Burma Freedom Strategies

Update 5 November 2011

Release to Public 8 August 2007 8-8-88 Uprising Anniversary

Dear Compatriots, I consider this as the first attempt to encompass all those who are struggling for our noble cause. This will also get to know each other more. The Ethno Democratic force is necessary to prove, to the international community that we are one working hand in hand for a common cause and an alternative to the SPDC. Definitely we cannot go back to the pre 1960s period as many things have changed. We need to form a core group including the intelligentsia who can come into the field and the implementers who are educated enough to see the vision of the intelligentsia. Then we will have to have a division of labour. There should also be a platform where different views can be thrashed out instead of blaring out in the Internet. We are struggling not only against the successive military thugs but also to create a new era of love and sincerity. Extremist ideas both from the Mahar Bamar and from the racist ethnics will have to be root out, if we were to follow Bogyoke Aung Sans path. He had a vision of s secular Union of Burma on Federal lines. The only leader in the entire history of Burma (King Anawrahta then the Taungoo Period of King Tabinshwehti, King Bayinnaung, and King Alaungpaya or U Aung Zeya all have built up the empire by military might) that have built the Union of Burma on love and understanding, now followed by his daughter Daw Suu. Many of the A Chaung Tha Mar will have to be rooted out if we were to have a viable and authentic force and we need sacrificial leaders. Regards, Prof. Dr. Kanbawza Win 29 July 2007

Contents
I. II. III. IV. V. Individuals Ethnicities Organizations Countries News Media

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I. Individuals
I. 1. Ludu Daw Ahmar (1915-2008), the mother of Burma People power should be used if Burma junta doesnt respond to National League for Democracy call for action. April 2006 In our country the military junta will not govern forever. Nor can rule forever. Aahara Sazaung, 8 August 2007 People are very much afraid of the government but this cant go on forever; their will be a day when the people break this, she said. There is no choice. We must get arms to resist them. guardian.co.uk, 14 December 2007

I. 2. King Alaungsithu (1112-1167) I, the free, will liberate those enchained. ABSDF

I. 3. Dr. Michael Aris (1946-99), British academic, Spouse of Aung San Suu Kyi It was circumstances and fate which brought her to the front of the battle for human rights and democracy, Aris said. There are many sides to my wife. The principal side, which we see now, is her extraordinary commitment. Bangkok Post, February 1992

I. 4. Athein and Zaw Min Htwe, Long Marchers 2008 They hope the attention they draw from their cross-country trek will lead people to sign a petition they will deliver to the U.N. The petition asks the UN to impose a universal arms embargo on the Burmese military junta, impose sanctions on the financial transactions of Burmas ruling military elite, recognize the genocide being committed against ethnic minorities within Myanmar and hold the ruling military generals accountable for their crimes against humanity. South Idaho Press, 29 March 2008

I. 5. Aye Tha Aung, Arakanese politician Aye Tha Aung, a Rangoon-based Arakanese politician said that real peace will not exist in Burma---a multiethnic nation---if the country keeps neglecting the ethnic minoritys rights. He called for the declaration of a nationwide ceasefire and peace talks between the government and ethnic armed groups. He also called for a constitutional amendment that would give real authority to ethnic state leaders. Irrawaddy, 28 October 2011

I. 6. Bohmu Aung (1910-2004), Thirty Comrades We old veterans place great hope on a dialogue between the SPDC and the NLD, discarding personal grudges in ushering in the auspicious new millennium.

I. 7. Khin Aung, student of Rangoon Institute of Technology, 1974 U Thant uprising, 8-8-88 uprising The statements are true records for next generation. Burma Digest, 2 July 2006

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I. 8. Dr. Naing Aung, ABSDF, Network for Democracy and Development We are promoting an idea among ABSDF members to start a new generation of the political party. Irrawaddy, May 1999

I. 9. Nwe Aung, CRDB, Forum of Burmese in Europe, European Representative of NCUB We should have a multi-strategic-front opposition against the military dictatorship. In other words, since we have human resources in- and outside Burma such as international diplomacy advocates, arm-wings, leading politicians, parliamentarians, intellectuals, students, religious leaders, house-wives, media personals, hightech experts, etc.; we should make use of their skills, individually or collectively, to oppose the military dictatorship. Both non-violent and violent means are acceptable and permissible, when- and wherever available. In each case, offensive is always better than defensive. The ultimate goal is to get rid of the military thugs. 27 July 2007

I. 10. Phone Aung, ex-soldier He was a political prisoner for solo demonstration in 2003.

I. 11. Dr. Sann Aung, dentist, MP, Independent, Ingabu (2), Irrawaddy, Members of Parliament Union, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB) To the ASEAN, the non-interference principle cant be used to justify gross human right violations inside a member country.

