DIVINE PUBLIC SCHOOL

MOHANAPUR ,GORAKHPUR
CLASS XII- CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL 2024-25
Analysis /Classification of Anions(acid radicals)

Group Group Observation Inference

Reagent
A.Dilute sulphuric acid test
Pinch of salt + 2 ml dil sulphuric acid + heat (if necessary) + now observe the evolved gas

R
A Dilute H2SO4 (a) Colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence (CO2) which C𝑂32− (Carbonate)
turn lime water milky.
(b) Colourless gas with rotten egg like smell (H2S) which turns
S I
S2- (sulphide)

H
lead acetate paper black.
S𝑂32− (Sulphite)

S
(c) Colourless gas with smell of burning sulphur (SO 2) which turns
acidified dichromate paper green.
(d) Brown coloured gas (NO2) which turns ferrous sulphate
A N𝑂2− (Nitrite)
solution black or brown.
(e) Colourless gas with vinegar like smell.
A K CH3COO-(Acetate)

Y
B. conc. sulphuric acid test

B
Pinch of salt + 2 ml conc. sulphuric acid + heat (if necessary) + now observe the evolved gas
B Conc. H2SO4 (a) Colourless pungent smelling gas (HCl) which gives white Cl– (Chloride)
dense fumes with glass rod dipped in NH4OH.
L
O
O
(b) Violet coloured vapours (I2) which turns starch paper blue. I– (Iodide)

CH
(c) Reddish brown gas (NO2) having pungent smell (On adding N𝑂3− (Nitrate)

S
copper turning, fumes becomes intense)

C
(d) Brown colour gas with pungent smell (Br 2) which turns starch Br– (Bromide)

I
BL
paper yellow.

(e) Colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence C2𝑂42− (Oxalate)

PU
(CO + CO2) which turns lime water milky and burns on the
mouth of test tube with blue flame.

E
N
C. No specific reagent( acid independent radicals)

V I
Salt + HNO3 White ppt. of BaSO4 is formed. S𝑂42− (sulphate)

D I + dil.BaCl2
Salt + conc,
HNO3 + boil
Cannary yellow ppt. of phospho ammonium molybdate
(NH4)3 PO4.12 MoO3 . 6H2O
P𝑂43−
(phosphate)
+Ammonium
molybdate
3(NH3)4MoO4

1
 Classification of cations
Group Group reagent Cations Ppt Colour
zero No NH4+ Smell of NH3
1 Dil HCl Pb2+ PbCl2 White
2 H2S in presence of dil Pb , Cu2+ , As3+
2+
Sulphides
. HCl PbS Black
CuS Yellow
As2S3 Black
3 NH4Cl in presence of Fe3+ , Al3+ Hydroxides Reddish brown
NH4OH Gelatinous white
4 H2S gas in basic Co2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ , Zn2+ Sulphides

IR
medium, NH4OH CoS Black
NiS Black
MnS
S
Flesh/buff colour

H
ZnS Dirty white

S
5 (NH4)4CO3 in Ba2+ , Sr2+ , Ca2+ Carbonates

A
presence of NH4OH BaCO3 White

K
SrCO3 White
CaCO3 White
6 Na2HPO4 in presence Mg2+ MgNH4PO4
A White

Y
of NH4OH

B
EXPERIMENT No. – 10

L
Aim :- To analyse the given inorganic salt for acidic(anion) and basic (cation) radical.
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , distilled

O
water, dilute/conc. H2SO4 ,funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner, NaOH , Nessler’s reagent ,litmus paper(blue /red) , glass

O
rod, spatula, wash bottle , watch glass, lime water. delivery tube, dil HCl, MgSO4
Preliminary Investigation

CH
S
Physical state : Solid

C
Colour : white (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+ ions are absent)

I
Odour : Ammonium smell ( NH+4 may be present)

BL
Solubility : Soluble in water
Flame Test : No characteristic flame (Cu2+, Ca2+ , Ba2+ ,Sr2+ ,Pb2+ , Zn2+absent)

PU
Test for Acidic Radical

E
Preliminary test:

N
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

V I Group A anion (C𝑂32− may be

I
1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 colourless gas with brisk
effervescence present)

2. D
Confirmatory test :
Pass the evolved gas into lime water milky C𝑂32− present
lime water by passing tube
3. MgSO4 Test : White ppt of MgCO3 C𝑂32− Confirmed
Salt solution + MgSO4

Test for Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt solution + NaOH + Heat Smell of Ammonia Zero group (NH4 + )present
2. Place a red litmus on the Red litmus turns blue NH4 + present
mouth of test tube

2
Confirmatory Test:
3. NaOH Test : Smell of NH3 NH4 + Confirmed
Salt Solution + NaOH + white dense fumes of NH4Cl are formed
Heat Bring a glass rod
dipped in dil HCl
4. Nessler Test: Salt solution + Reddish brown ppt is formed NH4 + Confirmed
NaOH + Nessler’s reagent

Chemical Reactions for Acidic Radical

Preliminary Test :-
(NH4)2CO3 + dil.H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 + CO2 ↑+ H2O

R
Confirmative Test
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Milky (white ppt)
S I
(NH4)2CO3 + MgSO4 →MgCO3 ↓+ (NH4)2SO4
S H
A
Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical

K
Preliminary Test :

A
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O + 2NH3 (g)
NH3 + red litmus → litmus turn blue

BY
L
Confirmative Test :

O
NaOH Test :

O
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O + 2NH3 (g)

H
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

C
(Dense white fumes)

S
Nessler’s Test :
(NH4)2CO3 + 2KOH → K2CO3 + H2O + NH3

I C
2K2HgI4 + 3KOH+ NH3 → NH2HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

BL
(Nessler’s Reagent) Iodide of Millon’s base
( Brown ppt.)

