Unit 2 Major Environmental Issues: Meaning, Causes, Effects and Remedies

a) Climate Change & Loss of Biodiversity

b) Bio magnification and Eutrophication
c) Genetic Engineering & Urban Sprawl

a) Climate Change & Loss of Biodiversity

Climate Change
Meaning:
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that
change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years). Climate
change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of
weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events).
Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation
received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also
been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as global
warming.

Definition:
A long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the
average atmospheric temperature.

Causes:
The causes of climate change can be divided into two categories - those that are due to
natural causes and those that are created by man.

Natural causes
There are a number of natural factors responsible for climate change. Some of the more
prominent ones are continental drift, volcanoes, ocean currents, the earth's tilt, and comets
and meteorites.

Continental drift
The continents that we are familiar with today were formed when the landmass began
gradually drifting apart, millions of years back. This drift also had an impact on the climate
because it changed the physical features of the landmass, their position and the position of
water bodies. The separation of the landmasses changed the flow of ocean currents and
winds, which affected the climate. This drift of the continents continues even today; the
Himalayan range is rising by about 1 mm (millimeter) every year because the Indian land
mass is moving towards the Asian land mass, slowly but steadily.

Volcanoes
When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of sulphur dioxide (S02), water vapor,
dust, and ash into the atmosphere. Although the volcanic activity may last only a few days,
yet the large volumes of gases and ash can influence climatic patterns for year.
The earth's tilt
The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5° to the
perpendicular plane of its orbital path. Changes in the tilt of the earth can affect the severity
of the seasons- more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler
summers and milder winters.

Ocean currents
The oceans are a major component of the climate system. They cover about 71% of the Earth
and absorb about twice as much of the sun's radiation as the atmosphere or the land surface.
Ocean currents move vast amounts of heat across the planet - roughly the same amount as
the atmosphere does. But the oceans are surrounded by land masses, so heat transport
through the water is through channels.

Human causes
1) The primary cause of climate change is due to human activities. We humans partake in
many activities that help destroy this planet. Deforestation, carbon dioxide emissions, nitrous
oxide emissions, burning of fossil fuels and the list goes on.
2) All these factors contribute to global warming. Climate change occurs because of global
warming.

Effects (Impacts) of Climate Change:-

Climate change on fresh water system:-

Differences in water availability between regions will become increasingly pronounced.
Areas that are already relatively dry, such as the Mediterranean basin and parts of Southern
Africa and South America, are likely to experience further decreases in water availability.
Climate change in many countries will add to existing water shortages

The effect of Climate Change on agriculture

Productive agriculture is essential to feed a growing population and sustain modern
civilization. Climate affects agriculture, a fact well known to every farmer. Year-to-year
variations in harvest are largely due to variations in temperature and precipitation that can
make difference between bountiful "bumper" crops and economic ruin. Climate change will
have serious impacts on world food supplies, especially in the less-developed countries.

The effects of climate change on energy Supply and demand

Climate change will have wide ranging impacts on society and infrastructure that supports
civilization. Global warming could impact not only on agriculture but also on human
settlement, energy use, transportation industry, environmental quality and other aspects of
infrastructure that affect our quality of life (IPCC 1990).

Population and economic growth will lead to future increases in energy demand in most
countries, but impacts of climate change on supply and demand will vary greatly by region.
Climate change will also affect biomass (trees or other vegetation) energy.
Remedies:
Reduce the amount of greenhouse gases:
To reduce the future impacts of climate change, we obviously need to reduce the amount of
greenhouse gases we put into the atmosphere - in particular, we need to reduce the amount of
carbon develop less polluting energy generation, transport and other industry new agriculture
methods re-forestation use less animal products, especially in food carbon sequestration.

Decarburization:
The science is absolutely definite that only by reducing carbon emissions to zero (virtual
zero) can we keep the global average temperature, climate disruption and ocean acidification
from continuing to increase. Only zero emissions will stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration.

Infrastructure Upgrade:
Buildings worldwide contribute around one third of all greenhouse gas emissions. Of course,
it takes a lot of cement, a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, to construct new
buildings and roads.

