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Sub-Structures Overview

The document provides an overview of sub-structures including soil types, footing systems, foundation basics, testing methods, foundation implications, types of footing systems, loads and forces, retaining walls, footing construction techniques, architectural influences, and additional considerations like engineering, foundation improvement techniques, load management, and construction management.

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markhovanjec20
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6 views

Sub-Structures Overview

The document provides an overview of sub-structures including soil types, footing systems, foundation basics, testing methods, foundation implications, types of footing systems, loads and forces, retaining walls, footing construction techniques, architectural influences, and additional considerations like engineering, foundation improvement techniques, load management, and construction management.

Uploaded by

markhovanjec20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sub-Structures Overview

Soil Types & Site Classification


Importance of understanding soil types (Sandy Clay, Clay, Silt) for foundation design.
AS 2870 Classification for domestic foundations: from stable sand and rock (A) to problem sites (P).
Over 50% of Victoria has moderate to highly expansive soils.

Footing Systems & Foundation Basics


Footings: Base of the structure in direct contact with the earth.
Foundation: Earth upon which footings sit, can include installed elements like piles for load-bearing.
Load Transfer: Floor slab -> Load -> Foundation -> Footing -> Pile -> Sand/Styrene Blinding -> Column ->
Pile Cap.
Importance of allowable bearing pressure for soil to support dead and live loads.

Testing & Soil Classification


AS 1726 vs AS2870: AS 1726 for commercial, detailed geotechnical model; AS 2870 mainly for residential
uses.
Testing involves boreholes, test pits, and soil lab testing for properties like plastic limits, liquid limits, and
shear strength.

Foundation Implications
Volume changes in soil can cause damage, subsidence, or heave.
Consideration of site 'P' challenges: soft soils, fill, trees, subsidence.

Types of Footing Systems


Various footing types: Pad, Strip, Slab on ground, Stiffened raft, Waffle pod, Pier & Beam.
Design specs include considerations for low-rise structures and engineering standards per AS 1726.

Loads and Forces


Understanding dead loads (fixed components), live loads (moveable items, people), and wind loads.
Importance of designing footings to accommodate all types of loads to prevent structural failure.

Retaining Walls & Waterproofing


Design and function of retaining walls to counteract soil pressure.
Waterproofing methods for substructures, including damp-proof membranes and liquid membrane for
vertical surfaces.

Footing Construction Techniques


Details on reinforcement (ligatures, deformed bars, mesh, trench mesh), concrete cover, and joint types
(SCJ, dowel plate, expansion joints) in slab construction.
Underpinning for stabilizing existing buildings, including methods like permeation grouting.
Architectural Influences
Integration of foundational elements in architectural design, exemplified by Toyo Ito’s projects.
The role of site programming in concrete supply and timing for construction stages.

Additional Considerations
Engineering & Testing
Importance of thorough site testing to inform foundation design.
Utilisation of AS 2870 and AS 1726 standards depending on project scale and type.

Foundation Improvement Techniques


Use of piles and piers, classified by load resistance and installation technique.
Consideration of end bearing, friction, and hybrid action for piles.

Load Management
Strategies for dealing with different load types, including dynamic, seismic, and hydrostatic pressures.

Construction Management
Emphasis on coordination between architectural design and engineering requirements.
Importance of careful planning and execution in sub-structure construction to prevent future issues.

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