PU
Result : The given inorganic salt contains following
Acidic Radical : - C𝑂32−
Basic Radical : NH4 +
Precaution:
E
IN
1. Use a apron , an eye protector and hand gloves while working in the laboratory .

V
2. Never taste a chemical

D I
3. Never point the test tubes towards yourself or towards your neighbours while heating or adding any reagent.
4. Keep your working place clean and do not throw filter paper in sink.
5. Use dustbins for throwing waste .
6. Wash your hands properly after completion of your laboratory work.
EXPERIMENT – 11
Aim : To analyse the given salt for one acidic(anion) and one basic (cation) radical.
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , distilled
water, dilute/conc. H2SO4 ,funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner, NaOH , CaCl2, Nessler’s reagent ,litmus paper(blue /red)
KMnO4 , glass rod, spatula, wash bottle , watch glass, delivery tube, dil HCl, lime water.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+ , Co2+absent)
Qdour : No characteristic odour

3
 Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : No characteristics flame (Pb2+, Sr2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,Ni2+, Zn2+ absent)
Test for Acidic Radical
Preliminary test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt solution + No gas is evolved Group A anion (C𝑂32− S2- , S𝑂32− , N𝑂2− ,
dil H2SO4 CH3COO-) are absent
2. Salt solution + Colourless, odourless, mixture of gas which Group B anion ( C2𝑂42− ) present
Conc.H2SO4 turns time water milky & burns on the
mouth of test tube with blue flame

R
Confirmative test :

I
3. Calcium Chloride Test : White ppt. of calcium C2𝑂42− Confirmed

S
Salt Solution + CaCl2 oxalate is formed
4. KMnO4 Test : Pink colour of KMnO4 is C2𝑂42− Confirmed
Above ppt + dil H2SO4+ Heat
Add very dil solution of KMnO4
discharged with evolution
of CO2 gas.
S H
A
K
Test for Basic Radical

A
Preliminary Test:

Y
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt solution + NaOH + Heat Smell of Ammonia

B Zero group (NH4 + )present

L
2. Place a red litmus on the mouth of test tube Red litmus turns blue NH4 + present

O
Confirmatory Test:

O
3. NaOH Test : Smell of NH3 NH4 + Confirmed

H
Salt Solution + NaOH + Heat Bring a white dense fumes of NH4Cl are

C
glass rod dipped in dil HCl formed
NH4 + Confirmed

S
4. Nessler Test: Salt solution + NaOH + Reddish brown ppt is formed
Nessler’s reagent

I C
BL
Chemical reaction for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :
( NH4 )2 C2O4 + H2SO4 → H2C2O4 + ( NH4)2 SO4

PU
H2C2O4 → CO2 ↑ + CO + H2O
Confirmative Test :

E
(i) CaCl2 test
(NH4 )2 C2O4 + CaCl2 → CaC2O4 ↓+2NH4Cl

IN Calcium oxalate (White ppt.)

V
(ii) KMnO4 Test :-

D I
Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical
Preliminary Test :
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O + 2NH3 (g)
NH3 + red litmus → litmus turn blue
Confirmative Test :
NaOH Test :
(NH4)2C2O4 + 2NaOH → Na2C2O4 + 2H2O + 2NH3 ↑
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
(Dense white fumes)
Nessler’s Test :

4
 (NH4)2 C2O4 + 2KOH → K2 C2O4 + H2O + 2NH3
2K2HgI4 + 3KOH+ NH3 → NH2HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O
(Nessler’s Reagent) Iodide of Millon’s base
( Brown ppt.)
Result : The given inorganic salt contains following
Acidic Radical : - C2𝑂42−
Basic Radical : NH4 +
Precaution:
1. Use a apron , an eye protector and hand gloves while working in the laboratory .
2. Never taste a chemical
3. Never point the test tubes towards yourself or towards your neighbours while heating or adding any reagent.
4. Keep your working place clean and do not throw filter paper in sink.
IR
S
5. Use dustbins for throwing waste .
6. Wash your hands properly after completion of your laboratory work.
EXPERIMENT No. – 12
Aim :- To analyse the given inorganic salt for acidic(anion) and basic (cation) radical.
S H
A
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand , filter paper , delivery

bottle , watch glass.

A K
tube , distilled water, dilute/conc. H2SO4, beakers, ,funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner, reagents ,glass rod, spatula , wash

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
BY
L
Colour : white (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+ absent)

O
Odour : Ammonium smell ( NH+4 may be present)

O
Solubility : Soluble in water

H
Flame Test : No characteristic flame (Cu2+, Ca2+ , Ba2+ ,Sr2+ ,Pb2+ , Zn2+absent)

Preliminary test:
S C
Test for Acidic Radical

IC
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

BL
1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A anion (C𝑂32−
S2- , S𝑂32− , N𝑂2− ) are absent

2.
PU
Salt solution + Conc.H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group B anion (Cl– , I– , N𝑂3− , Br–

E
, C2𝑂42− , CH3COO-) are absent

IN
Confirmative test :
S𝑂42− present

V
3. BaCl2 test : White Ppt formed

I
Salt Solution + BaCl2 Solution

4.
D Lead Acetate Test : -
Salt Solution + lead acetate
White ppt. formed S𝑂42− Confirmed

solution
Add ammonium acetate Solution Ppt becomes soluble
(CH3COO NH4 ) to above ppt.

Test for Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt solution + NaOH + Smell of Ammonia Zero group (NH4 + )present

Heat

5
 2. Place a red litmus on the Red litmus turns blue NH4 + present
mouth of test tube
Confirmative Test:
3. NaOH Test : Smell of NH3 NH4 + Confirmed
Salt Solution + NaOH + white dense fumes of NH4Cl are formed
Heat Bring a glass rod
dipped in dil HCl
4. Nessler Test: Salt Reddish brown ppt is formed NH4 + Confirmed
solution + NaOH +
Nessler’s reagent

R
Chemical Reactions for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :-
1- BaCl2 Test:
S I
H
(NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 ↓ + 2NH4Cl

S
(White Ppt)

A
Confirmative Test :

K
2- (CH3COO)2 Pb Test :

A
(NH4)2SO4 + (CH3COO)2 Pb → PbSO4 ↓ +2 CH3COONH4

Y
(White ppt)
PbSO4 ↓ +2CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2 Pb + (NH4)2SO4
soluble
B
L
Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical
Preliminary Test :
O
O
(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3 (g)

H
NH3 + red litmus → litmus turn blue

C
Confirmative Test :

S
NaOH Test :

C
(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3 (g)

I
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

BL
(Dense white fumes)
Nessler’s Test :

PU
(NH4)2CO3 + 2KOH → K2CO3 + H2O + NH3
2K2HgI4 + 3KOH+ NH3 → NH2HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

E
(Nessler’s Reagent) Iodide of Millon’s base

N
( Brown ppt.)

I
Result : The given inorganic salt contains following

V
Acidic Radical : - S𝑂42−

D I Basic Radical : NH4 +

Precaution:
1. Use a apron , an eye protector and hand gloves while working in the laboratory .
2. Never taste a chemical
3. Never point the test tubes towards yourself or towards your neighbours while heating or adding any reagent.
4. Keep your working place clean and do not throw filter paper in sink.
5. Use dustbins for throwing waste .
6. Wash your hands properly after completion of your laboratory work.

6
 EXPERIMENT No.– 13
Aim : To analyse the given salt for one acidic(anion) and one basic (cation) radical.
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Salt ,test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper ,
delivery tube , distilled water, dilute/conc. H2SO4, beakers, ,funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner, NH4OH, AgNO3, Solid
K2Cr2O7 ,NaOH, dil HCl ,K2CrO4 , KI , lead acetate ,glass rod, spatula, wash bottle ,filter paper.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : white (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+ absent)
Odour : pungent smell (Cl– may be present)
Solubility : Soluble in water
Flame Test : Dull Bluish white flame is obtained (Pb2+may be)

R
Test for Acidic Radical
Preliminary test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
S I
1. 1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved
S H
Group A anion (C𝑂32− ,N𝑂2− ,

A
solution S𝑂32− , 𝑆 2− , CH3COO- absent)

K
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas with pungent smell Group B anion (Cl- may be)

A
Bring a glass rod dipped in which gives dense white fumes of
NH4OH NH4Cl
Confirmatory Test:
3. AgNO3 test : Salt Solution + AgNO3. Curdy white ppt
BY Cl- confirmed

L
Dissolve the ppt in NH4OH White ppt soluble in NH4OH

O
4. Chromyl chloride Test:
(a) Salt + Solid K2Cr2O7 (1:2) + conc. Reddish orange gas is evolved
H2SO4 + Heat
O
H
(b) Pass these vapour through NaOH Solution becomes yellow

C
Cl- confirmed

S
(c) Add acetic acid and lead Yellow ppt of lead chromate is formed
acetate(2ml) to yellow solution which is soluble in NaOH solution

I C
Test for Basic Radical

BL
Preliminary Test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

PU
1. Salt solution + NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group [NH4+ ] absent
2. Salt Solution + dil HCl White ppt of PbCl2 is I group [Pb2+ may be]

E
Filter the above ppt. and boil it with formed
water and divide into two parts.

IN
Confirmative test :

V
3. KI test : 1st part + KI solution PbI2 (Yellow Ppt) soluble on boiling Pb2+ Confirmed
4.

D IK2CrO4 Test : 2nd part + K2CrO4 Yellow ppt of PbCrO4 is

formed soluble in NaOH solution
Chemical Reaction for Acidic Radical
Pb2+ Confirmed

Preliminary Test :
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
PbCl2+ H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2HCl
NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O
(White dense fumes)
Confirmative Test : AgNO3 test
PbCl2 + 2AgNO3 → 2AgCl ↓ + NH4 NO3
(Curdy white ppt)
AgCl + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3 )2 ]Cl + 2H2O
Diammine silver (I) Chloride

7
Chromyl Chloride Test :
2PbCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + 3 H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 2PbSO4 + K2SO4 + 3 H2O
Reddish orange gas
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + H2O
Sodium Chromate
(Yellow Solution)
Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 → PbCrO4 ↓+ 2CH3COONa
Lead Chromate
(yellow ppt)
Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical
Preliminary Test : Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 ↓ + 2H+
(White)
IR
S
Confirmative Test :
(i) KI Test : PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 ↓ + 2KCl

H
(Yellow ppt.)

S
(ii) K2CrO4 Test : PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 ↓ + 2KCl

A
(Yellow ppt.)

K
Result : The given inorganic salt contains

A
Acidic Radical Cl–
Basic Radical Pb2+
EXPERIMENT – 14
BY
Aim : To analyse the given salt for one acidic(anion) and one basic (cation) radical.

L
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , delivery

O
tube , distilled water, dilute /conc. H2SO4, beakers, ,funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner , dil HCl, FeCl3 , NaOH

O
glass rod , spatula, wash bottle , watch glass.

H
Preliminary Investigation

C
Physical state : Solid

S
Colour : white (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+ absent)
Odour : Vinegar like smell (CH3COO– may be present)

I C
Solubility : Soluble in water

BL Test for Acidic Radical

Dry Heating Test : Acetic acid vapours–Characteristic vinegar like smell.
Flame Test : Dull Bluish white flame is obtained (Pb2+may be)

PU
Preliminary test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

E
1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 Colourless gas with vinegar like Group A anion (C𝑂32− ,N𝑂2− ,

N
solution smell turns the blue litmus paper red S𝑂32− , 𝑆 2− ,absent) (CH3 COO-

V I may be)

I
Confirmative Test:

D
3. Oxalic acid test: Vinegar like smell CH3COO– confirmed
Salt + oxalic acid crystal + water +make paste +
rub the paste between the finger and smell
4 Ester test: Pleasant fruity smell CH3COO– confirmed
Salt + few drops of conc. H2SO4+ ethyl alcohol
5 Neutral ferric chloride test : Reddish brown / blood red
(a) Salt solution + few drops FeCl3 colouration (no precipitate)
(b) Filter the solution and divide filtrate in two
parts Reddish brown colour CH3COO– confirmed
In part I + dil HCl disappear
Part II + water + boil Reddish brown ppt

Test for Basic Radical

8
Preliminary Test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt solution + NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group [NH4+ ] absent
2. Salt Solution + dil HCl White ppt of PbCl2 is I group [Pb2+ may be]
Filter the above ppt and boil it with formed
water and divide into two parts.
Confirmative test :
3. KI test : 1st part + KI solution PbI2 (Yellow Ppt) soluble on Pb2+ Confirmed
boiling
4. K2CrO4 Test : 2nd part + K2CrO4 Yellow ppt of PbCrO4 is Pb2+ Confirmed
formed soluble in NaOH

R
solution
Preliminary Test :
(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 → 2CH3COOH + PbSO4
S I
H
vinegar like smell

S
Blue litmus + CH3COOH ↑ → blue litmus turn red

A
K
Confirmative Test :

A
Oxalic acid test:
(COOH)2 + (CH3COO)2Pb → 2CH3COOH + PbC2O4

Ester test:
vinegar like smell
BY
L
(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2CH3COOH

O
2CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COO C2H5 + H2O

O
Ethyl acetate

H
(fruity smell)
Neutral ferric chloride test :
2FeCl3 + 3(CH3COO)2Pb →3PbCl2 + 2(CH3COO)3Fe
S C
Ferric acetate

I C
(Reddish brown /blood red)

BL
(CH3COO)3Fe +2 H2O → CH3COO(OH)2Fe ↓ +2CH3COOH
Reddish brown ppt.

PU Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical

(basic ferric acetate)

E
N
Preliminary Test :
I
PbCl2 + 2HCl → PbCl2 + 2HCl
V
D I (White)
Confirmative Test :
(i) KI Test : PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 ↓ + 2KCl
(Yellow ppt.)
(ii) K2CrO4 Test : PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 ↓+ 2KCl
(Yellow ppt.)

9
 EXPERIMENT – 15
Aim : To analyse the given salt for one acidic(anion) and one basic (cation) radical.
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , delivery
tube , distilled water, dilute /conc. H2SO4, beakers, ,funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner, H2S gas , K4[Fe(CN)6], glass rod ,
spatula, wash bottle , diphenyl amine , conc.HNO3 , NH4 OH, Freshly prepared FeSO4

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : Blue (Cu2+ may be)
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH4- , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : Bluish green flame (Cu2+ may be)
Test for Acidic Radical
IR
S
Preliminary test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

H
1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A anion (C𝑂32− S2- , S𝑂32− , N𝑂2−

S
, CH3COO-) are absent

A
2. Salt solution + Conc.H2SO4 Brown coloured gas(NO2) is Group B (N𝑂3− ) may be present

K
evolved

A
Confirmative test :
3. Diphenyl amine test : Deep blue coloured solution N𝑂3− Confirmed

4.
salt + Conc. H2SO4 + diphenyl amine
Ring Test :
BY
Brown ring is formed at N𝑂3− Confirmed

L
Salt + Freshly prepared FeSO4 + Conc. H2SO4 the junction of two liquids

O
along the side of the test tube
Test for Basic Radical
a- Preliminary test :
O
S.N. Experiment
CH
Observation Inference
1. Salt solution + NaOH
S
No Smell of ammonia Zero group [NH4+ ] absent

C
2. Salt Solution + dil HCl No White ppt of PbCl2 I group [Pb2+] absent

I
BL
3. Above solution + H2S gas Black ppt is formed Group II, (Cu2+ may be present )
4. Divide the above solution in 2 parts .

PU
(b) Confirmative test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

E
5. NH4OH test : 1st part + NH4 OH Deep blue colour Cu2+ confirmed

N
6. Potassium ferrocynide test : Chocolate brown ppt of Copper ferrocyanide Cu2+ confirmed

I
IInd part + K4[Fe(CN)6] is formed

I V
Chemical Reactions for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :-

D Cu (NO3)2 + H2SO4
Cu + HNO3
→ CuSO4 + 2HNO3
→ Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + H2O
Brown gas
Confirmative Test :
(i) Diphenyl amine Test
2(C6H5)2 NH + [O] → (C6H5)2 N – N (C6H5)2 + H2O
(Diphenyl amine hydrazine)
(ii) Ring Test
Cu (NO3)2 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 → 3Fe2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO → FeSO4 . NO or FeSO4 + NO + 5 H2O → [Fe (H2O )5NO] SO4
Brown ring complex Brown ring complex
(Nitroso ferrous sulphate)

10
 Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical
2+ +
Cu + H2S → CuS + 2H
Black ppt
3CuS + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O + 3S
Confirmative Test :
1. NH4OH test
Cu(NO3 )2 + 4NH4OH → [Cu(NH3 )4 ](NO3)2 + 4H2O
Deep blue solution
2. K4[Fe(CN)6 ] test :
2Cu(NO3 )2 + K4[Fe(CN)6 ] → Cu2[Fe(CN)6 ] + 4KNO3

R
Chocolate brown

I
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical : NO3-

S
Basic Radical: Cu2+

S H
A
EXPERIMENT – 16

K
Aim : To analyse the given salt for one acidic(anion) and one basic (cation) radical.

A
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , distilled
water, dilute/conc. H2SO4 ,funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner, NH4OH , NH4Cl ,dil. HCl , H2S gas ,glass rod, spatula,

Preliminary Investigation
B Y
wash bottle , watch glass, ammo. molybdate solution, blue litmus solution, conc.HNO3.

Physical state : Solid

L
O
Colour : White crystalline powder (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+ , Co2+absent)

O
Qdour : foul odour / No characteristic odour ( absence of NH4+ , S2- , CH3COO- )

H
Solubility : insoluble in water.

C
Flame Test : silvery white flame (Pb2+, Sr2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,Ni2+, Zn2+ absent)

S Test for Acidic Radical

I C
Preliminary test:

BL
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A anion (C𝑂32−

PU
S2- , S𝑂32− , N𝑂2− , CH3COO-) are
absent

E Group B anion (Cl– , I– , N𝑂3− , Br–

N
2. Salt solution + Conc.H2SO4 No gas is evolved

I
, C2𝑂42− ) are absent

I V
Confirmative test :
3.
D Ammonium Molybdate test:
Boil a pinch of salt with 2-3 ml of conc.HNO3 +
excess of ammo. molybdate solution
Yellow ppt or
colouration
𝑃𝑂43− confirmed

4. Magnesia mixture test: White ppt. on the side 𝑃𝑂43− Confirmed

Aqueous solution of salt or soda extract+ Magnesia of test tube.
mixture ( solid NH4Cl + MgCl2 solution) + heat
+ cool + NH4OH .

11
Test for Basic Radical
a- Preliminary test :

S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt solution + NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group (NH4+ )absent
2. Salt Solution + dil HCl No White ppt of PbCl2 I group (Pb2+) absent

3. Above solution + pass H2S gas No Ppt is formed Group II, (Cu2+ , Pb2+ ,As3+
absent )
4. Remove H2S gas by boiling and add White gelatinous Group III (Al3+ )may be present
NH4Cl + NH4OH & ppt.

R
divide the Solution in
two parts.

