Classification : Primary Energy Resources : These resources are obtained from the environment. Example : Fossil fuels, solar energy, hydro energy and tidal energy. These resources can further be classified as : a Conventional Energy Sources : Example : Thermal power. b. Non Conventional Energy Sources : Example : Wind energy, geothermal, ocean energy, solar energy and tidal energy. a, Renewable : These sources are being continuously produced in nature and are inexhaustible. Example : Wood, wind energy, biomass, biogas, solar energy ete. b. Non Renewable : These are finite and exhaustible, Example : Coal, petroleum ete. Secondary Energy Resources : These resources do not occur in nature but are derived from primary energy resources. Example : Electrical energy from coal burning, H, obtained from hydrolysis of H,0.2.(a) Discuss the main features of renewable energy sources and explain the importance of non- conventional energy sources in the context of global warming. Ans. Renewable energy sources are those that are naturally replenished and do not produce greenhouse gas emissions, They include solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, and ocean energy. The main features of renewable energy sources are that they are: Sustainable: Renewable energy sources can be used over and over again without depleting the regource. Clean: Renewable energy source’-do not produce greenhouse gas emissions, which ‘contribute to climate change. e Diverse: There are many. different types of renewable energy sources, which s that they can be used ina variety of locations. & Scalable: Renewable energy sources can be scaled up to meet the demands of growing populations. Non-conventional energy sources are those that are not widely used but have the potential to provide significant amounts of energy. They include nuclear, tidal, and wave energy. The importance of non-conventional energy sources in the context of global warming is that they can help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, which are a major source of .--reenhouse gas emissions. Nuclear energy is a low-carbon source of energy that can provide baseload power, while tidal and wave energy are intermittent sources of energy that can complement solar and wind power. Here are some of the benefits of using renewable energy sources: + Reduced greenhouse gas emissions: Renewable energy sources do not produce greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. This can help to mitigate the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, and changes in agricultural yields. Improved air quality: Renewable energy sources do not produce air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. This can help to improve air quality and reduce the number of respiratory illnesses. Economic development: The development of renewable energy sources can create jobs and stimulate economic growth. This is especially. true in rural areas, where renewable energy sources can provide a source of income for farmers and other local residents. - &B. Non Conventional (Renewable) Energy Sources : These are the sources of energy which are inexhaustible i.e., can be used to produce energy again and again Example : Sun, Water, Animal dung, Agro-waste ete. Various Sources of Renewable Energy : A. Solar Energy : L Solar energy is a clean, cheap and abundantly available renewable energy and it is also the most important of the non conventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting and, therefore helps in decreasing the green house effect. Solar energy can be used as : i. By direct conversion to a fuel by photosynthesis. ii, By direct conversion to electricity by photovoltaic. iii, By conversion to electricity via thermo-electric power system. The sun releases the enormous amount of energy due to continuous fusion reaction taking place inside the sun, ‘The sun sends out the energy in the form of radiations at the rate of 3.7 x 10” MW. 1 t 7 Tidal Ocean wave Earth Geothermal Fig. 1.2.1. Renewable sources of energy. 5. However, the energy intercepted by the earth is about 1.85 x 10 MW. 6. This energy available is several times more than all the energy produced and consumed in the world. a. Merits of Solar Energy : Noiseless operation. Occupies less space on floor as there is no need of storage vessels. iii, Cheaper initial cost and no need of containers to store the fuel. b. Demerits i. Solar equipments fail to work in nights, cloudy days or rainy season. Large space is required for the collection of solar energy at a useful rate.B. Biomass : Green plants trap solar energy through the process of photosynthesis and convert it into organic matter. This organic matter is known as biomass. Wood, charcoal, agricultural waste produces the bio-energy after burning, and cow dung, garbage are anaerobically decomposed to obtain the energy. Dried animal dung or cattle dung cakes are used directly as fuels in rural area but it produces smoke and has low efficiency of burning. Merits: i. Cost of obtaining bio-energy through plantationsis lesser than cost of obtaining energy from fossil fuels. ii. Plants ensure a continuous supply of energy due to their continuous growth. iii, Growth of biomass consumes more CO, than is released during combustion of biomass besides producing the atmosphere-purifying oxygen as a by-product of the photosynthesis process. Demerits: i. Accumulation of water in the pipe line and need to remove it at ii, Inefficient designing of gas appliances. iii, Seasonal variation in gas production due