, social and cultural needs or aspirations.

Trade Union or labor union is an organization of workers whose main objective is to protect the
welfare of its members. In the Philippines, these national federations are Trade Union Congress of
the Philippines (TUCP) and the Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU).

Transnational Advocacy Groups are involved in social advocacy to promote principled causes, ideas
and values. In the Philippines, Human Rights Watch is very active in human rights and peace issues.

Development Agencies are committed/dedicated to distributing aid. Some of the prominent

development agencies in the Philippines are United States Agency for International Development
(USAID), Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), and Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Global Organizations operate in the development of entire countries. Some of the most well-known
organizations in the world include World Bank (WB), International Monetary Bank (IMB), and Asian
Development Bank (ADB).

International Organizations are organizations with international membership, scope or presence.

The two main types are the International Non-governmental Organizations (INGO) and the
International Governmental Organizations.

Education is the social institution that formally socializes members of the society. It also refers to
the process through which skills, knowledge, and values are transmitted from the teachers to the
learners.

Formal education – an organized and structured form of learning, imparted in educational

institutions and usually takes place in a classroom setting and provided by trained teaching and
nonteaching staff.

Elementary education is the first part of the educational system, and it includes the first six years of
compulsory education from grade1 to grade 6.

Secondary education is continuing basic education from the elementary level to four years of junior
high school and two years of senior high school.

Tertiary education is offered by private and public colleges and universities.

Vocational education - accredited institutions offer technical and vocational education. Programs
offered vary in duration from a few weeks to two years.

Nonformal education is an organized educational activity that takes placed outside a formal set up.

Informal education is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates
knowledge, skills, attitude from daily experiences at home, at work, at play, and from life itself.
Special education (SPED) refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally,
emotionally, socially or culturally different from so-called “normal” individuals, such that they
require modification of school practices to develop their potential.

The two most important goals of education for the individual and society are productive citizenry
and self-actualization.

Differentiation is the method of relating people in terms of certain social characteristics and then
classifying them into social categories based on their characteristics; it does not involve ranking.

Social stratification is a society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic strata/layer, based on

their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power (social and political).

The three social classes are the upper class, middle class, lower class.

Status is the individual’s position in the social structure.

Ascribed statuses are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of some fixed category.

Achieved statuses are earned by the individual.

Prestige refers to the evaluation of status. You have prestige according to your status.

Esteem refers to the assessment of our role behavior. The measure of esteem we have depends on
how well we carry out our role.

Political stratification is the extent to which inequalities are influenced by political structures and
processes regarding influence, power and authority.

Social mobility is the act of moving from one social status to another.

Open class system means that individuals can change their social class in the society.

Caste and closed-class system - people can do little or nothing to change their social standing.

Horizontal mobility is the movement of a person within a social class level.

Vertical mobility is the movement of a person between social class levels or another class.

Social inequality is the existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions
or statuses within a group or society.

Ethnic minorities are also subject to social discrimination – the cultural marginalization that they
experience from the dominant majority.

Prejudice is defined as a negative attitude toward the members of a particular group. It is a

prejudgement of others that allows us to brand or label them in various negative ways.

Stereotyping refers to our tendency to picture all members of a particular category as having the
same qualities.
Global stratification – refers to the hierarchical arrangement of nations based on factors like
economic power, political influence, technological advancement, and overall development. This
system creates different levels of wealth, opportunity, and well-being among countries.

Job creation – creating more jobs, particularly high-quality jobs with decent wages and benefits, can
provide opportunities for individuals to improve their income and economic security. This can
directly reduce income inequality by increasing the earning potential of those in lower income
brackets.

Decline in quality of education – will likely worsen the problem by limiting upward mobility and
perpetuating existing disparities.

Tax policy – progressive tax policies that tax higher income earners at a higher rate compared to
lower income earners can generate revenue to fund social programs, education, and infrastructure
investments that benefit all citizens. This can help narrow the income gap and create a more
equitable distribution of resources.

Workforce development – Investing in workforce development programs that provide individuals

with skills and training needed for in-demand jobs can increase their employability and earning
potential. This can empower individuals to access higher-paying jobs and contribute to closing the
income gap.

