CSURV1110 Lecture Notes: Lesson 9- 12 Lesson 10

Gian Lester Siando BSCE E18 Correction due to SAG

Lesson 9 - A tape attains its correct length

when it is fully supported and
Correction Due to Slope – when distances are subjected to the pull for which it
measured along the slope, the equivalent was standardized.
horizontal distance may correspondingly be - The tape takes the form of a
determined by applying an approximate catenary when it sags between
slope correction. points of support just as an electric
Different Slope Correction Formulas: or telephone wire which hangs and
swings loosely between two points.
1. Gentle Slopes (less than 20%)
2. Steep Slopes (between 20& and 30%) Correction Due to Wind
3. Very steep walk (Greater than 30%) - A strong wind blowing
perpendicular to the different of
taping will move the middle and
Correction Due to Alignment unsupported portion of the tape to
- Error due to inaccuracy in one side of the line measured.
alignment of tape Normal Tension
- Easier to control and resulting error
is much smaller than magnitude. - By exerting a sufficiently greater
- Least important among different than of pull on the tape when it is
errors suspended and sagged, the tape
- It is only in high precision will stretch and a considerable
measurements with the aid of a decrease in the amount of sag
transit or theodolite. results.

Correction Due to Temperature Lesson 11

- The tape lengthens as the Surveys With Tape

temperature rises and shortens as 1. Erecting Perpendicular to line –
the temperature falls. commonly employed for such
- It can also be significant even for particular requirements are the chord-
measurements of lower precision as bisection Method and 3:4:5 method.
in most engineering-type surveys. a. Chord-Bisection Method- it is
Correction Due to Tension required to erect a perpendicular
to the line AB at point m.
- During calibration (or b. 3:4:5 Method – this method of
standardization) a tape is erecting a perpendicular.
subjected to a certain amount of 2. Measuring Angles with Tape – a tape is
standard pull or tension on its end. not frequently used in engineering
- An error in measurement results constructions for measuring or laying
whenever the pull applied is out angles.
different from the standard tension - The measurements of a very small
used in calibration. angles with tape usually gives
satisfaction results.
3. Laying Off angles with Tape – a method
which employs a simple principle of
trigonometry.
4. Determining Obstructed Distances – in
some instances it may be possible to
directly measure distances due to an 5. Stadia Leveling – combines features
obstruction. of direct leveling.
6. Barometric Leveling – involves the
Lesson 12 determination of differences in
elevation between points.
1. Level Surface - it is a curved surface 7. Cross-Section Leveling – short
which is at any point perpendicular profiles at right angles to the line
to the direction of gravity or the work are usually plotted at regular
plumb line. intervals for this purpose.
- Represented by the surface of a 8. Borrow-Pit Leveling – is a method of
large body of still water. determining the relative elevations
2. Level Line – a level line is a curved of points borrow-pit excavation for
line in a level surface point of which the purpose of calculating volumes
are normal to the direction of of earthwork.
gravity and equidistant from the
Types of Levels
center of the earth.
3. Horizontal Surface – it is a plane that 1. Dumpy Level – is the most widely used
is tangent to a level surface all direct leveling instrument. It has a long
points. telescope.
4. Horizontal Line – a straight line 2. Wye Level – is very identical to the
horizontal plane. dumpy level. The wye level has a
5. Vertical Line – a vertical line at any detachable telescope which rests in
point is a line parallel to the supports called wyes.
direction of gravity. 3. Builder’s Level – is used primarily in the
6. Mean Sea Level – is an imaginary different phases of building
surface of the sea. construction where a high degree of
7. Datum – datum is any convenient precision is not primary requisite.
level surface coincident or parallel 4. Automatic Level – self-leveling features
with mean sea level to which are incorporated.
elevations of a particular area are 5. Tiling level – this type of leveling
referred. instrument can be tilted or rotated
8. Elevation – is the vertical distance about its horizontal axis.
above or below mean sea level. 6. Geodetic Level – is basically another
9. Difference in Elevation – is the type of tilting level.
vertical distance between the two- 7. Transit as a level – “Universal Surveying
level surfaces in which the points lie. instrument”.
8. Laser Level – an innovation
Leveling Methods
introduced to surveying operations is
1. Direct or Spirit Leveling – direct the use of laser. Usually mounted or
leveling is the commonly employed attached to conventional surveying
method of determining the instruments such as levels, transits, and
elevation of points. theodolites.
2. Reciprocal Leveling – is the process 9. Hand Level – instrument used on
of accurately determining the surveys involving short sights and
difference in elevation. where a low order of accuracy is
3. Profile Leveling – this method is used sufficient.
to determine differences in
elevation between points.
4. Trigonometric Leveling – this
method of leveling is employed in
determining by trigonometric
computations.