Doubly Reinforced Beam:

K = M/bd 2 ≤ 0.156 =˃ Singly reinforced beam; > 0.156 =˃ Doubly reinforced beam
0.0035 0.45fcu
b d’ w kN/m
d’
Cs s/2
As’ s = 0.9x L
x Cc
N. A. d-d’
d M max
z =d-s/2
As T
C
st N.A.
X-Section Stress Block
Strains

From equilibrium, ∑Fx = 0 => T-Cs-Cc = 0 => T = Cs+ Cc Compression T

Reinf.
T = 0.95fyAs => Cc = 0.45fcubs N.A. Mu
Cs
=˃ if d’/d ≤ 0.185 =˃ compression reinforced yield. Cc
Assuming compression reinforcement yield,
T
Tension Reinf.
Cs = (0.95fy- 0.45fcu)As’ T = Cc + Cs
0.95fyAs = 0.45fcubs + (0.95fy- 0.45fcu)As’
Increase As beyond singly reinf.
s = 0.95fyAs– (0.95fy – 0.45fcu)As’
Add compr. Reinf. allow us to increase As but keeping s > y.
0.45fcub
Doubly Reinforced Beam:
0.0035 0.45fcu
d’ b d’
Cs s/2
As’ x Cc s = 0.9x
N. A. d-d’
d z =d-s/2
As T Moment capacity will increase
st further beyond singly reinf.
X-Section Stress Block
Strains
Mcap = 0.95fyAs .(arm) = Cc.(arm) + Cs.(arm)
Mcap = Cc.z + Cs.(d-d’)
Ms’ = Mu - Mcaps = 0.95fyAs’ (d-d ’)
Mu = Kfcubd 2 and Mcaps = 0.156 fcubd 2 (Mcaps = Max. capacity for singly reinf. section)
Mu - Mcaps = (K-0.156) fcubd 2 = 0.95fyAs’ (d-d ’)
As’ = (K-0.156) fcubd 2
0.95fy(d-d ’)
As = 0.156 fcubd 2 +As’
0.95fyz Maximum area of steel that can be used in singly reinf.
Doubly Reinforced Beam:
Design Equations according to BS Code:

K = M / fcubd2

K ≤ 0.156 0.156 < K ≤ 0.25 K ˃ 0.25

Singly reinforced beam Doubly reinforced beam Beam size
must be
1) z = [0.5+√(0.25-K/0.9)]d ≤ 1) As’ = (K-0.156) fcubd 2 / 0.95fy(d-d ’) increased
0.95d 2) As, req = 0.156fcubd 2 / 0.95fyz +As’

2) As = Mu / 0.95fyz 3) z = 0.775d

3) As, min = 0.0013bh 4) As, min = 0.0013bh

4) Select reinforcement 5) Select reinforcement

5) Check s, x, M, c. s. 6) Revise As’, prov = As’ +[As, prov- As, req]

7) Select As’
8) Check s, x, M, c. s. =˃ full check
Doubly Reinforced Beam:
Example 4.1: A concrete beam section with 260 mm wide and 500 mm height as shown below is to
resist an ultimate moment of 285 kNm. Assuming fy = 460 N/mm2 fcu =30 N/mm2. Calculate:
1. The required reinforcement and draw the section.
2. Check the capacity of the final selected reinforcement area. b =300 d’
Solution: 1. The required reinforcement .
d = 500 -40-8-32/2 = 436 mm (Assume bar size 32 mm) As’

K = Mu/fcubd2 = 285×106 / (30×260×4362) = 0.192 > 0.156 h = 600 d

=> Doubly reinf.
As
d’ = 40+8+20/2 = 58 mm (Assume bar size 20 mm)
Check if compression reinf. yields.
Section
d’/d = 58/436 = 0.133 < 0.185 => Compression reinf yield.

Therefore as per BS code equations:

As’ = (K-0.156)fcubd2 / 0.95fy(d-d’)= (0.192-0.156)×30×260×4362 / 0.95×460×(436-58) = 323 mm2
As = 0.156fcubd2/0.95fyz + As’ = 0.156×30×260×4362 / 0.95×460×0.775×436 +323= 1566+323
= 1889 mm2
As,min = 0.0013×260×500 = 169 mm2 < As => OK
Doubly Reinforced Beam:
Select reinforcement: 4Y25 = 1960 mm2 => c. s. = 21 < 40 => Not OK.
3Y32 = 2410 mm2 => c. s. = 34 < 40 => Not OK.
2Y32+1Y20 = 1610+314=1924 mm2=> c. s. = 40 => OK.
Economy = 1924/1889 = 1.02 < 1.2 => OK b =260
Correction for As’:
As’, revise = As’+(As, prov – As,req) = 323+(1924-1889) = 358 mm2 2Y16 56
Select at least 2 bars: Use 2Y16 = 402 mm2
h = 500 437
[Increasing As’ beyond require will increase ductility] 2Y32
d’ = 40+8+16/2 = 56 mm 1Y20

2. Calculate the Capacity and check. (This section is for check or if As and Sketch
As’ is given and need to calculate moment capacity)
d’= 56 mm, d1 = 436mm, As1 = 1610 mm2
d2 = 500-40-8-20/2 = 442 mm, As2 = 314 mm2
d = (1610×436+314×442) /(1610+314) = 437 mm
Doubly Reinforced Beam:
2. Calculate the Capacity and checks (Continued).
b =260
Check for compression reinf yield
=˃ d’/d = 56/437 = 0.128 < 0.185 => Compression reinforcement yield. 2Y16 56

T = 0.95×460×1924/1000 = 840.8 kN h = 500 437

Cs = (0.95×460-0.45×30)×402/1000 = 170.3 kN 2Y32
Cc = 0.45fcubs = T - Cs = 840.8-170.3 = 670.5 kN 1Y20

s = (T- Cs) /0.45fcub = 670.5×1000 / 0.45×30×260 = 191 mm

Sketch
x = s/0.9 = 191/0.9 = 212 mm < d/2 (=218.5 mm)
Mcap = Cc(d-s/2)+Cs(d-d’) = [670.5(437-191/2)+170.3(437-56)]/1000 = 293.7 kN.m

Checks:
Mu (285) < Mcap (293.7) =˃ OK
x (212) < d/2 (218.5) =˃ OK
c. s. (40) ≥ bar size, vibrator, agg+5 < 155 =˃ OK
As (1924) ≥ As, min (169) =˃ OK
Doubly Reinforced Beam:
Example 4.2: A simply supported R. C. beam with rectangular cross-section B400 x H720 mm and
span 11mm. Super imposed DL = 20 kN/m and superimposed LL = 30kN/m. The section is reinforced
with 8Y32 bars in tension zone (2 rows of 4 bars with 25 mm spacing between rows) and 4Y25 in
compression zone. Perform a full check on this provided reinforcement. Clear cover 40 mm, fy = 460
N/mm2 and, fcu = 40 N/mm2. b =400 d’
DL = 20 kN/m , LL = 30 kN/m

4Y25
11 m
h = 720 d
M max 8Y32
Solution:

wu = (0.4*0.72*24+20)*1.4+30*1.6 = 85.7 kN/m

(= Self wt.)
Section
Mu = wul2/8 = 1296 kNm
As = 8Y32 = 6430 mm2, As’ = 4Y25 = 1960 mm2.
As,min = 0.0013bh = 0.0013×400×720 = 374 mm2 ≤ As => OK
d = 720-40-8-32-25/2 = 627.5 mm, d’ = 40+8+25/2 = 60.5 mm
d’/d = 60.5/627.5 = 0.096 < 0.185 => Compression reinf yield.
Doubly Reinforced Beam:
T = 0.95fyAs = 0.95*460*6430/1000 = 2810 kN,
Cs = (0.95fy-0.45fcu)*As’/1000 = (0.95*460-0.45*40)*1960/1000 = 821 kN.
Cc = T - Cs = 2810-821 = 1989 kN = 0.45fcubs
s = 1989/0.45fcub = 1989*1000/(0.45*40*400) = 276 mm
x = s/0.9 = 307 < d/2 (=313.8) =˃ OK

Mcap = Cc(d-s/2)+Cs(d-d’) = [1989(627.5-276/2)+821(627.5-60.5)]/1000

= 1439 kN.m > Mu = 1296 kN.m
Checks:
Mu (1296) < Mcap (1439) =˃ OK
x (307) < d/2 (313.8) =˃ OK
c. s. = (400-80-16-32*4)/3 = 59 ≥ bar size, vibrator, agg+5 < 155 mm =˃ OK
As (6430) ≥ As,min (374) =˃ OK
Doubly Reinforced Beam:
Example 4.3: The beam section shown below is reinforced by 2Y32+1Y25 at the tensin side and 2Y25 at
the compression side . Calculate the moment capacity of the section. Assuming fy = 460 N/mm2 fcu =30
N/mm2.
0.0035 0.45fcu
b =300 d’
Cs
Solution: sc s/2
s = 0.9x
As = 1610+491= 2101 mm2 2Y25 100
x Cc
N. A.
d-d’
d = 500 mm, and d’ = 100 mm 500 z =d-s/2
2Y32
Check if compression reinf. yields. 1Y25 T

d’/d = 100/500 = 0.2 > 0.185 s

Stress Block
X-Section Strains
=> Compression reinf doesn’t yield.
0.0035 x  d 
 sc 
x
0.0035 x  100  700 x  100 
f sc   sc Es   200000 
x x
T  0.95 f y As  0.95  460  2101 / 103  918.14 kN
Cc  0.45 f cu bs  0.45  30  300  0.9 x / 103  3.645 x kN
 700 x  100  674.14 x  68740
Cs  0.95
( f sc  0.45 f cu As    0.45  30   982 / 103  kN
 x  x
Doubly Reinforced Beam:
From equilibrium, C  T  Cc  Cs  T 0.0035
d’
0.45fcu

674.14 x  68740 sc

Cs
3.645 x   918.14 x Cc s =
s/2
x N. A. 0.9x
x  66.94 x  18858.71  0
2 d-d’
z =d-s/2

x  174.8 mm or - 107.88 mm (-107.88 not possible) T

 x  174.8 mm and s  0.9  174.8  157.3 mm s Stress Block

Strains
0.0035174.8  100 
 sc   0.0015   y ( 0.002)  Compression steel didn' t yield
174.8
0.0035500  174.8
s   0.0065   y ( 0.002)  Tension steel has yielded
174.8
Cc  3.645174.8  637.15kN
674.14174.8  68740
Cs   280.9kN
174.8
Mcap  Cc d  s 2  Cs d  d
 637.15 500157.3/ 2  280.9  500100/103  381 kNm
T and L Beam:
Slab
bf Flange
Inverted-L
hf
hd
Web hw
L-section

T-section Inverted-T bw

Mcap for T and L section: As, sizes (bw, bf, hw, h, hf), ff and fcu given:
Compression on flange: Case I or II
T-section L-section
T-section L-section bf 0.45fcu
b f
bf
bf Cfmax
0.45fcu hf hf
C Cw sw
s sw d-hf /2 d Mu
d Mu
hd Mu d-s/2 h d Mu d-hf-sw/2

T bw
T bw
bw bw
Compression on part of flange: Case I Compression on flange and part of web: Case II
From Equilibrium.: Cfmax = 0.45fcubfhf , Cw = 0.45fcubwsw , T = 0.95fyAs
C = T => 0.45fcubfs = 0.95fyAs C = T => Cfmax + Cw = T
s = 0.95fyAs / 0.45fcubf => Cw = T- Cfmax
x = s/0.9 ≤ d /2 0.45fcubw sw = T- Cfmax => sw = (T- Cfmax )/ 0.45fcubw
Mcap = 0.95fyAs (d-s /2) s = sw + hf => x = s/0.9 ≤ d /2
Mcap ≥ Mu Case I or II Mcap = Cfmax (d-hf /2)+Cw (d-hf -sw/2)
Mcap ≥ Mu
 Mcap for T and L Beam:
Mcap for T and L section: As, sizes (bw, bf, hw, h, hf), ff and fcu given:
Compression on web: Case III or IV
T-section L-section
bf
T-section L-section T d-hw-sf /2
T sf
d-hw/2 d
d Mu h
d-s/2 hw
d Mu h d Mu Cwmax Mu
s 0.45fcu
C bw bw
0.45fcu
bw bw

Compression on part of web: Case III Compression on web and part of flange : Case IV
C = T => 0.45fcubws = 0.95fyAs Cwmax = 0.45fcubwhw, Cf = 0.45fcubfsf, T = 0.95fyAs
s = 0.95fyAs / 0.45fcubw C = T => Cf + Cwmax = T
x = s/0.9 ≤ d /2 => Cf = T- Cwmax
Mcap = 0.95fyAs (d-s /2) 0.45fcubf sf = T- Cwmax sf = (T- Cwmax)/0.45fcubf
Mcap ≥ Mu s = sf + hw => x = s/0.9 ≤ d /2
Case III or IV Mcap = Cwmax(d-hw /2)+Cf (d-hw –sf /2)
Mcap ≥ Mu
Minimum Reinforcement (As,min) for T and L beam (Table 3.25)
T and L Beam:
Determination of Neutral Axis and Design: Mu, sizes(bw, bf, hw, h, hf), ff and fcu given, find As:
Compression in flange => Case I or Case II
T-section L-section
If Cfmax < T or Mfmax < Mu => Case II
bf bf
0.45fcu
Cfmax s > hf
hf hf bf bf
d d-hf /2 d 0.45fcu
Mu Mu
Cfmax
hf hf
T Cw sw
d sw
bw bw d-hf /2

Cfmax = 0.45fcubfhf , Mfmax = Cfmax (d-hf/2) T d-hf-sw/2

T = 0.95fyAs bw bw

If Cfmax ≥ T or Mfmax ≥ Mu => Case I Equate: Mu = Mcap = Mfmax+Mw

s ≤ hf
Mu = Mfmax+0.45fcubwsw(d-hf - sw/2) => quadratic
Treat as rectangular section with b = bf
equation in sw
=> Calculate As: K = Mu/fcubfd2 ≤ 0.156 => singly reinforced
Solve for sw and get s = hf+ sw => x = s/0.9 ≤ d/2
z = ………….≤ 0.95d, As = Mu /0.95fyz,
Calculate As using T = C = Cfmax+Cw
=> Check with As,min = 0.0013bh for bw/bf ≥ 0.4, and
= 0.0018bh for bw/bf <0.4 0.95fy As = Cfmax + 0.45fcubwsw

 Select reinforcement and Checks As = (Cfmax + 0.45fcubwsw)/0.95fy ≥ As,min

Select reinforcement => Checks
 T and L Beam:
Determination of Neutral Axis and Design: Mu, sizes(bw, bf, hw, h, hf), ff and fcu given, find As:
Compression in web => Case III or Case IV If Cwmax < T or Mwmax < Mu => Case IV

T-section L-section s > hw

bf bf
T bf
hf bf
Mu d-hw/2 T d-hw-sf//2
hw d Mu hf
Cwmax
Mu sf Cf d-hw/2
bw 0.45fcu hw d Mu
bw
Cwmax

0.45fcu
Cwmax = 0.45fcubwhw , Mwmax = Cwmax (d-hw/2) bw bw
T = 0.95fyAs
Equate: Mu = Mcap = Mwmax+Mf
If Cwmax ≥ T or Mwmax ≥ Mu => Case III Mu = Mwmax+0.45fcubfsf(d-hw - sf/2) => quadratic
s ≤ hw equation in sf
Treat as rectangular section with b = bw Solve for sf and get s = hw+ sf => x = s/0.9 ≤ d/2
=> Calculate As: K = Mu/fcubwd2 ≤ 0.156 => singly reinforced
Calculate As using T = C = Cwmax+Cf
z = ………….≤ 0.95d, As = Mu /0.95fyz,
0.95fy As = Cwmax + 0.45fcubfsf
=> Check with As,min = 0.0026bwh for flange in tension (T-
beam), and = 0.002bwh for L-beam As = (Cwmax + 0.45fcubfsf)/0.95fy ≥ As,min
 Select reinforcement and Checks Select reinforcement => Checks
T and L Beam:
Example 4.4: The beam shown below is required to resist an ultimate design moment of 400 kN.m.
Calculate the area of steel required, select reinforcement and perform a full check. Assume fcu = 30
N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2. bf = 800
hf = 150
Solution: h = 500 d
Web hw
Reinforcement in web => Web in tension => Case I or Case II
Cfmax = 0.45fcubfhf = 0.45*30*800*150/1000 = 1620 kN bw = 300

d = 500-40-8-32/2 = 436 mm
Cfmax
Mfmax = Cfmax (d-hf /2) = 1620*(436-150/2)/1000 = 548.8 kN.m
Mu (400 kN.m) < Mfmax and s < hf => ⸪ Case I
Treat as rectangular section with b = bf T
K = Mu/fcubfd2 = 400x106/(30*800*4362) = 0.088 < 0.156 => Singly reinf.
z = [0.5+√(0.25-K/0.9)] d= 0.89d ≤ 0.95d => OK
z = 0.89*436 = 388 mm
As = Mu /0.95fyz = 400x106/(0.95*460*388)= 2357 mm2
Use 3Y32 = 2410 mm2.
As,min for bw/bf = 300/800 = 0.375 < 0.4
As,min = 0.0018bwh = 0.0018*300*500 = 270 mm2 < As => OK
T and L Beam:
Solution 4.4 Contd:
3Y32
Check c. s. => c. s. = (300-40*2-8*2-3*32)/2 = 54 mm

Check Mcap: b =300

T = 0.95fyAs = 0.95*460*2410/1000 = 1053 kN bf = 800

T < Cfmax (=1620 kN) => Case I (s < hf ) hf = 150

h = 500 d
Web hw
s = T/0.45fcubf = 1053x103/(0.45*30*800) = 97.5 mm
x = s/0.9 = 97.5/0.9 = 108 mm < d/2 ( = 436/2 = 218 mm) bw = 300
Mcap = T (d-s/2) = 1053(436-97.5/2)/1000 = 407.8 kN.m
s Cc
\\\\\\\\\\
Complete check: d-s/2
Mu (400 kNm) ≤ Mcap (407.8 kNm) => OK
Ts
c. s. (54 mm) ≥ 40 mm => OK
x (108 mm) ≤ d/2 (218 mm) => OK
As (2410 mm2) ≥ As,min (270 mm2) => OK

Home exercise: Solve the same problem for Mu = 580 kNm. [ Hint: Mu > Mfmax => Case II]
Next: Example 4.5
T and L Beam:
Example 4.5: The beam shown below is required to resist an ultimate design moment of 180 kN.m.
Calculate the area of steel required, select reinforcement, and perform full check. Assume fcu = 30
N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2.
bf = 400
hf = 100
Solution: h = 420 d
Web hw
Reinforcement in web => Web in tension => Case I or Case II
Cfmax = 0.45fcubfhf = 0.45*30*400*100/1000 = 540 kN bw = 200

d = 420-40-8-32/2 = 356 mm Cfmax

Mfmax = Cfmax (d-hf /2) = 540*(356-100/2)/1000 = 165 kN.m
Cw
Since Mu (180 kN.m) > Mfmax and s > hf => Case II
Mu = Mcap = Mfmax+ Mw = Cfmax (d-hf /2) +0.45fcubwsw(d-hf-sw/2) T
180×106 = 165x106+0.45*30*200*sw (356-100-sw/2 )
15×106 = 69120 sw - 1350sw2
sw2 - 512sw+11111 = 0 => sw= [512+_√(5122-4*1111)]/(2×1)
sw = 512+_466.6/(2x1) = 22.7 mm or 489 mm (489 is not possible)
s = hf + sw = 100+22.7 = 122.7 mm => x = s/0.9 = 136.3 mm < d/2 (= 356/2 = 178 mm) => OK
T and L Beam:
Solution 4.5 Contd:
Cfmax
Calculate As: for equilibrium C = T
Cw
0.95fyAs = Cfmax+0.45fcubwsw
0.95*460*As = 540x10^3+0.45*30*200*22.7
T
As = (540×103+61290)/(0.95*460) = 1376 mm2
As,min (for bw/bf =200/400 = 0.5 ≥ 0.4) = 0.0013bwh = 0.0013*200*420 = 109 mm2 < As => OK
Select reinforcement
3Y25 = 1470 mm2 => c. s. = (200-80-16-25*3)/2 = 14.5 mm < 40 mm => Not OK
2Y32 = 1610 mm2 => c. s. = (200-80-16-32*2)/1 = 40 mm => OK
Economy = 1610/1376 = 1.17 < 1.2 => OK
Other option 2Y25+2Y16 = 982+402 = 1384 mm2 => OK but two layers will reduce d.
Choose 2Y32
d 2Y16
Check Mcap 2Y25
T = 0.95fyAs = 0.95*460*1610 = 703.6 k N
bw =200
Cfmax =540 kN
Cfmax < T => Case II (s > hf )
T and L Beam:
Solution 4.5 Contd: Cfmax
From equilibrium T = C ( = Cfmax+Cw)
Cw
703.6×103 = 540x103+0.45*30*200*s w
sw = 60.6 mm => s = hf+sw = 100+60.6 = 160.6 mm T
x = s/0.9 = 178.4 mm ≤ d/2 (=356/2 = 178 mm) => Say OK

Mcap = Cfmax (d-hf/2) +Cw(d-hf- sw /2) Complete check:

= Mfmax (=165) + Mw Mu (180 kNm) ≤ Mcap (202 kNm) => OK
Cw = T- Cfmax = 703.6-540 = 163.6 kN c. s. (40 mm) ≥ 40 mm <155 mm => OK
Mcap = 165+163.6 (356-100-60.6/2)/1000 x (178 mm) ≤ d/2 (1788 mm) => OK
= 165+36.9 kN.m = 202 kN.m As (1610 mm2) ≥ As,min (109 mm2) => OK
For Channel and other shape Beam:
Example 4.6a: Calculate moment capacity for the following sections:
Assume fcu = 40 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2.
700mm
0.45fcu
Solution a: Cfmax
Cfmax = 0.45fcubfhf/1000 100mm

= 0.45*40*700*100/1000 = 1260 kN
T = 0.95fyAs = 0.95*460*1260/1000 = 550.62 kN 500mm
4Y20 d- hf/2
(As = 1260 mm2)
Cfmax > T => Case I
d = 100+500-40-8-20/2 = 542 mm 300mm T
s = T/0.45fcubf = 550.62×103/(0.45*40*700) = 43.7 mm
x = s/0.9 = 48.55 mm < d/2 =˃ OK
Mcap = T (d-s/2) = 550.62*(542-43.7/2)/1000 = 286.4 kNm =˃ Ans.
For Channel and other shape Beam:
Example 4.6b: Calculate moment capacity for the following sections:
Assume fcu = 40 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2. 400 mm

4Y32 hw = 500 mm
Solution b:
From equilibrium, C = T =˃ 0.45fcubf s = 0.95fyAs
s = 0.95fyAs/0.45fcubf = 0.95*460*3220/(0.45*40*600) = 130 mm
hf = 700 mm
(As = 3220 mm2)
s < hf => Case I
d = 700+500-40-8-32/2 = 1136 mm
x = s/0.9 = 144.8 mm < d/2 => OK bf = 600 mm

Mcap = T (d-s/2) = 0.95*460*3220*(1136-130/2)/1000000

= 1507 kNm =˃ Ans.
For Channel and other shape Beam:
Example 4.7: Calculate moment capacity for the following section: 400mm
0.45fcu
Assume fcu = 30 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2.
Cfmax
250mm
Solution:
From equilibrium, C = T => 0.45fcubf s = 0.95fyAs 800mm
200mm
d- hf/2
(As = 804 mm2)
4Y16
s = 0.95*460*804/0.45*30*400 = 65 mm
s < hf => Case I 200mm
T
d = 250+800+200-40-8-16/2 = 1194 mm 600mm
x = 65/0.9 = 72 mm < d/2 (1194/2 = 597 mm) => OK
Mcap = T (d-s/2) = 0.95*460*804*(1194-65/2)/1000000
= 407.7 kNm Ans.
For Channel and other shape Beam:
Home exercise: Calculate moment capacity for the following sections:
Assume fcu = 40 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2.
(1) (2) (3)
800 800 300
130 150
4Y32 8Y32
720

720

700
3Y32
400 400 120
800
Mcap = 786 kN.m Mcap = 979 kN.m Mcap = 567 kN.m

(4) (5) (6)

300 200 200 400

500
700
600

3Y25
100 6Y20
300
1000

700
Mcap = 308 kN.m 1200 4Y32
Mcap = 731 kN.m
600
Mcap = 1461 kN.m
T and L Beam:
Effective flange width bf :
A 2×2.9m B
L L L
Lz = L Lz = 0.7L
3 Slab thickness
G-3 = 140 mm
Max bf Max bf
bw = 300 mm
B-1

B-3 bf
B-2

6m bf

4 x x x
G-2 140 mm
bw= 300 mm B-2
6m B-1
B-1

Where x = Lz/10
B-3
B-2

A A
Section A-A
For B-1
5 bf = bw + x = bw + Lz/10
G-1 =300+0.7*6000/10 = 720 mm ≤ c/c spacing of beam/2+ bw /2
(2900/2+300/2 = 1600 mm) =˃ OK

For B-2: bf = bw + 2x = bw + 2Lz/10 = 300+2*0.7*6000/10 = 1140 mm ≤ c/c spacing of beam (2900 mm)
=˃ OK
For G-1: bf = bw + x = bw + Lz/10 = 350+0.7*5800/10 = 756 mm ≤ c/c spacing of girder/2+ bw /2
(6000/2+350/2 = 3175 mm) =˃ OK
For G-2: bf = bw + 2x = bw + 2Lz/10 = 350+2*0.7*5800/10 = 1162 mm ≤ c/c spacing of girder (6000 mm)
=˃ OK
Continuous Beam (B-5):
Example 4.8: For the slab system shown below, the ultimate positive and negative maximum moments
are 176 kN.m and 215 kN.m, respectively for beam B-5. Calculate required reinforcement area for
positive and negative regions and select reinforcement. Assuming monolithic construction of beam and
slab.
Continuous Beam (B-5):
Solution: Example 4.8
Since monolithic construction, consider T-beam

Calculate bf :
For continuous beam,
x = 0.7L/10 = 0.7×6/10 = 0.42 m = 420 mm
bf = bw+2x = 300+2×420 = 1140 mm < 2.9 m ok
h = 140+400 = 540 mm
hf = 140 mm

For +ve moment,

Tension in web => Case 1 or 2
bf =1140
0.45fcu
Cfmax
hf=140
d 6m 6m 6m 6m
h=540 Mu d-hf /2
+0.09wuL2 +0.07wuL2
T = +176 kNm = +137 kNm
bw=300 + + + +
0 - - - 0
-0.08w 2
-0.11wuL2 uL
= -215 kNm = -156 kNm
Continuous Beam (B-5):
Example 4.8: Continued
Check N. A. location:
Cfmax = 0.45fcubfhf =0.45*30*1140*140/1000 = 2154 kN,
d = 540-40-8-32/2 = 476 mm (Assuming 32 mm bar)
Mfmax = Cfmax (d-hf /2) = 2154*(476-140/2)/1000 = 874 kN.m > 176 kN.m
Since, Mfmax > Mu => N.A. in flange => Case 1 => Consider rectangular section with b = bf.
K = Mu /fcubf d2 = 176×106/(30*1140*4762) = 0.023 < 0.156, Hence singly reinforced
z = d [0.5+√(0.25-K/0.9)] = d [0.5+√(0.25-0.023/0.9)] = 0.97d > 0.95d => Not OK
Hence, use z = 0.95d = 0.95*476 = 452 mm

