Athéni Államszervezet És Működése

1.
1 Poliszok az ókori Hellászban

• Ancient Athens
 located on peninsula Attica
 Ionians settled down here
 great rivals -> Corinth and Sparta
 economy:
 colonies in the Black Sea -> development of sea trade + fishing
 agriculture -> animal breeding, crops
 development of crafts -> pottery
 Kingdom -> aristocratic republic -> led by members of aristocratic families
 head of state were the 3, later 9 archons (ruling magistrates) -> for 1 year
• after the 1 year they joined the Council of Areiopagus (council of state affairs)
 social layers
 aristocracy -> had:
• political rights
• citizenship
• lands
  demos -> common people (peasants, craftsmen, traders)
• formed an anti-aristocratic league -> for political rights + economic advantages
  the demos wanted:
• lower layers -> laws in writing to have protection against aristocracy
• peasants -> the abolition of debt slavery
• wealthy metics, traders, craftsmen-> political rights
• Draconian laws
  621 BC
  Draco archon -> created a law code (protecting private property)
  first time laws written down
  very strict laws-> punishment for even minor crimes
• Reforms of Solon
  594 BC -> Solon became sole archon
  He tried to destroy the privileges of aristocracy by his reforms
  abolished debt slavery
  allowed citizens to attend the People’s Assembly (Ecclesia) ->decide by vote
  society was divided based on wealth -> 4 groups
  wealthy people had more rights -> timocracy
  the Council of the 400 (originally aristocratic body) reformed -> supervised the
Assembly
  court of citizens appeared -> legal system
• The Peisistratid tyranny

  6th c. BC
  Peisistratus -> successful military leader -> became tyrant (a self-made dictator) ->
reforms
  introduced -> general income tax + regular army
  Athens became cultural centre
  birth of Greek drama
  Tyranny based on -> the temporary balanced situation between the demos and the
aristocracy
  his sons took over after his death -> people rebelled against them -> ( 501 BC end
of tyranny )
• The reforms of Cleisthenes

  508 BC
  He relied on the demos
  series of reforms -> providing the Athenian constitution and establishing
democracy
  He classified citizens on a territorial basis -> instead of wealth
  divided Athens into 3 zones and each to 10 districts
• coastal (fishers, traders)
• urban (merchants)
• mainland/inland (landowners)
  30 trittyses -> 10 phylai /phyle (50-50 members-> Boule (500))
  New form of institutions were introduced
  legislation-> by the Ecclesia (assembly of citizens)
• every citizen (free Athenian male adult over 20) could be a member
• its role-> decision-making by majority vote (state affairs, war and peace, taxes,
alliances)
• annulment only by another assembly
  magistrates (state officers) -> chosen by lot -> except for the election of startegoi
  Boule (Council of 500) -> 50 members per phyle -> chosen by lot
• its role-> preparation of topics for the Ecclesia + supervision of execution
  executive power-> in the hands of strategoi (generals) (and other magistrates)
• military leaders on daily rotation (Persian wars -> increased role)
• 10 strategoi elected by phyles-> each year
• could be re-elected
  judicial power -> Heliaia (court of citizens or jury)
• 6000 members (600/phyle) -> chosen by lot
  the office of archons (chosen by lot) and the Areiopagus remained -> role decreased
• role ->supervision only
  ostracism (ballot of clay) -> possibility to exile tyrants (for 10 years)
• 6000 voters needed
• The Golden Age of Athens -> Pericles

  5th c. BC
  Ahtens became a democratic republic
  citizenship only for 2nd generation Athenian men
  Pericles was strategos for 15years
  His main aim was to:
  strengthen Athenian democracy -> public officials received salaries (daily payment
for civil service)
  end political power of aristocracy -> restricted institutions
  build a commercial empire-> used the money of the Delian League
• taxpayers for Athens for protection
  beautify the city -> building programme started
• built Acropolis-> Parthenon (temple of Pallas Athena) -> work of Pheidias
  magistrates fulfilled secular + clerical roles ->no separate clergy
  wars more -> slaves -> contribution to production
  society
  citizens -> minority
• democracy was only enjoyed by them
  metics (metoikoi) -> immigrants (made business in Athens)
  slaves-> number of slaves radically increased-> during Persian Wars -> Athens
became a classical slaveholder society
  slaves could be ranked
• living in the city-> teachers (pedagogoi), servants, maids, craftsmen
• living in villages-> rural workers
• miners
  evaluation of Athenain democracy
  achievements
• polis ruled by the assembly of citizens
• citizens -> have equal rights, duty to govern + equal rights under law
• citizens were responsible for justice
• inclusion of laborers with salary
• political powers separated + mutually supervised
  criticism
• excluded metics, women, slaves
• Athens -> classical slaveholding civilization
• urban poor (citizens) exploited as political tool
• positions chosen by lot-> not elected through merit/experience
• daily wages -> possibility of corruption

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1 Poliszok az ókori Hellászban

• The Peisistratid tyranny

• The reforms of Cleisthenes

• The Golden Age of Athens -> Pericles

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