Move Closer to Work:

Transportation is the second leading source of greenhouse gas emissions. One way to
dramatically curtail transportation fuel needs is to move closer to work, use mass transit, or
switch to walking, cycling or some other mode of transport that does not require anything
other than human energy. There is also the option of working from home and telecommuting
several days a week.

Consume Less:
The easiest way to cut back on greenhouse gas emissions is simply to buy less stuff. Whether
by forgoing an automobile or employing a reusable grocery sack, cutting back on
consumption results in fewer fossil fuels being burned to extract, produce and ship products
around the globe.

Stop Cutting down Trees:

Every year, 33 million acres of forests are cut down. Timber harvesting in the tropics alone
contributes 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon to the atmosphere.

Trim your waste:

Garbage buried in landfills produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Keep stuff out of
landfills by composting kitchen scraps and garden trimmings, and recycling paper, plastic,
metal and glass. Let store managers and manufacturers know you want products with
minimal or recyclable packaging.
Loss of Biodiversity
Meaning:
Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and
variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the
variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the
variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation,
ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or
planet. The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as
biodiversity.

Causes:
Land-use change:
Changes in landscape due to such activities as agriculture, urban sprawl and transportation
infrastructure are generally recognized in the literature as major causes of the loss of
biodiversity.

Agricultural expansion: growing food production in developing countries:

Food production and the development of arable land in developing countries are projected to
increase considerably over the coming years. Agricultural expansion in particular to address
predicted increases in the demand for meat in the coming decades is predicted to increase the
level of land use change, converting forests into grazing land.

Agricultural expansion: the case of biofuels:

The increased production of biofuels globally has raised issues of sustainability of
production methods, and in general has created a debate as to environment.

Infrastructure development:
Infrastructure development involves both settlement expansion as well as the expansion of
transport networks. The impact of infrastructural development includes:
i) the direct effects on wildlife by disturbance and avoidance;
ii) fragmentation effect due to barrier effects;
iii) increased hunting activities, and
iv) small scale settlements along roads

Deforestation:
Next to the fact that deforestation is a direct cause of biodiversity loss, the various
consequences of deforestation also trigger other factors impacting on biodiversity.

Loss of habitat:
Destruction and loss of natural habitat is the single largest cause of biodiversity loss. Billions
of hectares of forests and grasslands have been cleared over the past 10,000 years for
conversion into agriculture lands, pastures, settlement areas or development projects.

Poaching:
Illegal trade of wildlife products by killing prohibited endangered animals i.e. poaching is
another threat to wildlife. Despite international ban on trade in products from endangered
species, smuggling of wildlife items like furs, hides, horns, tusks, live specimens and herbal
products worth millions of dollars per year continues.

Man-Wildlife conflicts:
We have discussed about the need to preserve and protect our wildlife. However, sometimes
we come across conflicting situations when wildlife starts causing immense damage and
danger to man and under such conditions it becomes very difficult for the forest department
to pacify the affected villagers and gain local support for wild-life conservation

Environmental Pollution
Although effects of environmental pollution on animals have not been measured in as much
detail as its effects on humans, we are pretty safe to assume that animals suffer just as much
from pollution as the human populations For example, fish and other aquatic animals have
been severely affected by acid rain.

Effects:
Biodiversity loss damages essential services provided by the nature, and results in
 reduced variety of foods and other products;
 poorer gene pools for animals & plants leading to weaker crops & livestock,
 climate change due to rainforest destruction and a lot more
 Rainforests become weaker, disintegrate and lose their capacity to absorb carbon
dioxide leading to more global warming and other climate change problems.

Remedies:
Conservation of Biodiversity:
The enormous value of biodiversity due to their genetic, commercial, medical, aesthetic,
ecological and optional importance emphasizes the need to conserve biodiversity. Gradually
we are coming to realize that wildlife is not just 'a game to be hunted', rather it is a 'gift of
nature to be nurtured and enjoyed. A number of measures are now being taken the world
over to conserve biodiversity including plants and wildlife.

There are two approaches of biodiversity conservation:

(a) In situ conservation (within habitat): This is achieved by protection of wild flora and
fauna in nature itself. e.g. Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries, Reserve
Forests etc.
(b) Ex situ conservation (outside habitats) this is done by establishment of gene banks,
seed banks, zoos, botanical gardens, culture collections etc.
Bio magnification and Eutrophication

Bio magnification
Meaning:
Bio magnification stands for Biological Magnification, which means the increase of
contaminated substances or toxic chemicals that take place in the food chains. These
substances often arise from intoxicated or contaminated environments. The contaminants
include heavy metals namely mercury, arsenic, pesticides such as DDT, and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) compounds which are then taken up by organisms because of the food
they consume or the intoxication of their environment.

Definition
Bio magnification is "the accumulation of persistent chemicals in the living tissues of
consumers in food chains."

Causes
Agriculture:
Agricultural pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers, among other
agricultural chemicals are highly toxic and often find way into the soils, rivers or lakes and
the seas through surface storm water runoff.

Organic contaminants:
Manures and Bio solids frequently contain nutrients including nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus
and nitrogen. Furthermore, because they are industrially processed, they may also have
within them contaminants such as personal care products (PPCPs) and pharmaceuticals.

Industrial manufacturing activities and pollution

The manufacturing processes of industries indirectly or directly release toxic and harmful
substances which find a way to the soils, rivers, lakes and oceans. Industrial processes
pollute the environment in several ways by emitting or discharging toxic pollutants into the
environment which find way into the food chain, leading to bio magnifications.

Mining activities in the ocean

Mining activities in the deep sea is to extract minerals and metal ores like zinc, cobalt, silver,
aluminum and gold destroy the oceans and the coastal regions as the mining processes
generate scores of sulfide and selenium deposits in the waters. The toxicity levels build up
and are absorbed by ocean creatures which are then consumed by organisms in the higher
trophic levels of the food chain.

Plastic pollution
Disposal of plastic waste near or in water bodies may not only be directly harmful to aquatic
organisms but also other animals up the trophic level in general. Research shows that plastic
contains a harmful chemical called Bisphenol A which is of the major contaminant released
into the water bodies.
Toxic Gases and air pollution
The release of gases into the environment can also contribute to Bio magnification. Exhaust
gases from vehicles and industries that manufacture and refine oil into the air do not only
causes air pollution but they can be dissolved by the rainwater and fall as acidic rain.

Effects of Bio magnification:

Impact on human health
Humans become more susceptible to cancers, liver and kidney failure, respiratory disorders,
birth defects in pregnant women, brain damage, and heart diseases are a result of mercury,
cadmium, lead, cobalt, chromium and other chemical poisoning.

Effects on reproduction and development of marine creatures

The various toxic chemicals and elements accumulate in the vital organs of the various
aquatic creatures affecting their reproduction and development.

Destruction of the coral reefs

The coral reefs are destroyed by cyanide which is used in leaching gold and in fishing. The
reefs provide for spawning, feeding, and dwelling grounds for numerous sea creatures. When
destroyed, the survival of aquatic creatures is highly compromised.

Disruption of the food chain

Many sea creatures depend on the natural food chain for survival. When chemicals and other
toxins are carried into the soils, rivers, lakes or oceans and taken up by various organisms, it
disrupts the interconnected relationships within the food chain.

Effect on Aquatic animals

The ingestion and subsequent accumulation of metals in the tissues of marine organisms
have an adverse effect in their development and reproduction. Consumption of heavy toxic
metals in seabirds has an effect on egg production. The seabirds produce eggs with soft and
thin shells which easily crash as they try to incubate them.

Remedies
Elimination of use of some heavy metals
Heavy metals can be found in almost every industrially manufactured product such as
petroleum. Therefore, toxic substances such as lead arsenic and mercury ought to be
prohibited and completely eliminated and their usage banned.

Cleaning of contaminated locale

Areas that have been exposed with toxic metals should be cleaned completely and
expeditiously. The government should identify areas that are contaminated with solid wastes
and also medicinal wastes incinerators and close those areas down.

Role of institutions using toxic substances

Health sectors especially the dental departments should eliminate the use of mercury-
containing items and use more secure alternatives. The government should also evacuate and
securely store indoor regulators and thermometers that contain mercury.
Be cautious on using treated wood
Woodwork industries should avoid the use of CCA and ACZA additives. These chemicals
have arsenic which is highly poisonous. In homes built with such treated woods, it is
impossible to remove the arsenic from the wood, however, a better solution would be to
paint them with unleaded paints that are environmentally friendly.

Watch out for the lead paints

Homes that were built before the 1980s are most probably painted with the toxic lead paints.
In case the paints are peeling off a decrease laborer can be contracted to redesign, repaint or
remove the aged paint from the walls.

Avoid usage of the PVC

When buying plumbing materials it is important to avoid the PVC. It contains lead that may
contaminate the drinking water and the environment.

Other solutions
The cooking oil, grease, household chemicals, and medications should be disposed of
properly. Also, when doing the laundry, phosphates bleaches and soaps are recommended
because they lack metal traces.
Eutrophication:
Eutrophication (from Greek eutrophos, well-nourished"), hyper trophication, is when a body
of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth
of plants and algae. This process may result in oxygen depletion of the water body.

Definition
"Increase in the rate of supply of organic nutrients in an ecosystem"

Eutrophication is a process which occurs due to the excessive release of nutrients into water
bodies. Nutrient enrichment develops due to excessive release of fertilizers including nitrates
and phosphates, industrial and domestic sewage effluents, detergents, etc. This leads to the
uncontrollable growth of algae (algal bloom). This excessive algal growth leads to different
harmful phenomena. Since the algae grow excessively, it blocks the penetration of sunlight
to the bottom of the water bodies. This leads to the death of different plants including algae
due to the insufficiency of sunlight for photosynthesis. Death of plants leads to microbial
decomposition. Decomposing microorganisms act on the dead plant matter which converts
the organic nutrients into inorganic forms. Decomposing dead plant matter leads to the
release of different toxic materials to water.

Causes:
Agricultural Fields:
Runoff from agricultural fields, urban lawns, and similar sources may increase the flow of
nutrients and organic substances into the aquatic ecosystem

Domestic Sewage:
Domestic Sewage is rich in nutrients, especially, nitrogen and phosphorous, which cause
eutrophication and nuisance algal blooms. Organic pollutants from sewage effluents
overfeed heterotrophic bacteria, depleting the dissolved oxygen.

Sewage was the primary source of phosphorus eutrophication of lakes in the 1960s and
1970s when detergents contained a lot of phosphates.

Industrial Wastes:
Phosphates are powerful stimulants for algal growth. Thus, the addition of phosphates from
detergents and fertilizers can lead to an algal bloom in which algae overgrow the water
surface. Nitrogen from sewage effluents is another nutrient that can lead to algal blooms by
relieving nitrogen limitation.

Formation mechanism
Eutrophication is characterized by a significant increase of algae (microscopic organisms
similar to plants) due to the greater availability of one or more growth factors necessary for
photosynthesis, such as sunlight, carbon dioxide and nutrients (nitrogen increasingly and
large phosphorus) biomass is When formed algae which start is to destined grow in to an
degrade.
Effects:
 abundance of particulate substances (phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, fungi and
debris) that determine the turbidity and colouration of the water;
 abundance of inorganic chemicals such ammonia, nitrites, hydrogen sulphide etc. that
in the drinking water treatment plants induce the formation of harmful substances such
as nitrosamines suspected of mutagenicity;
 abundance of organic substances that give the water disagreeable odours or tastes,
barely masked by chlorination in the case of drinking water.
 the water acquires disagreeable odours or tastes (of earth, of rotten fish, of cloves, of
watermelon, etc.) due to the presence of particular algae;
 disappearance or significant reduction of quality fish with very negative effects on
fishing (instead of quality species such as trout undesirable ones such as carp become
established);
 possible affirmation of toxic algae with potential damage to the population and
animals drinking the affected water;
 prohibition of touristic use of the lake and bathing, due to both the foul odour on the
shores caused by the presence of certain algae, as well as the turbidity and anything
but clean and attractive appearance of the water; bathing is dangerous because certain
algae cause skin irritation;
 reduction of oxygen concentration, especially in the deeper layers of the lake at the
end of summer and autumn.