Mobilization – refers to the act of preparing or assembling resources or people for a specific
purpose, often related to conflict or military action but doesn't necessarily imply a change of
residence or settlement.

Urbanization – refers to a specific type of migration or the movement of people from rural areas to
urban centers.

Transnationalism – refers to the phenomenon of individuals or groups maintaining connections

andcultural ties across national borders and encompasses various forms of cross-border interaction.

Migration – refers to the process of geographic mobility, or the change of residence of a person
fromone community to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently.

Circulatory migration – refers to a type of migration where people move back and forth between
twoor more places regularly, often for seasonal work or education but doesn't necessarily involve
apermanent change of residence.

International migration – refers to the movement of people across national borders, either
permanently or temporarily.

Transnational migration – refers to the movement of people and cultural exchange across national
borders and participating in social relations in more than one country.

Internal migration – refers to a change of residence within a country.

Force migration – refers to migration caused by involuntary factors like wars, conflicts, or natural
disasters. Transnational migration, while complex, is typically a choice individuals make for
variousreasons, not one forced upon them.

Citizenship – a general term referring to the legal status of being a member of a particular country
or nation.

Multiple citizenship – refers to the legal status of being a citizen of more than one country.

Exclusive citizenship – refers to policies that restrict or limit who can become citizens, emphasizing
membership for certain groups over others. It contradicts the focus on inclusivity for all citizens.

Inclusive citizenship – refers to a governing policy that focuses on providing all citizens with a strong
sense of belonging, equal access to rights and opportunities and membership in the overall society.

Social networking – refers to the formation of relationships and interactions between individuals
orgroups, usually through online platforms.

Social media – refers to platforms and applications that allow users to create and share content
online.

Social change – refers to a broader concept encompassing any transformation in the social
structure, cultural norms, or power dynamics within a society.

Print media – refers to traditional forms of communication printed on paper, such as newspapers,
magazines, and books.

Mass media – refers to communication channels that reach large audiences, which can include both
traditional and electronic media.

New media – encompasses a wide range of technologies and platforms, including the internet,
digital media, mobile communication, virtual reality and augmented reality and continues to evolve
and expand, constantly shaping how we communicate, access information, and interact with
theworld around us.

Environmentalism – refers to a movement focused on protecting the environment and promoting

sustainable practices.

Participatory governance – a theoretical framework that puts emphasis on democratic engagement

through deliberative practices and promotes active citizen involvement in decision-making
processes. It emphasizes deliberation, discussion, and the exchange of ideas where citizens can
meaningfully contribute to shaping policies and outcomes.
Functionalist perspective – This theory emphasizes the interconnectedness of society and how
different parts (institutions, roles, etc.) work together to maintain stability and order. It argues that
social structures and institutions are functional, meaning they serve a purpose and contribute to the
overall well-being of society. In this context, positions deemed more important for the functioning
of society would be rewarded more highly to attract and retain qualified individuals.

Marxist social-conflict perspective – This theory focuses on power dynamics and inequality within
society. It argues that society is divided into classes based on their relationship to the means of
production, and that conflict arises from the struggle for power and resources between these
classes. It acknowledges the power dynamics and control over resources within those positions.

Symbolic Interactionist perspective – This theory focuses on how individuals construct meaning and
interact with each other through symbols and shared understandings. It's directly concerned with
how individuals interpret and assign meaning to different roles and positions within society.

Weberian social conflict perspective – This theory emphasizes the role of social stratification (class,
status, and power) in shaping society. It argues that different groups compete for dominance based
on these factors, and that rewards and privileges are distributed based on one's position within the
social hierarchy. It focuses more on the competition and struggle for power and resources between
different groups.

Karl Marx – focused on class inequality based on one's relationship to the means of production.

Kingsly Davis – focused on the functionalist perspective of social stratification, but his work didn't
specifically identify three distinct dimensions like class, status, and power.

Wilbert Moore – was a prominent figure in functionalist theory and focused on the relationship
between social functions and social stratification.

Max Weber – known for his tripartite model of social stratification, which identifies three distinct
dimensions: Class, Social status or prestige, and Power.