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1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics. Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

Renewable Energy Systems for Generating

Electric Power: A Review

2
Bahadur Singh Pali I and Shelly Vadhera
I
Member IEEE, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
I 2
E-mail: bahadursinghpali@gmail. com. shelly_vadhera@rediffinail. com

Abstract-This paper reviews various schemes utilized such fascinating features, they also have several
for generating electric power from renewable energy limitations and challenges as weIl. Their use is still
resources, which are suitable for interconnecting with a slightly restricted because of some of their drawbacks. The
power grid as weil as for using as an isolated system. As all
first one, among the major drawbacks, is their dependency
the renewable energy resources except geothermal energy,
on climate, because of which these energies continuously
being c1imate dependent, the power genera ted from them is
vary and the power available from them at particular
of varying magnitude--even sometimes no power is genera ted
at all. The other drawbacks are the poor power quality and
location is not of constant magnitude at all the times. Even
the high cost of generation, which are the big challenges for at some instants it becomes zero--as an example, the solar
meeting the target of ever increasing demand of electric energy at night or in cloudy days. However, this problem
power by renewable energy systems in an efficient and has been overcome to some extent by using the hybrid
effective way. The various schemes described in the literature systems combining with other types of renewable energy
for improving the power quality as weil as the overall systems or with any one of the conventional systems like
performance of the system by using developed technologies
diesel-engine driven generator. For further reliable and
involving power electronics, are reviewed in the paper. In
continuous operation of the system, some energy storing
order to achieve the continuous power of constant magnitude
scheme is used as a backup arrangement.
up to the satisfactory level, the hybrid schemes using two or
more renewable energy sources or any conventional system
Second drawback is the high cost of generation.
with some energy storage methods for backup are also Except the geothermal energy, the power generation from
discussed. Despite this technological development, still an all the renewable energy resources, up to the satisfactory
urgent need to further investigate some other renewable level, is very costly as compared to conventional energy
energy source or scheme to provide continuous energy of systems. The third major one is the development of
constant magnitude at low cost is earnestly observed in technology and to commercialize it. The technology for
the paper.
some renewable energy sources is still in progress for
Keywords-renewable energy source; hybrid generation;
generating continuous power of improved quality and of
wind energy system; solar energy; constant voltage; constant
constant magnitude throughout the day. Even, in spite of
jrequency.
worldwide rapid growth in wind power generation with
I. INTRODUCTION the fast development of wind power technologies and
development of various wind turbine (WT) concepts, the
The renewable energy resources, also called
wind energy conversion system (WECS) is still needed to
alternative, sustainable or nonconventional energy, are the
be more cost-competitive [3]. The various renewable
energies which are obtained from natural resources and
energy systems and schemes for power generation are
are naturally replenished such as wind, solar, hydro,
discussed in following sections of the paper. The wind and
geothermal, biomass and ocean energies. The worldwide
solar energies are discussed in section 11 and III, while the
ever increasing demand of electricity and diminishing
sections IV, V and VI describe the geothermal energy,
fossil fuels reserves make the renewable energies in high
ocean energy and hydro power respectively. Conclusions
demand all over the world. Moreover, there are so many
are given in section VII of the paper.
such remote and rural areas, which still have no electricity.
Even in rural India, there are about 72 million households 11. WIND ENERGY
who have no access to electricity [1, 2]. So, one of the
appreciable use of nonconventional energy sources is to The wind power, as being more or less always

electrify such rural areas and remote villages, which are available everywhere, has the fastest growth in many

far from the transmission lines and power stations, where developed and developing countries worldwide. In last 20

the installation of transmission lines is not economically years its annual rate of increase is 30% in the world [3, 4].

viable. In Germany, as an example, the installed capacity of wind

The renewable energy resources, as being clean, are power is more than 20 GW with an approximate yearly
output of 40 TWh in 2007 [5]. The rapid growth in wind
environment friendly and inexhaustible. However, with

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1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics. Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

power as well as in its technological development made it characteristics [52]. The synchronous generators or IGs
an alternative to conventional energy systems. are used which feed the generated power to the grid. But,
Consequently the wind energy systems have made a because of simple operation, easy control and low
significant contribution to the daily life in developing maintenance cost, IGs are commonly preferred to use
countries, where there is no access of electricity to the one instead of synchronous generators. They also have no
third population of the world [6-8]. problem of synchronization. The IGs operate at a slip of
Wind, which results from air in motion, possesses 1-5% above the synchronous speed.
kinetic energy by virtue of its motion. If any device slows
down the motion of moving air can extract a part of the C. Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency (VSCF)
wind energy and utilize it in some useful work. In electric This scheme of WECSs yields higher output for both
generation the WT extracts energy from wind in motion high and low wind speeds [52-56]. In this scheme both
and rotates the electric generator. The power output vertical as weH as horizontal axis WTs can be used. This
extracted from the wind by a WECS depends upon the scheme is suitable to obtain constant frequency output from
wind speed, the cross section area of the wind swept by a variable wind speed by using an AC-DC-AC link. The 3-
the WT rotor, the efficiencies of the WT, gear phase ac output is rectified by a high powered thyristor
system, electric generator and mechanical transmission controlIed bridge rectifier and then the dc output is again
system [9-11]. converted in ac by a line commutated inverter. The
Almost all the WECSs utilize the induction generator frequency is automatically controlIed by the grid [55, 57].
[IG] as energy conversion device, because of its many
advantages over synchronous generators [12-14]. Various D. Double Output Induction Generator (DOIG)
voltage control schemes of WECS with IG are given in
In this scheme a WRIG is used, whose stator
literature. One of them using stator oriented field control
terminals are connected to the power grid [58-72]. The
is discussed in [15]. The schemes used for maximum
variable frequency output is fed to the grid through an ac­
power point tracking (MPPT) for WECSs are proposed in
dc-ac link consisting of a combination of a full wave
[16-24]. The IG and the various schemes used for electric
bridge rectifier and a thyristor inverter. But the scheme
power generation from the wind energy are described
has some drawbacks like poor power factor, more
below:
maintenance cost and low reliability, because of which the

