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Sequence and Series PDF

The document discusses different types of sequences and series including arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic sequences. It defines sequences and series, and discusses arithmetic progressions by defining the common difference and providing examples. It also discusses geometric means and their applications in various fields.

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Slok Yadav
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63 views

Sequence and Series PDF

The document discusses different types of sequences and series including arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic sequences. It defines sequences and series, and discusses arithmetic progressions by defining the common difference and providing examples. It also discusses geometric means and their applications in various fields.

Uploaded by

Slok Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SEQUENCE

AND
SERIES
KMC Mathematics Department

Presented To
KMC
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT

Presented By
GROUP NO 7
Declaration
We hereby declare that the report presented in this
project
report has been done by ourselves under the
supervision of Mr.
Gunakhar Pokhrel and has not been submitted
elsewhere for any
examination.

All sources of information have been specifically


acknowledged
by references to authors or institutions.

Name of Students(XI M16)

1) Suhas Belbase
2) Sushant Raj Shrestha
3) Sumit Tripathi
4) Slok Yadav
5) Suraj Gautam
6) Ujwal Kharel
7) Smriti Shakya
Subject Teacher’s
Recommendation

This project work entitled “REAL NUMBER


SYSTEM” submitted by this group of students,
Kathmandu Model Secondary School, Bagbazar,
Kathmandu, Nepal is prepared under my
supervision
as per the procedure and format requirements
laid by the Department of Mathematics,
Kathmandu Model Secondary School, as the
partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
internal evaluation of grade XI, therefore,
recommended the report for evaluation.

Signature
Name of Subject Teacher: Gunakhar Pokhrel
Date:2080/12/30
Introduction
In mathematics, the word, “sequence” is used in
much the same way as it is in ordinary English. When
we say that a collection of objects is listed in a
sequence, we usually mean that the collection is
ordered in such a way that it has an identified first
member, second member, third member and so on.
For example, population of human beings or bacteria
at different times form a sequence. The amount of
money deposited in a bank, over a number of years
form a sequence. Depreciated values of certain
commodity occur in a sequence. Sequences have
important applications in several spheres of human
activities. Sequences, following specific patterns are
called progressions. In previous class, we have
studied about arithmetic progression (A.P). In this
Chapter, besides discussing more about A.P.;
arithmetic mean, geometric mean, relationship
between A.M. and G.M., special series in forms of sum
to n terms of consecutive natural numbers, sum to n
terms of squares of natural numbers and sum to n
terms of cubes of natural numbers will also be
studied.
Defination
A sequence is an arrangement of any
objects or a set of numbers in a particular
order followed by some rule. If a1, a2, a3,
a4,……… etc. denote the terms of a
sequence, then 1,2,3,4,…..denotes the
position of the term.
A sequence can be defined based on the
number of terms i.e. either finite sequence
or infinite sequence.
If a1, a2, a3, a4, ……. is a sequence, then the
corresponding series is given by
SN = a1+a2+a3 + .. + aN
Note: The series is finite or infinite
depending if the sequence is finite or
infinite.
Types of
Sequence & Series
Most of the types of Sequences are :
Arithmetic Sequence
Geometric Sequence
Harmonic Sequence

1. Arithmetic Sequence
A sequence in which every term is
created by adding or subtracting a
definite number to the preceding
number is an arithmetic sequence.
For an Example ,
The sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, … is an
arithmetic sequence because the
difference between consecutive terms
is always 2.
In this sequence, the first term is 3, the
second term is 5 (which is obtained by
adding 2 to the first term), the third
term is 7 (by adding 2 to the second
term), and so on.
Another example could be the sequence
of even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, … This is also
an arithmetic sequence, with a common
difference of 2 between consecutive
terms.

2. Geometric Sequence

A sequence in which every term is


obtained by multiplying or dividing a
definite number with the preceding
number is known as a geometric
sequence.
Here’s a simple example of a geometric
sequence: 2, 6, 18, 54, …

In this sequence, the common ratio is 3,


as each term is obtained by multiplying
the previous term by 3. To find the next
term in the sequence, you multiply the
current term by the common ratio. For
instance, the next term after 54 would
be 54 * 3 = 162.

3. Harmonic Sequence

A series of numbers is said to be in


harmonic sequence if the reciprocals of
all the elements of the sequence form
an arithmetic sequence.
Here let us consider a arithmetic
sequence: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, … with a
common difference of 5.
To find the corresponding harmonic
sequence, take the reciprocal of each
term in the arithmetic sequence:
1/5, 1/10, 1/15, 1/20, 1/25, …
This is the harmonic sequence
corresponding to the given arithmetic
sequence.
Sequence and Series Formulas
Difference between
Sequence and Series
Arithmetic
Progression (A.P)
An arithmetic progression (AP), also
known as an arithmetic sequence, is a
sequence of numbers in which the
difference between consecutive terms
is constant. This constant difference is
known as the common difference,
denoted by 𝑑d.
The general form of an arithmetic
progression is given by:
𝑎, 𝑎+𝑑, 𝑎+2𝑑, 𝑎+3𝑑, …a,a+d,a+2d,a+3d,…
Where:
𝑎a is the first term of the sequence.
𝑑d is the common difference
between consecutive terms.
Arithmetic
Progression (A.P)
For example, the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11,
14, …2,5,8,11,14,… is an arithmetic
progression with a first term 𝑎=2a=2 and
a common difference 𝑑=3d=3.

Arithmetic progressions find extensive


applications in various fields such as
mathematics, physics, computer
science, and economics. They are
particularly useful in modeling
situations where quantities increase or
decrease by a fixed amount at each
step.
Arithmetic
Progression (A.P)
For example, the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11,
14, …2,5,8,11,14,… is an arithmetic
progression with a first term 𝑎=2a=2 and
a common difference 𝑑=3d=3.

Arithmetic progressions find extensive


applications in various fields such as
mathematics, physics, computer
science, and economics. They are
particularly useful in modeling
situations where quantities increase or
decrease by a fixed amount at each
step.
Geometric
Mean (G.M)
For example, the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11,
14, …2,5,8,11,14,… is an arithmetic
progression with a first term 𝑎=2a=2 and
a common difference 𝑑=3d=3.

Arithmetic progressions find extensive


applications in various fields such as
mathematics, physics, computer
science, and economics. They are
particularly useful in modeling
situations where quantities increase or
decrease by a fixed amount at each
step.
Bibilography

https://byjus.com/learning/

Foundation of Mathematics - Asmita


Publication
THANK YOU

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