to lack of temperature control and poor insulation of the plant. Hydro Energy : It is a renewable energy source, which is used to generate electricity. Hydropower is obtained from water flow or falling water from a height. Water stored behind dam and at a height has a lot of potential energy which is converted into mechanical and electrical energy. ‘The water is released gradually and is allowed to fall under the gravitational force and drive which rotate hydraulic turbines. The generators attached with turbine produce the electricity. Advantage : Hydropower does not pollute the water or the air during operation and no waste products are formed Limitation : ‘The generation of electricity by hydroelectric power plants results in pollution and ecological disturbance like flooding situation and adverse effects on flora and fauna.Sees y a 6. Tidal Energy : Gravitational pull by sun and moon result in the tides. This type of energy can be harnessed by constructing the tidal barrage. Energy can be harnessed from high as well as from low tides. During high tides, the sea water flows into the reservoir of the barrage and operates the turbine which in turn produces electricity, by rotating generators. During low tides, the water stored in the reservoir flows into the sea and again operates the turbine. In this way the energy can be harnessed from high and low tides. Meri i. Very less area is required because they are on bays. ii, Tt is free from pollution as it does not use any fuel iii, It does not produce any unhealthy waste like gases, ash, refuse, ete. Demerits: i. Tidal power plants can be developed only ifnatural sites are available. ii, The capital cost of the plant is high. iii, Utilization of tidal energy on small scale has not yet proved economical,Advantages : Renewable energy is an indigenous resource available in considerable quantities to all developing nations and capable, of having a significant local, regional or national economic impact. The use of ‘renewable energy could help to conserve foreign exchange and generate local employment if conservation technologies are designed, manufactured, assembled and installed locally. Several renewable resources are financially and economically competitive for certain applications, such as in remote locations, where the costs of transmitting electrical power or transporting conventional fuels are high, or in those well endowed with biomass, hydro or geothermal resources. Since conversion technology tends to be flexible and modular, it can usually be rapid deployed. Other advantages of modular over very large individual unit include easy in adding new capacity, less risk in comparison with ‘lumpy’ investments, lower interest on borrowed capital because of shorter lead times and reduced transmission and distribution costs for dispersed rural locations. Rapid scientific and technological advantages are expected to expand the economic range of renewable energy applications over the next 8-10 years, making it imperative for international decision makers and planners to keep awareness of these developments. Limitations : Inadequate documentation and evaluation of past experience, a scarcity of validated field performance data and a lack of clear priorities for future work. Weak or non-existent institutions and policies to finance and commercialize renewable energy systems. Technical and economic uncertainties in many renewable energy systems, high economic and financial costs for some systems in comparison with conventional supply option and energy efficiency measures. Skeptical attitudes towards renewable energy systems on the part of the energy planners and a lack of qualified personnel to design, manufacture, market, operate and maintain such systems. Inadequate donor coordination in renewable energy assistance activities, with little or no information exchange on successful and unsuccessful projects.A. Conventional (Non Renewable) Energy Sources : These are the sources of energy which are exhaustible i.e., cannot be replaced if once they are used. Example : Coal, Petroleum products, Natural gas ete. a. Coal Energy: 1. Coal is a conventional energy source. 2. It is formed due to degradation of trees and plants buried under layers of silt 3. It is composed of mainly carbon and hydrocarbons. 4. Coal is found in Jharkhand, U.P., M.P., Bihar etc. in India. 5. Uses of coal : i. Coal is used to generate electricity. Power plants use coal for heating the water to generate steam, which runs the turbines to generate electricity. ii. Various industries tar, syntheti use heat obtained from coal in making plastics, fiber, ete. ui. Coal is heated in furnace to make coke, which is used to melt iron for making steel, 6. Environmental problems : i. Due to combustion of coal, carbon dioxide is produced which is responsible for causing global warming. ii, Coal also produces sulphur dioxide which is a cause for acid rain. b. Natural Gas : . Natural gas formed by decomposition of dead animals and plants buried under the earth. It is mainly composed of methane (CH,) with small amount of propane and ethane. Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel. Uses of natural gas : i. Itis used as a domestic and industrial fuel ii. It is also used in thermal power plants for generating electricity. 