A. Induction Generator scheme is not extensively used. Moreover it is not suitable

for isolated systems, because it requires grid supply for its
Increasing power generation from WECSs and from excitation.
other renewable energy resources has made the use of IG
more and more popular [13], [25-28]. Accordingly their E. Variablet-Speed Variable-Frequency (VSVF)
technological development has also progressed. They are
In this scheme, the SEIG is conveniently used.
designed according to applications and their suitability to
Because of variable speed the output frequency is also
various types of schemes available. So many schemes
variable. So this scheme is suitable for resistive loads like
using IGs-single-phase and three-phase-used in grid
heating loads where frequency does not affect the load
connected or in isolated systems are available in literature.
[25-28].
Several practical configurations of a grid tied single-phase
induction generator (SPIG) are given in [29]. The III. SOLAR ENERGY
modeling, excitation capacitance requirement, steady-state
Photovoltaic (PV) cell also called solar cell converts
and transient performance of SPIGs are explored in [30-
the solar energy received from the sun into the dc electric
38]. The other types of IGs are self-excited induction
power. When many PV cells-typically 36-are connected
generator (SEIG) and doubly-fed induction generator
in series, the combination is called a module. To increase
(DFIG) also called wound rotor induction generator
voltage magnitude and current supplying capacity for
(WRIG) which are described in [39-42]. An overview of
larger solar plants, many PV modules are connected in
3-phase SEIG is given in [12].The steady-state and
series and in parallel to form a PV array. The dc output is
transient analysis and modeling of SEIGs are given in
converted into ac by using a suitable inverter.
[43-51]. The bibliography on the application of IG in
The photovoltaic systems, like the WECSs, may be
nonconventional energy systems is given [13]. The
grid-connected or stand-alone. For continuous power, the
generating schemes involving wind energy using the
solar energy plants are commonly designed with some
above IGs are broadly c1assified as under:
backup arrangement and in hybrid combination with any
B. Constant-Speed Constant-Frequency (CSCF) other energy system-either conventional or
nonconventional. In literature, so many hybrid schemes
In this scheme, the speed of the wind turbine rotor is
combining with solar energy are available. In [73] a
kept constant by adjusting the blade pitch and generator
review of the current state of the simulation, optimization

