AL9902

LINEAR AND PWM DIMMING HIGH VOLTAGE LED DRIVER

Description Pin Assignments

The AL9902 high-voltage PWM LED driver provides an efficient
SW NC SO GND CS VIN
solution for offline high-brightness LED lamps from rectified line
voltages ranging from 85VAC up to 277VAC. The AL9902 has an
12 11 10 9 8 77
internal MOSFET that allows switching frequencies up to 300kHz,
with the switching frequency determined by an external single
resistor. The AL9902 topology creates a constant current through the EP1 EP2
LEDs providing constant light output. The output current is
programmed by one external resistor.

11 2 3 4 5 66
The LED brightness can be varied by both linear and PWM dimming
NC NC PWM VDD LD Rosc
using the AL9902’s LD and PWM pins respectively. The PWM input
operates with duty ratio of 0-100% and frequency of up to several U-DFN6040-12
kHz.
NC SO NC NC GND CS NC VIN
The AL9902 is available in the thermally enhanced U-DFN6040-12 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
and SO-16 packages.

Features
 >90% Efficiency
 Universal Rectified 85 to 277VAC Input Range
 Internal MOSFET Up to 650V, 2A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 High Switching Frequency Up to 300kHz
NC NC SW NC PWM VDD LD Rosc
 Internal Voltage Regulator Removes Start-Up Resistor
 7.5V Regulated Output SO-16
 Tighter Current Sense Tolerance Better Than ±5%
 LED Brightness Control with Linear and PWM Dimming
 Internal Over-Temperature Protection (OTP) Applications
 U-DFN6040-12 and SO-16 Packages  LED Offline Lamps
 Totally Lead-Free & Fully RoHS compliant (Notes 1 & 2)  High Voltage DC-DC LED Driver
 Halogen and Antimony Free. “Green” Device (Note 3)  Signage and Decorative LED Lighting
 Back Lighting of Flat Panel Displays
 General Purpose Constant Current Source

Notes: 1. No purposely added lead. Fully EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS) & 2011/65/EU (RoHS 2) compliant.
2. See http://www.diodes.com/quality/lead_free.html for more information about Diodes Incorporated’s definitions of Halogen- and Antimony-free, "Green"
and Lead-free.
3. Halogen- and Antimony-free "Green” products are defined as those which contain <900ppm bromine, <900ppm chlorine (<1500ppm total Br + Cl) and
<1000ppm antimony compounds.

Typical Applications Circuit

1
AC+
2 3
Z1 HD06
602V C1 C3
AC-
4 D1
VIN
VDD Rosc

LD SW
AL9902 SO
L1
PWM Rosc
GND CS

C2
Rsense

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 AL9902

Pin Descriptions
Pin Name U-DFN5040-10 SO-16 Functions
NC 1 14 No connection
NC 2 1, 2, 4, 10,16 No connection
PWM 3 5 Low Frequency PWM Dimming pin, also Enable input. Internal 200kΩ pull-down to GND
Internally regulated supply voltage.
VDD 4  7.5V nominal.
6 Can supply up to 1 mA for external circuitry. A sufficient storage capacitor is used to provide
storage when the rectified AC input is near the zero crossing.
Linear Dimming input. Changes the current limit threshold at current sense comparator and
LD 5 changes the average LED current.
7
Oscillator control.
ROSC 6 8 A resistor connected between this pin and ground puts the AL9902 into fixed frequency mode and
sets the switching frequency.
VIN 7 9 Input voltage
CS 8 11 Senses LED string and internal MOSFET switch current
GND 9 12 Device ground
NC 11 13 No connection
SO 10 15 Source of the internal MOSFET Switch
SW 12 3 Drain of the internal MOSFET switch.
EP1 EP1 NA Exposed Pad 1(bottom). Drain connection of internal power MOSFET.
NA Exposed Pad 2 (bottom). Substrate connection of control IC. Connect to GND directly underneath
EP2 EP2
the package and large PCB area to minimize junction to ambient thermal impedance.

Functional Block Diagram & Typical Application

VIN

D1
VIN Rosc
VDD LDO 7.5V OSC

VDD
250mV SW
S
Rosc
R

LD SO

CS
OTP

PWM Rsense
200K
AL9902
GND

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Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 4) (@TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.)