Remedies
 improvement of the purifying performance of waste water treatment plants, installing
tertiary treatment systems to reduce nutrient concentrations;
 implementation of effective filter ecosystems to remove nitrogen and phosphorus
present in the run-off water (such as phyto-purification plants);
 reduction of phosphorous in detergents;
 rationalization of agricultural techniques through proper planning of fertilization and
use of slow release fertilizers;
 use of alternative practices in animal husbandry to limit the production of waste water
 In cases where water quality is already so compromised as to render any preventive
initiative ineffective, "curative" procedures can be implemented, such as:
 removal and treatment of hypolimnetic water (deep water in contact with the
sediments) rich in nutrients since in direct contact with the release source;
 drainage of the first 10-20 cm of sediment subject to biological reactions and with
high phosphorus concentrations;
 oxygenation of water for restore the ecological conditions, reducing the negative
effects of the eutrophic process, such as scarcity of oxygen and formation of toxic
compounds deriving from the anaerobic metabolism;
Genetic Engineering & Urban Sprawl:

Genetic Engineering:
It is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic
acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms.
The term genetic engineering initially referred to various techniques used for the
modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity and
reproduction.

Use
Protection of Crop Plants Against Insects by BT-Toxins
A major portion of the crop yield is lost from insect attacks. About one-sixth of the global
food-production is lost by insect pests. There is no other alternative by farmers for the use of
chemical pesticides that cause damage to the environment.

Protection of Plants against Viruses

The introduction of coat protein gene of the tobacco mosaic virus into the genome of tobacco
plants makes them resistant to the virus. Sufficient expression of the gene in a plant is the
cause of protection. Although the mechanism is not yet understood, still the principle has
already been used with success in many cases.

Herbicide-Resistant Plants
In order to use this powerful herbicide as a selective post-emergence herbicide, glyphosate
resistant transformed plants have been generated for a number of crop plants through genetic
engineering.

Improvement of Yield and Quality of Crops

Yield and quality of crops can be improved through the generation of hybrids from
genetically engineered male sterile plants. Genetic engineering is being used in many ways
to modify the quality of crops. It has been possible to increase the starch content and
decrease the water content in to tubers by transferring the ADP-glucose

Protection against Environmental Stress

Transgenic plants are being produced to increase the stress tolerance of cultivated plants
through alteration or over-expression of gene involved in stress resistance.

Increased N2 Utilization
In Klebsiella, a free-living N2- fixing bacteria, there are 20 nif (nitrogen fixation) genes
under 7 operons. It is very difficult to engineer 20 different chimeric genes to transfer to the
same recipient plant and to make them function in a coordinated way.
Effects:

The Positive Effects of Genetic Engineering

Disease Prevention
One of the top goals of genetic engineering is the improvement of health. Imagine a world
without the threat of AIDS or cancer. Those working in the genetics field hope that
manipulating the genes of humans will one day enable science to prevent people from
contracting these potentially deadly diseases.

Pharmaceutical Development
Genetic engineering can be used to improve the drugs available on the marketplace by
making them more effective and safer. By using genetic modification scientists can make
pharmaceuticals more effective than the existing versions

Agriculture
Saving the seeds from the best looking plants to replant the following year has been a
method of manual genetic selection for many years. But science has made it possible to
engineer plants to produce the biggest and best fruits and vegetables possible by replacing
the genes and designing plants with the most desirable traits.

Transplants
One of the most serious problems in medicine is the lack of available organs on the
transplant list. While donating organs is a good way to help your fellow man, there are
simply not enough to go around. Demand always exceeds the need, meaning many patients
simply can't survive until a match is found.

Negative Effects of Genetic Engineering

The uncertainty
The biggest concern is of course the uncertainly that is born out of the unfamiliarity of the
whole thing. Since this is a fairly new processes and mostly in the research stage, many
people are worried that it might lead to unforeseen complications.

Biological warfare
On a bigger scale, the possibility of militant groups harnessing the process of genetic
engineering is very real. Genetically engineered virus and bacteria can be created and
unleashed on the world as very effective, and deadly, biological weapons.
Urban sprawl:
Urban sprawl is basically another word for urbanization. It refers to the migration of a
population from populated towns and cities to low density residential development over
more and more rural land.

Definition:
Batty et al. defined sprawl as “uncoordinated growth: the expansion of community without
concern for its consequences, in short, unplanned, incremental urban growth which is often
regarded unsustainable”

Causes
Lower Land Rates:
Lower cost land and houses in the outer suburbs of the cities, because the centers of urban
development have really made people want to stop settling in these areas and want to
venture further out.

Improved Infrastructure:
There is increased spending on certain types of infrastructures, including roads and
electricity. This is something that hasn't always been available, and there are still some areas
that don't have these luxuries. That doesn't mean that they aren't working on it

Rise in Standard of Living:

There are also increases in standards of living and average family incomes, which means that
people have the ability to pay more to travel and commute longer distances to work and back
home.

Lack of Urban Planning:

People love to find areas that are less trafficked and more calm, which leads them to sprawl
out to other sections of the town.

Lower House Tax Rates:

Cities will usually have high property taxes, and you can usually avoid these taxes by living
in the outer suburbs because the taxes are usually lower than they would be in other
situations.

Rise in Population Growth:

Another factor that contributes towards urban sprawl is rise in population growth. As number
of people in a city grows beyond capacity.

Consumer Preferences:
People in high income groups have stronger preferences towards larger homes, more
bedrooms, bigger balconies and bigger lawns. This also causes urban sprawl as this option is
not available in crowded cities.
Effects
Increase in Public Expenditure:
They can actually play a part in the increases of public costs, because these changes in
infrastructures and building must actually be paid for by someone- and it is usually the tax
payers money that pays for it.

Increased Traffic:
Populations will begin to use their cars more often, which mean that there is more traffic on
the roads, and there is also more air pollution and more auto accidents that you, have to
worry with.

Health Issues:
When people use their vehicles, even to go to a very short distance people are going to be
more overweight and are also going to have to deal with ailments such as high blood
pressure and other diseases that come about with obesity.

Environmental Issues:
Sprawls can also cause certain environmental issues that you may want to be aware of. In
fact, when you think about going out to develop these lands you will have to worry about the
wildlife that lives in these lands. You will be displacing them, and it can really cause a ripple
in the environment

Impact on Social Lives:

When people move further out, they also have an impact on their social lives. They don't
have neighbors that live as close, which means that they won't really stay as social as they
should.

Remedies:
Control travels:
Surveys shows that reducing the number of private auto ownership is one of the main
methods for controlling sprawl. More taxation and toll gate is the other solution.

Create urban boundaries:

Urban boundaries in edges of cities will control urban sprawl. In this regard, only
constructing in inner districts will be allowed and urban size will not be extended.

Participate in providing infrastructure costs:

Surveys show that urban sprawl has got costs 20 times more than the normal growth because
of needs to news ways, schools, housing and public services. So increasing resident's share
of costs plays and important role in controlling sprawl

Betterment of low-income household's living conditions:

One important part of residents in suburb is people who migrate for improvement of their
family life. Paying financial credits, preparation of affordable housing and regional subsidies
are some solutions for improving their living condition
Redevelopment of inner-core regions:
This action causes an increase in urban land price. Usage of lands and enterprising in
industrial abandoned lands, blank commercial plots and metro stations spaces, rehabilitation
of abandoned properties and historic buildings are some examples of this policy.

Control growth and protection of lands:

Open spaces have high value tax determination for changing land uses causes a decrease in
the rate of land changes.

Urban consolidation:
Urban consolidation has been introduced as a solution for more appropriate utilization of la _
nd infrastructures in the built up area of a city. It pursuits restriction of using lands, reduction
of infrastructure costs,and Control growth and protection of lands: Open spaces have high
value tax determination for changing land uses causes a decrease in the rate of land changes.

Support smart growth strategies:

Smart growth concentrate on compact development and redevelopment built up area in a
city.

Creative and efficient management:

presenting creative urban policies will cause an appropriate growth. So, planners should be
able to determine value and direction of development and its costs.