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and control techniques for the stand-alone hybrid solar­ no geothermal power projects have been exploited at all.
wind energy systems with battery storage is given. In [74] About 300 thermal springs are known to occur in India,
a comprehensive supervisor control for a hybrid system falling in Himalayan region as well as in Peninsular
that comprises wind and photovoltaic generation region. Overall 31 areas have been examined in detail
subsystems with a battery backup and ac-load, is and finally shallow drilling has been done in 16 areas
developed. In [75] a hybrid energy system combining only [84].
variable speed WT, solar PV and a fuel cell to residential In Western United States, 20 plants are providing
power application is given. In this scheme wind and PV 2200 MW of clean and reliable power from geothermal
cell are the main source of energy and fuel cells are used energy. Currently identified resources could provide over
as backup. The result shows that even sun and wind are 20, 000 MW of power in US and undiscovered resources
not there, the system is reliable and can supply high might provide 5 times of that amount [85]. The state of the
quality of power to the load. The methods to determine art in harnessing geothermal power in medium and large
optimum generation capacity and storage needed for a scale generation of electricity is discussed in [86]. This
stand-alone wind, PV and hybrid windlPV systems for an paper reviews current, probable, possible and potential
experimental site in a remote area in Montana with a developments both in developed and developing countries
typical residential load are described in [76]. A description in near future and long term. The United States possesses
to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of vast underground stores of heat whose full potential has
hybrid solar-wind power generation system employing a yet to be realized. The energy content of domestic
battery bank is given in [77]. A system having a geothermal resources to a depth of 3 km is estimated to be
combination of PV, WT and battery storage via a common 3 million quads, equivalent to 30, 000 years supply of
dc bus is given in [78]. A low pass filter is used in the energy at the current rate of the US [87].
system for power averaging. In the paper the power The salient features of various types of geothermal
control strategies of a grid connected hybrid generation energy resources which are potentially viable for
system with versatile power transfer, is discussed. An exploitation are discussed in [88].
optimum design model is proposed in [79] for designing In order to utilize geothermal energy for power
hybrid solar-wind system employing battery banks for generation, about 2-3 km or more deep wells are drilled
calculating the system optimum configurations and into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot
ensuring that the annual cost of the system is minimized. water that drive the turbines and electric generators. Four
Small signal stability analysis results of an autonomous types of power plants operating today are named below:
renewable energy power generation/energy storage system
connected to isolated loads using time domain simulation A. Flashed Steam Plant
is presented in [80]. The system includes 3 WTs, a diesel Extremely hot water from drill holes is released from
generator, two fuel cells and a PV system. The energy deep reservoirs at high pressure steam (flashed steam).
storage system consists of a battery energy storage system. The heat is extracted from the hot dry rock.
An economic evaluation of a hybrid system for a typical
horne in the Pacific Northwest is performed in [81]. 1t is a B. Dry Steam Plant
hybrid system consisting of wind, PV and fuel cello Fuzzy
In these plants usually the geysers are the main source
optimization based technique is proposed in [82] for solar
of dry steam.
array control. An MPPT system for PV arrays, also based
on fuzzy control, is discussed in [83]. C. Binary Power Plant
IV. GEOTHERMALENERGY The binary process does not take steam from the
geothermal fluid direct1y to the turbine. By removing only
The thermal energy trapped beneath and within the
the heat from the brine, the binary process offers higher
solid crust of the earth is known as the geothermal energy.
utilization efficiencies.
This energy exists in the form of steam, hot water and hot
or molten rock. It is naturally released in the form of D. Hybrid PowerPlant
geysers, hot springs and volcanic eruptions.
The boiling water as well as steam are produced
Geothermal energy is inexhaustible, available
which are used to drive turbines for power generation.
continuously all the year around at low cost as compared
to other renewable energies. It has very vast potential. Up
V. OC EAN ENERGY
to 2010, 24 countries are generating power with a total
capacity of 10. 7 GW from this energy. However, 88% of Energy available from oceans is known as ocean
this is generated only in seven countries. energy. The technologies for generating electric power
India has reasonably good potential for geothermal from the ocean include tidal power, wave power, ocean
energy. 10, 600 MW of power can be produced from this thermal energy, ocean currents, ocean winds and salinity
energy, but experts say only for 100 MW. However, yet gradients. Out of this six, the first three technologies are

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most developed. The tidal power requires large tidal generators-synchronous or induction, can be used. But as
difference, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is being more beneficial, the use of induction generator is
limited to tropical regions and wave energy has a more now preferred [12, 13]. The design of single-phase IG is
general application. given in [99]. Analysis and design of electronic load
India, having an extremely long cost-line, has suitable controller for SEIG is given in [100, 101].
oceanic conditions. India's potential for OTEC is Further, it is worthwhile to mention that except the
extensive [89]. Sea is a limitless source of power and is a hydro power generation, in the field of all other renewable
challenging environment, so in order to exploit wave energy systems, there is still continuous requirement of
energy commercially a number of key components are research and development for further improving the
required. However, wave technology is one of the most system performance, establishing techniques for accurate
exciting areas of untapped energy potential. Right now, output prediction, reliable integrating technologies for
there are very few ocean energy power plants and most are hybrid combination of renewable energy resources
fairly small. But the question is-how can we get the [73, 102].
energy from the ocean at competitive cost? Methods for
power generation from tidal, wave and OTEC along with VII. CONCLUSION

types of turbines are described in [90]. A very low power Today, the electric power generation from renewable
was harvested in [91] by using graphite fiber-based energy resources is growing very fast in every country of
electrodes. The anode embedded in marine sediments and the world either developing or developed. The paper
cathode in proximal sea water. The ocean is a vast source reviewed these energy sources along with the schemes,
of potential energy resources. So, the investment in which are utilized for electric power generation. The
developing the technology in ocean energy as the development and the commercialization of the established
renewable energy is likely to grow [92]. Research in technologies, the present and future potential of
OTEC, wave energy and off-shore wave energy has led developing energy sourees, the power quality and the
promising technologies and in some cases commercial power generation cost along with benefits and drawbacks
development too. OTEC could supply power of the order are also compared and discussed in the paper.
of a few terawatts [93]. There is a possibility to use 3- Despite the so many obvious benefits of power
phase permanent magnet linear generator to convert sea generation from renewable energy systems, they all suffer
wave into electric energy below 10 kW [94]. The tidal with many drawbacks. The major among them are the
energy and wave power with their status and resource discontinuity and variation in power, high generation cost,
potential are discussed in [95]. complex-design of generation and control-schemes. So, in
order to meet the world-wide increasing demand of
VI. HYDRO POWER PLANT
renewable energy conversion systems, an urgent need of
In hydro power plants (HPP), the kinetic energy some sustainable source or scheme for continuous and
tapped from flowing water or received from the falling constant power generation at low cost is deeply observed
water from some height (calIed head), is used to rotate the in the paper.
turbine and the generator to generate electric power. The
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