Symbol Parameter Ratings Unit
VIN(MAX) Maximum Input Voltage, VIN, to GND -0.5 to +520 V
VCS Maximum CS Input Pin voltage Relative to GND -0.3 to +0.45 V
VLD Maximum LD Input Pin Voltage Relative to GND -0.3 to (VDD +0.3) V
VPWM Maximum PWM input Pin Voltage Relative to GND -0.3 to (VDD +0.3) V
VSW Maximum MOSFET Drain Pin Voltage Relative to GND -0.5 to +650 V
VSO Maximum MOSFET Source Pin Voltage Relative to GND -0.5 to (VDD +0.3) V
VGate Maximum MOSFET GATE pin Voltage Relative to GND -0.5 to (VDD +0.3) V
VDD(MAX) Maximum VDD Pin Voltage Relative to GND 8.1 V
- Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +25C) - -
- U-DFN6040-12 (derate 10mW/C above +25C) 1,000 mW
TJ Junction Temperature Range +150 °C
TST Storage Temperature Range -65 to +150 °C
ESD HBM Human Body Model ESD Protection (Note 5) 2,000 V
Notes: 4. Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those listed in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
All voltages are with respect to Ground. Currents are positive into, negative out of the specified terminal.
5. Semiconductor devices are ESD sensitive and may be damaged by exposure to ESD events. Suitable ESD precautions should be taken when handling
and transporting these devices.

Maximum Ratings of Internal MOSFET (@TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.)

Characteristic Symbol Value Units
Drain-Source Voltage VDSS 650 V
Gate-Source Voltage VGSS ±30 V
Steady TC = +25°C 1.6
Continuous Drain Current (Note 5) VGS = 10V ID A
State TC = +100°C 1
Pulsed Drain Current (Note 6) IDM 3 A
Avalanche Current (Note 7) VDD = 100V, VGS = 10V, L = 60mH IAR 0.8 A
Repetitive Avalanche Energy (Note 7) VDD = 100V, VGS = 10V, L = 60mH EAR 22 mJ
Peak Diode Recovery dv/dt 5 V/ns

Recommended Operating Conditions (@TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.)

Symbol Parameter Min Max Unit
VINDC Input DC Supply Voltage Range 20 500 V
TA Ambient Temperature Range -40 +105 °C
ISW Switch Pin Output Current - 0.4 A
VDD Maximum Recommended Voltage Applied to VDD Pin (Note 6) - 8.1 V
VPWM(lo) Pin PWM input Low Voltage 0 1
V
VPWM(hi) Pin PWM input High Voltage 2.4 VDD
Note: 6. when using the AL9902 in isolated LED lamps an auxiliary winding might be used.

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Electrical Characteristics (@TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.)

Specifications apply to AL9902 unless otherwise specified

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
Pin PWM to GND,
Ishdn Shut-Down Mode Supply Current - 0.5 1 mA
VIN = 20V
VIN = VIN(MIN) ~ 500V, (Note 8) lDD(ext) = 0,
VDD Internally Regulated Voltage 7.2 7.5 8.1 V
Gate pin open
IDD(ext) VDD Current Available for External Circuitry VIN = 20 to 100V (Note 7) - - 1.0 mA
UVLO VDD Under Voltage Lockout Threshold VDD rising 6.4 6.7 7.2 V
∆UVLO VDD Under Voltage Lockout Hysteresis VDD falling - 500 - mV
RPWM PWM Pull-Down Resistance VPWM= 5V 150 200 250 kΩ
VT MOSFET Threshold Voltage ISW = 0.5A - 4 - V
VFD MOSFET Diodes Forward Voltage ID = 0.5A - 0.85 - V
VCS(hi) Current Sense Threshold Voltage TA = -40°C to +125°C 237.5 250 262.5 mV
ROSC = 1MΩ 20 25 30
fOSC Oscillator Frequency kHz
ROSC = 226kΩ 80 100 120
DMAXhf Maximum Oscillator PWM Duty Cycle fPWMhf = 25kHz, at GATE, CS to GND. - - 100 %
VLD Linear Dimming Pin Voltage Range TA = <125°C, VIN = 20V 0 - 250 mV
TSD Thermal Shut-Down (Junction) Use DFN JA when ISW=0.4A, VDS=1V - 141 -
°C
TSDH Thermal Shut-Down Hysteresis - - 25 -
JA Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Ambient - 65 - C/W
U-DFN6040-12 (Note 8)
JC Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Case - 5 - C/W
JA Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Ambient - 100 - C/W
SO-16
JC Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Case - 15 - C/W
Notes: 7. Also limited by package power dissipation limit, whichever is lower.
8. Device mounted on FR-4 PCB (25mm x 25mm 1oz copper, minimum recommended pad layout on top. For better thermal performance, larger
copper pad for heat-sink is needed.

