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Summer Training Program - Seismic Theory Basics

The document provides an overview of seismic theory basics including body wave propagation, acoustic rock properties, reflection, resolution, Fourier transform, and AVO analysis. Key concepts covered include P and S waves, impedance, factors affecting seismic detection limits, spectral decomposition, and fluid substitution effects on seismic signatures.

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Bidyut Mandal
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42 views31 pages

Summer Training Program - Seismic Theory Basics

The document provides an overview of seismic theory basics including body wave propagation, acoustic rock properties, reflection, resolution, Fourier transform, and AVO analysis. Key concepts covered include P and S waves, impedance, factors affecting seismic detection limits, spectral decomposition, and fluid substitution effects on seismic signatures.

Uploaded by

Bidyut Mandal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summer Training Program

Seismic Theory Basics


Islam Yehia
Contents

• Body Waves
• Wave Propagation
• Acoustic Rock Properties
• Reflection
• Seismic Resolution
Waves Classification

Electromagnetic Waves Mechanical Waves

Don’t Need propagation medium Need propagation medium


Body Waves

Change of volume
& shape

Change of shape
Body Waves Propagation

Pressure
Particle Velocity

Pressure Particle Velocity Pressure Particle Velocity

The more it resists the pressure, the faster it propagates

Less resistant to compression

More resistant to compression

Pressure
Resistance α Density α α Wave Velocity
Particle Velocity
Body Waves Propagation – Elastic Properties

Pressure Elasticity
Resistance α Velocity Impedance α ∗
Particle Velocity Density
Impedance = V

4
Bulk Shear
Vp 3
Density

Volume Difference
Bulk Strain =
Original Volume

Shear
Vs
Density

Shear Strain = θ
Acoustic Impedance & Reflection

Reflection depends on how different the two media are

. .∝
| |
Acoustic Impedance & Reflection

At the interface a At the interface a


great compression great rarefaction
occurs occurs
R.C. & Reflection Strength & Polarity

| |

As difference increases, reflection increases too

At the interface a At the interface a


great compression great rarefaction
occurs occurs
RC Examples
RC Examples
Wave Velocities Dependencies
Notes So far

• There are two types of body waves


• Body waves propagate is pressure/particle velocity trains
• Body waves velocities depend on how the medium resists that train
• The more the body resists the faster the wave is
• Pressure is related to the particle velocity be the resistance, termed acoustic
impedance
• Acoustic impedance is the product of velocity and density
Fourier Transform

• Uniform waveforms are


characterized by A, F, Φ, (λ or T)
• Waves interfere mathematically by
addition (build or destroy)
Fourier Transform

• Interference yields non-uniform


waveforms
• Represented graphically via
amplitude and phase spectra
Fourier Transform

• Any complex waveform can be decomposed


into components different in F, Φ, A
• Fourier transform is a mathematical machine
which decomposes any complex waveform
into its phase and frequency spectra and vice
versa

phase

Fourier
Seismic Vertical Resolution

If bed thickness approaches quarter of the


wave length, top and base reflections mix-
up
Vertical Seismic Resolution – Depth

1 1
Depth α α α Wave Length
Energy Frequency

@ Shallow Depth, λ = 10m Min. Body Th = 2.5m

@ Deep Depth, λ = 100m Min. Body Th = 25m

Absorbed at very shallow depth


Seismic Spatial Resolution

If body geometry is smaller than


Fresnel zone, it will never be detected
Examples
Summary So Far

• Any complex waveform can be modeled as a sum of harmonics of specific


amplitudes, frequencies and phases
• Seismic has some detection problems
• Bodies of thicknesses less than ¼ of the dominant wave length at specific
depth, reflections from top and base interfaces mix-up
• Bodies of widths less than the Fresnel zone diameter will not be detected and
their actual extensions can not be mapped accurately
Spectral Decomposition

Yes

Seen

No λ
f
Summary So Far

• Every trace can be decomposed by Fourier into its frequency component


• We can display seismic in iso-freq sections
• Thin beds will be seen only on high frequencies
• Thick beds will be seen on all frequency components
• Spectral decomposition is a good tool to analyze the anatomy of amplitudes
Offset Reflectivity
Offset Reflectivity

Compressibility Shear Poisson’s Ratio


Relation between vertical
and horizontal strain
Offset Reflectivity

We record Reflected P-waves

1
Shuey NI = Normal-incident reflectivity
PR = Poisson Reflectivity

Assumptions:
⁄ 2 and 30
Offset Reflectivity – in Clastics Sequence
AVO Example
Summary So Far

• At high angles, some of the energy converts into shear


• That depends on rigidity, compressibility and Poisson’ ratios
• That will affect the reflected P-waves
• Zopperitz modeled mathematically the energy conversion
• Shuey simplified the equations to solve reflected P-waves
• There are different AVO classes in Clastic sequence, can be indicative of HC-
bearing sands
Fluid Substitution
Fluid Substitution

4 Shear
Bulk Shear
Vp 3 Vs
Density Density

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