Grammar Explorer 3 ANSWER KEY

Grammar Explorer 3
Answer Key
UNIT 1 Family 10. I’m staying/I am staying

Present and Past: Simple and Progressive 11. surprises
12. laugh
LESSON 1 13. Do you follow
Simple Present and Present Progressive 14. I’m doing/I am doing
15. makes
EXPLORE 16. Young chimps and gorillas stay
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 5 17. Chimp fathers usually don’t stay/Chimp
1. False fathers usually do not stay
2. True 18. rarely leave
3. True
4. False Exercise 5, page 7
5. True 1. is growing
2. are getting
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 5 3. are growing
A 4. is increasing
1. b 5. always go
2. b 6. compare
3. a 7. always take care of
8. is always getting
B 9. is becoming
This verb Simple Present 10. is always complaining
form shows present progressive
that the Exercise 6 ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR,
action is… page 8
1. permanent. ✓ 1. A change over time: 1, 2, 3, 4, 9
2. a routine or ✓ 2. An unwanted repeated action: 8, 10, or;
habit. 3. A regular or expected action: 5, 6, 7
3. in progress ✓
now or over a PRACTICE
current time. Exercise 8, page 8
1. I’m enjoying
LEARN 2. ’m staying/am staying
Exercise 4, page 6-7 3. do
1. do you find 4. take
2. I go 5. don’t eat/do not eat
3. does it take 6. use
4. It usually takes 7. ’m getting/am getting
5. we don’t/do not find 8. speaks
6. Are the trackers following 9. is improving
7. The trackers are spending 10. often laughs
8. exploring 11. doesn’t bother/does not bother
9. are you staying
Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 3 1

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
12. often make OR ’m always getting/am 5. f
always making 6. d
A B
1. Do you eat with chopsticks at every meal? Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. Does your family remove their shoes inside Julia’s grandmother never drives at night.
the house? Julia’s grandmother still drives.
3. What are you getting better at? Julia’s father is standing next to her brother
4. Does anyone in your family speak English? Alex.
5. What language do you speak at home? Her twin sister Ana plays in an orchestra.
6. Who do you live with? Her brother Lucas is studying in Scotland.
7. Is your English improving day by day? Her whole family doesn’t get together too
8. Do you ever laugh at your mistakes in often.
English?
Exercise 12 EDIT, page 11
B This week I visit am visiting my twin sister.
Answers will vary We aren’t getting don’t get together often
because we live a couple of hours apart. We
Exercise 9, page 9 talk and text all the time, though, so we
A don’t feel too far apart. We are telling tell
1. is always borrowing; not returning each other our problems and try to help each
2. are always checking; texting other out. Another reason we don’t see each
3. is always complaining other often is my sister’s job. She is very
4. are always making busy. We often make plans, but she is
5. is always talking cancelling always always cancelling our
6. is always losing plans at the last minute. Sometimes this
upsets me. It’s almost summer, though, so
Exercise 10, page 10 her schedule becomes is becoming much
A less busy. This week, at least, we do are
1. are living doing a lot together. It’s great!
2. is decreasing; is not increasing/isn’t
increasing LESSON 2
3. is not going up/isn’t going up; is coming Stative Verbs
down/’s coming down
4. are getting; are waiting EXPLORE
5. are not having/aren’t having; are Exercise 2 CHECK, page 13
having/’re having 1. don’t want
6. are continuing 2. are not having
7. are growing 3. is not only one/more than one
4. don’t have
Exercise 11 LISTEN & WRITE, page 10
A Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 13
1. b A
2. c 1. is thinking
3. e 2. think
4. a 3. is looking

4. looks (b) is seeing
5. are having 6. (a) is looking
6. have (b) looks
7. (a) am smelling
B (b) smells
1. 1, 3 8. (a) is coming
2. 2, 4, 5, 6 (b) comes
LEARN PRACTICE
Exercise 4, page 14 Exercise 8, page 16
1. S 1. A: are you tasting
2. A B: It doesn’t smell/does not smell
3. S 2. A: Do you have
4. A B: I’m/I am
5. S 3. A: do you look; are you thinking
6. S B: we need
7. A 4. A: You seem
8. S B: I miss
Exercise 5, page 14-15 Exercise 9, page 16-17

1. A: Do people have 1. like
B: Many families have 2. ’s/is
2. A: Do most people own 3. love
B: most people don’t/do not own 4. comes
3. A: Does it cost 5. has
B: Yes, it costs 6. don’t always agree/do not always agree
4. A: do you think 7. ’m watching/am watching
B: I hope 8. are having
5. A: Do you know 9. ’s/is
B: it seems 10. sounds
6. A: do you look like 11. seems
B: I resemble 12. doesn’t resemble/does not resemble
13. has
Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 15 14. loves
Answers will vary 15. own
16. see
Exercise 7, page 15-16
1. (a) has Exercise 10, page 17
(b) is having 1. seem
2. (a) think 2. isn’t/is not
(b) am thinking 3. resembles
3. (a) weighs 4. doesn’t have/does not have
(b) is weighing 5. has
4. (a) isn’t being 6. ’s/is
(b) is 7. weighs
5. (a) doesn’t see 8. doesn’t need/does not need

9. sees 7. knew
10. knows 8. stayed
9. performed
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 17 10. found
A 11. didn’t enjoy/did not enjoy
Answers will vary 12. liked
13. was reading
B 14. was playing
Answers will vary 15. threw
16. wasn’t looking
LESSON 3 17. hit
Simple Past and Past Progressive 18. felt
19. was
EXPLORE
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 19 B
Wording may vary, but answers should 1. did Carly stay
include the main ideas. 2. did Tori perform
1. Over 2000 sets of twins were at the 3. was reading
festival. 4. happened
2. Some of the festival events were picnics, 5. did Sam feel
talent shows, parades, and contests. 6. did you prefer
3. Scientists and technicians were doing
serious work at the festival. C
4. It was hard to tell them apart because their Answers may vary. Possible answers:
beards covered half of their faces. 1. Because she was sick.
2. Because Carly was sick.
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 19 3. Sam was.
A 4. He wasn’t looking, so he missed the ball
1. was walking; stopped and it hit him on the arm.
2. were photographing; collecting; scanning 5. Because his twin had been hit on his arm.
3. looked; didn’t see
Exercise 5, page 22
B 1. saw
1. simple past; past progressive 2. were driving
2. simple past 3. were drinking
3. simple past 4. When
5. lifted
LEARN 6. was leading
Exercise 4, page 20-21 7. when
A 8. was playing
1. liked 9. fell
2. preferred 10. got
3. had 11. decided
4. practiced 12. when
5. played
6. woke up PRACTICE

Exercise 6 WRITE & SPEAK, page 23 12. didn’t want
B 13. did
1. When Julio’s parents were living in 14. looked
Japan, they didn’t know each other. 15. arrived
2. They each emigrated to Peru when they 16. traveled
saved enough money. 17. While
3. Julio’s grandparents were working on a 18. knew
sugar plantation when they met. 19. were
4. Julio’s father, Jiro, was born while they 20. found
lived/ were living on the sugar plantation. 21. was
5. When Jiro turned six, the family moved to
Lima, so he could go to school. Exercise 8 EDIT, page 25
6. Jiro worked in the family store while he A
went/ was going to high school. Erica: Hello?
7. When Jiro saw Susan at school, he Mother: Hello, Erica? Were you asleep?
introduced himself. Was I waking Did I wake you up?
8. When Jiro and Susan were attending Erica: Yeah. I slept was sleeping. I didn’t
college in Lima, they got married. sleep well last night, so I decided to take a
nap.
C Mother: Oh, I’m sorry. I just was wanting
Answers will vary wanted to say hello.
Erica: Well, I had was having the strangest
D dream when the phone rang. I talked to Aunt
Answers will vary Jelena. We were sitting in her
living room. While we were talking, a bear
Exercise 7 LISTEN, page 24 suddenly was appearing appeared. It was
A terrifying! When the bear came toward us,
1. Bella’s mother we were running ran outside. That’s when I
2. Bella’s mother heard the phone.
3. Marina Mother: That sounds like a scary dream!
4. Maria and Marina Erica: It was. It was a very strange dream.
5. Maria I’m glad I was waking up woke up.
6. Marina
B, page 25
B Erica’s Dream Notes
1. was cleaning 1. Where was Erica In Aunt Jelena’s
2. when in her dream? living room.
3. was looking 2. What was she They were catching
4. came doing? up.
5. When 3. What happened? A bear suddenly
6. became appeared.
7. told 4. What did they do She was scared.
8. Maria when the bear came
9. Marina toward them?
10. when 5. How did she feel She was glad when
11. was packing when she woke up? she woke up.

“Do you leave already Are you leaving
Exercise 9 APPLY, page 25 already?” These comments upset me, so
A now I think I’m thinking about changing
Answers will vary jobs. Anyway, enough about me. What do
you do are you doing nowadays? Write
B soon!
Answers will vary Love,
Carlos
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR
Exercise 3 LISTEN, page 27
Exercise 1, page 26 A
1. don’t have 1. False
2. feel 2. True
3. don’t know 3. False
4. believe 4. False
5. think 5. True
6. wasn’t
7. went B
8. played 1. love, don’t
9. was growing 2. know, know, knew
10. gave 3. is
11. didn’t get 4. I’m not talking
12. are deciding 5. didn’t fight
13. costs 6. show, fight
14. are waiting/wait
15. have Exercise 4 SPEAK & WRITE
16. don’t plan A
Answers will vary
Exercise 2 EDIT, page 26
Hi Anna, B
How do things go are things going? Answers will vary
Everything is great with Emily, Max, and
me. Max grows is growing day by day. He’s
four months old now. He is getting big!
Emily is working part time now. She was
going went back to work last month, so
she’s always really tired. It’s too bad babies
aren’t sleeping don’t sleep through the night.
Max wakes up two or three times a night.
I’m lucky. I’m never waking up I never
wake up. Emily does.
I need my sleep. I’m working long
hours these days. On top of that, my boss is
always complaining about something. The
other day, at 6:00 p.m., while I walked was
walking out the door to go home, he said,

CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
WRITING

B
Verb form Example Use
Present is increasing trend
progressive are living temporary
situation
is affecting trend
are taking trend
Simple is different stative verb
present cannot find fact
they return fact
home
they want stative verb
get too stative verb
comfortable
face stative verb
economic
challenges
it seems stative verb
Simple past left home; past
left his examples
parents’
house; went
to college; he
got a job;
never
returned
Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

29
A
Answers may vary
Why are people living longer?
B
Answers may vary
Exercise 3 WRITE, page 29

Answers will vary

UNIT 2 Passions
Present and Past: Perfect and Perfect Exercise 6, page 36
Progressive 1. have enjoyed; for
2. has been; since
LESSON 1 3. has had; for
Present Perfect 4. have wanted; for
5. has not played/hasn’t played; since
EXPLORE 6. has not participated/hasn’t participated;
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 33 for
1. d 7. has always jumped; since
2. e 8. have loved; since
3. b
4. a Exercise 7, page 37
5. c 1. (a) has dreamed
(b) dreamed
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 33 2. (a) have never photographed
A (b) didn’t photograph
1. grew up; learned 3. (a) went
2. has loved (b) has gone
3. has spent 4. (a) haven’t seen
4. has followed; dived; studied (b) didn’t see
5. approached; got
PRACTICE
B Exercise 8, page 37
1. 1, 5 A
2. 3, 4 1. reduced
3. 2 2. full
3. reduced
LEARN 4. reduced
Exercise 4, page 35 5. reduced
1. I’ve learned 6. full
2. Have you seen 7. full
3. I haven’t 8. reduced
4. I’ve never heard
5. He has lived Exercise 9, page 38
6. worked A
7. He has taken 1. have you been
8. Mr. Chin has just canceled 2. I have had
9. Has he rescheduled 3. did you become
10. Have you ever had 4. I was
5. snakes have fascinated
Exercise 5 ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR, 6. I was
page 35 7. I did not read/I didn’t read 8. I often
1. 5, 6 volunteered
2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10 9. I majored
3. 8, 9 10. you spent

11. I really enjoyed 3. Did you visit any interesting places when
12. Have you ever experienced you were a child?
13. I have worked 4. Have you visited any interesting places
14. only one has bitten recently?
15. I have paid more attention 5. What dreams for the future did you have
16. I have been able as a child?
6. What goals have you achieved in the last
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 39 few years?
Dear Ms. Ramos,
I am writing to apply for the position B
of staff photographer that I have seen saw on Answers will vary
your website. I believe that my experience
has prepared me well for this job. Exercise 12 APPLY, page 40
Photography is my passion. I loved A
have loved photography ever since I was a Answers will vary
child. That is when I have gotten got my
first camera. The thrill of taking pictures has LESSON 2
never gone away, but my interests have Present Perfect Progressive and Present
changed over the years. While I was Perfect
growing up, I liked to photograph people;
however, as an adult, I have took have taken EXPLORE
more pictures of nature than people. Exercise 2 CHECK, page 42
I lived have lived in Hawaii since 1. False
2013, and I have traveled all over the islands 2. True
to photograph rare birds and plants. I’ve 3. False
learned a lot, and my technique has 4. True
improved in the last few years. My photos 5. False
has never appeared have never appeared in
a magazine or book, but several have been Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 42
on display at a local gallery since for several A
months. I would be happy to share my 1. b
portfolio on request. 2. a
I heared have heard a lot about your 3. a
magazine, and it would be great pleasure to 4. b
work for you. I look forward to talking to
you about this opportunity. LEARN
Sincerely, 1. have you been going
Katy Mills 2. My husband has been hiking
3. Has it been getting
Exercise 11 WRITE & SPEAK, page 40 4. we have been working/we’ve been
A working
1. What activities have you always loved to 5. we have been causing/we’ve been causing
do? 6. Have you been enjoying
2. What activities did you enjoy when you 7. We have been having/We’ve been having
were younger? 8. have you been doing

9. we have been visiting/we’ve been visiting 4. False
10. taking 5. False
6. False
Exercise 5, page 44
1. (a) No B
(b) Yes Answers will vary. Answers may include:
2. (a) Yes 1. Barton Seaver has loved seafood his
(b) No whole life.
3. (a) No 2. Barton Seaver has worked as a chef in
(b) Yes many restaurants.
4. (a) Yes 3. Barton Seaver has owned restaurants.
(b) No 4. Barton Seaver has developed a list of
substitute fish for people to eat.
Exercise 6, page 44-45 5. Barton Seaver has written a cookbook of
A seafood and vegetable recipes.
1. been taking 6. Barton Seaver has been giving lectures
2. made about the importance of the ocean.
3. bought
4. owned C
5. gotten Answers will vary
6. eaten
7. done Exercise 9, page 47
8. been watching A
Hank
B
Answers will vary B
1. Both Hank and Jake
PRACTICE have planned
Exercise 7, page 45 2. Jake has not completed/Jake hasn’t
1. Have you finished completed
2. Have you found 3. Hank has already taken
3. I have been looking for/I’ve been looking 4. he has been helping
for 5. Hank has already turned in
4. I have been working/I’ve been working 6. Jake has been working
5. I have been chopping/I’ve been chopping 7. he hasn’t finished
6. Have you heard 8. Hank and Jake have been planning
7. has Pat been studying; He has taken; 9. They haven’t served
learned/ he has learned
8. Has Julio taken; he has been studying Exercise 10 APPLY, page 47
A
Exercise 8 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK, Answers will vary
page 46
A B
1. False Answers will vary
2. True
3. True LESSON 3

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive 8. hadn’t been thinking/had not been
thinking
EXPLORE
1. rope 1. had; been hiking
2. was 2. had; been following
3. confidence 3. had; been preparing
4. No 4. had; been camping
5. had; been staying
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 49 6. had; been waiting
A 7. had; been heading
1. Honnold (2) climbed Half Dome without 8. Had; been thinking
a rope.
Others (1) had climbed it with a rope. C
2. He (1) had been confident until he (2) got Answers will vary
near the top.
3. This time (2) was different from the last PRACTICE
time. The last time he (1) had used a rope. Exercise 6 WRITE & SPEAK, page 53
4. He (2) climbed the fastest. Nobody (1) A
had ever climbed so quickly. 1. had you learned
2. did you learn
B 3. had you studied
First 4. did you learn
5. did you never do
LEARN 6. had you never done
Exercise 4, page 50-51 7. had your parents lived
1. did you take 8. did you live
2. I’d always wanted
3. did the trip take B
4. I’d traveled Answers will vary
5. Had you ever been
6. I’d ever taken Exercise 7 SPEAK & WRITE, page 53-54
7. did you do A
8. I’d made Dan Osman’s passion was cliff jumping.
9. had gone
10. I never met/I’d never met B
1. hadn’t been /had not been
Exercise 5, page 52 2. hadn’t climbed/had not climbed
A 3. had become
1. had been hiking 4. hadn’t appeared/had not appeared
2. had been following 5. had met
3. had been preparing 6. hadn’t finishing/had not finished
4. had not been camping 7. had already jumped
5. had been staying 8. had completed
6. had been waiting
7. had been heading C

Answers will vary 2. The rescue team found a message that
gave all the a few details about the
Exercise 8, page 54 challenges that Franklin’s men were facing.
1. hadn’t gone/had not gone
2. had wanted Exercise 11 APPLY, page 56-57
3. had been planning A
4. had slept Answers may vary. Possible answers:
5. had been riding What Happened Why It Happened
6. hadn’t eaten/had not eaten 1. While kayaking, 1. They hadn’t been
7. had noticed they got lost. paying attention to
8. hadn’t rested/had not rested 2. They got their location.
sunburned. 2. They hadn’t
Exercise 9, page 55 3. They lost a brought any
A paddle. sunblock.
By the mid-nineteenth century, Europeans 4. Their kayaks 3. They were
had been trying to find a quick way to travel overturned. paddling through
to Asia for hundreds of years. They had 5. They got rapids.
been looking for a waterway through the icy mosquito bites. 4. They had been
Canadian Arctic since the sixteenth century; walking around.
however, no one had ever found it. Then in 5. They hadn’t
1845, Sir John Franklin tried. He set out on brought any insect
the risky journey with an expedition of 128 repellent.
men. Two years passed by, but Franklin did
not return. What had happened to him and B
his men? Had their ship sunk? Had they Answers will vary
gotten lost? A rescue team went to find out.
C
B Answers will vary
Answers may vary. Possible answers:
1. a quick way to travel to Asia REVIEW THE GRAMMAR
2. to get to Asia quickly
3. went on an expedition to find it Exercise 1, page 58
4. (up to students) 1. had
2. lost
Exercise 10 LISTEN, page 55-56 3. had been
A 4. had won
1. False 5. took
2. True 6. did not/
3. False didn’t think
4. True 7. told
5. True 8. suggested
9. had always wanted
B 10. had been training
Answers may vary. Possible answers: 11. listened
1. No explorers had been through the 12. started
Northwest Passage before Franklin. 13. have been swimming

14. have won 4. She’d been in the Air Force for nine years
15. have been training before she began training to be an astronaut.
Exercise 2 EDIT, page 58 CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO

It had always been our dream to WRITING
travel to southern Africa, and we’d make
made a lot of plans for our trip. I wanted to Exercise 1, page 60-61
take a lot of wildlife photographs, so my A
friend has recommended that I bring two Answers will vary
cameras. When I got to Namibia, I had
panicked. One camera had been was B
missing. Luckily, I was finding found it Answers will vary. Answers may include:
later. About a year ago, I was watching the
The next day, we had started out on Olympics, and I decided that I wanted to
our safari with a tour. By the end of our tour, become a runner. I knew I should set an
we saw had seen some amazing things. One achievable goal, so I decided to train for a
time, when we stopped to take pictures, we 5K race.
were only a few feet away from a cheetah. My parents were surprised when I
Amazing! told them about my goal, because I had
We had never bothered the animals never been interested in running before. In
at night. However, we heard their various fact, I had never run more than a mile, and I
calls and other noises outside our tent every had always been very slow. My friends
night. At first, I had been was afraid of the thought I was joking. Everyone assumed
sounds, but not by the end of the trip. It was that I would quit after a week.
really the most incredible trip I’ve ever been Fortunately, I proved them all
taking taken. wrong. I did two things to achieve my goal.
First, I went online and researched a good
Exercise 3 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 59 training plan. I found a website that helps
A you plan workouts. You start by walking,
1. has ever sent and then you gradually start running. After
2. trained; joined that, I joined a local running group. We ran
3. has flown; has done in the park twice a week, and I made friends
4. has also participated who had also decided to run a 5K.
5. has never experienced Three months later, I achieved my
goal: I ran in my first race. I didn’t win, but
B I ran the whole way, so I was proud of
Answers may vary. Possible answers: myself. Since then, I have run in several
1. She has flown different types of aircraft, races. I have also started training for a
participated in military exercises, emergency longer run. My next goal is to run in a 10K
rescues, and in disaster relief work. She has race. My friends have stopped laughing at
also gone into space. me, and a few of them have even asked me
2. No, she never imagined she would be an to help them start running!
important part of her country’s space
program. C
3. Her coworkers have described her as b, f, d, g, c, e, a
smart, calm, and very friendly.

61
A
Answers will vary
B
Answers will vary

Answers will vary

UNIT 3 A Look into the Future 5. I’m going/I am going
The Future 6. are you coming/do you come
7. The train gets in/The train is getting in
LESSON 1 8. My friends and I are sharing
Will, Be going to, Present Progressive, and 9. Are you working/Do you work
Simple Present 10. Are you going to
11. It begins
EXPLORE 12. I’m playing/I am playing
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 65 13. we’re/we are meeting
1. True 14. Is everyone going
2. False 15. does it start
3. True 16. We’re meeting/We are meeting
4. False
5. True PRACTICE
Exercise 6, page 68
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 65 1. are you going
A 2. I’m playing
1. are going to make 3. You’ll have
2. starts 4. is
3. Are; going 5. will take
4. ’ll e-mail/will e-mail 6. I’m going to borrow
7. I’ll drive
B 8. is going to
Answer: 3
Exercise 7, page 68
LEARN 1. a
Exercise 4, page 66-67 2. a
A 3. b
1. robots will scare 4. c
2. I’m going to make 5. b
3. I’ll make/I will make 6. a
4. Are you going to explain 7. c
5. Will you explain 8. a
6. We’ll talk/We will talk
7. Will you remind Exercise 8 LISTEN, page 69
8. I’m going to talk/I am going to talk A
9. he won’t do/he will not do 1. b
10. Will robots be 2. b
11. Will you help 3. a
12. I’ll help/I will help 4. a
5. b
Exercise 5, page 67-68 6. a
1 . are you doing
2. I’m going/I am going Exercise 9 LISTEN, page 69
3. my train leaves/ my train is leaving A
4. Are you going 1. a

2. b Exercise 2 CHECK, page 72
3. b Answers will vary. Possible answers:
4. a 1. We want our clothes to look good and
5. a protect us
6. b from the weather.
7. a 2. Two items of clever clothing that will
8. b have a health purpose are:
• a jacket that has a sleeve that allows you to
B control your cell phone.
Answers will vary. Possible answers: • shirts that check our heart rate and blood
1. Sasha is graduating from high school next pressure.
year. • clothing for children with GPS tracking
2. She wants to work in robotics. systems that allow parents to know their
3. Sasha is going to do some research on child’s location at all times.
engineering programs. • military clothing for soldiers that helps
4. She won’t apply to schools until she finds them to mend broken bones.
a good one. 3. They are not comfortable.
5. Sasha’s robot will respond to human 4. We’ll want our clothes to look good and
needs. work for us.
6. Other robots will take care of the elderly
and physically challenged people. Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 72
A
Exercise 10 LISTEN & WRITE, page 70 1. when
A 2. while
Sasha’s immediate future 3. as soon as
☑ Graduate from high school 4. until
☑ Do some research on engineering 5. When
programs
☑ Plan to read about robot projects this year B
1. when we push
Herb and other robots 2. while we are wearing them
☑ Be a help in people’s homes 3. as soon as they happen
☑ Take care of the elderly 4. until they are
5. when that happens
Sasha’s robot
☑ Respond to human needs C
☑ Understand what people say Answer: present
☑ Be amazing
LEARN
B Exercise 4, page 73
Answers will vary A
1. develop; won’t wear/will not wear/aren’t
LESSON 2 going to wear/are not going to wear
Future Time Clauses 2. are going to purchase/will purchase; see
3. are going to warn/will warn; falls
EXPLORE 4. will sell/are going to sell; offer

5. have; will use/are going to use 3. Before you make a wrong turn, your self-
6. become; will want/is going to want driving car will warn you. /Your self-driving
car will warn you before you make a wrong
B turn.
Answers will vary 4. Until engineers make sure that these cars
are safe, people won’t feel relaxed. /People
Exercise 5, page 74 won’t feel relaxed until engineers make sure
1. (2) Rob will receive a bionic arm (1) as that these cars are safe.
soon as it is ready. 5. Once you find a parking space, your car
2. (1) Ron isn’t going to be able to hold will park itself./Your car will park itself
anything (2) until he gets a bionic arm. once you find a parking space.
3. (2) Before he has the new arm, (1) he will 6. When people name their destination, their
learn as much as possible about bionics. cars will start up and drive there./Their cars
4. (1) As soon as Ron gets the arm, (2) he is will start
going to try to use it. up and drive there when people name their
5. (1) When Ron thinks about moving his destination.
fingers, (2) his brain will send messages to 7. As soon as engineers build more
his hand. automated highways, people will take more
6. (2) The fingers in his bionic arm will trips./People will take more trips as soon as
move (1) after they receive the messages engineers build more automated highways.
from his brain. 8. People are not going to buy self-driving
7. (2) Until he gets his bionic arm, (1) Ron cars until they become affordable. Until self-
is going to need help with everyday tasks. driving cars become affordable, people are
8. (2) He will be very happy (1) once he is not going to buy them.
able to do everyday tasks.
Exercise 8 WRITE & SPEAK, page 76
Exercise 6, page 76 A
1. b Answers will vary
2. a
3. b Exercise 9 EDIT, page 77
4. a When Ari graduates next month, he starts
5. b is going to start working as a designer for a
6. a car company. It’s a great job, but he’s a little
7. b worried about it. When he will go goes to
8. a work on the first day, everything about the
job will be new. Also, as soon as he begins,
PRACTICE his long summer vacations will be over. Ari
Exercise 7, page 75-76 will miss all that free time, but after he
1. The car manufacturer is going to sell its works for a couple of weeks, he loves will
new self-driving car after it tests it. love his new job. He will learn a lot, and
2. As soon as a car in front of you stops, definitely doesn’t won’t complain when he
your self- driving car will stop will get gets his first paycheck.
automatically./Your self-driving car will
stop automatically as soon as a car in front Exercise 10 LISTEN & WRITE, page 77
of you stops. A

He’s worried that he won’t remember 4. will have lost
everyone’s name; he’s worried he will have
trouble working in an open room; he’s B
worried that the job will be too hard for him. 1. will be facing; will be living
2. will have reached; will have lost
B
Answers will vary. Possible answers: C
1. You’ll learn everyone’s name. 1. 1
2. When you get comfortable in the new 2. 2
work space,
3. after you work at this job for a while. LEARN
4. try to take notes so you can remember all Exercise 4, page 80-81
the information. 1. we’re going to be meeting
5. When you get your first paycheck, you’ll 2. we will not be doing/we won’t be doing
be happy about your job. 3. I’m going to be testing; you’ll be
driving/you will be driving
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 77 4. I’ll be shopping/I will be shopping
A 5. will Julio and Ramon be doing
Answers will vary. Possible answers: 6. They’re going to be working/They are
Janet’s fears: going to be working
Will I understand the teachers? 7. Will you be helping them
Who will I ask for help when I don’t 8. I’m going to be writing/I am going to be
understand something? writing
I’m worried that I’m going to miss my 9. will the plane be taking off
friends and family. 10. I’ll be coming/I will be coming
How will I make friends when I don’t speak
the language fluently? Exercise 5, page 82
I’m worried I’ll be lonely. 1. will have written
2. will have built
LESSON 3 3. will have seen
Future: Progressive, Perfect, and Perfect 4. will have taken
progressive 5. will have made
6. will have performed
EXPLORE
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 79 Exercise 6, page 82
1. a 1. will have been translating
2. b; c 2. will have been serving
3. b 3. will have been playing
4. c 4. will have been working
5. a 5. will have been watching
6. will have been riding
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 79
A PRACTICE
1. will be facing Exercise 7 WRITE & SPEAK, page 83
2. will have reached A
3. will be living 1. will be attending

2. will be checking
3. will have recycled B
4. will not have made/won’t have made Answers will vary
5. will have been working
6. he will be taking/he’ll be taking Exercise 10 APPLY, page 85
7. will have bought A
8. will have returned Answers will vary
B REVIEW THE GRAMMAR

Answers will vary
Exercise 1, page 86
Exercise 8 WRITE & SPEAK, page 84 1. are going to send
A 2. are going to wait
1. Who will be taking notes at the meeting? 3. will take
2. Will you be picking up your car today? 4. While
3. Will you be returning the homework next 5. will be worrying
week? 6. Will I get in
4. When will you be handing in your 7. are they going to reject
project? 8. won’t receive
5. Will you be stopping at the next bus stop? 9. go
10. will be
B 11. are going to miss
Answers will vary 12. It’s happening
13. begin
Exercise 9 WRITE & LISTEN, page 84- 14. won’t be sorry
85
A Exercise 2 SPEAK, WRITE & LISTEN,
1. Large numbers of people won’t be page 86-87
working in offices in the years to come. A
2. Fewer people will be using company Answers may vary
office space.
3. Over the next few decades, more and B
more workers will be having video 1. Hiro won’t have sent his application by
conferences. the end of May.
4. Desktop computers and phones will have 2. Jamal will be doing an internship in
disappeared from offices by the middle of August.
the century. 3. Alex will have finished his online classes
5. Almost everyone will have been by January.
communicating with mobile phones and 4. Hiro will not be starting/won’t be starting
wireless computers for years. a job search later this year.
6. By 2050 many companies will have 5. Alex will be working as an urban designer
rethought office space. in two years.
7. Some offices will have replaced office 6. Hiro won’t have started his own company
walls with electronic walls by then. in ten years.
8. People won’t be sharing information in
the same ways they do now. C

Jamal Reason 2: Productivity
We can read and study in traffic.
Exercise 4 EDIT, page 87 Help us use our time more
I finally have a plan for the future. It is
going to have worked It’s going to work like Exercise 3 WRITE, page 89
this. Next week, I’m starting I will start/I’ll Answers will vary
start my application for graduate school. I’m
studying going to study/am going to study
urban planning. At the end of the month, I
will sending will send/’ll send in the
application. While I’m going to wait I wait/I
am waiting for a response, I’m going to do
an internship. That will be between June and
December. Hopefully, I’ll start classes in
January. By the time I will graduate
graduate in two years, I’ll take I’ll have
taken/I will have taken a variety of courses.
They will prepare me for the job market, and
hopefully in ten years I’ll be working I’ll
have been working/I will have been working
as an urban engineer for several years. In
fifteen years, I will have been starting will
start/’ll start my own company. At least,
that’s the plan right now.
Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 87

Answers will vary

WRITING

A
Answers will vary
B
Answers will vary
C
Thesis: I strongly believe self-driving cars
are going to help us greatly in the future.
Reason 1: Safer
Self-driving cars will take bad drivers off
the road.

UNIT 4 Exploration 8. wants
Negative Yes/No Questions; Statements
and Tag Questions B
1. Wasn’t the first person in space
LESSON 1 American?
Negative Yes/No Questions and Statement 2. Didn’t space travel begin in the 1960s?
Questions 3. Didn’t the first astronaut step on the moon
in 1969?
EXPLORE 4. Haven’t there been trips to Mars already?
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 93 5. Isn’t space travel expensive?
1. The Mars Desert Research Station is on 6. Aren’t all objects weightless in space?
Earth in a remote desert area in Utah. 7. Doesn’t life in a space station seem
2. A space psychologist helps the crew of exciting?
astronauts. 8. Doesn’t everyone want to travel to the
3. Astronauts have to put on special suits moon?
before they go outside the research station.
4. Some of the challenges that astronauts C
have to deal with are claustrophobia, 1. b
pressure to get work done, stress of working 2. b
together every day, crowded living space, 3. a
and no privacy. 4. b
5. a
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 93 6. a
A 7. a
1. So life on Mars can drive you crazy? 8. b
2. Isn’t another challenge the special suits
they have to wear? Exercise 5 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 96
3. Don’t the astronauts start to feel A
claustrophobic in the research station? 1. There’s a Mars research station on
4. I guess that’s why they need a Earth?
psychologist. 2. The training at the station isn’t for
everyone.
B 3. There are people who specialize in space
1. 1; 4 psychology?
2. 2; 3 4. Astronauts haven’t gone to Mars yet?
5. It will take years for humans to travel to
LEARN Mars.
Exercise 4, page 95 6. It takes longer to travel to Mars than to
A the moon?
1. was 7. We aren’t going to read about other
2. began planets?
3. stepped 8. We have to learn all this information
4. have been about Mars?
5. is
6. are B
7. seems a. 6

b. 3 A
c. 1 1. b
d. 8 2. a
e. 7 3. b
f. 4 4. a
5. a
PRACTICE 6. b
Exercise 6, page 97 7. a
A 8. a
1. You weren’t
2. Didn’t you train Exercise 9 APPLY, page 100
3. Wasn’t it A
4. It didn’t get 1. b
5. Weren’t you 2. a
6. You’re planning 3. c
7. Aren’t you
B
Exercise 7, page 97-98 a. 3
A b. 2
1. Weren’t the Polynesians skilled c. 3
explorers? d. 3
2. Didn’t it take only a short time to travel e. 1
from Tahiti to Hawaii? f. 1
3. Didn’t the Polynesians discover Hawaii
and many other islands? C
4. Didn’t the Polynesians trade with Answers will vary
islanders thousands of miles away?
5. Aren’t today’s researchers trying to find LESSON 2
out how far the Polynesians traveled? Tag Questions; Answers to Tag Questions
C EXPLORE
The Pacific Ocean Exercise 2 CHECK, page 102
1. False
D 2. True
1. Yes, they were. They sailed all over the 3. False
South Pacific. 4. True
2. No, it was an extremely long journey 5. True
from Tahiti to Hawaii.
3. No, the Polynesians discovered many Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 102
other islands. A
4. Yes, the Polynesians traded with islanders 1. ’ve seen; haven’t you
thousands of miles away. 2. didn’t show; did it
5. No, researchers are trying to find out why 3. ’s; isn’t he
the Polynesians were so successful. 4. was; wasn’t it
Exercise 8 LISTEN, page 99 B

2, 4 5. Expecting
6. Confirmation
LEARN 7. Expecting
Exercise 4, page 103 8. Expecting
1. wasn’t it
2. isn’t he B
3. hasn’t he 7. a
4. isn’t it 4. b
5. haven’t they 6. c
6. didn’t they 1. d
7. aren’t there 8. e
8. don’t they 2. f
9. doesn’t it 5. g
10. do we 3. h
Exercise 5, page 104 Exercise 8 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 107-

1. Yes 108
2. Yes A
3. Yes 1. A
4. No 2. A
5. Yes 3. C
6. No 4. A
7. Yes 5. C
8. Yes 6. C
9. No
10. No Exercise 9, page 107-108
1. Sandy The weather’s great today, isn’t it?
PRACTICE Jessica: It’s beautiful. And there are a lot
Exercise 6, page 105 of people here, aren’t there?
A Sandy: Yeah. I never knew so many
1. aren’t you people loved rock climbing.
2. isn’t it Jessica: We’re going to see some great
3. wasn’t it views today, aren’t we?
4. were you Sandy: I hope so.
5. do you 2. Ray: Have we met before?
6. doesn’t she Hamid: Right. We were in the same map
7. have you and compass training course last month,
8. weren’t you weren’t we?
9. are you Ray: Oh yeah. I remember now. That was
hard, wasn’t it?
Exercise 7, page 106 Hamid: It really was. But I don’t think I’ll
A ever get lost again, do you?
1. Confirmation Ray: Me neither!
2. Confirmation 3. Gisela: This climb can’t get any harder,
3. Expecting can it?
4. Expecting

Luca: I hope not. We’ve walked through 7. Didn’t he bring the parts under one
so many dangerous spots already, haven’t government?
we? He brought the parts under one
Gisela: I know. I’ll be glad when it’s over. government, didn’t he?
Luca: The next mile is going to be the last 8. Don’t people from Mongolia honor the
part, isn’t it? memory of Genghis Khan?
Gisela: I think so. After that, the trail gets People from Mongolia honor the memory
easier. of Genghis Khan, don’t they?
Exercise 10 APPLY, page 108 Exercise 2 LISTEN, SPEAK & WRITE,

A page 110
Answers will vary A
1. (T) You’re working on Dr. Albert Lin’s
B project, aren’t you?
Answers will vary 2. (T) The use of technology is extremely
important in Mongolia, isn’t it?
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR 3. (S) So Lin’s team of explorers never
disturbs the ground?
Exercise 1 READ, WRITE & SPEAK, 4. (S) And you do this right from your home
page 109 computers?
A 5. Isn’t Mongolia enormous? (N)
1. Isn’t Dr. Albert Lin a professor and the
creator of the Valley of the Khans project? B
Dr. Albert Lin is a professor and the 1. Yes, that’s right.
creator of the Valley of the Khans project, 2. Yes, absolutely.
isn’t he? 3. That’s right.
2. Doesn’t he want to help the Mongolian 4. Yes, but we’re not alone.
people locate Genghis Khan’s burial site? 5. Yes, it’s huge.
He wants to help the Mongolian people 6. Yes, definitely.
locate Genghis Khan’s burial site, doesn’t
he? Exercise 3 EDIT, page 111
3. Wasn’t Genghis Khan the founder of the A: You’re here for information about our
Mongol Empire? University Explorers Club, isn’t it aren’t
Genghis Khan was the founder of the you?
Mongol Empire, wasn’t he? B: Yes. By the way, I’m only 18. I’m not
4. Didn’t he live in the thirteenth century? too young for the program, do I am I?
He lived in the thirteenth century, didn’t A: No, you’re not too young. The program is
he? for anyone between the ages of 18 and 25.
5. Don’t Mongolians know the exact B: I don’t need a college degree?
location of Genghis Khan’s burial site? A: Yes. No. A college degree is not
Mongolians know the exact location of necessary, but previous exploration
Genghis Khan’s burial site, don’t they? experience is. You have some experience,
6. Didn’t Genghis Khan conquer many do you don’t you?
different parts of Asia? B: Yes. Here is a list of the projects I’ve
Genghis Khan conquered many different worked on.
parts of Asia, didn’t he?

A: You can keep that. First, you need to
complete the application online.
B: Do not Don’t you want to see my list of
projects?
A: No, I don’t need to see anything. You’re
going to list your projects in your
application.
B: There isn’t a deadline, is it is there?
A: Yes. You can apply all year long.
B: And the application is online?
A: Yes, it is.
B: It isn’t difficult to find, was it is it?
A: No. It’s at the very top of the website.
You can’t miss it.

WRITING
Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE

GRAMMAR, page 112-113
A
Answers will vary
B
Aren’t you happy to see me again? (expects
disagreement)
You want to borrow something? (surprise)
You’re not still upset about that, are you?
(confirming information)
You’re sorry? You expect me to believe
that? (annoyance)
You know which book I’m talking about,
don’t you? (expects agreement)
You want to borrow my Mayan caves book?
(surprise)
C
Answers will vary

Answers will vary

UNIT 5 Stages of Life
Nouns, Articles, and Subject-Verb Exercise 6, page 119
Agreement A
1. (a) a
LESSON 1 (b) Ø
Count and Non-Count Nouns: Quantity 2. (a) Ø
Expressions (b) an
3. (a) Ø
EXPLORE (b) a
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 117 4. (a) a
1. True (b) Ø
2. False 5. (a) a
3. True (b) Ø
4. False
5. False Exercise 7, page 120-121
1. all
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 117 2. many
A 3. some
1. (P) names; (P) boys; (P) girls; (S) way 4. some
2. (NC) weather; (NC) information; (S) day 5. a lot of
3. (S) word; (NC) rain 6. Any
7. both
B 8. more
1. Non-Count Nouns 9. little
2. Singular Count Nouns 10. no
3. Plural Count Nouns 11. some
12. no
LEARN
1. girls 1. little
2. names 2. few
3. beauty 3. a few
4. boys 4. little
5. health 5. a few
6. strength 6. few
7. time 7. little
8. birth 8. a little
9. survival
10. babies PRACTICE
11. months Exercise 9, page 121-122
12. life A
13. Buddhists 1. has
14. infants 2. little
15. mother 3. any
16. rice 4. some
17. times 5. a lot of

6. a great deal of 2. Teens from all cultures have a desire for
7. is thrills and excitement.
8. many 3. Teenagers take the most risks between the
9. many ages of 16 and 17.
10. little 4. The positive side of teenage risk-taking is
11. a lot of that it gets them ready to face the challenges
12. A few of the future.
B ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 125

Singular Plural Count Non-Count A
Count Nouns Nouns Nouns 1. a teenager
daughter years time 2. a good explanation; the late twentieth
child children knowledge century
people relationships patience 3. the brain scans; the brain; childhood;
life teachers imagination adolescence
adult things pleasure 4. researchers; the brain; behavior; a way
5. the search for excitement and risk; teens;
Exercise 10 WRITE, page 122 the safety of their homes; the world
Answers will vary
B
Exercise 11 EDIT, page 123 2; 3; 4; 6
Shichi-Go-San (Seven-Five-Three) is a
Japanese celebration. People have many a LEARN
lot of fun at this time of year. Shichi-Go-San Exercise 4, page 126-127
takes place on November 15 each year and 1. Some; the
celebrates different stages of childhood. 2. an; the
Parents celebrate their children’s growth and 3. The; Ø
pray for their children’s good healths health. 4. Ø; the
Every children child receives a bag of 5. a; the
candy. Boys receive the bags when they turn 6. The; the
three and five years of age. Girl Girls 7. a; the
receive them when they turn three and 8. an; the
seven. In Japan, people think these are 9. The; Ø
important ages in a child’s life. The candy 10. Ø; Ø
looks like a stick. All the bags have a picture
of a turtle and a crane on them. The candy, Exercise 5, page 127
the crane, and the turtle are symbol symbols 1. Adolescence can be a difficult time in a
of long life. person’s life.
2. Many teens want excitement.
LESSON 2 3. A mother worries about her child.
Articles 4. The young sometimes do risky things.
5. Teenagers like to spend time with their
EXPLORE friends.
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 125 6. The elderly often don’t understand
1. Late-twentieth-century researchers said teenage behavior.
the teenage brain is not yet fully developed.

7. Many teens enjoy dangerous activities. 8. 7. the
It is good for teenagers to have a job. 9. A 8. Ø
job teaches responsibility. 9. Ø
10. Money doesn’t make people happy. 10. Ø
11. the
Exercise 6, page 128 12. an
A 13. a
1. Ø 14. Ø
2. the 15. a
3. Ø 16. a
4. Ø 17. Ø
5. Ø 18. Ø
6. Ø
7. Ø, Ø Exercise 9 LISTEN, page 130
8. the A
9. the 3
10. a
B
B 1. a sailboat
Answers will vary 2. the world
3. bad weather; problems with his boat
Exercise 7, page 128-129 4. the difficult trip
A 5. the West Coast
/ðəә/ /ði/ /ðəә/ /ði/ 6. after-school jobs
1. ✓ 5. ✓ 7. Government officials
2. ✓ 6. ✓ 8. a young person
3. ✓ 7. ✓
4. ✓ 8. ✓ LESSON 3
Subject-Verb Agreement
B
1. the flowers EXPLORE
2. the annual Exercise 2 CHECK, page 132
3. the other 1. In a study of over 1000 75-year-olds
4. the celebration centenarians, researchers have discovered a
5. the most amazing set of “long-life” genes.
6. the holiday dinner 2. Long-life genes may cause prevent the
7. the address typical diseases of the elderly.
8. the age 3. Lifestyle, the environment, and plain
good luck have little a big effect on life
Exercise 8, page 129 span.
1. a 4. Scientists are learning how to destroy use
2. the genes to help predict and cure certain
3. Ø illnesses.
4. Ø 5. Dan Buettner believes that scientists may
5. a even learn how to stop slow the aging
6. the process.

Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 132 PRACTICE
A Exercise 6, page 135
1. The authors of the study think that long- A
life genes may affect aging. 1. continues
2. Every person with long-life genes is not 2. is
going to live to be a hundred. 3. is
3. A number of other important factors 4. is
greatly influence life span. 5. have
4. For example, lifestyle, the environment, 6. is
and plain good luck also play a big role. 7. seem
5. In fact, 23 percent of the people in the 8. knows
study were not individuals with long-life
genes. Exercise 7 LISTEN, page 135
6. Years of research have taught him several A
things. Answers will vary
B B
1. b communication; education; family
2. a
3. b C
4. a 1. All; were
5. a 2. Some; lives
3. Her experiences; have taught
LEARN 4. All; have been
Exercise 4, page 133 5. education; is
1. is
2. are Exercise 8 EDIT, page 136
3. contribute Gene Guerro has been working at Briteroom
4. chooses for 60 years and nothing have has ever
5. needs prevented him from going to work.
6. live Briteroom Electronics are is going to be
7. helps honoring him next month for being the
8. have company’s longest-working employee.
When he first started college, Gene majored
Exercise 5, page 134 in economics. But economics just weren’t
1. is wasn’t very interesting to him, so he
2. is changed to physics. “There was were many
3. is exciting things to learn in every physics
4. are class. In fact, physics still excites me today,”
5. is says Gene. “Everybody tell tells me, I
6. is should retire.” And I say, “Why should I do
7. are that? Watching TV and fishing isn’t aren’t
8. is for me. Half of my friends do that, but they
9. are aren’t happy. Every day are is exactly the
10. are

same for them.” As Lucy Guerro says about B ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR
her father, “Work is my dad’s hobby.” Answers will vary. Possible answers
include:
Exercise 9 READ, SPEAK & WRITE, Singular Plural Count Non-Count
page 136-137 Count Nouns Nouns Nouns
B tradition stories storytelling
1. All of the respondents were over 45 years writer elders history
old. group generations culture
2. A little less than 40 percent of the group grandmother lessons hunting
are more active now than they were five family children food
years ago. example grandmothers preparation
3. Almost three-quarters of the respondents responsibility storytellers
are physically active now. society tasks
4. Nearly a third of the group are not mothers
physically active.
5. Almost nobody plans to start an exercise Exercise 2 EDIT, page 138-139
program in the next month. Every culture and country have has
6. 50 percent of the people prefer walking to stories to pass down to the younger
other forms of exercise. 50 percent of the generation generations, and the young learns
people prefer other forms of exercise to learn a lot of things from the stories. The
walking. stories also bring joy to a great deal of
7. A little over half of the group does four or children.
more hours of physical activity every week. There are many different kinds of
8. Almost two-thirds are not more active stories, but a number of themes is are
now than they were five years ago. common across cultures. For example, the
importance of family relationships appear
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR appears again and again. Hard work and
honesty is are also an important theme
Exercise 1, page 138 themes in children’s stories. What else do
A the children learn? Perhaps most
1. is importantly, they learn that all human beings
2. Ø are the same. There is a little difference
3. people between people. Everybody have has the
4. Ø same dreams, hopes, and fears.
5. a
6. are Exercise 3 LISTEN, SPEAK & WRITE,
7. the page 139
8. The A
9. the 1. a
10. were 2. the
3. an
4. was
5. the
6. the
7. a
8. was

9. the
10. a
C
1. Mr. Turtle listened carefully to both sides.
2. The turtle said both sides were equally
right.
3. He made this decision because it would
not cause any bad feelings.
4. The people voted him as their judge.

WRITING

GRAMMAR, page 140
B
1. Subject following be in sentences with
there: The stream had almost no water, and
there were big sharp rocks in it; There was
no way I was going to chicken out now.
2. Subjects with every-, some-, any-, or no-
take a singular verb: To this day, whenever
someone dares me…Everybody was
cheering me as I rode top speed.
3. Non-count nouns as subjects take singular
verbs: (No additional examples in this
exercise.)

Answers will vary

UNIT 6 Wellness 3. S
Gerunds and Infinitives 5. S
6. O
LESSON 1 7. O
Gerunds: Review and Expand 8. S
9. O
EXPLORE
1. Researchers have different theories for the 1. in thinking
reasons we sleep: For example, sleeping 2. of dreaming
may help protect us from infection. 3. for having
2. One reason some people don’t get enough 4. in understanding
sleep is that they work long hours and have 5. of meeting
stress. 6. of staying
3. Not getting enough sleep can cause traffic 7. in analyzing
accidents and low productivity at work. 8. of trying
4. He thinks that TV networks should
consider changing their schedules so that Exercise 6, page 148
people can spend more time sleeping. A
1. A: trouble staying
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 145 B: difficulty falling
A 2. A: time lying
1. Sleeping B: problems causing
2. letting 3. A: trouble calming
3. living B: experience teaching
4. Not getting 4. A: fun learning
5. changing; sleeping B: time practicing
B B
1. True Answers will vary
2. True
3. False PRACTICE
LEARN 1. Dreaming about
Exercise 4, page 146 2. believe eating
A 3. enjoy dining
2. Taking a nap in the afternoon 4. Cooking and eating
3. Not getting eight hours of sleep a night 5. benefits of eating
5. Meditating 6. have difficulty believing
6. waking up early in the morning 7. suggest looking
7. sleeping with the light on 8. problems eating
9. exercising 9. avoid eating
10. in trying
B ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR, page 11. think about including
147
2. S

Exercise 8 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK, Apps can put the fun back into eat eating
page 149 well.
A Apps are also great for helping you
1. food cut in pieces get a good workout. If you are a runner,
2. in the afternoon perhaps improve improving your speed is
3. slowly your goal. If so, a GPS watch is perfect for
you. Do you need to be especially careful
B during your run? Take advantage of the
1. (a) Cutting your food heart monitor. It will prevent you from
(b) Eating several small pieces overdo overdoing your workout. If you
2. (a) scheduling swim, you may find that doing laps can get
(b) consuming meals boring, especially when you are swimming
3. (a) Eating slowly long distances. But swimming is much more
(b) Limiting; gaining weight fun with a pair of waterproof headphones
that play your favorite music.
C Try these different products—you
Answers will vary will have no excuse for being not not being
able to stay fit.
A Exercise 11 APPLY, page 151
1. Flossing your teeth could add three to five A
years to your life. Answers will vary
2. Not smoking could add six years to your
life. B
3. Lifting weights could add five to six years Answers will vary
to your life.
4. Eating fruits and vegetables could add LESSON 2
five years to your life. Infinitives: Review and Expand
5. Getting enough sleep may add three years
to your life. EXPLORE
6. Walking every day could add over two Exercise 2 CHECK, page 153
years to your life. 1, 3, 5
B Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 153

Answers will vary A
1. to find
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 151 2. to show
Use Using technology is a big part of 3. to find
daily life. Today there are many products 4. to have
that can help us succeed in reach reaching 5. to work
our dietary and fitness goals. Is planning
meals a problem for you? Are you tired of B
spend spending time search searching for 1. hope: verb
healthy recipes? Downloading diet-related 2. healers: noun
apps to your cell phone may be the answer. 3. him: pronoun
4. fortunate: adjective

5. need: verb 1. enjoying
2. falling
LEARN 3. to put
Exercise 4, page 154 4. to bring
1. not to continue 5. to admire
2. needs me 6. moving
3. to finish 7. to bring
4. to present 8. feeling
5. me to use
6. not to forget PRACTICE
7. me to return Exercise 8, page 157-158
8. you to come 1. to take vitamin C
2. to take a walk by the sea
Exercise 5, page 155 3. drink hot milk rather than take medicine
1. We ask people to be patient 4. to rub plant oil on his back
2. I would like my patients to follow 5. to drink coffee or soda
3. I advise everyone to stop smoking. 6. to make noodle soup that cures colds
4. We encourage our patients to exercise 7. to rest as long as possible
5. We advise them to avoid 8. to add garlic to his soup
6. Older people need to be careful
7. I urge our patients not to worry. Exercise 9, page 158
8. I remind people not to lose A
1. decided to go
Exercise 6, page 155 2. wanted to get
A 3. started to feel
1. I can’t stand to stay in bed all day long 4. seemed to disappear
when I’m sick. 5. encouraged him to do
2. I prefer to use medicinal plants rather than 6. remembers suffering
medicine. 7. advise people not to go
3. I like to get phone calls from friends when 8. stop working
I’m sick.
4. When I feel ill, I start to look up my Exercise 10 EDIT, page 159
symptoms on the Internet. Do you remember to cut cutting yourself
5. I begin worrying right away when I have when you were a child? Did you know how
symptoms. to take care of the cut, or did you ask
6. I prefer waiting rather than going to the someone to help you? Of course, it’s not
doctor immediately. only children who cut themselves. That is
7. I don’t bother telling anyone when I don’t why we urge everyone having to have a
feel well. first-aid kit at home. We also want you to
8. I hate sitting in the waiting room at the follow this advice.
doctor’s office. • For minor cuts: After the cut stops to bleed
bleeding, start rinsing the wound with clear
B water. Clean the area around the wound with
Answers will vary soap and a washcloth. Avoid getting soap
directly in the wound.
Exercise 7, page 157

• For deep cuts: Put pressure on the cut to 5. Other countries have little a lot to learn
stop the bleeding. Continue to putting put from Santos’s sanitation projects.
pressure on the wound for 20 or 30 minutes.
• If the wound gets dirty, put a bandage on it Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 162
and remember changing to change it every A
day. 1. to meet
• Remember! Teach your children about first 2. to travel
aid, and remind them to not not to play with 3. to make
sharp objects. 4. to provide
Exercise 11, page 159-160 B

1. running every weekend 1. c
2. missing her runs 2. b
3. to see a foot specialist 3. d
4. to wear proper shoes 4. a
5. to ice her feet
6. to give her trouble/giving her trouble LEARN
7. to mountain bike/mountain biking Exercise 4, page 163
8. to see a sports injury specialist 1. It is rewarding for Feliciano dos Santos to
9. to raise the seat of the bike help
10. to do leg muscle exercises 2. It is possible to communicate
11. to do the exercises every day 3. It is important for children to learn
12. to go mountain biking again soon 4. It takes a lot of thought to educate people
5. It is necessary to wash your hands
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 160 frequently
A 6. It takes time to get clean water
Answers will vary
B 1. are reluctant to try new health practices
Answers will vary 2. must be willing to solve problems
3. are unwilling to make changes that
LESSON 3 citizens need
More about Gerunds and Infinitives 4. are determined to get good health care
5. are hesitant to talk about illness
EXPLORE 6. are ready to make the world a healthier
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 162 place
1. Feliciano dos Santos uses a piano guitar
to teach people about keeping clean. Exercise 6, page 165
2. Santos’s band plays songs in English the 1. enough information
local languages to communicate their 2. too many
message. 3. big enough
3. Santos does most of his work in small 4. for them
cities remote villages in Mozambique. 5. enough
4. For Santos, the lack of traditional music 6. too much
clean water is a major problem in Niassa. 7. too far
8. enough health clinics

1. The paper doesn’t cost too much to
Exercise 7, page 165 produce.
1. to help/in order to help 2. DFA produces the paper (in order) to
2. in order not to make provide inexpensive medical health care.
3. in order to bring 3. It’s not difficult to detect an illness with
4. to develop/in order to develop DFA.
5. to inform/in order to inform 4. Parents use a cell phone (in order) to
6. to learn/in order to learn diagnose their children’s ear infections.
7. in order not to confuse 5. The CellScope OtoTM is not hard for
8. to try/in order to try parents to use.
9. to pay/in order to pay 6. Parents do not have enough time to go to
10. to raise/in order to raise the doctor for every earache.
7. People are glad to have relief from
PRACTICE headaches.
Exercise 8, page 166 8. The device acts early enough (in order) to
Dr. Hayat Sindi is a medical prevent a headache.
researcher from Saudi Arabia. (1) She has 9. The device is too big to fit inside a
co-invented and developed a way to detect person’s mouth.
disease with a tiny piece of paper. (2) It
appears to be an ordinary piece of paper, but Exercise 10, page 168
it is not. (3) It took a lot of time for her to Answers will vary. Possible answers could
develop the device; (4) however, she was include:
determined to find a simple, inexpensive 1. to avoid problems with their teeth
way to monitor health. Sindi’s organization, 2. to help improve our quality of life
Diagnostics for All (DFA) brings affordable 3. to help scientists prevent and cure
health diagnoses to the world’s poorest diseases
people. 4. to be ready for emergencies
(5) There has never been a problem 5. to help save lives
too great for Sindhi to solve. (6) When she
moved to England to continue her studies, Exercise 11 LISTEN & WRITE, page 168
(7) her English was not good enough to A
attend university. But that did not stop her. 1, 3
She improved her English by watching news
broadcasts, and (8) she studied up to 20 B
hours a day to prepare for college entrance 1. Problem: People in rural areas lived too
exams. She was the first Saudi woman to far away to get medical treatment in
study at Cambridge University in the field of hospitals.
biotechnology. Solution: The government of Thailand
Sindi’s accomplishments have made decided to spend money on the countryside
her a role model for women and girls around in order to bring health care to the rural
the world. (9) She feels it is important for areas.
women to know that they can transform 2. Problem: There wasn’t enough clean
society. drinking water to meet people’s needs.
Solution: The government gave more
Exercise 9 SPEAK & WRITE, page 167 people safe water to drink.

3. Problem: People lived too far from cities also say that they are constantly worried
to access health services. about get getting good grades.
Solution: The government built highways Some schools are trying to do
to connect remote areas to the cities. something about the problem. In one high
4. Problem: There weren’t enough medical school, five-year-old Maddy greets the
workers to give people medical care in students as they enter the building every
remote areas. morning. Maddy seems happy being to be
Solution: New medical graduates must there, and the students like to see her. They
serve in rural areas, so there will always be have fun greeting her, and they walk away
enough doctors for people who live outside with smiles on their faces. It doesn’t cost
cities. much for the school to have Maddy there
every day because Maddy is a dog.
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 169 The school considered to set setting
A up a special room where students could go
Answers will vary to relax, but it was too expensive to do. In
addition, some parents didn’t want their
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR children to take time out from classes in
Exercise 1, page 170 order to relax. They thought that it was
A important for their children to be in class as
1. to take; breathing much as possible.
2. to buy; sneezing Experts disagree and warn parents
3. to taste; eating not putting to put too much pressure on their
4. not to eat; ordering children. Encouraging children to relax are
5. visiting; to be is the best way for parents to help them.
6. taking
7. to learn; eating Exercise 4 SPEAK, page 171
8. cleaning; to have Answers will vary
Exercise 2, page 170 CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO

A LISTEN WRITING
1. sitting at a computer
2. too busy to go Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
3. the benefits of spending (time) GRAMMAR, page 172
4. people to start B
5. to join the Eco-Club Answers will vary. Possible answers:
6. Connecting to nature • Gerund—as the subject of the clause:
7. don’t have enough opportunities to Exercising becomes more fun. Knowing that
connect it is measuring your steps…encourages you
8. of getting to get out of your chair more often.
• Infinitive—after a verb + object: It
Exercise 3 EDIT, page 171 challenges you to try to take …; I convinced
Deal Dealing with stress is becoming my brother to get a Zip…encourages you to
more and more of a problem for young get out of your chair more often. You will
people. Many students say that they are probably decide to walk or take the stairs…
having trouble falling asleep at night
because of the pressures of school. They

• Infinitive- after it + a verb + an adjective:
it is easy to connect to your smart phone or
computer…
C
great colors; a little expensive; good for
vacation

173
Answers will vary

Answers will vary

UNIT 7 Globe Trotting 5. has to/must
Modals: Part 1 6. must not
7. has to/must
LESSON 1 8. don’t have to
Necessity, Prohibition, Obligation and
Expectation Exercise 6, page 180
1. is supposed to
EXPLORE 2. is supposed to
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 177 3. was supposed to
1. long 4. was supposed to
2. athletes 5. were supposed to
3. healthy 6. is supposed to
4. quickly
5. heavy rain PRACTICE
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 177 1. don’t have to; are supposed to
A 2. was supposed to; had to; didn’t have to
1. must 3. were supposed to; had to
2. had to 4. have got to; will have to
3. have to
4. will have to Exercise 8 PRONUNCIATION, page 181
5. is supposed to be A
1. have to
B 2. has got to
1. c 3. have to
2. b 4. has to
3. a 5. have to
6. have got to
LEARN
Exercise 4, page 178-179 Exercise 9 READ, WRITE & SPEAK,
1. had to page 182
2. Did you have to A
3. didn’t have to 1. has to/has got to
4. had to 2. was supposed to
5. do people have to 3. is supposed to
6. must/has got to 4. was supposed to; has to
7. must/have got to 5. doesn’t have to
8. don’t have to 6. had to; doesn’t have to
9. doesn’t have to
10. have got to/have to B
Answers will vary
1. have to/must C
2. must not Answers will vary
3. have to/must
4. have to/must Exercise 10 EDIT, page 183

I’m writing to tell you some exciting 3. c
news. I’m supposed to go to Ethiopia in
May. I know you had a great time there last Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 185
year, so I want to ask you a few questions. A
First of all, when you were there, must you 1. couldn’t
did you stay in Addis Ababa, or were 2. can’t
you able to find good accommodations 3. have to be able to
outside the capital? I also want to go to Bale 4. can
Mountain National Park. Have I got to Do I 5. will be able to
have to camp there, or is there a hotel? 6. was even able to
Either way, I got to have to/have got to
make a reservation very soon, so let me B
know. How about food? According to my 1. True
travel guide, visitors are supposed to try 2. False
injera, an interesting kind of bread. I also 3. False
read that in Ethiopia you don’t have to use a 4. True
fork. It’s not the custom. You’re supposed to
use injera as both the fork and the plate. Is LEARN
that true? Exercise 4, page 186
I don’t have a visa yet, but I know A
that I got to have to/have got to have one. 1. have been able to
What am I supposed to doing do to get one? 2. can/are able to
Do I have to go to the Ethiopian embassy, or 3. have been able to
can I do the application online? I’m sorry 4. won’t be able
about all these questions. I promise that you 5. haven’t been able to
must not won’t have to answer any more 6. are going to be able to/can
until my next e-mail! 7. have been able to
8. can/will be able to
Exercise 11 LISTEN, page 183
1. must Exercise 5, page 187
2. must not 1. couldn’t/weren’t able to
3. are supposed to 2. was able to
4. is supposed to 3. couldn’t/wasn’t able to
5. aren’t supposed to 4. was able to
6. don’t have to 5. could/was able to
6. could
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 183 7. could/was able to
Answers will vary 8. couldn’t/wasn’t able to
LESSON 2 Exercise 6, page 188

Ability 1. to be able to; being able to
2. to be able to; Being able to
EXPLORE 3. be able to; being able to; to be able to; to
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 185 be able to
1. b 4. being able to; being able to
2. a

PRACTICE
Exercise 7, page 188 LESSON 3
1. were able to Advice, Regret, and Criticism
2. was able to
3. were able to EXPLORE
4. being able to Exercise 2 CHECK, page 192
5. weren’t able to 1. Through WWOOF, you can work for
6. be able to money volunteer at an organic farm.
7. will be able 2. Angie was not in great shape when she
8. to be able to went to Greece.
3. Michio came from a village city in Japan
Exercise 8 ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR, to work on a farm in Argentina.
page 189 4. Marie didn’t get used got used to her
NC accommodations in Ireland.
1. Being able to ride in a hot-air balloon was
the best part of my trip to Turkey. Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 192
can A
2. You are able to see so many things when 1. b
you go up in a hot-air balloon. 2. a
could 3. a
3. I was able to see dozens of caves from the 4. b
air, and they were beautiful.
could B
4. We were able to take a lot of great 1. a, c
pictures from the balloon. 2. b
couldn’t
5. My sister wasn’t able to come with us on LEARN
the balloon ride because she was sick. Exercise 4, page 193
NC A
6. If my sister visits Turkey again, she will 1. should do/ought to do
be able to go up in a balloon. 2. Should we offer
3. should keep/ought to keep
Exercise 9, page 190 4. shouldn’t work
1. have been able to 5. should get/ought to get
2. can/are able to 6. should tell/ought to tell
3. to be able to 7. shouldn’t pick
4. can/are able to 8. Should we ask
5. be able to
6. can’t/aren’t able to B ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR, page
7. was able to 194
8. will be able to 3, 4, 5, 7
9. Being able to
10. couldn’t/weren’t able to Exercise 5, page 194
1. shouldn’t be wearing
Exercise 10 APPLY, page 190 2. should be wearing
Answers will vary 3. ought to be working

4. had better be feeding 2. shouldn’t expect
5. should be having 3. shouldn’t miss
6. should be getting 4. should have stayed
7. ought to be walking 5. should have spent
8. shouldn’t be taking 6. shouldn’t have spent
7. had better make
Exercise 6, page 195-196 8. ought to practice
A 9. should have practiced
1. should have taken; shouldn’t have left 10. shouldn’t have folded
2. shouldn’t have kept; should have put
3. shouldn’t have drunk; should have bought Exercise 8 PRONUNCIATION, page 197
4. shouldn’t have packed; should have taken A
5. shouldn’t have taken; should have gone 1. shouldn’t have
2. should have
B 3. shouldn’t have
1. Should Carlos have left his bag on the 4. shouldn’t have
seat? 5. should have
2. What should Carlos have done with his 6. should have
bag? 7. should have
3. Should Anna have kept the copy and the 8. shouldn’t have
passport together?
4. Who should Anna have notified about the B
lost passport? Answers will vary
5. Should Jake have thrown away some of
his belongings? Exercise 9 WRITE & SPEAK, page 198
6. What should Jake have brought with him A
on his trip? 1. We shouldn’t have left the suq
7. Should Ira and Gina have taken photos of 2. The snake charmer shouldn’t have given
the crowd? 3. We shouldn’t have taken pictures
8. Where should they have gone when they 4. I shouldn’t have told him
saw the crowd? 5. We should have asked
6. We should have gotten
C SPEAK, page 196 7. We shouldn’t have walked around the
Answers may vary. Possible answers: walls
1. No, he shouldn’t have. 8. We should have stopped and listened
2. He should have taken it with him.
3. No, she shouldn’t have. Exercise 10 LISTEN, page 199
4. She should have notified the embassy. 1. ✓
5. Yes, he should have. 2. X
6. He should have brought cash. 3. X
7. No, they shouldn’t have. 4. X
8. They should have gone back to the hotel. 5. ✓
6. X
PRACTICE
Exercise 7, page 196-197 Exercise 11 EDIT, page 199
1. ought to try

The message of your recent blogs 4. can see
has been that we have had better limit our 5. haven’t been able to get
traveling because it is bad for the planet. 6. isn’t supposed to open
Yes, travel has negative effects on the 7. have to have
environment, but people should be know 8. have to go
about the positive effects as well. You 9. can see
should have spend spent some time 10. don’t have to spend
discussing the benefits of travel. People 11. didn’t have to wait
should to realize that the income from
tourism helps local economies. B
We had not better not forget that Answers will vary
without foreign money it is hard for some
countries to build airports, roads, bridges, C
schools, and hospitals. All these things are 1. have to make/’re supposed to
very important, so tourists had better to keep make/should make
visiting these countries and bringing their 2. should have turned
money with them! I believe we should be 3. ’d better ask/should
thinking about the cultural benefits of 4. should have brought
tourism, too. When tourists are interested in 5. aren’t supposed to eat
another culture, it can encourage a sense of 6. should find
pride and identity in that culture. That’s very
important, so I think you ought to should Exercise 3 EDIT, page 203
have mentioned that as well. Friends are always telling me that I should
taking take a trip abroad. “You can learn so
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 199 much. You will be able to have new
Answers will vary experiences,” they say. “You had better to
travel before you get married and have a
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR family. When you have a family, you can’t
won’t be able to afford to travel so easily.”
Exercise 1, page 200 I’m sure it’s wonderful to go abroad, but I
1. was supposed to think people are able to learn a lot and have
2. wasn’t able to new experiences right at home. When I’m
3. were supposed to on vacation, I enjoy be being able to see all
4. should have booked the exciting things right in my hometown. I
5. had to walk should not don’t have to go abroad to visit a
6. was able to great museum. There’s a great museum ten
7. didn’t have to pay miles from my home. I went there yesterday.
8. was supposed to I could go was able to go for free. I had a
9. shouldn’t have gone wonderful time. I also don’t have to go far to
10. had to; shouldn’t hear good music. I could enjoy the
performances at our great concert hall. In
Exercise 2, page 200-203 fact, I ought to go there more often. No,
A traveling isn’t for me. At the end of the day,
1. shouldn’t miss I want to be able to sleep in my own bed. I
2. should visit/can visit think all of my friends should had have
3. have to buy stayed in town for their last vacation like I

did. I had a terrific time, and I must not
didn’t have to spend as much money as my
friends did.

Answers will vary

WRITING

GRAMMAR, page 204
B
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. are supposed to tip, are supposed to offer,
are supposed to tip
2. don’t have to tip
3. ought to hand, should probably offer
C
Hotels
Rule: tip the concierge $10–$20
Bonus: leave something extra for cleaning
staff; give people who carry your bags $1–
$2 per bag
Taxis
Rule: tip 15–20 percent
Bonus: if driver helps you with your bags,
offer him a few dollars extra

205
Answers will vary

Answers will vary

UNIT 8 Our Mysterious World 2. must
Modals: Part 2 3. must not
4. must
LESSON 1 5. must
Possibility and Logical Conclusion: 6. must not
Present and Future 7. must not
8. must
EXPLORE
1. Many people said that they saw lizards 1, 2, 5, 7, 8
frogs fall from the sky.
2. Some biologists climate scientists have Exercise 6 ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR,
tried to explain frog rain. page 212
3. A snowstorm waterspout is a possible 1. O
reason for frog rain. 2. P
4. Strong winds can transport frogs short 3. LC
long distances. 4. O
5. Scientists agree disagree about the causes 5. P
of frog rainfall. 6. LC
7. LC
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 209 8. LC
A
1. can’t be Exercise 7, page 213-214
2. must mean 1. must be studying
3. could be 2. may be describing
4. may not be 3. might be complaining
5. might be 4. could be recording
5. must be keeping
B 6. must not be bothering
Very Certain: can’t 7. couldn’t be counting
Not Certain: could, might, may not 8. might not be driving
Almost Certain: must
PRACTICE
LEARN Exercise 8, page 214
Exercise 4, page 210-211 1. might be
1. might be/may be/could be 2. can’t
2. can’t be/couldn’t be 3. may
3. might snow/may snow/could snow 4. could
4. could see 5. must
5. may not have/might not have 6. may not
6. could; be 7. could
7. couldn’t be/can’t be 8. could
9. may not
A Exercise 9, page 214-215
1. must 1. must like; must not think

2. must be joking 7. No one could have noticed
3. can’t be 8. the emperor could have wanted
4. might be
5. might explain B ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR, page
6. must love 219
In the negative statements and/or questions
Exercise 10 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 215 (items 1, 3, 4, 6), you can’t replace could
Answers will vary with may or might.
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 215 Exercise 5, page 219-220

A 1. couldn’t have made
Answers will vary 2. might not have heard
3. might not have liked
LESSON 2 4. couldn’t have left; might not have left
Possibility and Logical Conclusion: Past 5. couldn’t have seen
EXPLORE Exercise 6, page 220-221

Exercise 2 CHECK, page 217 1. must have studied
1. False 2. must have left
2. True 3. must not have prepared
3. False 4. must not have spent
4. True 5. must have made
5. False 6. must have completed
7. must have been
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 217 8. must not have discovered
A 9. must not have drunk
1. must have wanted 10. must have decided
2. must have been
3. could; have produced Exercise 7, page 221
4. may have used 1. Your job must have been
5. must have added 2. Did you have to go
6. might have wanted 3. I didn’t have to have
4. Did you have to work
B 5. it must have been
1. 1, 2, 5 6. I must have spent
2. 3, 4, 6 7. I had to analyze
8. work must have been
LEARN
Exercise 4, page 218-219 Exercise 8, page 222-223
A 1. Yes, no one could have been touring the
1. could the ancient artists have created site after 5:00.
2. they could have asked 2. They must have been watching the site for
3. the artist couldn’t have done several days.
4. Could the artist have been 3. He might not have been paying attention.
5. The artist could have painted 4. They could have been planning the theft
6. could people not have known for months.

5. They might have been planning to return a heavy piece of metal. The tank became a
for more things later. mess. The man must not have cleaned up the
6. They must have been having trouble area because he left a trail of evidence that
finding the site. led the police to his house. The police were
7. The looters may have been hiding in a looking for the most important fish that was
secret cave. stolen—a 50-pound halibut. She may must
8. They must have been waiting all night for have been a well-loved fish because
the looters to come out. everyone called her “Big Mamma.”
Unfortunately, the police never found Big
PRACTICE Mamma because she had been eaten at a
Exercise 9, page 223-224 dinner party at the man’s house. The people
A at the party were shocked. They could not
Vasari have know known that they were eating Big
Mamma at the time. Those guests must have
B been very angry because they spoke against
1. may/might/could have destroyed the man at his court trial. The court gave the
2. couldn’t have removed man a sentence of four years in prison. He
3. may/might/could have painted offered to catch a new halibut to replace Big
4. must have wanted Mamma. He was a diver and surfer, so it’s
5. may/might/could have built possible he could have had caught another
6. could not have stolen big fish. The court said thanks, but no
7. must have thanks.
8. must not have wanted
Exercise 12 SPEAK & WRITE, page 226
Exercise 10 PRONUNCIATION, page A
224 Answers will vary
A LISTEN
1. may have B
2. might have Answers will vary
3. could have
4. must have Exercise 14 APPLY, page 228
5. may have 1. b
6. may not have 2. b
7. might not have 3. b
8. couldn’t have 4. a
5. a
B SPEAK
Answers will vary REVIEW THE GRAMMAR

It was a strange crime. One night, a man 1. must be
climbed into a 5000-gallon fish tank. He 2. might fall/may fall/could fall
must have be been crazy! The fish were 3. must have bothered
halibut, and he wanted to steal them. He 4. must have been
must not have know known how to catch 5. couldn’t have done
fish properly because he attacked them with 6. couldn’t have succeeded

made some of the circles. However, that
Exercise 2, page 230 announcement didn’t stop people from
1. must be believing that aliens had made them. The
2. may have gotten/might have gotten/could believers say that the men maybe may have
have gotten made the crop circles in England, but they
3. must be could not have made all the other circles in
4. could she have failed Europe, Australia, North America, and
5. might not have heard/may not have heard Japan.
6. couldn’t have stolen So, the mystery is not why strange
events happen. The mystery is really why
Exercise 3 LISTEN, page 230 people believe that such events happen, even
A when there is evidence that they didn’t.
Answers will vary
B Answers will vary
1. False
2. True CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
3. True WRITING
4. True
5. False Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
6. True GRAMMAR, page 232
B
Exercise 4 EDIT, page 231 Answers may vary. Possible examples:
People sometimes believe in strange I must have been about ten years old.
things. Some people believed that the Maya I must have forgotten to tell my
predicted the end of the world in 2012. They grandmother.
must be have been surprised when the world …couldn’t have been
did not end. In fact, the Maya never made Something could have happened to you.
such a prediction. Other people used to You must have some of my great-uncle’s
believe in the existence of the Loch Ness blood. He couldn’t have been much older
Monster. They may have saw seen a photo than I am now…
of an odd creature in the water. The picture …he may have gone on ten different
taken many years ago, looked real, so they expeditions..
thought the monster must have existed. But He might have seen tribes…
there must not could be another explanation. Bruno had to have been one of the most
In fact, the Scottish doctor who took a adventurous people in Brazil…
famous photo of the creature said that it
wasn’t a monster. It was just an animal he
didn’t recognize. Now some people have a
new theory: the Loch Ness Monster may
have died because of global warming!
Some people also believe in crop
circles. They think the circles may contain
messages from aliens. The circles first
appeared in England in the 1970s. In 1991,
two Englishmen announced that they had

C
What the author What the author
knows for sure guesses
He has a distant Bruno must have
relative who was an been very brave.
explorer. The author must
The author went on have forgotten to tell
an expedition. his grandmother.
His grandmother The author couldn’t
was worried. have been away for
Bruno knew more than three
Candido Rondon and hours.
went on an Something could
expedition to Mato have happened to the
Grasso with him. author.
They ran out of The author must
supplies and nearly have some of his
died on the great-uncle’s blood
expedition. in him.
Bruno never married Bruno couldn’t have
and died young. been very old when
The author is proud he went on his first
that Bruno was part expedition.
of his family. Bruno may have
gone on ten different
expeditions.
Bruno might have
seen tribes that had
never met outsiders
before.
Bruno had to have
been very
adventurous.

233
Answers will vary

Answers will vary

UNIT 9 The Natural World A 7. Many sea creatures have been dying
The Passive from water pollution.
P 8. Action is being taken to protect the
LESSON 1 California and Oregon coasts.
The Passive; Passive with Modals P 9. An area of Antarctica is protected by
scientists and international governments.
EXPLORE A 10. The efforts of researchers have
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 237 increased public awareness of our
1. False ecosystem.
2. True
4. True 1. We protect about 12 perfect of the land on
5. False Earth in some way.
About 12 percent of the land of the Earth
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 237-238 is protected in some way.
A 2. Local officials are considering new
1. was guidelines for beach preservation.
2. are New guidelines are being considered for
3. are beach preservation.
4. could be 3. The mayor has created a nature preserve
5. are being near the river.
6. must be A nature preserve has been created near
the river.
B 4. Were guides giving tours yesterday at the
Simple Simple Present Passive nature preserve?
Present Past Progressive with Tours were being given at the nature
Passive Passive Passive Modal preserve.
2 1 5 4 5. Villagers have cut down all the trees in
3 6 that forest.
Have all the trees been cut down in that
LEARN forest?
Exercise 4, page 238-239 6. Did swimmers see dolphins near the
P 1. During the expedition, Sylvia Earle’s beach?
instructions were followed by the team. Were dolphins seen near the beach?
P 2. Most of our oxygen on Earth is 7. Is the Parks Department protecting the
generated by the ocean. birds on the island?
A 3. The changes in the ocean ecosystem Are the birds being protected on the
affect all of us. island?
A 4. Nearly half of the world’s coral reefs 8. Volunteers cleaned up the trash on the
have disappeared. riverbank.
P 5. The sea around the Galápagos Islands Did the volunteers clean up the trash?
is being polluted by boats. 9. Fishermen catch tens of thousands of fish
P 6. In the last 50 years, more than 90 everyday.
percent of the big fish in the sea have been Tens of thousands of fish are caught
eaten. everyday.

10. Has anyone reported the environmental 3. The megamouth shark was discovered in
problems to governmental officials? 1976.
Have the environmental problems been 4. More than 100 shark species are
reported to the government officials? threatened by human activity.
5. The fins are sold for food.
Exercise 6, page 240 6. Shark-fin soup is most popular in Asia.
1. must not be disturbed 7. Shark-fin soup is often served at
2. should be followed weddings.
3. can be found 8. Sharks can be protected if people stop
4. are going to be posted hunting them.
5. will be turned on
6. should only be taken Exercise 9, page 242-243
7. might be understood A
8. will be saved Baobabs, lemurs, chameleons, ground
rollers (birds), Harlequin mantilla frogs
PRACTICE
Exercise 7, page 241 B
1. has been shaped 1. Madagascar is located off the coast of
2. is drying up Africa.
3. is used 2. Baobab trees and lemurs are found in
4. are using Madagascar.
5. can be seen 3. A few areas of Madagascar are protected
6. have not survived by the government.
7. is also harming 4. Most of the island is not protected.
8. may be reduced 5. Many of Madagascar’s plants and animals
9. could be done live in small, unprotected areas.
10. should be conserved 6. Many of these plants and animals are
endangered.
Exercise 8, page 241-242 7. A lot of the rainforest areas in
A Madagascar are being destroyed/ A lot of
1. are killed the rainforest areas in Madagascar have been
2. are attacked destroyed.
3. was the megamouth shark discovered 8. Some rainforest areas are being
4. are threatened preserved./Some rainforest areas have been
5. is sold preserved.
6. is shark-fin soup eaten 9. Every year, more and more trees are being
7. is shark-fin soup served cut down./Every year, more and more trees
8. can sharks be protected are cut down.
10. The rainforest in Madagascar should be
B, page 243 protected to save endangered species.
1. Researchers say that at least 60 million
sharks are killed each year. Many estimate Exercise 10 LISTEN, page 244
that the number is much higher, possibly 1. b
well over 200 million sharks per year. 2. b
2. Fewer than 100 people are attacked by 3. a
sharks each year. 4. b

5. b Exercise 2 CHECK, page 247
6. b 1. Flowers look the same different at night
7. a and during the day.
8. b 2. The colors of flowers change in sunlight
moonlight.
Exercise 11 EDIT, page 245 3. Bees Bats and moths pollinate night
Construction on the Three Gorges Dam on bloomers.
the Yangtze River began in 1994. It was 4. Pollinators locate flowers that are hard to
completed in 2012. The dam is considered a see glow in the dark.
great success because it has had some 5. Science can can’t explain the effect that
positive effects on the environment. In the night gardens have on us.
past, a lot of coal is was used for energy.
Now the dam generates water power, and Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 247
the need for coal has been reduced by the A
dam. This means that there is less carbon 1. At night, the colors of flowers are
dioxide in the air. Unfortunately, there have transformed.
also been some negative effects. Many 2. They are lit by moonlight.
places were flooded because of the dam. 3. Night-bloomers are pollinated by bats and
Over a million people had to being be moths.
moved. Also, the dam is located in a region 4. Their pollinators are attracted by scent as
with many plants and animals. Many plant well as color.
species in this region have being been
harmed by the dam. More could be harmed B
in the future. The dam has also caused 1. X
changes to the temperature and increased the 2. A
amount of pollution in the water. This has 3. A
been threatened the freshwater fish in the 4. A
area. Changes should been made should be
made to improve the environmental situation C
soon. Authorities have promised to make by
these changes.
LEARN
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 245 Exercise 4, page 248-249
A 1. Flowers are loved for their beauty and
Answers will vary scent.
2. In Australia, the golden wattle was chosen
B as national flower.
Answers will vary 3. Wax flowers can be seen in Western
Australia.
C 4. An unusual story was reported from
Answers will vary Sydney, Australia.
5. A destroyed flowerbed was discovered
LESSON 2 outside a museum.
Using the Passive 6. The museum’s flowerbed had been eaten.
7. Gary’s owner was ordered to pay a fine.
EXPLORE

8. Gary was brought to the courthouse for 4. was called
his trial. 5. was renamed
6. bought
Exercise 5, page 249-250 7. was built by
1. was written by Jack London 8. were told
2. are picked 9. can be found
3. was released 10. can be seen
4. is visited by millions of tourists
5. was stolen Exercise 9, page 253
6. will be given by the president of South 1. is proposed/was proposed /has been
Africa/is being given by the president of proposed/is being proposed
South Africa. 2. was found/has been found
7. are eaten by birds 3. were observed
8. was destroyed by a forest fire 4. is being raised by a Brazilian family
5. are killed by cats
PRACTICE 6. were caught/have been caught
Exercise 6, page 250 7. was discovered by a repairman
1. are threatened
2. was started Exercise 10 APPLY, page 253
3. are posted A
4. is endangered 7
5. has to be protected
6. has been reduced by terrible disease/is B
being reduced by terrible disease 1. was found
7. has been damaged by deforestation/is 2. was not bitten by
being damaged by deforestation 3. was contacted
8. are caught by wild-parrot traders/are 4. was chased
being caught by wild-parrot traders 5. was caught
9. are sold 6. was released
7. was given
1. is considered C
2. is located Answers will vary
3. has been placed/ was placed
4. is called LESSON 3
5. is visited by Passive Gerunds and Infinitives; Get
6. proposed Passives
7. was completed
8. have taken EXPLORE
9. is also known Exercise 2, page 254
10. are named/ were named 1. Hurricane hunters collect information
when they fly through the calm eye of the
Exercise 8, page 252 storm.
1. shouldn’t be missed by tourists 2. A dropsonde checks humidity,
2. have to turn temperature, and wind speed.
3. was discovered

3. They want to find out the strength of a 7. was reduced
hurricane and where it is heading. 8. are not affected/do
4. Weather forecasters consider the data and not get affected
then issue warnings. 9. to be rescued
10. was found
A Exercise 7, page 259
1. Being caught A
2. to be affected 1. gotten caught
3. getting caught 2. getting burned
4. being asked 3. gotten rescued
4. gotten injured
B 5. get stung
1. False 6. gotten bitten
2. True
3. True B SPEAK
Answers will vary
LEARN
Exercise 4, page 256 Exercise 8 LISTEN, page 259
1. to be sent 1. False
2. being injured 2. False
3. being expected 3. True
4. being damaged 4. True
5. to be evacuated 5. False
6. to be told 6. True
7. being allowed
8. to be given Exercise 9 EDIT, page 259
When I was a child, I remember
Exercise 5, page 257 being show shown a bird nest in a tree in our
1. got hit yard. It was a robin’s nest, and it was
2. got broken amazing. There were four blue eggs in the
3. got hurt nest. The bird didn’t seem to mind be being
4. got flooded watched, and I was careful not to get too
5. got hit close. I was very young, maybe four, but I
6. get damaged never needed telling to be told not to touch
7. got ruined the nest. Somehow I knew that without
8. will get delivered being reminded. One day, I looked and saw
baby robins in the nest. I don’t think they
PRACTICE liked be being/to be left alone by their
Exercise 6, page 258 mother, but sometimes she had to fly away
1. being harmed/ getting harmed to get food. When she came back, the babies
2. get damaged made a lot of noise while they were waiting
3. get filled/are filled to being to be fed!
4. get blown/are blown Since that time I have always loved
5. Being removed birds, and I love to go on birdwatching trips.
6. are killed/get killed In recent years, I have traveled all over the

world to observe birds. I sometimes get rescued/were rescued; got promoted/was
invite invited to speak at birdwatching promoted
conferences. Be Being asked to share my
knowledge of birds with others gives me a Exercise 4 EDIT, page 262
lot of pleasure. Fortunately, birdwatching is Good news for the gray seal population has
a very safe hobby. I’ve never gotten get been announced. Seal populations are being
injured while doing my favorite thing. growing off the north Atlantic coast of the
United States. For many years, seals were
Exercise 10 APPLY, page 260 killed for their skins, oil, and meat.
Answers will vary However, since 1972, they have be been
protected by U.S. law, and they cannot be
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR killed. Many people worry, however, that
the seal population is getting out of control,
Exercise 1, page 261 and that nothing will been be done to
1. disappeared manage it. Fishermen are complaining
2. was never seen because large amounts of fish are being
3. noticed eating eaten by the seals. In addition, there
4. must have taken is the shark problem. Sharks like to eat seals,
5. were caught so when seals move into an area, sharks
6. got sent usually follow. In fact, many more sharks
7. to get punished can be seen in the areas where seal
8. are being saved populations have increased. Naturally,
9. have been released swimmers are concerned about to be being
10. have learned attacked by sharks. Swimmer Jon Turner
says, “It’s great that the gray seal population
Exercise 2, page 261 has come back, but now I have to be careful
1. Bats are found throughout most of the not to get bite bitten by a shark!”
world.
2. Bats can be seen all over the world. Exercise 5 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 263
3. [passive not possible] A
4. The destruction of bat habitats should be 1. d
stopped. 2. d
5. More than 5.7 million bats have been 3. b
killed by a deadly disease. 4. c
6. The spread of the disease is being 5. d
investigated.
7. [passive not possible] B
8. These endangered animals should have 1. They are being harmed.
been protected from this disease. 2. Rainfall patterns and polar ice have been
affected by increasing temperatures.
Exercise 3, page 262 3. Activities such as golf and mountain
1. being caught/getting caught; to be climbing increase your risk of being hit by
evacuated; to be left lightning.
2. got hurt; to be picked up; to be fed 4. Fish and shellfish are being pulled out of
3. Being trapped/Getting trapped; being the ocean by fishermen.
burned/ getting burned; was started; got

5. The biggest wave was caused by a
hurricane.

WRITING

GRAMMAR, page 264
B
can be found/no agent
get stuck/no agent
is being sold/no agent
do not get punished/no agent
are endangered/no agent
C
Endangered Species: African Manatee
Threat Specific examples
Habitat is being 1. Building of dams
destroyed 2. Pollution from
boats on the river
3. Clearing of
wetlands
Hunting 1. Meat is sold in
markets
2. Bones are used to
make walking sticks
3. Illegal hunters do
not get punished

Answers will vary

UNIT 10 Beauty and Appearance 7. let
Causative Verb Patterns and Phrasal 8. make
Verbs 9. make
10. make
LESSON 1
Have, Let, Make, Get, and Help Exercise 5, page 271
1. got them to agree
EXPLORE 2. got me to promise
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 269 3. helped us prepare/helped us to prepare
1. The beauty contest is for camels from all 4. got me to practice
over the Abu Dhabi Arabian Peninsula. 5. helped each other do/helped each other to
2. Camel owners get help from their trainers do
family members before the contest. 6. get the judges to respect
3. A camel’s hair shines after it is washed 7. helped my family pay/helped my family
massaged. to pay
4. The trainers judges evaluate the camels at 8. help you get/help you to get
the contest. 9. help people solve/help people to solve
5. On the last day, the judges choose the
most skillful beautiful camel. PRACTICE
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 269 A
A 1. gotten you to change your appearance
1. help owners to make 2. get to cut your hair
2. makes their hair shine 3. make people worry about their
3. get the camels to loosen up appearance
4. have the camels walk 4. make you wear certain clothes
5. lets this community celebrate 5. let anyone borrow your clothes
6. help you shop for new clothes
B
Verb Object + Object + B SPEAK
Base Form Infinitive (to Answers will vary
of Verb + verb)
1. help ✓ Exercise 7, page 272
2. make ✓ 1. make
3. get ✓ 2. help
4. have ✓ 3. make
5. let ✓ 4. made
5. make
LEARN 6. help/get
Exercise 4, page 270 7. get
1. make 8. let
2. have 9. get
3. lets
4. make Exercise 8, page 273
5. let 1. let Pam borrow
6. make 2. have the painters

3. help Jen decorate/help Jen to decorate 3. had large images of her painted
4. made Kyle take 4. had their hair; had their heads shaved
5. got a salesperson to choose
6. let children participate/let their children B
participate 3
7. have Jorge mow/ask Jorge to mow
8. make Rachel feel LEARN
Exercise 9 LISTEN, page 274 1. had many things done
A 2. had their portraits painted
1. True 3. had their images put
2. True 4. had large tombs built
3. True 5. had their heads shaved
4. False 6. had the wigs dyed
5. False 7. had their bodies preserved
8. had their belongings placed
Exercise 10 APPLY, page 274 9. had special words written
A 10. had their pets buried
1. Why do flowers make people feel happy? Exercise 5, page 278
2. How do team sports make people act? 1. got it cut
3. How does travel help people see things 2. got my eyes checked
differently? 3. get them shortened
4. What kind of music gets people to relax? 4. am getting it serviced
5. What do teachers let students do in the 5. get it delivered
classroom? 6. get the application signed
6. What things help people to fall asleep? 7. got it washed
8. get my prescriptions filled
B
Answers will vary PRACTICE
LESSON 2 1. had the catalog printed
Passive Causative 2. had the audio tour recorded
3. had the gallery painted
EXPLORE 4. will have lighting installed/is going to
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 276 have lighting installed/is having the lighting
1. False installed
2. True 5. he will have the artworks unpacked/he’s
3. True going to have the artworks unpacked/he’s
4. False having the artworks unpacked
5. False 6. will have the artworks arranged/is going
to have the artworks arranged/is having the
Exercise DISCOVER, page 276 artworks arranged
A 7. will have photographs taken of the
1. had her hair dyed and styled exhibit/is going to have photographs taken
2. had her nails polished

of the exhibit/ is having photographs taken decorated their bodies their bodies
of the exhibit decorated with these designs. Today, some
8. will have the tickets designed and people do similar things to their bodies. For
printed/is going to have the tickets designed example, it is common for people to have
and printed/is having the tickets designed their ears pierced. Other people get dyed
and printed their hair their hair dyed or their nails
painted. They do these things to look good.
Exercise 7 LISTEN & WRITE, page 280 Will people still be getting these things done
A hundreds of years from now, or will they
Task The director Somebody think that people in the twenty-first century
did this else did this had some very strange habits?
1. painting the ✓
gallery Exercise 9 APPLY, page 281
2. installing ✓ A
the lights Answers will vary
3. unpacking ✓
the artworks B
4. arranging ✓ Answers will vary
the artworks
5. preparing ✓ C
the labels Answers will vary
6. labeling the ✓
artworks LESSON 3
7. ✓ Phrasal Verbs
photographing
the exhibit EXPLORE
8. designing ✓ Exercise 2 CHECK, page 283
and printing Answers may vary. Possible answers:
the tickets 1. The most interesting animals to Lucy
Cooke are the less attractive ones.
Exercise 8 EDIT, page 280 2. The sloth’s slowness helps it survive in its
Thousands of years ago, the Maya often environment.
had things do done to themselves to improve 3. The problem with attractive animals is
their looks. This is shown in the Maya art that they get all of the attention.
that archaeologists have found. We can see 4. Cooke communicated her message to the
from the art that Maya kings and nobles got world through funny online videos.
holes to make made in their teeth. Then they
had pretty stones put in the holes. Ordinary Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 283
Maya probably couldn’t afford to have A
pretty stones put in their teeth. Pictures show 1. off
them with sharp, pointed teeth. They 2. out
probably had their teeth make made sharp 3. out
to decorate themselves. Upper-class people 4. out
had fancy tattoos on their bodies. 5. across
Researchers believe that they didn’t create 6. up
the tattoos themselves. They must have had

B 2. j
T 3. a
4. b
LEARN 5. g
Exercise 4, page 284 6. h
A 7. f
1. point out 8. i
2. ended up 9. e
3. look after 10. d
4. dying out
5. help out Exercise 8 WRITE & SPEAK, page 287-
6. come up with 288
7. found out A
8. keep up with Answers will vary. Possible answers:
give away money/give money away, give
B ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR back my laptop/give my laptop back, put
1. point out a website their paintbrushes away/put away their
3. look after the sloths paintbrushes, put on a shirt/put a shirt on,
5. help out the sloth rescue group turn down a request, turn into a frog, and
6. come up with many great ways turn off the lights/turn the lights off/turn off
7. found out how to join a person/ turn a person off
8. keep up with the society’s activities
B
Exercise 5, page 285 Answers will vary
1. looked it up
2. check it out; turn me off C
3. ran into him; get together with him Answers will vary
4. fell for her; go out with him; get over it
5. pick it out Exercise 9 EDIT, page 288
6. come across this/it A: The other day I came over across an
interesting article. It was about a beautiful
PRACTICE bird called the Gouldian finch.
Exercise 6, page 286 B: What was so interesting about it?
1. came across A: Well, when a male finch chooses a mate,
2. looking up he uses his right eye to pick out her pick her
3. pointed out out. For some reason, his right eye helps him
4. go along with choose a better mate.
5. turn off B: That’s strange. How did they figure that
6. give up up out?
7. cheers them up A: They covered the finch’s right eye. They
8. figure it out noticed that with its left eye, the finch chose
9. came up with any bird as a mate.
10. ended up B: Wow. It’s amazing how animals and
plants choose mates in different ways.
Exercise 7, page 287 A: Well, choosing a mate is really
1. c important. If animals and plants choose the

wrong mates, their species could die over 8. create
out.
B: What does that say about the way that Exercise 3 LISTEN, page 291
people choose mates? 1. lets
A: The article points out that human beings 2. has
also choose mates to keep their species 3. lets
alive. 4. makes
B: So when people go over out with each 5. help
other for a while and then break up, are they 6. had
really trying to stay alive?
A: You could look at it that way. Exercise 4 EDIT, page 291
B: Or maybe they just can’t put up with each Wearing masks lets people to hide
other anymore! their identity from others. This can help to
A: That’s possible, too. create a feeling of mystery at a masquerade
ball, a dance where people wear costumes.
Exercise 10 APPLY, page 289 In a normal situation, you might be able to
A come up with some ideas about people’s
Answers will vary. Phrasal verbs to be used qualities because you can see their faces and
are as follows: expressions. You think about whether they
1. get across are good-looking and how often they smile.
2. fall for Their appearance gets you to form certain
3. figured out opinions about them. It may help you to
4. run into decide if you want to talk to them.
5. look up to Some masks stand up out from all
6. stand out the rest because they are so fancy. People
may pay a lot of money to have made these
B masks made. Do such amazing masks make
Answers will vary you to want to meet the people who are
wearing them? Once a friend of mine fell for
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR her husband for at a costume party before
Exercise 1, page 290 she ever saw his face. She loved his voice
1. make and personality, and didn’t think about his
2. them appearance at all. Sometimes a masquerade
3. point ball can turn it out to be a very special day.
4. out
5. to Exercise 5, page 291
6. across Answers will vary
Exercise 2, page 290 CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO

1. made WRITING
2. to make
3. design Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
4. designed GRAMMAR, page 292-293
5. decorated A
6. to decorate Answers will vary
7. created

B
help her get ready, got her hair done, let me
do her makeup, to make her eyes stand out,
have beautiful patterns painted, had a
professional henna artist paint her nails,
helped her put, helped her get dressed, let
my sister borrow, had gotten his hair cut,
made his brother lend
C
got hair done at salon
let me do her makeup
had a henna artist paint her hands he had
gotten his hair cut
he made his brother lend him

293
A
Answers will vary
B
…to help her get ready
My sister got her hair done …
… she had a professional henna artist paint
her hands.
My mother let my sister borrow some fancy
gold jewelry.
… he had gotten his hair cut …
He made his brother lend it to him …

Answers will vary

UNIT 11 The Power of Images produce a clear photo. However, that is not
Relative Clauses
enough to make it a great photo.
LESSON 1
Subject Relative Clauses Photographers who want to take powerful
EXPLORE shots have to make sure that the photo has

Exercise 2 CHECK, page 297
1. The photo was taken in the Sundarbans of good composition. In photography,
West Bengal, India.
2. The area is known for its mangrove forest composition is the way that things or people
and royal Bengal tigers.
3. The region experienced a devastating in a picture are placed, or positioned. Look
storm.
4. The storm flooded the fields and at some photos of your friends or family,
destroyed crops.
and you’ll see what I mean. Where are the
A people in the photo? Are they standing in the
1. In this photo, the farmers who live in the center with a lot of empty space in the
area had recently experienced a devastating
storm that flooded the fields and destroyed background? If so, the picture probably isn’t
crops.
very interesting. Photographs are more
2. Maybe that’s because the boy, whose feet
dangle over the water, seems untouched by striking when they show someone or
the flood.
something that is on the right or left, or off-
3. I like the way it captures the child, who
seems to be living in the moment. center. In addition, a picture that does not
4. This photo, which shows the highs and have too many details will not have a clear
lows of life in the Sundarbans, sends a
powerful message. focus. So think carefully about how you take
B your photos. Photos that have good

1. who, that
2. that, which composition will be the most successful.
3. whose
LEARN A
Exercise 4, page 298 1. When you’re just starting out, don’t buy
equipment which costs a lot.
Today anyone who has a digital camera can 2. People who keep their camera with them
at all times will get better photos.

3. Places which don’t seem unusual might 8. Have you ever met Dr. Jones, who
still make great photos. teaches Photography 101?
4. Look at photography magazines and 9. Amsterdam, which is the capital of the
websites which can offer you a range of Netherlands, is a wonderful city to
information on technique. photograph.
5. Look closely at a photo which 10. The photography exhibition was created
demonstrates strong composition and by my friend Laura, who is a professional
lighting. artist.
6. Take a workshop from a photographer
who does interesting work. Exercise 8, page 301
7. Copy the style of someone who takes A
pictures that you admire. 1. Photography, which can be very creative,
8. Avoid subjects which might be extremely is a highly competitive profession.
difficult to photograph. 2. My friend Erin, who has just started his
own business, is a great photographer.
B SPEAK 3. Online photography classes, which are
Answers will vary often free, can be a great way to learn the
basics.
Exercise 6, page 299 4. Disposable cameras, which are usually
1. was playing; was good for one use only, are popular with
2. shows; is tourists.
3. is sitting; has been taking 5. Digital storytelling is popular with
4. appear; are from Professor Wong, who has experience telling
5. are facing; live stories with photos.
6. is drifting; has never injured 6. Displays on cameras, which can be
7. work; have been collecting difficult to use, give you valuable
8. have bloomed; come out information.
7. Camera reviews, which are easy to find
Exercise 7, page 300 online, can help you choose a good camera.
1. Photo sharing, which is now extremely 8. Digital photographs, which are
popular, has changed over time. inexpensive, are extremely popular.
2. Websites such as Flickr, which became
available in 2010, offered lots of space. B
3. Facebook, which started in 2004, allowed Answers will vary
people to share messages and later photos.
4. College students, who were the first users Exercise 9, page 302
of Facebook, were later followed by users of
all ages. 1. The statues, whose faces are difficult to
5. I just bought the latest smartphone, which
has a powerful built-in camera. see, show a king and gods. (pages 206–207)
6. Kevin Systrom and Mike Kreiger, who
wanted a way to edit photos, started 2. Does the frog, whose face peeks out from
Instagram in 2010.
7. Instagram, which was originally an the mushroom, feel the rain? (pages 234–
application for iPhones, is now available for
Android devices. 235)

8. We should try to respect people whose
3. Jimbo Bazoobi is an Australian citizen cultures are different from ours.
whose goat Gary has become famous. (page B

Answers will vary
249)
PRACTICE
4. An insect whose wings display beautiful Exercise 11, page 304
A
colors is a hawk moth. (pages 266–267) 1. viewpoint that comes
2. The people who/that appear
5. The sloth, whose eyes are closed, sleeps 3. whose expressions show
4. People who/that influence
peacefully. (page 282) 5. people who/that are powerful
6. Groups of people who/that stand together
6. The starry night picture was taken in 7. Individuals who/that are
8. whose eyes meet
Armenia, whose sky shows a meteor. (pages 9. Red and orange, which are
10. Green and blue, which are
294–295)
B
7. The photographer, whose image captures 9, 10
star trails, used time exposure. (pages 294– Exercise 12, page 304-305
1. Photography can capture moments
295) that/which will be remembered forever.
2. Photography is an activity that/which will
Exercise 10, page 302-303 always hold your interest.
A 3. A photograph can communicate ideas
1. The woman in the photo, whose name is that/which are hard to express in words.
unknown, is from the Maori tribe. 4. Photos of loved ones who/that are far
2. The Maori woman in the photo, whose away are important possessions.
eyes are deep brown, has a mysterious 5. With photography, we speak to people
expression. whose language is different from ours.
3. New Zealand, whose population is mostly 6. Sharing photos allows you to connect to
European, is 14.6 percent Maori. people who/that are important to you.
4. The Maori, whose ancestors came to New 7. Photography is an art whose origins go
Zealand around 1250–1300 CE, still live back to the mid-1820s.
there today. 8. The first surviving photograph, which was
5. The Maori, whose native language is taken in 1825 or 1826, shows a landscape.
close to Polynesian, mainly speak English.
6. New Zealand, whose terrain is Exercise 13 PRONUNCIATION, page
mountainous, is a beautiful country. 305
7. The Maori, whose culture has changed, A
have lost some of their traditions. 1. The contest, which is held once a year,
has a $5000 cash prize.

2. Many people who have won the prize 2. Fay walked a total of 500 2000 miles
have gone on to be successful through Africa’s wilderness.
photographers. 3. Nichols thinks it is most important for his
3. The judges, who are professional photos to look cool be natural.
photographers, consider the creativity and 4. The subjects of Nichols’s photographs are
quality of each photo. usually easy difficult to manage.
4. The judges, who do not always agree, 5. Nichols works in some of the most
have a difficult task. populated remote parts of the world.
5. The contestant whose photo gets the
highest score is the winner. Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 309
6. The photo which won last year’s prize A
was taken by a 15-year-old.
1. His passion has always been to
B
Answers will vary photograph the things that he cares about.
Exercise 14 LISTEN, page 306-307 2. The president of Congo made the 13

A
2 endangered areas that Fay and Nichols had
B identified into national parks.

1. a
2. b 3. People won’t believe the stories that the
3. b
4. b images tell.
5. b
6. b 4. “I can’t stand a photograph that I’ve
C made, no matter how cool it is, if I set it up,”

1. that shows the buildings and the sea
2. , which is the capital of the Republic of he says.
Maldives,
3. that was taken 5. Nichols has a special ability to work in
4. that is holding something
5. that captures environments that others find too difficult.
Exercise 15 APPLY, page 307 B

Answers will vary object
LESSON 2 LEARN
OBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES Exercise 4, page 310-311
A
EXPLORE 1. that
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 309 2. that/which
1. Michael “Nick” Nichols is concerned 3. that/which
about the future of zoo wild animals. 4. that/which

5. that/which photos for environmental groups to which
6. whom you want to contribute.
5. Take photos of environmental projects
B that/which you have volunteered for./Take
It is possible to cross out the relative photos of environmental projects for which
pronouns in item numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. you have volunteered.
6. Write information about the scientists
Exercise 5, page 311-312 who/that you work with./Write information
1. Forests have low light, which people have about the scientists with whom you work.
a difficult time photographing. 7. Be respectful of natural areas that/which
2. Redwood National Park, which Mario you work in./Be respectful of natural areas
loves, attracts many campers each year. in which you work.
3. Lance had a tent that/which he preferred. 8. Collect stories of the subjects
4. Emin ate the dinner that/which he had that/who/whom you take pictures of./Collect
cooked over an open fire. stories of the subjects of whom you take
5. Nancy asked Joe, who was very pictures.
knowledgeable, for directions. 9. Know the issues that/which people often
6. The redwood trees that/which the campers argue about./Know the issues about which
saw were beautiful. people argue.
10. Start a blog about current topics
Exercise 6, page 312-313 that/which people will be interested in./Start
1. that/which a blog about current topics in which people
2. about will be interested.
3. whom
4. for PRACTICE
5.with Exercise 8, page 314-315
5. which 1. a, c, d
7. in 2. a, c, d
8. whom/who/that 3. a, b, c
9. that/which 4. a, b, c
10. whom 5. b, c, d
6. a, c, d
Exercise 7, page 313 7. a, c
1. Take photos of areas that endangered 8. a, c, d
animals are found in./Take photos of areas
in which endangered animals are found. Exercise 9, page 315
2. Look up information on the animals 1. that/which/Ø I like the most
that/which you take pictures of./Look up 2. that/which/Ø I eat when I am on
information about the animals of which you assignment
take pictures. 3. who/whom/that/Ø I usually take with me
3. Volunteer for a citizen science project 4. who/whom/that/Ø I work with
that/ which you care about./Volunteer for a 5. that/which/ approached me OR that/which
citizen science project about which you care. I was approached by
4. Take photos for environmental groups 6. that/which/Ø I most enjoy taking pictures
that/ which you want to contribute to./Take of
7. that/which/Ø the average hasn’t heard of

8. who/whom/that/Ø I observe Answers will vary
Exercise 10 LISTEN, page 316 LESSON 3

A Relative Clauses: Reduced, with Where
1. that/which/Ø he has photographed and When
2. that/which/Ø he has traveled all over the
world for EXPLORE
3. , which Sartore is deeply committed to, Exercise 2 CHECK, page 319
4. that/which/Ø they may never see 1. False
5. that/which/Ø he has 2. False
3. False
B 4. True
Answers will vary 5. True
Exercise 11 EDIT, page 317 Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 319

JR is a French street artist who A
whose public photography exhibits have 1. nicknamed Bollywood
appeared in over 100 countries. His project, 2. mixing
which JR calls it Inside Out, requires the 3. living
general public to interact with his pictures.
The idea is for people to share photos of B
themselves in public spaces to support ideas Bollywood where mostly Hindi language
about that they care about. Here is how it films are made
works: special photo booths in which people the late 1990s when new technology was
can take their own photos are set up. The developing
self-portraits are then printed and made into
huge posters, which are displayed on the LEARN
street. These photos attract attention to the Exercise 4, page 320-321
causes, such as human rights. A
JR, for who whom Inside Out is a 1. named after Bollywood
way to make the world a better place, 2. mostly made in English
believes in the power of ordinary people. He 3. a neighborhood in Nairobi, Kenya
is convinced that they can create positive 4. set in Nairobi
change in the world. In JR’s words, 5. known as Eastleighwood
“Together, we’ll turn the world inside out.” 6. interested in world politics
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 317 B

A 1. having a lot of singing and dancing
1. c 2. featuring beautiful scenery
2. b 3. promoting social awareness
3. a 4. starring my favorite actors
5. showing at midnight
B 6. showing life in Mumbai
Answers will vary
C A

✓ 1. Bollywood, which was named after 3. which
Hollywood, makes different kinds of films. 4. where
✓ 2. Bollywood, which is also referred to as 5. when
Hindi cinema, is one of the largest film 6. showing
producers in India.
3. Bollywood films, which many people Exercise 8, page 324
enjoy, do not pretend to show reality. 1. when filming begins
✓ 4. Bollywood, which inspired many 2. where the bus scene happens
cinema movements, was followed by 3. where Tom, Richard, and Marge meet
Nollywood. 4. when we need
5. Bollywood’s production studio, which the 5. when we stop
government built, is called Film City. 6. where Marge’s house is
✓ 6. The actors who appear in Bollywood 7. where the director wants
movies come from all over India. 8. when Tom is
9. when Tom gives
B 10. where the film takes
1. Bollywood, named after Hollywood,
makes different kinds of films. Exercise 9, page 325
2. Bollywood, also referred to as Hindi 1. wanting to be an extra in a movie
cinema, is one of the largest film producers 2. posted on websites
in India. 3. listed on movie studio websites
4. Bollywood, inspiring many cinema 4. requested
movements, was followed by Nollywood. 5. required for scenes
6. The actors appearing in Bollywood come 6. requiring long hours
from all over India. 7. talking while filming
Exercise 6, page 322-323 Exercise 10 EDIT, page 325

1. The history of film starts in the late I will never forget how I felt the night where
nineteenth century when movies had no when I saw the movie The Birds. I was
sound. watching it on TV with my family in the
2. People wanted to go to a relaxing place house where I grew up. The movie, is
where they could escape from their troubles. directed by Alfred Hitchcock, was made
3. Moviegoers saw silent movies in theaters many years ago, but to this day just thinking
where there were usually pianos or organs. about it scares me to death. I’ll never forget
4. The age of silent movies ended in the late the moment in when the woman was locked
1920s, when talking movies became in a room with all the birds attacking her.
popular. My oldest brother, who wanting to be funny,
5. The Artist takes place during the last started making loud bird noises and moving
years of silent films, when people were his arms like wings. The shadows created by
losing interest. his moving arms frightened me even more.
6. Today, there are a few silent film festivals Since then I have never been able to look at
where people show modern silent movies. a lot of birds are sitting on a telephone wire
or on tree branches without getting scared. I
Exercise 7, page 323 will never forgive Alfred Hitchcock, or my
1. where brother, for that.
2. meaning

Exercise 11 APPLY, page 326 5. During class presentations, which are
A done in all kinds of classes, presenters use
This is a horror movie directed by Alfred images in different ways.
Hitchcock. The film, released in 1963, is 6. There are many presentations that/which
based on a short story written by British use still or moving images to illustrate a
author Daphne du Maurier. It takes place in difficult concept.
a northern California town where birds start 7. Other presentations use images that/which
attacking people for no obvious reason. The encourage discussion and debate.
main characters are Melanie and Mitch. 8. Sometimes a presenter’s goal is to
Melanie Daniels, played by actress Tippi surprise students with an image that/which
Hedren, is a rich young woman who follows gets them to look at an issue in a new way.
a San Francisco lawyer named Mitch
Brenner to the coastal town of Bodega Bay, Exercise 3 EDIT, page 328
where his mother and sister live. Strangely, Images communicate meanings
on the day when Melanie arrives to town, that/which can’t always be expressed as
birds start attacking people. At the end of quickly in words. That’s why images are so
the movie, Melanie hears noises coming important in advertising. We see ads
from the attic of the Brenner home. everywhere, and they affect us in ways
Hundreds of birds rush at her as she opens which we don’t realize. For example, we
the attic door. It’s a terrifying movie! might see an ad for a candy bar in a movie
that/which is shown at the local theater.
B Maybe a few days later, we’re in the
Answers will vary supermarket and we buy the same candy bar,
that which we didn’t plan to buy. When we
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR put it into the shopping cart, we probably
aren’t thinking about the candy that we saw
Exercise 1, page 327 it in the movie.
1. who Some people think they’re not
2. where influenced by advertising because they don’t
3. whose buy products from ads whom that/which/Ø
4. which they see right away. They don’t realize that
5. where ads don’t usually lead us to act immediately.
6. whom, who This is the way ads work, though— they put
ideas in our heads which we act on later.
Exercise 2, page 327 Consider this photo of someone
1. In classrooms where presentations are selling flowers and other products in
done well, images can be a powerful Thailand, where floating markets are
teaching tool. common. What kinds of thoughts do you
2. In the past, when professors used fewer associate with the image? Do you think this
images, students had to rely on listening is a better advertising image for a travel
skills. company or for a company that sells
3. Most people remember things that/which products made in Thailand?
they see better than things that/which they
listen to. Exercise 4 LISTEN, page 329
4. The images that/which hold an audience’s A
attention are the most successful. coconuts

the icy waters where Gulli floats and tries to
B swim (although these are certainly the most
1. that can provide you with iron and other dramatic parts).
minerals We also see many scenes of the town where
2. which humans have been using for about he lives, both before and after the accident.
half a million years Relative clause with whose:
3. people needing refreshment It is based on the true story of a fisherman
4. where you’ll see coconut palm trees whose boat sank at sea in 1984.
everywhere you look
5. which ships about 3000 of these postcards C
a year The Deep
6. who will feel grateful 2012
Baltasar Kormakur
Exercise 5 WRITE & SPEAK, page 328 Gulli (Olafur Darri Olafsson)
Answers will vary Icy water, town where Gulli lives
Answers will vary
WRITING Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page
331
Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE Answers will vary
A Exercise 3 WRITE, page 331
Answers will vary Answers will vary
B
Answers will vary. Answers may include:
Identifying subject relative clause:
In an instant, he changes from an ordinary
person to a man who must make a heroic
effort to survive.
Reduced relative clause:
Scenes from the real life event, shown at the
end of the film, add to the emotional impact.
Object relative clause:
The Deep reminds us of the simple, and at
times dangerous, lives that many people
must live and the incredible choices that
they sometimes have to face.
Relative clause with a preposition:
The gray colors and tough, weather-beaten
look of everything really give viewers a
taste of a different world; it is one in which
people must work hard and take great risks.
Relative clause with where:
The whole movie does not take place only in

UNIT 12 The Rise of the City foot (800-m) jogging track. You’ll feel like
Adverb Clauses you’re running in the clouds whenever you
go there to exercise. The skyscrapers in
LESSON 1 Singapore look like something from a
Adverb Clauses science fiction movie. They’re truly amazing
works of architecture. You’ll remember
EXPLORE them as long as you live!
1. About one third More than half of the Exercise 5, page 337
world’s population lives in cities. 1. whenever
2. Cities today are decreasing increasing in 2. As soon as
size. 3. just as
3. According to Glaeser, cities cause reduce 4. Whenever
pollution. 5. Whenever
4. Eighty-six percent Fewer than a third of 6. As
New York City residents drive to work. 7. as long as
5. The reviewer agrees does not agree with 8. just as
all of Glaeser’s ideas. 9. as soon as
10. Whenever
A Exercise 6, page 338-339
1. Whenever 1. (a) Singapore has a population of five
2.Since million although it is only 270 square miles
3. so that (700 sq km) wide. (no comma)
4. because 2. (b) Even though Chicago is a large city, it
5. Although has a lot of parks and gardens.
3. (b) Some of the world’s oldest cities are
B in Egypt although there are many ancient
1. although cities and towns in China. (no comma)
2. so that 4. (a) Toronto is the largest city in Canada
3. because, since although it is not the country’s capital. (no
4. whenever comma)
5. (a) Although Yamoussoukro is the capital
LEARN city of the Ivory Coast, it began as a very
Exercise 4, page 336 small village.
As you fly over Singapore, you’ll see 6. (a) Even though many ancient cities had
enormous skyscrapers. Five million people walls around them, the walls did not always
live there in just 270 square miles (700 sq. stop invaders.
km), so most people live in tall buildings.
Whenever people think of skyscrapers, they Exercise 7, page 339
usually think of crowded spaces. However, 1. Because
this is not true of the Pinnacle@Duxton in 2. Since
Singapore. The Pinnacle is a huge 3. now that
skyscraper with 1800 apartments. You’ll be 4. so that
amazed as you walk around it. As soon as 5. because
you reach the 20th floor, you’ll see a 2625- 6. Now that

7. Since people take public transportation every day
8. so that although many people own cars in Curitiba.
6. Curitiba developed a good recycling
Exercise 8, page 340 program so that it could keep the city
1. because/since clean./So that it could keep the city clean,
2. so that Curitiba developed a good recycling
3. so that program.
4. because/since 7. Whenever children bring cans and bottles
5. now that to recycling centers, they receive small
6. because/since gifts./ Children receive small gifts whenever
they bring cans and bottles to recycling
PRACTICE centers.
Exercise 9, page 340 8. Though not all of the city’s garbage is
1. so that recycled in Curitiba, seventy percent of it
2. Because is./Seventy percent of the city’s garbage in
3. Even though Curitiba is recycled though not all of it is.
4. since
5. as Exercise 11 WRITE & SPEAK, page 342-
6. Although 343
7. Even though A
8. Whenever 1. although/even though/though
2. Because/Since
Exercise 10, page 341-342 3. so that
1. Because Curitiba has historic buildings 4. Although/Even though/Though
and beautiful woods around it, it is an 5. Whenever
attractive city./Curitiba is an attractive city 6. so that
because it has historic buildings and 7. Because/Since
beautiful woods around it. 8. because/since
2. Curitiba has a diverse population since 9. Whenever
immigrants from Europe and Japan have
made it their home./Since immigrants from B
Europe and Japan have made it their home, Answers will vary
Curitiba has a diverse population.
3. As the population began to grow rapidly, C
Curitiba’s mayor tried to reduce crowding./ Answers will vary
Curitiba’s mayor tried to reduce crowding as
the population began to grow rapidly. Exercise 12 LISTEN & SPEAK, page
4. Because there are no cars on “The Street 343-344
of Flowers,” it’s a nice place to walk and A
shop./ “The Street of Flowers” is a nice 1. Rome’s first residential skyscraper
place to walk and shop because there are no 2. in Rome
cars on it. 3. negative
5. Although many people own cars in
Curitiba, two million people take public B
transportation every day./Two million 1. a
2. b

3. a 2. False
4. a 3. True
5. b 4. False
6. b 5. True
Exercise 13 EDIT, page 344 Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 346

Even though a lot of people who work in A
cities would prefer to live closer to their 1. While finishing his coffee
jobs, not all can afford to do so. Although 2. After unlocking the bike with a smart card
Since/Because the cost of housing in cities is 3. Having had a long tradition of cycling
usually very high, a lot of people have to 4. Hoping to solve the problem quickly
live outside of the city in the suburbs and
commute to work. The spread of cities into B
outside areas is called urban sprawl. 1. 1, 2
Unfortunately, urban sprawl can have 2. 3, 4
serious consequences. For example, in 3. while, after
Mexico City, developers built new buildings 4. no
as fast as possible so that they could make
money. They also built new housing, but it LEARN
was far away from the city center. It can Exercise 4, page 347-348
take two to five hours to get to work every 1. Since starting a bike-share program,
day, so a number of people have moved in 2. After closing the downtown area to cars,
with family members who live in the city. 3. before getting their driver’s licenses
Since Although/Even though/Though they 4. After getting a bike diploma,
are now more crowded, they are closer to 5. While taking a road test,
their jobs. Even though Because/Now that 6. before exiting the car
many people have moved back to Mexico 7. While turning to open their doors,
City, there are now a great number of empty 8. After improving its road safety,
homes in the suburbs. It will take time and
careful planning to solve this problem. Exercise 5, page 348-349
People will have to be patient just as urban 1. Having 316 miles of track
planners try to solve this problem. 2. Running every two minutes during rush
hour
Exercise 14 APPLY, page 344 3. Providing digital maps and schedules
A 4. Having heard complaints about high
Answers will vary subway fares
5. Having heated seats
B 6. Having opened a lot of new stations
Answers will vary 7. Offering free Wi-Fi in stations and on
subway cars
LESSON 2 8. Having read about it
Reduced Adverb Clauses
PRACTICE
EXPLORE A
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 346 Statements 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10 can be
1. False reduced.

attended college in lively cities, a lot of
B young people don’t want to give up their
1. After arriving in London, Pam and Emily urban lifestyles after they graduate. Cities
took a bus to their hotel. offer a variety of interesting things to
2. After having spent a year in Mexico, Matt do plus the convenience of having
spoke Spanish fluently. everything nearby. After experience
4. After seeing the pyramids outside Cairo, experiencing city life, many young people
Ed wanted to learn more about them. find living in the suburbs boring.
5. Before moving to Istanbul, Jackie learned Transportation is another factor that makes
some Turkish. cities attractive to them. Having spent their
8. Being an art history major, Tanya really early years riding around in the family car, a
enjoyed her trip to Florence. lot of young people prefer to get around on
9. After leaving Lisbon, Scott went to public transportation, by bike, or on foot.
Madrid. These forms of transportation give them
10. Having never been to Iceland, Anita was more independence. Being Because they are
excited to spend a day there on her way to more independent, their parents are proud of
Moscow. them. There are other benefits, too. For
example, walking can be a social activity.
C While friends are walking together, they can
Answers will vary have a conversation or stop and have coffee.
Since there are sidewalks, bike lanes, and
Exercise 7, page 350 public transportation, there’s no need to
1. Having driven everywhere for years, Ella have a car in many cities. Not own owning
wanted to move to a more walkable cars, young people don’t have to spend
neighborhood. money on parking and gas. Whenever they
2. Before making a decision, Ella looked for want to leave the city, they can rent a car or
a website about walkability. take a bus or train. Cities offer everything
3. While doing some research online, Ella that many young people want these days.
found a “walkability” website.
4. After considering factors such as walking Exercise 9 APPLY, page 351
distance to stores and public transportation, A
the website gives a walkability score. Answers may vary. Possible answers:
5. Having gotten bad walkability scores, 1. After leaving the Transamerica Pyramid,
some communities made changes to you will need about 20 minutes to walk to
improve their scores. Coit Tower.
6. Having everything nearby, Ella’s family 2. After leaving Union Square, you can get
is happy in their new home. to Fisherman’s Wharf quickly by taking
7. While walking home from school, Ella’s Powell Street.
children can stop at a park and play. 3. While traveling from Union Square to
8. Having been dependent on a car for years, Fisherman’s Wharf, you will see Chinatown
Ella is happy that she doesn’t need one now. and North Beach.
4. While walking from Powell Street to
Exercise 8 EDIT, page 350 Telegraph Hill, you will cross Grant Avenue
After grow growing up in the suburbs, many and Montgomery.
young people in the United States are 5. Before arriving in Chinatown, you will
choosing to live in cities. Have Having see the Transamerica Pyramid.

6. Yes, before having dinner at Pier 39, you
should spend some time shopping there. B
1. b
B 2. b
Answers will vary 3. a
4. b
C 5. a
Answers will vary
C
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR Answers will vary
1. Although Pontevedra has only around Exercise 4 EDIT, page 353
85,000 people, traffic congestion used to be Even though Sydney is more famous,
a problem. Melbourne, Australia is one of the most
2. Being the major city in the region, it has livable cities in the world. What makes a
attracted a lot of commuters. city livable? Excellent education, quality
3. Since it now has a free bike-lending health care, good roads, and public
service, the city has set a new lower speed transportation are essential. People need to
limit for cars. feel safe so that they can walk around day or
4. The city council designed a special map night without feeling afraid. Even though
with walking times so that the city would Because/Since it has a great tram system,
become more walkable. people can get around Melbourne easily.
5. People can leave their cars in one of the Having so many restaurants, unique shops,
free parking lots whenever they visit the and music festivals, Melbourne offers a
city. wide variety of leisure activities. Although
6. Though people disliked the new policies Because/Since it’s located on the beautiful
at first, they now support them. Yarra River, it’s perfect for water sports.
7. Being a small city, Pontevedra was never Melbourne has great weather, too.
very well known outside of the region. Whenever they are in the mood, residents
8. Now that it is such a walkable city, it has can go to the beach. Though Because/Since
become popular with urban planners. Melbourne has so much to offer, it has
visitors from all over the world. After come
Exercise 2, page 352 coming to the city, people don’t want to
1. so that leave.
2. Whenever
3. Just as Exercise 5 SPEAK & WRITE, page 353
4. Though Answers will vary
5. so that
6. Having spent CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
7. Since WRITING
8. Although
Exercise 3 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 352- GRAMMAR, page 354-355
353 A
A Answers will vary
Amsterdam, Dubai, Stockholm, Yokohama

B
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Reduced Adverb Changed into Full
Clauses Adverb Clauses
Having lived near Because I lived near
the highway at that the highway at that
time… time…
Seeing the greenery When I see the
and flowing greenery and
stream… flowing stream…
Having brought Because it brought
beautiful scenery to beautiful scenery to
Seoul… Seoul…
C
Answers will vary

Answers will vary

UNIT 13 Choices 5. needs; thinks
Conditions 6. buy; return
7. have; ask
LESSON 1 8. shop; don’t make
Present and Future Real Conditionals
EXPLORE A
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 359 1. If
1. False 2. even if
2. True 3. when
3. False 4. even if
4. True 5. if
5. False 6. If
7. Unless
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 359 8. even if
A
1. If you are like most people, you will B SPEAK
probably choose Flyright. Answers will vary
2. However, if you stop and think, you will
find no different between the two flight Exercise 6, page 362
records. A
3. …if an option is presented in a positive 1. make; will choose/might choose
way, people usually prefer it. 2. make; will hurt/can hurt/may hurt
4. Even if we think our decisions are 3. worries; will not be/may not be
completely rational, they are not. 4. thinks; may have/will have/might have
5. if we know this, we will be able to do 5. don’t sleep; will be/can be/may be
something about it in the future. 6. ask; will get/may get/might get
7. are; won’t try/might not try/may not try
B 8. keeps; will learn/may learn
1. Sentence b
2. Sentence a B SPEAK
3. Sentence b Answers will vary
LEARN Exercise 7, page 363

Exercise 4, page 360-361 1. If Paulo takes the internship, he
A will/may/might get some useful job
1. a experience.
2. a 2. He will be interested if his coworkers
3. a teach him new skills.
4. b 3. If he does the internship, it will be good
for his resume.
B 4. If he accepts the position, he
1. drive; want will/may/might make some professional
2. has; go connections.
3. see; am not 5. He won’t get in shape unless the work is
4. makes; tries physically demanding.

6. He won’t be able to pay his bills unless he you’ve designed. Unless If they like your
has a paying job. work, offer to design a web page for them
7. He won’t/might not/may not accept the for a small fee. If you will do a good job the
offer if his work hours are 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 first time, they will probably hire you again.
p.m. They may also recommend you to other
8. If he enjoys the internship, he businesses. Soon you’ll have a lot of
will/may/might apply for the job. customers contacting you, and you’ll be
running your own business. If Even if you
B don’t make a lot of money, you’ll feel
Answers will vary satisfied and successful. You will also be
doing something you love. Running your
PRACTICE own business can be a lot of work, but it’s
Exercise 8, page 363-364 worth it. If people will enjoy their jobs, they
1. If you choose a career that matches your are usually happier. You won’t know for
talents, your job will be more enjoyable. OR sure unless you are going to try.
Your job will be more enjoyable if you
choose a career that matches your talents. Exercise 11 WRITE & SPEAK, page 365
2. Even if we don’t realize it, we each have a A
personal work style. Answers will vary. Answers may include:
3. If you don’t like a set schedule, you will 1. If you have your own business, you can
be happier in a job that has flexible hours. be your own boss.
4. If you don’t like to be away from home, 2. You will/may/might work 60–80 hours a
don’t take a job that requires travel. week if you have your own business.
5. A stressful job might be good for you if a 3. You will not have much free time if you
lot of pressure helps you to succeed. have your own business.
6. Don’t choose a low-paying career if 4. If you have your own business, you will
making a lot of money is important to you. not have any paid vacation time.
7. The interviewer won’t be interested in 5. If you have your own business, you will
you unless you seem excited about the job. do something you love.
8. It is hard to make a decision unless you 6. You will take risks if you have your own
know all your career possibilities. business.
Exercise 9 WRITE & SPEAK, page 364 B

Exercise 10 EDIT, page 364 Exercise 12 LISTEN, page 365

Even If you don’t want to work in an office A
every day, you should consider starting your The time of day, eating, too many choices,
own business. That’s right, you can be your language
own boss! If you have a hobby that you are
very good at, you might be able to earn a B
living doing it. For example, if you will have 1. True
a talent for web design, you could sell your 2. False
services to small companies. To get started, 3. True
choose a company that you know about and 4. False
show them some examples of web pages 5. False

6. If my government spent money on
Exercise 13 APPLY, page 365 reviving extinct species, I would be
A unhappy.
Answers will vary 7. If I were a scientist, I would be interested
in researching extinct species.
B 8. I would major in biology if I got into a
Answers will vary good program.
9. Would fewer species go extinct if people
LESSON 2 took better care of the environment?
Present and Future Unreal Conditionals; 10. It would be better for the environment if
Wish scientists spent their energy on living
species, not extinct species.
EXPLORE
1. They are all extinct species. A
2. They are becoming extinct. 1. were
3. It has turned into tundra. 2. am helping
4. They might be harmed by hunting, or 3. did
pollution, or die out again. 4. can find
5. could work
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 367 6. were sitting
A 7. lived
1. True 8. called
2. False 9. had
3. True 10. give
4. True
B SPEAK
B Answers will vary
1. True
2. False PRACTICE
4. False 1. understood
2. would change
LEARN 3. realized
Exercise 4, page 368-369 4. would think
1. If extinct animals were brought back to 5. knew
life, there would be consequences. 6. would not be able to
2. Most people would not believe it if they 7. would change
saw a dinosaur. 8. were
3. Animals that have gone extinct would 9. stopped
cause problems if they were revived. 10. would help
4. What would happen if woolly mammoths
lived in Siberia now? Exercise 7, page 371
5. Would it improve the land if woolly Answers will vary. Answers may include.
mammoths were alive today? 1. Kate wishes she had a pet owl.
2. Len wishes he knew how to help it.

3. Josh wishes he had his cell phone with 7. would be
him. 8. would help
4. Molly wishes the cars wouldn’t drive so
fast down her street. B
5. Jenny wishes her parents would let her go Answers will vary
to Australia.
6. Meg wishes her neighbors wouldn’t play Exercise 12 WRITE & SPEAK, page 374
loud music every night./Meg wishes she A
could sleep. 1. If people understood the consequences,
7. Anna wishes her sister wouldn’t borrow they would not to keep wild animals as
her clothes without asking first./Anna pets./People wouldn’t want to keep wild
wishes her sister would ask her before she animals as pets if they understood the
borrows her clothes. consequences.
8. Roland wishes his roommate would clean 2. If my sister were not allergic to dogs, we
their apartment. could get one./We could get a dog if my
sister were not allergic to them.
Exercise 8 WRITE & SPEAK, page 371 3. If I didn’t have to work late, I could go to
Answers will vary the movies tonight./I could go to the movies
tonight if I didn’t have to work late.
Exercise 9 WRITE & SPEAK, page 372 4. If Nick had the time, he would take guitar
Answers will vary lessons./Nick would take guitar lessons if he
had the time.
Exercise 10 PRONUNCIATION, page 5. If I lived near my office, I would walk to
373 work every day./I would walk to work every
A day if I lived near my office.
1. it would 6. If Lila were in shape, she would run in the
2. It wouldn’t race./ Lila would run in the race if she were
3. they wouldn’t in shape.
4. I would not 7. If Tom and Sarah needed a car, they
5. I would would buy one./Tom and Sarah would buy a
6. I would not car if they needed one.
7. We would 8. If I felt well, I would go to the gym this
8. It would afternoon./I would go to the gym this
afternoon if I felt well.
B
Answers will vary B
Answers will vary
A C
Answers will vary. Answers may include: Answers will vary
1. would be/wouldn’t be
2. wouldn’t survive Exercise 13 EDIT, page 375
3. wouldn’t wear A: If someone on the street offered you
4. wouldn’t buy money, you would would you take it?
5. would live B: No, I don’t. wouldn’t.
6. wouldn’t keep

A: Why not? I often wish a stranger would didn’t share the money with you, would you
give me money. get angry?
B: I guess I don’t trust strangers. If a 6. Would you be annoyed if the stranger
stranger tries tried to give me money, I’d took the money back?/If the stranger took
think it was a trick. Nobody just gives the money back, would you be annoyed?
money away without a reason.
A: What would you do if money would fall B
fell out of a window? Answers will vary
B: That would never happen either.
A: I guess you’re right. I wish things like Exercise 16 APPLY, page 376
that happen happened, but they never do. Answers will vary
B: I know. I wish making money is were
that easy, but it’s not. LESSON 3
Past Unreal Conditionals; Wish
Exercise 14 READ & LISTEN, page 375
A EXPLORE
Answers will vary Exercise 2 CHECK, page 378
1. Salopek is walking to follow the path of
B animal human migration out of Africa.
No. 2. Salopek walked across Ethiopia alone
with guides.
C 3. People can follow Salopek’s journey by
1. would give reading his newspaper articles website.
2. had to share 4. Salopek sometimes feels lonely during his
3. were journey and but this may will not stop his
4. would be future travels.
5. wouldn’t
6. would be Exercise 3 DSICVOER, page 378
7. didn’t split A
8. would stop 1. a
2. b
Exercise 15 WRITE & SPEAK, page 376 3. b
A 4. a
1. Would you talk to a stranger if he or she
stopped you on the street? B
2. If a stranger offered you money, would 1. a
you take it?/Would you take money if a 2. c
stranger offered it? 3. b
3. If you got some money from a stranger, 4. c
would you share it?/Would you share it if
you got some money from a stranger? LEARN
4. Would it be fair if you kept all the money Exercise 4, page 379
for yourself?/If you kept all the money for A
yourself, would it be fair? 1. had invited
5. Would you get angry if your friend didn’t 2. had asked
share the money with you?/If your friend 3. wouldn’t have been

4. would have kept boat if the boat hadn’t hit the large
5. might have gotten container.
6. had gone 2. If he hadn’t been skillful, he would not
7. had been have been able to fix the hole./He would not
8. have worn have been able to fix the hole if he hadn’t
been skillful.
B SPEAK 3. If he had not gotten into the life raft, he
Answers will vary would not have survived./He would not have
survived if he had not gotten into the life
Exercise 5, page 380 raft.
1. hadn’t chosen; wouldn’t have 4. If the people on the other ships had seen
raised/might not have raised/couldn’t have him, they would have rescued him./The
raised people on the other ships would have
2. would have been/might have been/could rescued him if they had seen him.
have been; hadn’t rained 5. If he had controlled the fire, the life raft
3. wouldn’t have been able/might not have wouldn’t have caught fire./The life raft
been able; hadn’t been wouldn’t have caught fire if he had
4. hadn’t had; would have had/might have controlled the fire.
had/ could have had 6. If the man hadn’t gone out on his boat, he
5. would have gotten/might have wouldn’t have had this terrible
gotten/could have gotten; hadn’t drunk experience./The man wouldn’t have had this
6. hadn’t used; wouldn’t have been/might terrible experience if he hadn’t gone out on
not have been/couldn’t have been his boat.
Exercise 6 SPEAK & WRITE< page 380- C

381 1. He wishes the shipping container hadn’t
A hit his boat.
1. had walked 2. He wishes the weather had been good.
2. had done 3. He wishes the people on the other ships
3. had gone had noticed him.
4. had brought 4. He wishes he had taken more food and
5. hadn’t given water from his boat before it sank.
6. had spent 5. He wishes he could have put out the fire
7. hadn’t moved on the life raft.
8. had worn 6. He wishes he had stayed home.
B SPEAK Exercise 8 PRONUNCIATION, page 383

Answers will vary A
1. would not have gotten
PRACTICE 2. would have reached
Exercise 7 READ & WRITE, page 381- 3. would have been
382 4. would not have survived
B 5. would have been
1. If the boat hadn’t hit the large container, 6. would not have started
water wouldn’t have gotten into the
boat./Water wouldn’t have gotten into the

Exercise 9 WRITE & SPEAK, page 383- traveled in it six months later, then you can’t
384 couldn’t travel back in time any earlier than
Answers will vary January 1.
Why is time travel such an attractive
Exercise 10 APPLY, page 384 idea? We all have done things in the past
A that we wish we hadn’t done. We wish
Answers will vary things had happened differently. For
example, if I didn’t go hadn’t gone to the
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR store the day of my car accident, the
accident wouldn’t have happened. I
Exercise 1, page 385 wouldn’t have gotten hurt if it didn’t happen
1. f hadn’t happened. If time travel allowed us
2. a to go back in time, it will would be possible
3. h to prevent bad experiences. Wouldn’t we all
4. g want to do that if we could? It’s too bad we
5. b can’t.
6. c Future time travel, however, is
7. e possible. If scientists figure out how to do it,
8. d people will be able to see their lives 20 or 30
years into the future. If you could travel 20
Exercise 2 WRITE, page 385 or 30 years into the future, will would you
Answers will vary want to do it?
Exercise 3, page 385-386 B

1. moved Answers will vary
2. had told
3. had known
4. were
5. would arrive
6. had been able
7. hadn’t seen
8. didn’t have to read it
Exercise 4 EDIT & SPEAK, page 386-387

A
Some people wish it is were possible
to travel back into the past. If it were
possible, they can could go back to any time
they wanted. At least, that’s what they think.
Actually, this isn’t true, but it’s easy to get
the wrong idea. When you will see movies
about time travel, you don’t always
get the full story. In fact, you can only go
back to the time when your time machine
was created. For example, if your time
machine was built on January 1 and you

Exercise 5 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 387 believes that he will be successful if his
A work keeps progressing.
1. Why did young His father died. 5. If we had time machines, they could help
Mallet want to go warn people of coming disasters./Time
back in time? machines could help warn people of coming
2. What did he read He read H.G. Wells’ disasters if we had them.
that made him think science fiction novel,
about making a time The Time Machine. Exercise 6 WRITE & SPEAK, page 387
machine? Answers will vary
3. What could He could go back
Mallett do if he had into the past and do CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
a time machine? something to prevent WRITING
his father’s death.
4. Why did Mallett If he had shown his Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
keep his work a work to other GRAMMAR, page 388-389
secret? scientists, they A
would have thought Answers will vary
he was crazy.
5. What does Mallett If his work keeps B
believe will happen progressing, he will R
if he keeps making be successful. After all, if you have money, you have fewer
progress.
6. How could time They can warn financial worries.
machines be helpful? people of coming
disasters.
I think that people who dislike their jobs are
B R
Answers will vary. Answers may include: not truly happy even if they are wealthy.
1. If his father hadn’t died, Mallett wouldn’t
have wanted to go back in time./Mallett U
wouldn’t have wanted to go back in time if Unless I made enough money to retire early,
his father hadn’t died.
2. If Mallett hadn’t read H. G. Wells’ I would not choose a job that I disliked.
science fiction novel, The Time Machine, he
wouldn’t have thought about making a time R
machine./ Mallett wouldn’t have thought I want to enjoy my work even if it means I
about making a time machine if he hadn’t
read H. G. Wells’ science fiction novel, The will make less money.
Time Machine.
3. If Mallett had a time machine, he could U
go back into the past and do something to If I had no time for my kids, I would be very
prevent his father’s death./Mallett could go unhappy.
back and do something to prevent his
father’s death if he had a time machine.
4. Mallett believes that if his work keeps They may not care if the work they do is
progressing, he will be successful./Mallett R

interesting, as long as it pays very well.
C
Reason 1: People who choose a job for the
money may not like it.
Reason 2: High-paying jobs require long
hours and keep you away from your family.

Answers will vary

UNIT 14 Food exactly as our ancestors did. However, it is
Noun Clauses and Reported Speech true that many diets of the past were
healthier. We probably should try to eat
LESSON 1 more simply as our ancestors did. For
Noun Clauses example, we can avoid food that is
processed. Most people agree that we should
EXPLORE eat more vegetables. Some people are also
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 393 certain that a diet of different-colored foods
1. One advantage of cooking food is that it (red radishes, green spinach, blueberries) is
makes it easier and faster for humans to especially beneficial.
digest food and gain energy for the brain and
body. Exercise 5 WRITE & SPEAK, page 395
2. A raw-food diet doesn’t support brain A
growth because it provides less energy. Answers will vary
3. Some scientists doubt the cooking theory
because there is no evidence of fire being B
used for food preparation until much later. Answers will vary
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 393 Exercise 6, page 395-396

A A
1. that 1. it’s a good idea to eat different-colored
2. why foods?
3. if 2. people should drink more water.
4. whether or not 3. a salt-free diet benefits everyone?
4. most people eat a lot of carbs.
B 5. coffee is good for your health?
c 6. most people follow a specific diet.
7. I’ve had an allergic reaction to food.
LEARN 8. artificial colors in food are harmful?
Some people feel that we should eat B SPEAK
the way our ancestors did. In other words, Answers will vary
they believe that eating raw food is healthier
for human beings. People that think like this Exercise 7, page 397
eat only raw food, including some meats. 1. I should do next.
Often they believe that a raw-food diet is 2. this lasagna is made
better for the environment. Some hope they 3. I’ve ever eaten
will lose weight by eating only raw food. 4. you have added
But not everyone agrees. 5. you were given
“If you’re healthy, this is a terrible 6. foods I prefer
idea,” said neuroscientist Suzana Herculano- 7. some people don’t like
Houzel. The problem is that humans have to 8. cooking is
eat lots of raw food to get all the necessary
nutrients. That takes a lot of time. Also, Exercise 8, page 397
people forget that our bodies have changed 1. how much longer we have to wait?
over time. Thus, we may not be able to eat 2. who our server is?

3. how this salad is made? 3. how people cooked in China before cast-
4. what stew means? iron stoves were invented?
5. what vegetables are in the soup. 4. where the first wood-burning stove was
6. where there is an ATM machine? invented.
7. how much a half order costs? 5. when gas stoves were invented.
8. why my table isn’t ready. 6. what country the gas stove was invented
in?
PRACTICE 7. that/if/whether people in America used
Exercise 9, page 398 ovens shaped like beehives.
1. that 8. if/whether people cooked first with gas or
2. that electricity.
3. that 9. when people started using microwave
4. if/whether ovens in their homes?
5. whether 10. where people started using solar ovens?
6. that
7. that B SPEAK
8. if/whether Answers will vary. Answers may include:
1. Yes, the timeline shows that people
Exercise 10, page 398-399 cooked over open fires in prehistoric times.
1. Do you know where potatoes were first 2. I believe they were built by the Chinese.
grown? 3. No, the timeline doesn’t give that
2. I think that potatoes originally came from information.
Ireland. 4. I think that was in France.
3. I’m afraid that you’re wrong. 5. I think that gas stoves were invented in
4. I never realized that potatoes came from the 1800s.
South America. 6. I think that it was England.
5. I wonder how many varieties are grown 7. Yes, they did.
there. 8. Yes, it looks like people cooked first with
6. I heard that they hold a special ceremony gas.
after the potato harvest. 9. I believe it was in the 1960s.
7. Can you tell me what we covered? 10. California, of course!
8. Did you learn what caused the famine?
9. I believe that a harmful fungus destroyed Exercise 12 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 401
the potatoes. A
10. I’m not sure what a fungus is. inexpensive, healthy, safe, convenient, easy
11. Do you know where they went?
12. I think that over one million people B
emigrated to the United States. 1. Molly is making
2. food tastes better with solar cooking or
Exercise 11, page 400 not
A 3. solar cooking is
1. that people cooked over open fires in 4. solar cooking works
prehistoric times? 5. a solar oven works
2. if the first cast-iron stoves were built by 6. more people aren’t cooking
the French? 7. it’s slowly becoming
8. solar cooking is

C 1. Charles Spence does some of his research
Answers will vary in restaurants.
2. Charles Spence uses seeing and tasting in
Exercise 13 EDIT, page 402 his experiments./Sight/Seeing and
Researchers have found if that taste/tasting play a big part in the
ancient Europeans were cooking with garlic experiment.
mustard seeds over 5000 years ago. The 3. The brain processes all of the information
findings come from archaeological sites in around us while we eat./The brain uses
Denmark and Germany, where the seeds information from one sense, such as hearing,
were found inside pieces of pottery. to inform another sense—taste.
Archaeologists think people used the seeds 4. Spence thinks a chef can make a dessert
in their cooking. Because the seeds have no taste sweeter by serving it on a white plate.
nutritional value, archaeologists are
convinced that they were used to add flavor Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 404
to other foods. A
The researchers have explained why 1. said
are their findings their findings are 2. told his server
important. Although other examples of 3. said,
ancient spices had have been found, the 4. has said,
mustard seeds are the first to be linked to
cooking. In earlier studies, scientists weren’t B
sure if whether or not these spices had been The true statements are sentences 2 and 3.
used in cooking. Experts believed that
prehistoric people simply ate food for LEARN
energy without caring about its taste. Until Exercise 4, page 405-406
the garlic mustard seed discovery, they had 1. was applying
no idea how much did early humans thought 2. wanted
early humans thought about their food 3. had been studying
preparation. Now scientists realize that 4. they had gained
flavor was important to people long ago. In 5. taught
the future, researchers would like to find out 6. was taking
what other spices early humans did used, but 7. had offered
it won’t be an easy task. 8. were having; had
Exercise 14 APPLY, page 402 Exercise 5, page 406

A 1. she needed
Answers will vary 2. she felt
3. he was; she was feeling
B 4. he wanted
Answers will vary 5. she didn’t mind; she had her; she didn’t
need
LESSON 2 6. she needed; she got
Reported Speech: Part 1
EXPLORE 1. should go

2. might bake 1. Kate asked Tony if he was going to have
3. would bring the dumplings. Tony told her he might try
4. could drive one or two.
5. might need 2. Rudy asked Elsie how the rice was. Elsie
6. would be said (that) it tasted delicious.
7. could go 3. Luke asked Dena if she had tried the spicy
8. might bring sauce yet. Dena told him that she had had
some on Sunday.
Exercise 7, page 408 4. Rosa asked Yuri where the spices came
1. if there was a food I hated from. Yuri told her (that) they grow wild in
2. if anyone could learn to be a great chef the Himalayas.
3. if I would be opening my restaurant soon 5. Dave asked Jenny how many of the dishes
4. how I thought people’s eating habits had were Nepalese. Jenny told him that all of
changed them were.
5. how big my garden was
6. if there is/was anything people should eat Exercise 10 EDIT, page 410
for their health Last week, I called Catherine and asked her
7. if I cooked for my family, too what was she she was doing. She said that
8. if I could share one of my favorite recipes she and some friends are were going out. I
9. if he was going to post our interview on asked her whether I can could go with them.
his blog She said that I was welcome to come along.
10. what time the photo shoot was We met at a bakery. Catherine ordered a
funny looking cake. She asked me had I if I
PRACTICE had ever tried that kind of cake. I hadn’t, so
Exercise 8, page 409 she ordered me a piece. I took a bite and bit
1. were something hard. She laughed and said that
2. (that) he didn’t know there is was a toy inside. She told me that I
3. wouldn’t make him am was eating a special cake for French
4. (that) everyone loved holidays. I told her that you she should have
5. if she could try told me before. I thought maybe I had
6. (that) she was going to love broken my tooth. She apologized and asked
7. if she wanted me that if I forgave her. I said that I did.
8. (that) she didn’t think
9. what she thought Exercise 11 READ, WRITE & SPEAK,
10. (that) she thought they were page 410-411
A
Exercise 9, page 410 Answers will vary. Answers may include:
A The survey shows that more people said
1. e they chose a restaurant based on
2. d recommendations from friends, family, or
3. b coworkers.
4. c
5. a B
Answers will vary slightly. Answers may
B WRITE include:

Nearly 49 percent said they followed the 7. him not to continue until he had washes
recommendations of relatives, friends, and his hands
coworkers. 8. her to tell me how to prepare it
Almost 23 percent said that they paid
attention to consumer reviews online. Exercise 5, page 415-416
Nearly 10 percent said that they looked at 1. the week before
recommendations in food blogs. 2. the following week
Only 7.6 reported that they read reviews in 3. there
newspapers. 4. those
Only 4.4 percent said that they did a Google 5. that
search. 6. the next day
Only 1.7 percent reported that they watched 7. the following year
TV shows to help them decide. 8. then
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 411 PRACTICE

Answers will vary Exercise 6, page 416
1. to get the freezer fixed
LESSON 3 2. to have ten days to get the freezer fixed
Reported Speech: Part 2 3. to give all employees a food safety
training the next day
EXPLORE 4. to put labels on the food before closing
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 413 time that evening
1. False 5. not to leave any boxes on the floor
2. True anymore
3. False 6. to come back later that afternoon
4. True 7. to get the door fixed by the following
5. False week
8. to show him the inspection report the
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 413 following day
A
1. to knead Exercise 7 LISTEN, page 416
2. not to stop A
3. to explain coffee, continental breakfast, delivery,
4. not to get garbage, orange juice
B B
b 1. to come over
2. to go
LEARN 3. to throw away
Exercise 4, page 414-415 4. to go
1. her to show me how to do it 5. to check; see
2. him to stand away from the oven 6. to ask
3. her to move it to a cooler spot
4. him to stop mixing the dough Exercise 8 READ, WRITE & SPEAK,
5. her to explain step 3 page 417-418
6. him to weigh the sugar on the scale first A

It was another stressful day at LaGuardia 7. she was
Airport. Everyone was in a hurry. The lines 8. she
were extremely slow because there weren’t 9. could
enough security guards on duty that day. 10. made
Passengers were furious that the lines were 11. would; .
slow. They yelled, “Hurry! We’re going to 12. had to
miss our flight.” One airline attendant was
saying to passengers, “Calm down! Don’t Exercise 2 LISTEN & WRITE< page 419-
panic!” Another attendant ran to the gate. 420
He yelled, “Wait!” at the crew. An A
announcer said, “Everyone flying to Brazil 1. True
should get in the express line.” The 2. False
passengers lined up. We began taking their 3. False
food orders. Some customers were worried 4. True
that the food wouldn’t come. We said, 5. False
“Don’t worry about the food.” 6. False
B B
1. to hurry 1. was your trip
2. to calm down and not to panic 2. what it was
3. to wait 3. experienced anything
4. to get in the express line 4. who thought of
5. to be patient 5. what; will be
6. it will be
C
Answers will vary C
1. He asked her how her trip to London
Exercise 9 APPLY, page 418 was/had been.
A 2. He asked her to tell him what it was
Answers will vary like/had been like.
3. She told him (that) she had never
B experienced anything like it.
Answers will vary 4. He told her he would like to know who
had thought of that crazy idea.
C 5. He asked her if she had any idea what
Answers will vary their next project would be.
6. She told him (that) she was sure it would
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR be pretty outrageous.
Exercise 1, page 419 Exercise 3 EDIT, page 421

1. the chef was I can’t remember if whether or not I’ve had
2. whether any extraordinary experiences with food, but
3. is? I’m certain that I have had some unusual
4. not to borrow cooking experiences. The funniest was when
5. had seen; the day before I was about 12 years old. Before then, I had
6. not to asked my mother many times when would I

when I would be allowed to cook dinner. called “Death by Chocolate” would change
Finally, one Thursday night, she told me I my life. Unlike Nayma, Esra is very health
could make roast chicken tomorrow the conscious. She asked me if I liked salads.
following day. She told me to wash the When I said that I pretty much liked
chicken first. I asked if I was supposed to everything, she told me to try a place called
wash only the skin of the chicken. She said Omer’s Garden. According to her, no one
that I should wash the inside, too. She also else in the world makes such delicious salad.
told me don’t not to forget to put salt and Finally, Oscar likes to eat meat. He asked
pepper on the chicken before putting it in the me if I had ever eaten Brazilian barbecue.
oven. I wrote down exactly what my mother When I told him that I had not, he said that I
did tell told me to do. The next day, I took absolutely had to try the Brasilia Grill. I
the chicken out of the fridge and went over asked him why it was so great. He described
to the sink. I turned on the water and put how the waiters walk around with freshly
soap all over the inside and the outside of grilled meats and slice them directly onto
the chicken. When my brother came in, he your plate.
asked what was I I was doing. I told him that All my friends’ suggestions sounded
Mom had said I could make chicken for terrific. Which place will I try first? Like
dinner. He asked where the chicken is was. Nayma, I really love desserts, so I think I
He said all he saw was soap. I said that will try the Chocolate Room first. I hope
Mom had told me to wash the chicken. He that I get a chance to try the other places
told me he would never eat it. Then, he soon, too. I can’t wait to tell my classmates
called my mother to tell her what I had done. what I think of their recommendations!
I was so embarrassed. It was years before I
ever cooked chicken again. C
Restaurant Recommended
Exercise 4 SPEAK & WRITE, page 421 Food & Why
Answers will vary Chocolate Room dessert called Death
by Chocolate; will
CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO change your life
WRITING Omer’s Garden salad; most delicious
salads
Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE Brasilia Grill grilled meat; very
GRAMMAR, page 422 fresh
B
Everyone knows how useful online Exercise 3 WRITE, page 423
restaurant reviews are, but you can also get Answers will vary
great suggestions from your friends. You
trust them, and they know what you like and
dislike. I surveyed three of my classmates—
Nayma, Esra, and Oscar—because
I wanted to know where I could go to get
some really delicious food.
They each had different opinions.
First of all, Nayma is crazy about desserts,
so she told me to go to a place called the
Chocolate Room. She said that a dessert

UNIT 15 Learning 4. However, they must not hurt anyone’s
Combining Ideas feelings.
5. On the other hand, reading is better for
LESSON 1 visual learners.
Transition Words 6. Nevertheless, many students still prefer
traditional classes.
EXPLORE
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 427 Exercise 6, page 430-431
1. False 1. Digital learning is increasing. As a result,
2. False teachers’ roles are changing.
3. True 2. Digital learning gives students more
4. False control. Thus, they become more active
5. True learners.
3. Digital learning gives students more
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 427 responsibility. As a result, they become
A more independent.
1. Nevertheless, 4. We can often both see and hear online
2. , however, content. Therefore, it is more interactive.
3. In addition, 5. That course is very popular. Therefore, it
4. As a result, fills up quickly.
6. Our university has an excellent biology
B department. Thus, many students major in
1. However biology.
2. As a result 7. The final exam was very difficult. As a
3. In addition result, many students didn’t pass.
8. Professor Chen is well known in her field.
LEARN Therefore, a lot of students want to take her
Exercise 4, page 428-429 classes.
1. a
2. a Exercise 7, page 431-432
3. a 1. With video chat apps, you can talk online
4. b for free. In addition, they’re easy to use.
5. b 2. Video chat apps allow you to make phone
6. a calls. In addition, they let you have group
7. a chats.
8. b 3. These apps make it easy for you to talk to
your classmates. Moreover, they connect
Exercise 5, page 429 you to other students.
1. However, they need to make their 4. Teachers can give feedback with these
expectations apps. In addition, students can comment on
clear. each other’s work.
2. On the other hand, they shouldn’t ask 5. During video chats, students can watch
questions that are too personal. artists at work. Moreover, they can learn
3. However, they must work alone during about the artists’ techniques.
the exam.

6. You can learn about foreign countries
through video chats. Moreover, you can find B
a language partner. 1. b
7. With video chatting, students can hear 2. d
authors read their work. In addition, they 3. f
can talk to the authors. 4. e
8. Students can use these apps to go on 5. c
virtual field trips. In addition, they can give 6. a
presentations.
C
PRACTICE Answers will vary
1. In addition, Exercise 13 APPLY, page 435
2. As a result, A
3. Moreover, Answers will vary
4. On the other hand,
5. As a result, B
6. In addition, Answers will vary
7. Therefore,
8. However, LESSON 2
Prepositional Phrases: Cause and Effect,
Exercise 9, page 433 Contrast
1. However,
2. In addition, EXPLORE
3. Therefore, Exercise 2 CHECK, page 437
4. As a result, 1. False
5. Nevertheless 2. False
6. Moreover, 3. True
4. True
1. In addition,; However, Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 437
2. Therefore, A
3. Nevertheless,; therefore, 1. Despite
4. However,; Therefore, 2. As a result of
5. In addition 3. so, that
4. due to
Exercise 11 SPEAK & WRITE, page 434- 5. such, that
435
Answers will vary B
1. b
Exercise 12 LISTEN & WRITE, page 435 2. a
A 3. a
1. True
2. True LEARN
3. False Exercise 4, page 438-439
4. False 1. because of

2. Because/Due to the fact that 8. my inexperience singing on stage,
3. because
4. Due to PRACTICE
5. because of Exercise 9, page 442
6. As a result of 1. Despite
7. As a result, 2. Despite the fact that
8. due to 3. As a result,
9. due to the fact that 4. despite the fact that
10. due to 5. as a result of
6. As a result of
Exercise 5, page 439 7. so much
1. Because of the teacher’s strike, 8. so much
2. as a result of their low test scores 9. Because of
3. because of the noise 10. Despite
4. Due to the class website,
5. Due to the spread of the flu Exercise 10, page 443
6. as a result of the fire 1. In spite of Kate’s fear of heights, she
learned to ski./Kate learned to ski in spite of
Exercise 6, page 440 her fear of heights.
1. so 2. Despite the fact that Margaret is an
2. so excellent dancer, she was not chosen by the
3. so many dance company./Margaret was not chosen
4. so much by the dance company despite the fact that
5. such she is an excellent dancer.
6. so 3. Due to Josh’s passion for winter sports,
7. so many he learned to snowboard./Josh learned to
8. such a snowboard due to his passion for winter
sports.
Exercise 7, page 440-441 4. In spite of the fact that Maya worked on a
1. so many farm, she never learned how to grow
2. such vegetables./Maya never learned how to grow
3. so much vegetables in spite of the fact that she
4. so worked on a farm.
5. so many 5. As a result of Mark’s natural musical
6. so talent, he learned to play the violin by
7. so little himself./Mark learned to play violin by
8. such himself as a result of his natural musical
talent.
Exercise 8, page 441-442 6. Ben is so impatient that he stopped taking
1. I took lessons as child, art lessons after just one month.
2. I didn’t know anything about music, 7. Because of Henry’s good computer skills,
3. my parents’ threats of punishment he was able to build his own website without
4. my fear of failure any help./Henry was able to build his own
5. I don’t play the guitar well now, website without any help because of his
6. my dreams of being a musician, good computer skills.
7. my lack of singing talent,

8. Tomas is such a wonderful pianist that his 2. Despite the fact that non-scientists are
friends love to hear him play. welcome in many science projects, they
can’t always be included.
Exercise 11 WRITE & SPEAK, page 444 3. Some sciences require specific advanced
Answers will vary knowledge. However, other sciences are
more accessible.
Exercise 12 EDIT, page 444 4. Most scientists of the past were
Watching a friend compete in a dance professionally trained. On the other hand,
contest was so such a great experience that I Isaac Newton was a citizen scientist.
decided to learn how to dance. I watched
such so many YouTube videos that I started Exercise 3 READ & WRITE, page 447-
to dream about dancing. However, I got very 448
frustrated. It was so hard for me to learn Answers will vary. Answers may include:
from the videos that I almost gave up. Then, 1. , there are many plants and animals right
my friend told me about a dance class. I in our
signed up, but the first time I went I was so own backyard
shy that I couldn’t move. In spite of my fear, 2. , they look for mammals, fish, birds, and
I kept going. I had so few little free time that insects
I couldn’t practice a lot. But a half hour 3. species found are usually known
before dinner every night, I put on music 4. , they have a lot of fun
and practiced the steps I had learned in 5. fun that
class. Because of the teacher’s patience, I 6. , you need to wear layers of clothing
eventually learned to dance. I’m such a good 7. , you will need sunglasses, sunscreen, and
dancer now that I’m going to be my friend’s a hat
partner in a dance contest. As a result of my 8. the weather
experience, I am convinced that a person can
learn just about anything. All you need is the Exercise 4 LISTEN, page 448
desire and an effective way to learn. A
bats, birds, owls, spiders, turtles
Exercise 13 APPLY, page 445
Answers will vary B
1. Despite the fact that
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR 2. In addition,
3. Therefore,
Exercise 1, page 446 4. such, that
1. However, 5. due to
2. As a result of 6. As a result of
3. Due to 7. However, because of
4. Despite the fact that 8. so many; that
5. Because of
6. Due to Exercise 5 EDIT, page 449
7. so On our first day in Mongolia, we saw
such so many amazing mountains that I
Exercise 2 WRITE, page 446 didn’t know what to photograph first. We
1. Zooniverse is a web portal. In addition, it came for the Eagle Festival. Later, our guide
is a citizen science project. gave a talk about eagles and life in

Mongolia. We learned that because of Answers may vary. Answers may include:
Western influences, many young people in Traditional College Classroom
Mongolia move to the cities. Despite Advantages Disadvantages
Because of this, traditional life in Mongolia direct contact with expensive
is threatened. professor
We saw Kazakhs training their less flexible
eagles. They do so such a good job that the meet with classmates
eagles will hunt for them. We spent time on face to face
horseback with the Kazakhs. In fact, we
spent such so much time on the horses that I Online Learning or MOOC
was in a lot of pain later. After the Eagle Advantages Disadvantages
Festival, we visited with a Kazakh family. diverse student body no face-to-face
Despite In spite of the fact that I was very contact with
tired, I was very interested in learning about learn from experts classmates
their lives. However, As a result, I stayed up all over the world
very late talking to them. little direct contact
We have been such so busy that I free with professor
have hardly had time to think about home,
though I do miss my family. Therefore, offer certificates, not
However, I’m having a wonderful time. degrees
Exercise 6 WRITE & SPEAK, page 449 Exercise 3 WRITE, page 451
WRITING

B
Answers may vary. Answers may include:
Transition words:
Thus, the student body is much more diverse
than in a traditional classroom. (effect)
On the other hand, you learn from experts
from all over the world. (contrast)
Prepositional phrases:
As a result of these high rates, many people
can’t afford a traditional college education.
(cause)
Due to the exciting opportunities that
MOOCs offer, I think that the traditional
college classroom will have a difficult time
competing. (cause)


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Grammar Explorer 3

UNIT 1 Family 10. I’m staying/I am staying

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 3 1

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 3 2

Exercise 5, page 14-15 Exercise 9, page 16-17

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Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 3 6

Exercise 1, page 28-29

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 29

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Exercise 2 EDIT, page 58 CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO

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Exercise 3 WRITE, page 61

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B REVIEW THE GRAMMAR

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Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 87

CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO

Exercise 1, page 88-89

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Exercise 8 LISTEN, page 99 B

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Exercise 5, page 104 Exercise 8 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 107-

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Exercise 10 APPLY, page 108 Exercise 2 LISTEN, SPEAK & WRITE,

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CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO

Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 113

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B ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 125

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CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO

Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 141

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B Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 153

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Exercise 11, page 159-160 B

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