Lecture-7 SILT CONTROLLING WORKS

SILT
LECTURE
CONTROLLING
NO . 7
WORKS
SILT CONTROLLING WORKS
o A lot of silt is carried by the rivers every year.
The river sutlej transports 35 million tons of
sediments per year, while the Indus carries a
total load of 440 million tons per year at Tarbela,
with a mean annual discharge of 93 MAF, and
the estimate for the Jhelum is 70 million tons per
year. The Warsak reservoir on the river Kabul
built in 1960, had an initial live storage of 23,000
acre feet which in the last ten years has been
reduced to a residual minimum of 10,000 acre
feet. Tarbela reservoir with an initial live storage
of 9.3 million acre feet when completed in 1975,
will reduce to one million acre feet in fifty years
whereas the Mangla reservoir will lose 30
percent of its live storage in the same period.
SILT CONTROLLING WORKS
 Unlined canals can get choked or silted by

sediment brought by the rivers, and diverted into
the canals along with the water. Special works
may be constructed to control sediments entering
into the canals or sediments being carried away
by water. These works are called as silt
controlling works. These works are:
 Works in the river (Silt excluder )
 Works in the canal (silt ejector)
 Proper channel design

SILT EXCLUDERS
 The basic idea behind the design is that the lower
layers of the flowing water carry a higher
concentration of silt, and therefore if the upper
layers of the water only can be skimmed into the
canal, all the rolling bed silt and the silt in the
lower layers is excluded. This is achieved by a silt
excluder. This is a diaphragm slab supported on a
number of tunnels. Tunnels are placed parallel to
the head regulator and discharge d/s through the
under-sluices. The water above the silt excluder
slab containing less silt is then diverted into the
canal. The following points should be kept in mind
while designing a silt excluder.
 Thetunnel discharge through the under-sluice is
recommended to be 20% of the canal discharge.
 The silt excluder should cover only two bays of
the under-sluice.
 The approach channel need not be lined.
 Thedivide wall should be 1.2. to 1.4 times the
head regulator length.
 The top of the silt excluder slab should be
flushed with the head regulator crest.
 Theroof slab should be designed to carry a full
water load in case the tunnels are empty.
 The first tunnel should cover all the head
length.
 The discharge through the tunnels will
depend upon the head measured above the
centre line of the tunnel. Tunnels can be
treated as box culverts.
 The velocity in tunnels should be 6 ft/sec to
10 ft/sec.
SILT EJECTOR
 It employees the same principle of sediment
removal as the silt excluder except that it is placed
in the bed of the canal and is located about 1000
yards d/s of the head regulator.
 It consists of a horizontal slab a little above the
canal bed, which separates out the bottom layers.
Under the slab there are tunnels to eject heavy silt
laden bottom water in an escape channel. For
designing of silt ejector the following points
should be kept in mind:
 Itshould be located about 1000 yards d/s of the
head regulator.
 The bed width of the canal is divided into a
number of tunnels. These tunnels curve to right
or left and pass under the canal bank to
terminate in a regulator, which is provided with
gates to regulate the discharge
 The height of the tunnel should be 20 to 25% of
the design depth of water in canal.
 The top slab of the tunnels usually project 1.5 ft
to 2 ft U/S at the entrance.
 20% of the canal discharge is usually diverted
into the ejector. This means that 20% additional
discharge over and above the canal design
discharge is allowed to enter the canal at the
head regulator.
CANAL HEAD REGULATOR
 Canal head regulator is a structure constructed at

the head of canal. In the case of main canal, it
consist of a number of sluices or opening between
piers controlled by gates which are operated from
the overhead gate bridge on the top as the weirs.
Along with the service bridge above the pier we
may also have a road bridge for traffic:-
 The objects of a canal head regulator are:
1) To regulate the supply entering the canal.
2) To control the amount of silt entry into the canal.
3) To shut out river floods entering the canal.

 The head regulator of a distributary of minor canal
is similar to that of main canal, so far as the
working principle is concerned. It consists of a
number of arches to carry a road bridge for traffic
and also in some cases a gate bridge for the
manipulation of gates which move between piers.
 The function of the regulator is to pass into the
channel, the required quantity of water as when
necessary. Its design should be such as to allow
into the channel its due share of silt in suspension.
 The sill of the regulator is usually fixed slightly above
the bed level of the parent channel on its upstream
side. The spans are controlled by vertical lift gates or
radial gates and in case of some unimportant regulator
by1 needles. The regulator is generally a flumed one
because it is economical. However it involves
transitions, energy dissipation arrangement etc.
 Distributary head regulator: This controls the
supply to an off-taking channel from the parent
channel.
 Cross regulator: This structure controls the

water level of a channel and the discharge
downstream of another hydraulic structure.
 Canal escape: Canal escape disposes of extra

supplies when the safety of a canal is endangered
due to heavy rains or closure of outlets by
farmers.
CANAL ESCAPE

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SILT

 Unlined canals can get choked or silted by

 Works in the canal (silt ejector)

 Proper channel design

 Canal head regulator is a structure constructed at

1) To regulate the supply entering the canal.

2) To control the amount of silt entry into the canal.

3) To shut out river floods entering the canal.

 Cross regulator: This structure controls the

 Canal escape: Canal escape disposes of extra

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