As = Mu /0.95fyz = 176×106/(0.95*415*452) = 987 mm2

As,min for web in tension, (bw /bf = 300/1140 = 0.26 < 0.4)
As,min = 0.0018bwh = 0.0018*300*540 = 292 mm2 < As (= 987 mm2) => OK
Select 2Y25+1Y12 = 982+113 = 1095 mm2.
Economy => 1095/987 = 1.11 < 1.2 => OK
Check c. s. = (300-40*2-8*2-25*2-12)/2 = 71 mm > 40 > 25 < 155 => OK
Continuous Beam (B-5):
Example 4.8: Continued
Since designed bar size is different than assumed bar size, need to check Mcap.
Calculate d: bf =1140

d 1= 540-40-8-25/2 =479.5 mm, As1 = 2Y25 = 982 mm2,

d 2= 540-40-8-12/2 =486 mm, As2 = 1Y12 = 113 mm2
h=540 d
d = (982*479.5+113*486)/(982+113) = 480 mm 2Y25
1Y12
s = 0.95fyAs / 0.45fcubf = 0.95*415*1095/(0.45*30*1140) = 28 mm,
x = s/0.9 = 28/0.9 =31 ≤ d /2 (=480/2 =240 mm) => OK
Mcap = T (d-s /2) = 0.95*415*1095(480-28/2)/106 = 201 kN.m ≥ Mu => OK bw=300

Full Checks:
Mcap ≥ Mu
x ≤ d /2
As > As,min
c. s. > 40 < 155 => OK
Continuous Beam (B-5):
Example 4.8: Continued Mu
T
For -ve moment, Tension in flange => Case 3 or 4 d-hw/2
Cwmax = 0.45fcubwhw =0.45*30*300*400/1000 = 1620 kN, d hw
Cwmax
d = 540-40-8-32/2 = 476 mm (Assuming 32 mm bar)
0.45fcu
bw
Mwmax = Cwmax (d-hw /2) = 1620*(476-400/2)/1000 = 447 kN.m > 215 kN.m.
Since, Mwmax > Mu => N.A. in web => Case 3 => Consider rectangular section with b = bw .

K = Mu /fcubw d2 = 215×106/(30*300*4762) = 0.105 < 0.156, Hence singly reinforced

z = d [0.5+√(0.25-K/0.9)] = d [0.5+√(0.25-0.105/0.9)] = 0.87d ≤ 0.95d => OK
z = 0.87d = 0.87*476 = 414 mm
As = Mu /0.95fyz = 215×106/(0.95*415*414) = 1317 mm2,
As,min for flange in tension for T-beam = 0.0026bwh
= 0.0026*300*540 = 421 mm2 < As (= 1317 mm2) => OK
Continuous Beam (B-5):
Example 4.8: Continued
T
As = 1317 mm2
Select 3Y25 = 1470 mm2. d-s/2
d hw
Check c. s. = (300-40*2-8*2-25*3)/2 = 64.5 mm > 40 => OK s Cw

d = 540-40-8-25/2 = 479.5 mm 0.45fcu

bw
s = 0.95fyAs / 0.45fcubw = 0.95*415*1470/(0.45*30*300) = 143 mm,
x = s/0.9 = 143/0.9 =159 ≤ d /2 (=480/2 =240 mm) OK
Mcap = T (d-s /2) = 0.95*415*1470(480-143/2)/106 = 237 kN.m ≥ Mu => OK

Full Checks:
Mcap ≥ Mu => OK
x ≤ d /2 => OK
As > As,min => OK
c. s. > 40 < 155 => OK