Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 7 views

    02 - Synaptic Transmission 2024

    Uploaded by

    730899

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    02 - Synaptic Transmission 2024

    Uploaded by

    730899
    7 views29 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views29 pages

    02 - Synaptic Transmission 2024

    Uploaded by

    730899

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 29

    SYNAPTIC

    TRANSMISSION

    6.5 Nervous System


    In this lesson:
    ▪ 1) Quick review
    ▪ 2) Detecting differences in stimuli
    ▪ 3) Label a synapse
    ▪ 4) Chemical synapses (excitatory and inhibitory)
    ▪ 5) Neurotransmitters, drugs and disease
    ▪ 6) Summation
    1) REVIEW QUESTIONS
    ▪ What is meant by -70mV resting potential?
    ▪ Which ion is responsible for repolarization?
    ▪ Name a function of hyperpolarizing the membrane.
    ▪ At what point do Na+ channels close and K+ open?
    ▪ Describe the mechanism and fcn of the Na+/K+ pump.
    ▪ What is saltatory conduction?
    ▪ Discuss the appropriateness of the name “voltage
    gated ion channel”.
    ▪ How is propagation achieved?
    ▪ What is threshold?
    2) Detecting Differences in Stimuli

    ▪ SLOW OBJECT - Ball ▪ FAST OBJECT - Car


    ▪ Number of AP: 25 ▪ Number of AP: 200
    ▪ Threshold: -55mV ▪ Threshold: -45mV
    ▪ Freq: 75 impulses/sec (Hz) ▪ Freq: 200 impulses/sec (Hz)
    ▪ Detected by X neurons ▪ Detected by Y neurons

    *Y neurons will not fire with the stimulus of a slow object


    * Thus, you will not run/get an adrenaline rush from a soccer ball
    2) Detecting Differences in Stimuli

    ▪ 1) FREQUENCY
    ▪ Frequency of impulses varies with stimulus
    ▪ Stronger stim  Higher freq of impulses
    ▪ AP is repeated over and over to intensify response
    ▪ 2) NUMBER
    ▪ Stronger stim  Greater # of neurons fire, more APs
    ▪ Response will change according to # of neurons excited
    ▪ 3) THRESHOLD
    ▪ Different neurons have different thresholds to reach AP
    ▪ Stimuli can be differentiated according to the type of neuron
    that fired

    ▪ *NOTE: the shape and speed of an AP does not vary with stimulus
    3) Neuron Terminology
    3) Synapse Terminology
    3) Label the Diagram
    3) TERMINOLOGY
    ▪ Presynaptic Neuron: transmits impulses
    towards synapses. Contains vesicles.
    ▪ Axon terminal/Synaptic Knob: bulb at the end
    of an axon containing vesicles, mitochondria
    and Ca2+ channels
    ▪ Synaptic Cleft: liquid-filled space between pre
    and post-synaptic membranes
    ▪ Synapse: pre memb + post memb + cleft
    ▪ Post-synaptic Neuron: transmits impulses away
    from synapses. Contains receptors.
    4) CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
    ▪ Chemicals from the pre-synaptic neuron are
    released and stimulate the post-synaptic
    neuron
    ▪ Allows for complexity in communication

    ▪ Complexity is Achieved Through Different:


    ▪ Types of chemicals
    ▪ Amounts of chemicals
    5) CHEMICAL SYNAPSE

    https://www.youtube.c
    om/watch?v=OvVl8rO
    EncE
    5) Calcium Ions are Needed
    4) CHEMICAL SYNAPSE

    1) Cell is depolarized
    2) AP is propagated to axon terminal
    3) Impulse causes VGICs of calcium to open - Ca2+
    diffuses from the outside to the inside of the neuron
    4) Calcium causes synaptic vesicles to FUSE with pre-
    synaptic membrane
    5) Neurotransmitter is released into cleft (exocytosis)
    6) Receptors of post-synaptic membrane bind the
    chemical and trigger a response
    7) Chemical is released from receptor
    8) Re-uptake or degradation
    RE-UPTAKE OR DEGRADED
    RE-UPTAKE OR DEGRADED
    EXAMPLE 1: EXCITATORY
    ▪ Acetylcholine: excitatory neurotransmitter
    ▪ Increases permeability of a memb to Na+ ions
    ▪ When released, causes ligand-gated Na+
    channels of the post-syn neuron to open
    ▪ Causes depolarization and generates an AP
    ▪ Cholinesterase is released from post-syn cell
    ▪ Degrades acetylcholine
    ▪ Allows Na+ channels to close, cell recovers
    ▪ Curare poison blocks acetylcholine receptors
    → can result in paralysis (competitive
    inhibitor)
    Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
    EXCITATORY & INHIBITORY
    EXAMPLE 2 - INHIBITORY
    1) Opening of K+ or Cl- channels
    ▪ Cell becomes MORE hyperpolarized
    ▪ e.g. -110mV
    ▪ Thus, if there is an influx of Na+ it will take
    longer to reach the threshold
    2) Blocking Na+ channels
    ▪ Prevents influx → prevents AP
    3) Block receptors
    ▪ Prevents stimulation of the next neuron
    WHY?
    ▪ Suppress irrelevant sensory input
    ▪ Improve sensory precision
    ▪ Dampen excitation to prevent cell damage
    ▪ Slow down circuits to allow for thinking
    COMMON NEUROTRANSMITTERS

    Bind a receptor to produce a response


    ▪ Serotonin: sleep, mood, thermoregulation
    ▪ Dopamine: reward system
    ▪ GABA: inhibitory effect (hyperpolz)
    ▪ Melatonin: circadian rhythms
    ▪ Histamine: immune responses
    COMMON NEUROTRANSMITTERS

    Histamine works as a neurotransmitter to affect sleep/waking,


    eating behaviour and multiple endocrine functions
    DISEASE
    ▪ Parkinson’s Disease – dopamine (too little)
    ▪ Schizophrenia – dopamine (too much)
    ▪ Alzheimer’s – reduced acetylcholine
    *COCAINE AT THE SYNAPSE
    Re-uptake of dopamine
    is inhibited by cocaine

    Results in unnatural
    over-stimulation of
    receptor

    Also rhymes with


    novocaine - blocks Na
    ion voltage gated
    channels if they are
    open – cardiac arrest!
    ADDICTION
    ▪ Neurons lose sensitivity
    ▪ Changes in neurotransmission, re-uptake and
    amount of available receptors
    ▪ Loss of sensitivity is compensated for by increasing
    dosage of the drug (bad idea!!)
    ▪ Increased dosage is also the result of stimulating
    reward pathways – desire to repeat behaviour
    ▪ Compounded negative effects → downwards spiral!
    *NICOTINE AT THE SYNAPSE
    ▪ Triggers neurons of the cholinergic
    (cognitive) pathway in an unnatural way:
    ▪ Acetylcholine: makes you alert, awake
    ▪ Dopamine: makes you feel happy
    ▪ Endorphins: pain killer, euphoria
    ▪ Glutamate: makes you remember the good
    experience so it is repeated

    The brain is very PLASTIC!


    SUMMATION
    HOMEWORK
    ▪ Summary video:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZwb8zqA
    PXc

    ▪ Page 324: DBQ on Oscilloscope Traces (APs)


    ▪ Page 325: DBQ on Parkinson’s Disease
    ▪ Read 6.5.5: Neonicotinoids (pesticide) on
    Kognity

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy