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math

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antareepm12
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REPORT ON SEQUENCE AND SERIES

MATHEMATICS CA2

NAME :- Bidisha Saha


SEMESTER :- 3rd
SECTION :- A
GROUP :- ‘2’
ROLL NO. :- 11900123036
SUBJECT :- Mathematics – III
SUBJECT CODE :- BSC301
IntroductIon :
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers following a
specific rule, while a series is the sum of these
numbers. Both concepts are foundational in
mathematics, appearing in various real-world
applications, such as calculating interest, population
growth, and analysing algorithms. Sequences can be
arithmetic, geometric, or harmonic, each with distinct
properties and uses. Similarly, series can either
converge to a finite value or diverge to infinity.
Understanding sequences and series is crucial for
solving problems in fields like economics, physics, and
engineering, offering valuable insights into patterns
and structures in numerical data.
SequenceS :
Definition of a Sequence :
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers.
Essentially, it is a list of numbers arranged in a particular order, with each
number in the sequence called a term.

Types of Sequences :
Arithmetic Sequence :
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers where the difference
between any two consecutive terms is constant. This difference is known as the
common difference (d).
Formula for the n-th term of an arithmetic sequence:

Geometric Sequence :
A geometric sequence is a sequence where each term is found by multiplying
the previous term by a fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio (r).
Formula for the n-th term of a geometric sequence:

Harmonic Sequence :
A harmonic sequence is a sequence of the reciprocals of the terms of
an arithmetic sequence. If the arithmetic sequence is a1,a2,a3,…, the
harmonic sequence would be:
General Formula for Sequences :
The general formula for a sequence represents the relationship
between the position n of a term and the term itself. For example,
the general term an of a sequence could be expressed as:

Where f(n) is a function that generates the n-th term.

SerIeS :
Definition of a Series :
A series is the sum of the terms of a sequence. If a sequence is
denoted as a1,a2,a3,…, then the series associated with this sequence
is:

Types of Series :
Arithmetic Series :
An arithmetic series is the sum of the terms of an arithmetic
sequence. The sum Sn of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence
is given by the formula:
Geometric Series :
A geometric series is the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence.
The sum Sn of the first n terms of a geometric sequence is given by
the formula:

Harmonic Series :
A harmonic series is the sum of the reciprocals of an arithmetic
sequence. Its general form is:

General Formula for Series :


For any series, the general term Sn for the sum of the first n terms is:
ArIthmetIc ProgreSSIon (AP) :

Formula for Arithmetic Sequence :


The n-th term of an arithmetic sequence can be expressed as:

Sum of an Arithmetic Series :


The sum Sn of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression is:

Where a1a_1a1 is the first term and an is the n-th term.

Applications of Arithmetic Progression :


Arithmetic progression is widely used in various real-life scenarios,
such as calculating interest, determining population growth, and
computing distances in evenly spaced events.
geometrIc ProgreSSIon (gP) :

Formula for Geometric Sequence :


The n-th term of a geometric sequence is given by:

Sum of a Geometric Series :


The sum of the first n terms of a geometric series is:

Applications of Geometric Progression :


Geometric progressions are used in calculating compound interest,
population growth models, and analyzing economic scenarios such as
inflation.
hArmonIc ProgreSSIon (hP) :

Formula for Harmonic Sequence :


A harmonic sequence is derived from the reciprocals of the terms of
an arithmetic progression. Its general form is:

Where An is the n-th term of an arithmetic progression.

Sum of a Harmonic Series :


The sum of a harmonic series is the sum of the reciprocals of the
terms in an arithmetic progression.

Applications of Harmonic Progression :


Harmonic progressions find applications in electrical engineering,
acoustics, and computer science, especially in the analysis of
algorithms.
convergence And dIvergence of SerIeS:

Definition of Convergence :
A series is said to converge if the sum of its infinite terms approaches
a finite number. The classic example of a convergent series is the
geometric series with ∣r∣<1.

Divergent Series :
A series is said to diverge if the sum of its infinite terms grows
without bound. An example of a divergent series is the harmonic
series.

Conditions for Convergence :


For a series to converge, certain mathematical conditions must be
satisfied, such as the common ratio r being less than 1 for a
geometric series.
concluSIon :

The study of sequences and series is vital for understanding patterns


and relationships in mathematics. Sequences, such as arithmetic,
geometric, and harmonic, provide structured ways to analyse
ordered sets of numbers, while series allow us to sum these
sequences, helping solve complex problems. By mastering these
concepts, one can approach real-world challenges, like calculating
financial interest, understanding population growth, or analysing
algorithm efficiency. Convergence and divergence further deepen the
understanding of infinite series, providing insight into whether a
series results in a finite or infinite sum. Overall, sequences and series
offer powerful tools for mathematical reasoning and problem-
solving.

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