I. 12. Bhamo Tin Aung (1920-78), renowned writer Men are political creatures living in society, which cannot be free from politics. Moe Hein, Lost and Found in Translation The worth of a person can be measured by how well the person bares historical responsibilities which were bestowed on him or her by the circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past. Ko Ko Thett, University of Helsinki, Irrawaddy News, 1 February 2008

I. 13. Tun Myint Aung, Art Gallery Manager, 88 Generation Students Group As a student, I want to resume my studies, of course. If I am not allowed to resume my studies, I wont see it as my fault. Nor would I regret or rue over it. This is a case of self-sacrifice with full knowledge of the consequences. It is for the good of our country. For this, I dont bear grudges against anyone for my misfortunes. I did it with full knowledge of the sacrifice. 6 July 2005 Our groups, including the main opposition National League for Democracy, should have strong and decisive leadership that mirrors the needs and the feelings of the people. He said protesters in recent demonstrations are more courageous than those in 1988. Our movement has gone underground again, he said. Irrawaddy, 17 September 2007

I. 14. Lt Saw Kyaw Aye, Karen National Union Page 3 of 188

The first hijack was on 25 June 1954. KNU Lt Saw Kyaw Aye, Lt Thein Kyaw and Ah Nyein forced a pilot to land his domestic DC-3 at gunpoint and made off with a bundle of cash (K 740, 000) destined for government employee plus government supplies.

I. 15. Mar Mar Aye, nationally recognized Burmese Classical singer Really, I am a devoted Buddhist. Although I oppose killing, the military intervention against the Fascist Burmese Generals is the only and the best option to restore democracy in Burma under the present circumstances. 15 June 2008

I. 16. Mya Aye, 88 Generation Students Group No freedom of expression: If our desire is not allowed to be expressed anywhere, how could we believe the juntas claim of looking forward to building a democratic nation. October 2006 National Convention: This constitution will look significantly better if the National League for Democracy and all the ethnic representatives had a chance to participate in creating it, Ko Mya Aye said. DVB, 28 June 2007

I. 17. Ingrid Betancourt, Former hostage kidnapped while campaigning for the Colombian presidency in 2002 by rebels from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and was held for six and a half years Speaking at the Norwegian foreign ministry last week, Betancourt said the international community should not let economic interests prevent them from doing all they can for Aung San Suu Kyi and the people of Burma. If the international community had done enough, she would be free, so the answer is we have not done enough and we need to do more, she said. I think its very important that economic interests do not get in the way of the struggle of the people of Burma. She has regularly spoken in support of Aung San Suu Kyi and called for her release. Betancourt said she had a deep admiration for Aung San Suu Kyi and hoped to do more for her cause. I think that she is the soul of Burma, she is the hope of Burma, she said. Drawing on her own experience in captivity, Betancourt said that Aung San Suu Kyi should remain positive and look to the future. The only thing that I can tell her and she knows is that she has to live it day by day, knowing that the day of freedom and of victory will come for her, and that we will be there with her to rejoice, she said. She needs to know that this will happen and that we are just waiting for that moment to come. DVB, 26 November 2008

I. 18. Ven. U Kaweinda Biwuntha, head of the well-known Masoeyein Monastery, Mandalay U Kaweinda Biwuntha said yesterday that the military were entirely to blame for the recent spate of protests over high fuel and commodity prices. Everything happening now is because of the peoples dissatisfaction with the government. The issues of commodity prices are just catalysts. These protests represent a call from the people for the military to step down, he said. DVB, 6 September 2007

I. 19. Rex Bloomstein, British filmmaker Maung Thura, known and loved throughout Burma as Zarganar, was jailed in 2008 for 35 years after criticizing the governments response to Cyclone Nargis, which left at least 140,000 people dead. The Prison Where I Live was screened in Bangkok over the past week at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand and the Bangkok Art and Cultural Centre. I filmed Zarganar in 2007 but never used the footage for Page 4 of 188

various reasons. I was called 15 months later by a NGO in London, and I was told he was in jail. I had three and a half hours of footage, and went about trying to use that for a film. Note that in normal circumstances, you would make a documentary using 50,100 or more hours of footage, out of which would come the end product, be that an hour or ninety minutes, whatever the case may be. Irrawaddy, 12 February 2011

I. 20. Win Bo (1961-2000), former Army captain, death in custody Moulmein prison Ko Win Bo, a former army captain, was arrested on the way back from the Venerable Thu Mingalar Linkarra of Kabaaye Maha Gandharyone Monastery. He went there to deliver a petition from the Head Monk of the Shwe Kyin Sect which included one thousand monks' signatures and was intended for Senior General Than Shwe, U Ne Win and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. The petition included the following demands: (1) People were very deprived and facing many kinds of troubles because of the current political situations and its processes and inflation. Senior General Than Shwe, U Nay Win and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi were advised to have dialogues to better the country's future without hatred and without bearing a grudge. (2) All political prisoners should be given amnesty in the year 2000. The Shwe Kyin Sect is the strictest religious organization. It teaches and disciplines the monks to obey all the rules of Buddha. Normally, monks from the sect were not involved in politics, even during the 1988 people's uprising. The SPDC was worried about the sect's participation in politics, which encourages other monks from the whole country to participate. Consequently, the SPDC asked the head monk of Shwe Kyin Sect to stop their activities. However Ko Win Bo was arrested for his role as messenger. He was sentenced to twenty-one years imprisonment under Article 5 (J) of the Emergency Provision Act and Article 17 (20) of the Printers and Publishers Act. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners, 26 August 2004

I. 21. Bono, Irish band U2 leader Bono urged the international community to put more pressure on Burmas military junta, State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) for democratic reforms. Burma Net News, 1 August 2005 It is extraordinary to see the Buddhist monks, isnt it? Their nonviolence may, I pray, win out over the ugliness of the situation, the U2 frontman said. AP, 27 September 2007

I. 22. Dr. Pavin Chachavalpongpun, a Singapore-based Thai economist Those who wish to commit political suicide could do so by talking bad about Suu Kyi. The Nation, 31 May 2007 The Thai-initiated Constructive Engagement policy, designed to convince the world that bringing the junta to the table was better than further marginalizing it, has proven to be a disastrous approach. The policy was, in reality, neither constructive nor engaging, but merely served to legitimize Burmas brutal regime with the blessing of Asean. A subsequent approach, called the Flexible Engagement policy, also failed because it was thought to have breached Aseans fundamental principle of non-interference in a countrys internal affairs. Burma has come to a critical juncture. Its future in Asean appears to be bleak if it persists in following its despotic course. The next 10 years will be even more critical for Asean and Burma. Irrawaddy, 23 July 2007

I. 23. Dr. Aye Chan, Professor, Kanda University of International Studies, Japan Page 5 of 188

Honesty is the Best Policy. 8 June 2007

I. 24. Thakin Chit He signed 24 November 1995 letter requesting the national reconciliation and dialogue with the democratic forces.

I. 25. Htoo Chit, Director of the Foundation for Education and Development (FED) We must fight for the human rights of our people! GHRE, 24 November 2008

I. 26. Pyone Cho (a) Htay Win Aung, 88 Generation Students Group I want to urge all the people of Burma, the people throughout the world to join hands and help us on the path of our belief, and to believe and share our belief with confidence for the hope in a future of the development of our country. October 2006

I. 27. Baroness Cox, Founder of the Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (Hart) Baroness Cox agrees: The most important thing we can offer the refugees is the reassurance that they havent been forgotten - whatever happens with the UN and the international community. newstatesman.com, 1 May 2008

I. 28. Bo Aung Din, Parliamentary Democracy Party All the people of Burma want to remove the SPDC military regime from power, and restore democracy in the country. We must stick to that direction. 29 January 2008