Internal MOSFET Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Test Condition
OFF CHARACTERISTICS (Note 9)
Drain-Source Breakdown Voltage BVDSS 650 — — V VGS = 0V, ID = 250μA
Zero Gate Voltage Drain Current IDSS — — 1 µA VDS = 650V, VGS = 0V
Gate-Source Leakage IGSS — — ±100 nA VGS = ±30V, VDS = 0V
ON CHARACTERISTICS (Note 9)
Gate Threshold Voltage VGS(th) 3 — 5 V VDS = VGS, ID = 250μA
Static Drain-Source On-Resistance RDS (ON) — 4 5 Ω VGS = 10V, ID = 1A
Diode Forward Voltage VSD — 0.7 1 V VGS = 0V, IS = 1A
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS (Note 10)
Input Capacitance Ciss — 479 — pF
VDS = 25V, VGS = 0V,
Output Capacitance Coss — 29 — pF
f = 1MHz
Reverse Transfer Capacitance Crss — 1.9 — pF
Gate Resistance Rg — 2 — Ω VDS = 0V, VGS = 0V, f = 1MHz
Total Gate Charge Qg — 14 — nC
VDS = 520V, VGS = 10V,
Gate-Source Charge Qgs — 2.5 — nC
ID = 2A
Gate-Drain Charge Qgd — 7.3 — nC
Turn-On Delay Time tD(on) — 17 — ns
Turn-On Rise Time tr — 33 — ns VDS = 325V, VGS = 10V,
Turn-Off Delay Time tD(off) — 31 — ns RG = 25Ω, ID = 2.5A
Turn-Off Fall Time tf — 25 — ns
Body Diode Reverse Recovery Time trr — 174 — ns VDS = 100V, IF = 2A,
Body Diode Reverse Recovery Charge Qrr — 884 — nC di/dt = 100A/μs
Notes: 9. Short duration pulse test used to minimize self-heating effect.
10. Guaranteed by design. Not subject to production testing.

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 AL9902

Typical Characteristics
3.0 460

2.5 440
CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV)

V IN = 400V
2.0 420

INPUT CURRENT (µA)

1.5 400
V IN = 15V

380
1.0

0.5 360

340
0.0

320
-0.5
300
-1.0
280
-1.5 -40 -15 10 35 60 85
-40
-15 10 35 60 85 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Change in Current Sense Threshold vs. Ambient Temperature Input Current vs. Ambient Temperature

1.5 450
ILED(NOM) = 180mA
SHORT CIRCUIT OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)

1.0 400
CHANGE IN FREQUENCY (%)


0.5
350
ROSC = 226k
0.0
300
-0.5
R OSC = 1M 
250
-1.0

200
-1.5

-2.0 150
-40 -15 10 35 60 85 85 105 125 145 165 185 205 225 245 265
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) INPUT VOLTAGE (VRMS)
Change in Oscillation Frequency vs. Ambient Temperature 180mA LED Driver Short Circuit Output Current vs. Input Voltage

IOUT vs. VLD Dimming Control

IOUT vs. PWM Dimming Control at 1KHz

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 AL9902

Typical Characteristics (continued)

180mA LED Driver Output Current vs. Input Voltage 180mA LED Driver Efficiency vs. Input Voltage

180mA LED Driver Power Factor vs. Input Voltage 180mA LED Driver Input Power Dissipation vs. Input Voltage

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 AL9902

Typical Characteristics (cont.)

