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EE Unit 1

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40 views

EE Unit 1

Uploaded by

aman.mundra.2020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1

DC Circuit & Theorems

Presented by

Dr. Amandeep Gill

Assistant Professor-I, EE

JECRC UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR


Basic concepts

✴ Electricity
✴ Charge
✴ Current
✴ Voltage
✴ Power and Energy
Electricity

Physical phenomenon arising from the existence


and interactions of electric charge
Electric current

• Describes charge in motion, the flow of charge


• This phenomenon can result from moving electrons in a
conductive material or moving ions in charged solutions
• An ampere (A) is the number of electrons having a total
charge of 1 C moving through a given cross section in 1 s.
• As defined, current flows in direction of positive charge flow
Electric circuit
• An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements
linked together in a closed path so that electric current may
flow continuously
• Circuit diagrams are the standard for electrical engineers
Power
• The rate at which energy is converted or work is performed

• A watt results when 1 joule of energy is converted or used in


1 second
Circuit schematic example
Circuit elements
Voltage Sources
• An ideal voltage source is a circuit element that will maintain
the specified voltage Vs across its terminals.
• The current will be determined by other circuit elements.
Current Sources

• An ideal current source is a circuit element that maintains the


specified current flow is through its terminals.
• The voltage is determined by other circuit elements.
Battery as Voltage Source
• A voltage source is an idealization (no limit on current)and
generalization (voltage can be time-varying) of a battery.
• A battery supplies a constant ―dc‖ voltage V but in practice a
battery has a maximum power.
Dependent Sources
• Dependent current sources (a) and (b) maintain a current
specified by another circuit variable.
• Dependent voltage sources (c) and (d) maintain a voltage
specified by another circuit variable.
Example of a dependent source
• Find the voltage VL in the circuit below?
Ohm’s Law

(remember, R is in Ω and ρ is in Ω-m)


Ohm’s Law: Resistance
• A (linear) resistor is an element for which
• v=iR
• where the constant R is a resistance.
• The equation is known as ―Ohm’s Law.‖
• The unit of resistance is ohm(Ω).
Conductance
• We sometimes prefer to work with the reciprocal of resistance
(1/R), which is called conductance (symbol G, unit siemens
(S)).
• A resistor R has conductance G=1/R.
• The i-v equation (i.e. Ohm’s law) can be written as
• i=Gv
Capacitors
Capacitors
• Capacitance (C) is the ability of a material to store charge in
the form of separated charge or an electric field. It is the ratio
of charge stored to voltage difference between two plates.
• Capacitance is measured in Farads (F)
Energy storage
• Work must be done by an external influence (e.g. a battery)
to separate charge between the plates in a capacitor. The
charge is stored in the capacitor until the external influence is
removed and the separated charge is given a path to travel
and dissipate.
• Work exerted to charge a capacitor is given by the equation:
Inductors
• The magnetic field from an inductor can generate an induced
voltage, which can be used to drive current

• While building the magnetic field, the inductor resists current


flow
Inductors

• What happens to the light bulb when the switch is closed?


• What happens to the light bulb when the switch is then
opened?
Energy storage
• Inductors can store energy in the form of a magnetic field
when a current is passed through them.
• The work required to establish current through the coil, and
therefore the magnetic field, is given by
Example: Resistors in series
• The resistors in a series circuit are 680 Ω, 1.5 kΩ, and 2.2 kΩ.
What is the total resistance?
Multiple elements in a series circuit
Example: Voltage sources in series
• Find the total voltage of the sources shown

What happens if you reverse a battery?


Voltage Divider
Power In Series Circuit
Open and Short circuit in Series circuit
Multiple elements in a parallel circuit

• For parallel voltage sources, the voltage is the same across all
batteries, but the current supplied by each element is a
fraction of the total current
Example: Resistors in parallel
• The resistors in a parallel circuit are 680 Ω, 1.5 kΩ, and 2.2 kΩ.
What is the total resistance?

Voltage across each resistor?

Current through each resistor?


Open Circuits and Short circuits
• An open circuit between A and B means i=0.
• Voltage across an open circuit: any value.
• An open circuit is equivalent to R = ∞ Ω.

• A short circuit between A and B means v=0.


• Current through a short circuit: any value.
• A short circuit is equivalent to R = 0 Ω.
Nodal Analysis
Delta to Star Conversion
Star to Delta conversion
Voltage source to Current source conversion
Current source to Voltage source conversion
Superposition Theorem
• In any linear bilateral network containing two or more
independent sources (voltage or current sources or
combination of voltage and current sources ), the resultant
current / voltage in any branch is the algebraic sum of
currents / voltages caused by each independent sources
acting along, with all other independent sources being
replaced meanwhile by their respective internal resistances.

• Procedure for using the superposition theorem


• Step-1: Retain one source at a time in the circuit and replace
all other sources with their internal resistances.
• Step-2: Determine the output (current or voltage) due to the
single source acting alone using the techniques discussed in
the earlier lesson.
• Step-3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for each of the other
independent sources.
• Step-4: Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all
the contributions due to the independent sources.
THANK YOU

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