S I
H
(b) Confirmative test :

S
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

A
st
1. Take test : 1 part + dil HCl + Blue ppt. floats over

K
few drops of colourless solution Al3+ confirmed

A
blue litmus + NH4OH dropwise
2. Ammonium chloride Test : Formation of white Al3+ confirmed

Y
IInd part + NH4Cl + Boil the gelatinous ppt. of Al(OH)3

B
solution

L
Chemical Reactions for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :-
O
O
AlPO4 + dil / conc. H2SO4 → no gas evolve /no reaction

Confirmative Test :
CH
S
2- Ammonium Molybdate test:

AlPO4 +3HNO3 → H3PO4 +

I C
Al (NO3)3

B→L
orthophosphoric acid

H3PO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 (NH4)3PO4 .12MoO3↓ (Yellow /canary yellow)

PU
OR

(NH4)3[P(Mo3O10)4] ↓ (Yellow /canary yellow) + 2NaNO3 + 21NH4NO3 + 12H2O

E
N
3. Magnesia mixture test:

V I
Na2HPO4 (aq) + Mg SO4 (aq) + NH4OH(aq) →
I
Mg(NH4) PO4↓ (white ppt.) + Na2SO4 + H2O

D Mag.ammonium phosphate
Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical
AlPO4 + 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3 ↓+ (NH4 )3 PO4
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl →AlCl3 + 3H2O
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3 ↓ +3NH4Cl
White ppt
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical : PO42-
Basic Radical: Al3+

12
 EXPERIMENT – 17
Aim : To analyse the given salt for one acidic(anion) and one basic (cation) radical.
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , distilled
water, dilute/conc. H2SO4 , NH4OH , NH4Cl , Solid K2Cr2O7 , AgNO3, NaOH, dil HCl , DMG(dimethylglyoxime) ,
H2S gas, aqua regia , Conc. HCl , Conc. HNO3 , H2S funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner, reagents , glass rod, spatula,
wash bottle , watch glass, passing tube.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : Green (Ni2+- may be)
Qdour : No characteristic odour (absence of CH3COO- , NH4+ , S2- )

R
Solubility : Soluble in water.

I
Flame Test : No Characteristic flame [absence of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+,Cu2+,Ba2+ )

S
Green flame ( presence of Ni2+)
Test for Acidic Radical
Preliminary test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
S H
A
K
1. 1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A anion (C𝑂32− ,N𝑂2− ,

A
solution S𝑂32− , 𝑆 2− ,absent)

Y
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas with pungent smell Group B anion (Cl- may be)

B
Bring a glass rod dipped in which gives dense white fumes of
NH4OH NH4Cl
Confirmatory Test:
L
O
3. AgNO3 test : Salt Solution + AgNO3. Curdy white ppt Cl- confirmed

O
H
Dissolve the ppt in NH4OH

C
White ppt soluble in NH4OH

S
4. Chromyl chloride Test:
(a) Salt + Solid K2Cr2O7 (1:2) + conc. Reddish orange gas is evolved

I C
H2SO4 + Heat

BL
(b) Pass these vapour through NaOH Solution becomes yellow Cl- confirmed

PU
(c) Add acetic acid and lead acetate to
yellow solution Yellow ppt of lead chromate is formed.

E
N
Test for Basic Radical

I
a- Preliminary test :

V
S.N.
1.
D I
Experiment
Salt solution + NaOH
Observation
No Smell of ammonia
Inference
Zero group (NH4+ )absent
2. Salt Solution + dil HCl No White ppt of PbCl2 I group (Pb2+) absent

3. Above solution + pass H2S gas No ppt. is formed Group II, (Cu2+ , Pb2+ ,As3+
absent )
4. Remove H2S gas by boiling and add No ppt. Group III (Fe3+ , Al3+ ) absent
NH4Cl + NH4OH in excess
Pass H2S gas through above solution Black ppt. Group IV [Ni2+ or Co2+ May
Dissolve the ppt by boiling with aqua regia be
[3 part Conc HCl + present]
1 part Conc. HNO3] evaporate to dryness &
add water & divide in 2 parts .
(b) Confirmative test :

13
 S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. DMG test : I part + NH4OH + Bright red (Rose pink ) ppt. Ni2+ confirmed
DMG(dimethylglyoxime)
2. NaOH Test : 2nd part + NaOH Apple green ppt Ni2+ confirmed

Chemical Reaction for Acidic Radical

Preliminary Test :
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
NiCl2 + H2SO4 → Ni SO4 + 2HCl
NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O
(White dense fumes)

R
Confirmative Test : AgNO3 test
NiCl2+ 2AgNO3 →
2AgCl ↓ + Ni(NO3 )2
(Curdy white ppt)
S I
H
AgCl + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3 )2 ]Cl + 2H2O

S
(Diammine silver (I) Chloride)

A
Chromyl Chloride Test :

K
∆
2NiCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 → 2KHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O + 2NiSO4
Reddish orange gas
A
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH → Na2CrO4 +
Sodium Chromate
2NaCl + H2O

BY
L
(Yellow Solution)
Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 → PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
O
O
H
Lead Chromate

C
(yellow ppt)

S
Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical

C
Preliminary Test :
NiCl2 + H2S → NiS ↓+ 2HCl
I
BL
(black ppt.)