5. Advantages: i. Natural gas has a high calorific value and it burns without any smoke. ii, It can be easily transported through pipelines.of Global Global warm n temperature of environment due the various gases like CH,, CO,, aerosol : ich i used by the burning of conventional fossil fue! i Non-conventional energy re: thermal energy, ete are eco-fr! kind of pollutants or harmft solar energy, wind energy, ocean fy resources and do not produce any ike CO,, CH,, SO,, NO,, ete. Thus, we can say that n, i energy resources are playing by not producing harmful gases which incre; ‘onment. 's the temperature of ¢} Solar Cells : Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electrical energy through a photovoltaic cell, commonly called a solar cell. Solar cells are the solid state electronic device used to convert the electromagnetic energy of solar radiation directly into direct current electricity. This conversion takes place inside the cell. When sunlight strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose. They move towards the treated front surface. An electron unbalance is created between the front and back. When the two surfaces are joined by a connector, like a wire, an electric current flows between the negative and positive sides. These individual solar cells are arranged together in an array.A. Principle of Solar Photovoltaic : 1. It isa field of solar energy utilization by which solar radiation is converted into electrical energy using a device called photovoltaic cell or solar cell. A solar cell is made up of a semiconductor material like silicon (Si) or gallium arsenide GaAs. In semiconductors, atoms carry four electrons in the outer valence orbit, some of which can be dislodged to move freely in the materials, if extra energy is supplied. Then, a semiconductor attains the property to conduct the current. This is the basic principle on which the solar cell works and generates power. Photovoltaic Effect : When a solar cell is illuminated, electron-hole pairs are generated and the electric current / is obtained. Tis the difference between the solar light generated current J, and the diode dark current J, Mathematically : Where, T, = Saturation current, e = Electronic charge, T = Absolute temperature, and K = Boltzmann's constant. = 1.38 x 10 J/K. Limitations : 1. When photons of light energy from the sun strike the cell, some of them (30 %) are reflected (since reflectance from semiconductors is high). 2. Photons of quantum energy Av < Eg cannot contribute to photoelectric current production (A is the Planck's constant and v the frequency). 3. Photovoltaic cells are exposed directly to the sun. As the temperature rises, leakage across the cell increases. Consequently, there is reduction in power output relative to input of solar energy. 4. Incident active photons produce electron-hole pairs with high quantum efficiency. Better cell design is required to ensure 95 % absorption. 5. The semiconductor with optimum band gap should be used for maximum efficiency.Que 1.13. | Describe solar photovoltaic (SPV) module with neat ste = Solar Photovaltai System : refers ‘This system use solar array made of silicon to convert sunlight into alec 8 Components eter than PV array are coletively known as balance of system (BOS) which icles storage batteries, an electronic charge ‘eotrlle anda interter vide vary of slarletricty apes. wee 44 Storage batteries with charge regulators are provided for back-up power supe daring periods of cloudy ay and daring nights 5 Batleros are charged daring the dy and supply power to lod os shown in Fig. 1.81 ie cis Charge PV array) role I Bates Fg 1.13.1. Blok diagram of lr potovaaie sete, {6 The capacity ofabattery is expressed inamperehoursandeath lof ‘he leat acd battery sof ol 1. Batteries rinsed with microprocessor based charg regulate to ‘monitor the voltage and temperature | I alan regulates the put and the output current to eliminate tvercharpng ad exceasve charge respectively. 8. An inverter is provided for converting DC power trom battery or PY array to AC poner 10, Teneeds to ave an tomatic itch incave the opt voltage the aay isto low ooo igh 11, Theinverterie la protected agit overloading and short ict Applicaton Te applications of phtovalscptems are givenbelow A. Solar Stret Light: 1. Tecomprsesofa compact Bsorecet lamp, wo 38 watt solar array and {ane snper-hor tabular ell battery as shown in Fig 1.174 ze ht Pv arars i Fig. 17 Solar eet ght, B, Home Lighting System 1. These are the most popular solar PY unit, typially designed o work eth woh point dene TV pot 2 When necessary small DC fan can ls be run fam this system, ©. Water Pumping System: 1. Itisanother important appiation of photovoltaic ystems, 2. These seems ae mail, empl in ral ara for areal spans, where power notary and ential Pv anys Baty bx Pig 1172, Solar water puming system, Farmers use an 1500 watt PV array to operate 02 hp DC motor pump a 44 Mean give water discharge o 10.00 ites per day roma depth upto “meters whichis suliient o irigate Sacre ofland balding several rope D. Solar Vehicles: 1_Solar photos systems ar aso wedin solar veils ike solar eas, tractors te. But solar vehicles are not aod on commer level ntl 2 Research and development i cntinuously tying to ingrease the ‘ffcieney of wor vehicles and vo make it comely workableCell quality is maximum when the value of fill factor’ approaches unity, where the fill factor (FF) is expressed as I ‘nVin LV. Where, V,, = Open circuit voltage, and T. = Short circuit current. Maximum efficiency of a solar cell is defined as the ratio of maximum electric power output to the incident solar radiation. Mathematically : oo. TVin mus TA, Where, [= Incident solar flux, and A, = Cells area. Maximum power output, Paces - Vicar ms Tosa P