2.0 VGS = 20V
10
VDS = 20V
1.8 VGS = 10V
VGS = 6.0V
VGS = 8.0V
1.6
1

ID, DRAIN CURRENT (A)

ID, DRAIN CURRENT (A)

1.4

1.2

1.0 VGS = 5.5V 0.1

TA = 150°C
0.8
TA = 25°C
0.6 TA = 125°C
0.01
0.4 TA = 85°C
TA = -55°C
0.2 VGS = 5.0V

0.0 0.001
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN-SOURCE VOLTAGE (V) VGS, GATE-SOURCE VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 1 Typical
Typical Output Output Characteristics
Characteristics Typical
Figure Transfer
2 Typical Characteristics
Transfer Characteristics

5 20
RDS(ON), DRAIN-SOURCE ON-RESISTANCE ()

R DS(ON), DRAIN-SOURCE ON-RESISTANCE ()

4.8 18

4.6 16

4.4 14
ID = 1.0A
4.2 12

4 VGS = 10V 10

3.8 8

3.6 6

3.4 4

3.2 2

3 0
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
ID, DRAIN-SOURCE CURRENT (A) VGS, GATE-SOURCE VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 3 Typical On-Resistance vs. Figure 4 Typical Transfer Characteristics
Drain vs.
Typical On-Resistance Current
Drainand Gateand
Current Voltage
Gate Voltage Typical Transfer Characteristics

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Typical Characteristics (cont.) Internal MOSFET

15 3
RDS(ON), DRAIN-SOURCE ON-RESISTANCE ()

VGS = 10V

VGS = 20V
2.5

ON-RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
12 TA = 150°C ID = 2A

RDS(ON), DRAIN-SOURCE
2
TA = 125°C
9 VGS = 10 V
TA = 85°C ID = 1A
1.5

6
TA = 25°C 1

3
TA = -55°C 0.5

0 0
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (A) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE ( C)
Typical On-Resistance
Figure 5vs. DrainOn-Resistance
Typical Current and Temperature
vs. On-Resistance
Figure Variation
6 On-Resistance withwith
Variation Temperature
Temperature
Drain Current and Temperature

15 5
RDS(ON), DRAIN-SOURCE ON-RESISTANCE ()

VGS(th), GATE THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (V)

4.5
12
ID = 1mA
VGS = 20V ID = 250µA
ID = 2A 4
9

VGS = 10V
3.5
ID = 1A
6
3

3
2.5

0 2
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (C) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE ( C)
Figure 7 On-Resistance Variation with Temperature Figure 8 Gate Threshold Variation vs. Ambient Temperature
On-Resistance Variation with Temperature Gate Threshold Variation vs. Ambient Temperature

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Typical Characteristics (cont.) Internal MOSFET

2 1000
Ciss
1.8

CT, JUNCTION CAPACITANCE (pF)

1.6
IS, SOURCE CURRENT (A)

1.4
TA = 150°C 100
1.2
T A = 25°C
Coss
1
TA = 125°C
0.8
TA = -55°C
10
0.6
TA = 85°C
0.4
Crss
0.2
f = 1MHz
0 1
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
V SD, SOURCE-DRAIN VOLTAGE (V) VDS, DRAIN-SOURCE VOLTAGE (V)
Figure
Diode9Forward
Diode Forward
VoltageVoltage vs. Current
vs. Current Typical10Typical
Figure Junction Junction
Capacitance
Capacitance
10 10
RDS(on)
Limited
VGS GATE THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (V)

8
1
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (A)

6
DC
VDS = 520V PW = 10s
0.1
ID = 2A
PW = 1s
4 PW = 100ms
PW = 10ms

0.01 PW = 1ms
TJ(max) = 150°C
2
TA = 25°C PW = 100µs
VGS = 10V
Single Pulse
DUT on 1 * MRP Board
0 0.001
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 10 100 1000
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) VDS, DRAIN-SOURCE VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 11 Gate Charge Figure 12 SOA, Safe Operation Area
SOA, Safe Operation Area
Gate Charge

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 AL9902

Applications Information

DC-DC and Offline LED Driver

The AL9902 is a cost-effective offline buck LED driver-converter specifically designed for driving LED strings. It is suitable for being used with
either rectified AC line or any DC voltage between 5-500V. See Figure 1 for typical circuit.

1
AC+
2 3
Z1 HD06
602V C1 C3
AC-
4 D1
VIN
VDD Rosc

LD SW
AL9902 SO
L1
PWM Rosc
GND CS

C2
Rsense

Figure 1 Typical Application Circuit (without PFC)

Buck Design Equations:

D VLEDs
VIN
D
t ON 
f osc
( VIN  VLEDs )  t ON
L
0.3  ILED
0.25
RSENSE  Where ILED x 0.3 = IRIPPLE
ILED  (0.5  (ILED  0.3))

Design Example
For an AC line voltage of 120V, the nominal rectified input voltage VIN = 120V x 1.41 = 169V. From this and the LED chain voltage the duty cycle
can be determined:

D = VLEDs /VIN = 30/169 = 0.177

From the switching frequency, for example fOSC = 50 kHz, the required on-time of the internal MOSFET can be calculated:

tON = D/fOSC = 3.5 µs

The value of the inductor is determined as follows:

L = (VIN - VLEDs) * tON / (0.3 * ILED) = 4.6mH

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 AL9902

Applications Information (continued)

Input Bulk Capacitor
For offline lamps, an input bulk capacitor is required to ensure that the rectified AC voltage is held above twice the LED string voltage throughout
the AC line cycle. The value can be calculated from:

Pin  (1  Dch )
CIN 
2  VLine _ min  2fL  VDC _ max

Where
Dch : Capacity charge work period, generally about 0.2~0.25
fL : Input frequency for full range (85~265VRMS)
VDC _ max Should be set 10~15% of 2 VLine _ min

If the capacitor has a 15% voltage ripple then a simplified formula for the minimum value of the bulk input capacitor approximates to:

I  VLEDs  0.06
CMIN = LED
VIN2

Power Factor Correction

If power factor improvement is required then for the input power less than 25W, a simple method for improving the power factor can be
implemented by potential dividing down the rectified mains voltage (resistors R1 and R2 in Figure 2) and feeding it into the LD pin. The current
drawn from the supply voltage will follow an approximate half sine wave. A filter across the LEDs reduces the potential for flicker. This circuit also
significantly reduces the size of input capacitors.

L1
1
AC+ LED+
2
Z1 HD06
602V C1 R2 C4
AC- C2
4 D4
VIN
LD Rosc

VDD SW LED-
R1
AL9902 SO
L2
PWM Rosc
GND CS

C3 Rsense

Figure 2 Typical Application Circuit with Simple PFC

Passive power factor correction using 3 high voltage diodes and 2 identical capacitors can be implemented. For further design information please
see AN75 from the Diodes website.

DC-DC Buck LED Driver

The design procedure for an AC input buck LED driver outlined in the previous chapters equally applies to DC input LED drivers.

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 AL9902

Applications Information (cont.)

DC-DC Boost LED Driver

Due to the topology of the AL9902 LED driver-converter, it is capable of being used in boost configurations as shown in Figure 3 – at reduced
accuracy. The accuracy can be improved by measuring the LED current with an op amp and use the op amp’s output to drive the LD pin.

A Boost LED driver is used when the forward voltage drop of the LED string is higher than the input supply voltage. For example, the Boost
topology can be appropriate when input voltage is supplied by a 48V power supply and the LED string consists of twenty HB LEDs, as the case
may be for a street light.

L1

VIN
VDD Rosc
VIN
PWM SW
AL9902 SO
D1
C1 LD Rosc
GND CS
C3
C2 Rsense

Figure 3 Boost LED driver

In a Boost converter, when the internal MOSFET is ON, the energy is stored in the inductor which is then delivered to the output when the internal
MOSFET switches OFF. If the energy stored in the inductor is not fully depleted by the next switching cycle (continuous conduction mode) the DC
conversion between input and output voltage is given by:
VIN V  VIN
VOUT  , D  OUT
1 D VOUT
From the switching frequency, fOSC, the on-time of the MOSFET can be calculated:
D
t ON 
fOSC
From this the required inductor value can be determined by:
VIN  t ON
L
0.3  ILED

The Boost topology LED driver requires an output capacitor to deliver current to the LED string during the time that the internal MOSFET is on.

In boost LED driver topologies, if the LEDs should become open circuit damage may occur to the power switch and so some form of detection
should be present to provide overvoltage detection/protection.

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 AL9902

Applications Information (cont.)

General Application

The AL9902 is capable of operating in isolated or non-isolated topologies. It can also be made to operate in continuous as well as discontinuous
conduction mode.

VIN

D1
VIN Rosc
VDD LDO 7.5V OSC

VDD
250mV SW
S
Rosc
R

LD SO

CS
OTP

PWM Rsense
200K
AL9902
GND

Figure 4 Typical Application Circuit

The AL9902 contains a high-voltage LDO (see figure 4), the output of the LDO provides a power rail to the internal circuitry including the gate
driver. A UVLO on the output of the LDO prevents incorrect operation at low input voltage to the VIN pin.