PU
3NiS + 2HNO3 + 6HCl → 3NiCl2 + 2NO + 3S + H2O
Confirmative Test :

E
(i) DMG test:

IN
IV
D Or
(C4H7N2O2)2Ni↓(red)
(ii) NaOH Test :
NiCl2 + 2NaOH → Ni(OH)2 + 2NaCl
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical Cl-
Basic Radical Ni2+

14
 EXPERIMENT – 18
Aim : To analyse the given salt for one acidic(anion) and one basic (cation) radical.
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , distilled
water, dilute/conc. H2SO4 NaOH dil HCl , Na2[Fe(CN)5NO)], NH4Cl , NH4OH, lead acetate solution , H2S gas,
funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner, reagents , glass rod, spatula, wash bottle, potassium ferrocyanide solution, passing
tube, dil. Acetic acid.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : white
Qdour: sulphurous odour (presence of S2- )

R
Solubility : insoluble in water.

I
Test for Acidic Radical

S
Preliminary test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 Colourless gas (H2S)having rotten egg

S H
Group A anion (𝑆 2− may be
smell, turn lead acetate paper black
A
present)
Confirmative test :
2. Sodium nitroprusside test :
A
Purple violet colourK 𝑆 2− Confirmed

Y
Salt Solution (soda extract)+ Sodium nitroprusside

B
solution, Na2[Fe(CN)5NO)]
3. Lead Acetate Test : - Black ppt. formed 𝑆 2− Confirmed

L
Salt Solution(soda extract) + dil. Acetic acid+ lead

O
acetate solution

O
Test for Basic Radical

H
Preliminary test :

S.N.
1.
Experiment
Salt solution + NaOH
S C Observation
No Smell of ammonia
Inference
Zero group (NH4+ )absent

C
I group (Pb2+) absent

I
2. Salt Solution + dil HCl No White ppt of PbCl2

BL
3. Above solution + pass H2S gas No ppt. is formed Group II, (Cu2+ , Pb2+ ,As3+
absent )

PU
4. Remove H2S gas by boiling and add No ppt. Group III (Fe3+ , Al3+ ) absent
NH4Cl + NH4OH in excess

E
Pass H2S gas through above solution. Dirty white ppt. Group IV [Zn2+ May be

N
present]

V I
I
Confirmative test :

S.N.
1.
D Experiment
Dissolve the white ppt.in dil. HCl. Boil off
Observation Inference
Zn2+ confirmed
H2S gas .Divide the solution in two parts
1. One part + excess NaOH solution drop White ppt. soluble in excess of
wise NaOH
2. (b) second part + potassium ferrocyanide White or bluish white ppt. Zn2+ confirmed
solution

Chemical Reactions for Acidic Radical

Preliminary Test :-
Dilute H2SO4 test : Pungent smelling gas like that of rotten egg is obtained.

15
S2– + 2H+ →H2S↑
Confirmative Test :
Sodium nitroprusside test : Purple violet coloration is obtained.
ZnS + Na2 [Fe(CN)5 (NO)] → Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS] (purple).
Sodium nitroprusside
Lead acetate test : Filter paper moistened with lead acetate solution turns black.
(CH3COO)2Pb + H2S → PbS↓ (black) + 2CH3COOH.
Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical
Preliminary Test :

R
Zn2+ + H2S → ZnS ↓+ 2HCl
(white ppt.)
The precipitate is soluble in dilute HCl.
S I
H
ZnS + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2S ↑

S
Confirmative Test :

A
(i) NaOH Test :
ZnCl2 + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl
White ppt.
A K
Y
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH (excess) → Na2ZnO2 + H2 O

B
Sod. Zincate (soluble)

L
(ii) Potassium ferrocyanide test:
→
O
2 ZnCl2+ K4 [Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6] ↓ + 4KCl

O
White or
bluish white ppt.
Result : The given inorganic salt contains.
C H Acidic Radical : S2–
Basic Radical : Zn2+

S and one basic (cation) radical.

EXPERIMENT – 19

I C
Aim : To analyse the given salt for one acidic(anion)

BL
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , distilled
gas,
water, dilute/conc. H2SO4 , lime water ,NH4OH , NH4Cl , MgSO4,NaOH, dil. HCl , H2S funnel, spirit lamp / gas

PU
burner, reagents , glass rod, spatula, wash bottle .
Preliminary Investigation

E
Physical state : Solid

IN
Colour : white powder
Qdour : No characteristic odour (absence of CH3COO- , NH4+ , S2- )

I V
Solubility : soluble in water.

D
Flame Test : grassy green flame
Test for Acidic Radical
Preliminary test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. 1 Salt solution + dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A anion (C𝑂32− ,N𝑂2− ,
solution S𝑂32− , 𝑆 2− , CH3COO- absent)
2. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas with pungent smell Group B anion (Cl- may be)
Bring a glass rod dipped in which gives dense white fumes of
NH4OH NH4Cl
Confirmatory Test:
3. AgNO3 test : Salt Solution + AgNO3. Curdy white ppt. Cl- confirmed
Dissolve the ppt. in NH4OH White ppt. soluble in NH4OH

16
 4. Chromyl chloride Test:
(a) Salt + Solid K2Cr2O7 (1:2) + conc. Reddish orange gas is evolved
H2SO4 + Heat
(b) Pass these vapour through NaOH Solution becomes yellow
Cl- confirmed
(c) Add acetic acid and lead Yellow ppt. of lead chromate is formed
acetate(2ml) to yellow solution which is soluble in NaOH solution
Test for Basic Radical
Preliminary test :

S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

R
1. Salt solution + NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group (NH4+ )absent

I
2. Salt Solution + dil. HCl No White ppt. of PbCl2 I group (Pb2+) absent

S
Group II, (Cu2+ , Pb2+ ,As3+

H
3. Above solution + pass H2S gas No ppt. is formed

S
absent )
4. Remove H2S gas by boiling and add No ppt. Group III (Fe3+ , Al3+ ) absent
NH4Cl + NH4OH in excess
A
5.
6.
Pass H2S gas through above solution.
Boil off H2S then add NH4Cl (s) , NH4OH &
No ppt.
White precipitate
A K
Group IV absent
Group V present

Y
(NH4)2CO3 (aq.)

B
Confirmative test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
7. Dissolve ppt. in CH3COOH and divide into
L
O
three parts and test in the sequence given

O
below.

H
8. I part + K2CrO4. Yellow precipitate Ba2+ confirmed

C
(BaCrO4 insoluble in CH3COOH).

S
9. Perform flame test with group ppt.(yellow Apple green flame Ba2+ confirmed
ppt.) or original salt (paste in conc. HCl)

I C
BL
Chemical Reaction for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :

PU
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
BaCl2+ H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl
NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O

E
(White dense fumes)

IN
Confirmative Test : AgNO3 test
BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 → 2AgCl ↓ + NH4 NO3

I V (Curdy white ppt.)

D
AgCl + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3 )2 ]Cl +
Diammine silver (I) Chloride
2H2O

Chromyl Chloride Test :

2BaCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + 3 H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 2BaSO4 + K2SO4 + 3 H2O
Reddish orange gas
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + H2O
Sodium Chromate
(Yellow Solution)
Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 → PbCrO4 ↓+ 2CH3COONa
Lead Chromate
(yellow ppt.)

17
 Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical ↑
Confirmative Test :
Precipitation with (NH4)2CO3 in presence of NH4OH + NH4Cl :
BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3↓ + 2NH4Cl
(white ppt.)
BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2 Ba + H2O + CO2
soluble
Potassium chromate test : A yellow precipitate is formed, practically insoluble in water
(CH3COO)2 Ba + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4↓ + 2CH3COOK

R
Yellow ppt.
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical: Cl-
Basic Radical: Ba2+
S I
S H
A
EXPERIMENT – 20
Aim : To analyse the given salt for one acidic(anion) and one basic (cation) radical.
A K
Y
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , distilled

B
water, dilute/conc. H2SO4 , NH4OH , NH4Cl , (NH4)3PO4 NaOH, dil. HCl , H2S gas, funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner,

L
reagents , glass rod, spatula, wash bottle .

O
Preliminary Investigation

O
Physical state : Solid

H
Colour : white

C
Qdour : No characteristic odour (absence of CH3COO- , NH4+ , S2- )

S
Solubility : insoluble in water.
Flame Test : no colour change to flame

I C
Test for Acidic Radical

BL
Preliminary test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

PU
1. Salt solution + dil. H2SO4 colourless gas with brisk Group A anion (C𝑂32− may be
effervescence present)

E
Confirmatory test :

N
2. Pass the evolved gas into lime water milky C𝑂32− present

I
lime water by passing tube

V
C𝑂32− Confirmed

I
3. MgSO4 Test : White ppt. of MgCO3
Salt solution + MgSO4

D
Preliminary test :
Test for Basic Radical

S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt solution + NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group (NH4+ )absent
2. Salt Solution + dil. HCl No White ppt of PbCl2 I group (Pb2+) absent

3. Above solution + pass H2S gas No ppt. is formed Group II, (Cu2+ , Pb2+ ,As3+
absent )
4. Remove H2S gas by boiling and add No ppt. Group III (Fe3+ , Al3+ ) absent
NH4Cl + NH4OH in excess
5. Pass H2S gas through above solution. No ppt. Group IV absent
6. Boil off H2S then add (NH4)2CO3 (aq.), NH4OH No white precipitate Group V absent
& NH4Cl (s)

18
 Confirmative test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
7. Filtrate of group V or original solution White precipitate Mg2+ present
add NH4Cl or NH4OH in excess and
ammonium phosphate
8. Perform cobalt nitrate test with the salt Pink colour Mg2+ confirmed

Chemical Reaction for Acidic Radical

Preliminary Test :-
MgCO3 + dil.H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + CO2 ↑+ H2O
Confirmative Test

R
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Milky (white ppt.)
CO32- + MgSO4 → MgCO3 ↓+ SO42-
S I
H
White ppt.

Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical ↑

A S
K
Confirmative Test :

A
MgSO4 + (NH4)3 PO4 → Mg(NH4)PO4 ↓+ (NH4)2 SO4

Y
white ppt.

B
Charcoal cavity cobalt nitrate test :
2Co(NO3)2 → 2 CoO + 4 NO2 + O2
MgCO3 → MgO + CO2
L
MgO + CoO→ MgOCoO(pink mass)
O
O
H
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical: CO32-

C
Basic Radical: Mg2+

S
I C
BL
PU
E
IN
I V
D

19