In a non-isolated Buck LED driver when the gate pin goes high, the internal power MOSFET (Q1) is turned on causing current to flow through the
LEDs, inductor (L1) and current sense resistor (RSENSE). When the voltage across RSENSE exceeds the current sense pin threshold, the internal
MOSFET Q1 is turned off. The energy stored in the inductor causes the current to continue to flow through the LEDs via diode D1.

The AL9902’s LDO provides all power to the rest of the IC including gate drive and this removes the need for large high power start-up resistors.
This means that to during normal operation the AL9902 requires around 0.5mA from the high voltage power rail. The LDO can also be used to
supply up to 1mA to external circuits.

The AL9902 operates and regulates by limiting the peak current of the internal MOSFET; the peak current sense threshold is nominally set at
250mV. The AL9902 is capable of operating in a fixed frequency (PWM) mode and also variable frequency (fixed off-time) mode to regulate the
LED current.

The same basic operation is true for isolated topologies; however in these the energy stored in the transformer delivers energy to LEDs during the
off-cycle of the internal MOSFET.

The on-resistance of the AL9902’s internal power MOSFET means that it can drive up to 2A.

Design Parameters
Setting the LED Current
In the non-isolated buck converter topology, figure 4, the average LED current is not the peak current divided by 2 - however, there is a certain
error due to the difference between the peak and the average current in the inductor. The following equation accounts for this error:
250mV
R SENSE  .
ILED  (0.5 * IRIPPLE ))
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 AL9902

Applications Information (cont.)

Setting Operating Frequency

The AL9902 is capable of operating between 25 and 450kHz switching frequency range. The switching frequency is programmed by connecting
an external resistor between ROSC pin and ground. The corresponding oscillator period is:
R osc  22
tOSC = µs with ROSC in kΩ
25
The switching frequency is the reciprocal of the oscillator period. Typical values for R OSC vary from 75kΩ to 1MΩ.
VLEDs
In buck mode the duty cycle, D, is ; so when driving small numbers of LEDs from high-input voltages, the duty cycle will be reduced and
VIN
care should be taken to ensure that tON > tBLANK. The simplest way to do this is to reduce/limit the switching frequency by increasing the R OSC
value. Reducing the switching frequency will also improve the efficiency.

When operating in buck mode, the designer must keep in mind that the input voltage must be maintained higher than two times the forward
voltage drop across the LEDs. This limitation is related to the output current instability that may develop when the AL9902 operates at a duty cycle
greater than 0.5. This instability reveals itself as an oscillation of the output current at a sub-harmonic (SBO) of the switching frequency.

Inductor Selection
The non-isolated buck circuit, Figure 4, is usually selected and has two operation modes: continuous and discontinuous conduction modes. A
buck power stage can be designed to operate in continuous mode for load current above a certain level usually 15% to 30% of full load. Usually
the input voltage range, the output voltage and load current are defined by the power stage specification. This leaves the inductor value as the
only design parameter to maintain continuous conduction mode. The minimum value of inductor to maintain continuous conduction mode can be
determined by the following example.

The required inductor value is determined from the desired peak-to-peak LED ripple current in the inductor; typically around 30% of the nominal
LED current.

L=
VIN  VLEDs   D , where D is duty cycle
0.3  ILED   fOSC
The next step is determining the total voltage drop across the LED string. For example, when the string consists of 10 High-Brightness LEDs and
each diode has a forward voltage drop of 3.0V at its nominal current; the total LED voltage V LEDS is 30V.

Dimming
The LED brightness can be dimmed either linearly (using the LD pin) or via pulse width modulation (using the PWM-D pin); or a combination of
both - depending on the application. Pulling the PWM pin to ground will turn off the AL9902. When disabled, the AL9902’s quiescent current is
typically 0.5mA. Reducing the LD voltage will reduce the LED current but it will not entirely turn off the external power transistor and hence the
LED current – this is due to the finite blanking period. Only the PWM pin will turn off the power transistor.

Linear dimming is accomplished by applying a 45 to 250mV analog signal to the LD pin. This overrides the default 250mV threshold level of the
CS pin and reduces the output current. If an input voltage greater than 250mV is applied to the LD then the output current will not change.

The LD pin also provides a simple cost-effective solution to soft start; by connecting a capacitor to the LD pin down to ground at initial power up,
the LD pin will be held low causing the sense threshold to be low. As the capacitor charges up the current sense threshold will increase thereby
causing the average LED current to increase.

PWM dimming is achieved by applying an external PWM signal to the PWM pin. The LED current is proportional to the PWM duty cycle and the
light output can be adjusted between 0 and 100%. The PWM signal enables and disables the AL9902 - modulating the LED current. The ultimate
accuracy of the PWM dimming method is limited only by the minimum gate pulse width, which is a fraction of a percentage of the low frequency
duty cycle. PWM dimming of the LED light can be achieved by turning on and off the converter with low frequency 50Hz to 1000Hz TTL logic level
signal.

With both modes of dimming it is not possible to achieve average brightness levels higher than the one set by the current sense threshold level of
the AL9902. If a greater LED current is required then a smaller sense resistor should be used.

Output Open Circuit Protection

The non-isolated buck LED driver topology provides inherent protection against an open circuit condition in the LED string due to the LEDs being
connected in series with the inductor. Should the LED string become open circuit then no switching occurs and the circuit can be permanently left
in this state with damage to the rest of the circuit.

AL9902 14 of 18 July 2015

Document number: DS37878 Rev. 1 - 2 www.diodes.com © Diodes Incorporated
 AL9902

Ordering Information

AL9902 XXX - 13

Package Packing
FDF : U-DFN6040-12 13 : Tape & Reel
S16 : SO-16

13” Tape and Reel

Part Number VCS Tolerance Package Code Packaging
Quantity Part Number Suffix
AL9902FDF-13 ±5% FDF U-DFN6040-12 3,000/Tape & Reel -13
AL9902S16-13 ±5% S16 SO-16 3,000/Tape & Reel -13

Marking Information

( Top View )
Logo YY : Year : 15, 16,17~
Part Number AL9902 WW : Week : 01~52; 52
YY WW X X represents 52 and 53 week
X X : Internal Code

AL9902 15 of 18 July 2015

Document number: DS37878 Rev. 1 - 2 www.diodes.com © Diodes Incorporated
 AL9902

Package Outline Dimensions (All dimensions in mm.)

Please see AP02002 at http://www.diodes.com/datasheets/ap02002.pdf for latest version.

U-DFN6040-12

A1 A3
U-DFN6040-12
A
Seating Plane Dim Min Max Typ
A 0.55 0.65 0.60
A1 0 0.05 0.02
D A3 - - 0.15
e b 0.35 0.45 0.40
D 5.95 6.05 6.00
D1 1.95 2.15 2.05
D2 2.35 2.55 2.45
D2 e - - 1.00
D1
E2 E 3.95 4.05 4.00
E E1
E1 2.10 2.30 2.20
L E2 1.80 2.00 1.90
L 0.35 0.45 0.40
Z - - 0.30
All Dimensions in mm
Z b

SO-16

SO-16
Dim Min Max
H A 1.40 1.75
E
Gauge Plane A1 0.10 0.25
 A2 1.30 1.50
L B 0.33 0.51
Detail ‘A’ C 0.19 0.25
D 9.80 10.00
E 3.80 4.00
D A
e 1.27 Typ
A2 H 5.80 6.20
L 0.38 1.27
 0 8
All Dimensions in mm
B e A1 C
Detail ‘A’

AL9902 16 of 18 July 2015

Document number: DS37878 Rev. 1 - 2 www.diodes.com © Diodes Incorporated
 AL9902

Suggested Pad Layout

Please see AP02001 at http://www.diodes.com/datasheets/ap02001.pdf for the latest version.

U-DFN6040-12

X3
Value
Y Dimensions
C (in mm)
G C 0.500
G 0.650
G1 0.350
X 0.250
X1 1.075
Y3 X2 1.275
Y1 Y2
X1 X2 G1 X3 2.750
Y 0.400
Y1 1.150
Y2 1.000
Pin1 Y3 2.300
X

SO-16

X1

Value
Dimensions
(in mm)
C 1.270
Y1
X 0.670
X1 9.560
Y 1.450
Y Y1 6.400

Pin 1
X C

AL9902 17 of 18 July 2015

Document number: DS37878 Rev. 1 - 2 www.diodes.com © Diodes Incorporated
 AL9902

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AL9902 18 of 18 July 2015

Document number: DS37878 Rev. 1 - 2 www.diodes.com © Diodes Incorporated