I. 29. Aung Din, US Campaign for Burma The longer the UN waits, the more people will die in Burma. Aung Din, policy director for the U.S. Campaign for Burma activist group, said his organization will use the evidence to pressure Burmese government, which this week begun a violent crackdown to quell protests led by Buddhist monks. We are trying to send a message to the military junta that we are watching from the sky, he told reporters in a conference call. He said the images also would be used pressure the Chinese government to support U.N. sanctions against the junta. Din said the satellite images corroborate reports by refugees and human rights activists, who say abuses have been going on in many parts of the country for years. Reuters, 29 September 2007 No matter whether or not the UNSC will agree to develop a Burma mandate for Ban Ki-moon, it is his duty to ask for an effective mandate from the UNSC so that he can make a mediation effort in Burma possible, Aung Din said. Irrawaddy, 9 February 2008

I. 30. Shin Einthariya, AIDS activist, monk, Mahasi Yeiktha Monastery, Yenanggyaung, Magwe He was expelled from the monastery by the local authority in August 2006. Thinking, it would be nice if the authorities have as much understanding like the dogs at our monastery. Page 6 of 188

I. 31. Professor Shad Saleem Faruqi, International Movement for a Just World (JUST) Just wishes to remind the Junta that no power on earth can stop a people who are prepared to die on their feet than to live on their knees. The human spirit cannot be enslaved. Suu Kyi can be physically restrained but the flame of freedom she has ignited will continue to light the fires of resistance. The Seoul Times, 12 June 2007

I. 32. Joe Fleishman Burma the largest nation in South East Asia and one of the poorest nations in the world. But it was not always like this. It had a bright past which ends up in the darkness of poverty. All the wealth that Burma had has swollen by their military lead government. To make their way unhindered they have done whatever is needed. They brutally suppressed countrys movement for democracy, kept democratic leader and Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi captive for many years. Burma is isolated from the international community. There are many sanctions have imposed on this impoverish nation. Sanctions came from west and United Nations which has little effect on Burma government. Diplomatic effort does not work here. Some countries like China are behind the Burmese government. Burma has no problem to work with its fellow ASIAN nations many of which are ruled by such dictators. Military rulers are having not problem to deal with sanctions. Without the effort from all the courtiers miseries in Burma is far from over. American Chronicle, 15 April 2009 I. 33. Jared Genser, Suu Kyis Washington-based lawyer Those countries were not under any illusions that sanctions would solve Burmas problems, said Jared Genser, Ms Suu Kyi's Washington-based lawyer and president of the advocacy group Freedom Now. But if you flood them with development assistance, it will only go to the juntas favoured few. Theage.com.au, 29 December 2008

I. 34. Nirmal Ghosh The imprisonment of pro-democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi has served to focus world attention once again on the critical role she plays in any genuine political progress in Burma. The other critical element is the regimes reclusive supremo, Senior General Than Shwe. The army is the only functional institution left and views everything through a national security lens. It is a contradiction to expect the regime to divest power when it sees itself as the only institution capable of preventing the country from collapsing and ending up as a failed state. The Straits Times, 16 May 2009

I. 35. Peter Andre Globensky, Director, Rights and Democracy - Canada I would urge Canada to act forcefully and with other like-minded partners in the EU on the ASEAN and APEC fronts and with the government of China. We use to speak of benchmark diplomacy which I think is still a useful concept: It suggests that if certain progress is not achieved by a certain date, than you begin to ratchet up the pressure to the point of sanctions and asset freezing, etc. Chinland Guardian, 22 June 2007 The junta has mastered the art of fending off international pressure with empty gestures. It is exploiting divisions in the international community to block pressure for real change. For the sake of those who stand Page 7 of 188

for peaceful democratic change in Burma, the United States must intensify its diplomacy and define the agenda for action before the regime outmaneuvers its critics once again.

I. 36. Prof. Bush Gulati, CRDB, Canada China is not the only paralyzer of the Security Councils work in favor of the long-suffering Burmese. Its henchmen in Burma also have Russia on side. It, therefore, stands to reason that we stage massive protests at Russian missions worldwide at the same time as at Chinas. Our cause must succeed! We have no choice. 7 September 2007

I. 37. Htun Aung Gyaw, President of Civil Society Burma, New York, USA No sincerity, no compromises and no mercy. That is the character of the Burmese regime. People are patient enough. But their patience is running out. 2006 Defection from the SPDCs army is a noble work because if people refused to serve the regimes army, we will change the military dictatorship without bloodshed and sweat. 15 November 2008

I. 38. Ko Ko Gyi, 88 Generation Students We cannot build our country with anger and selfishness. You cant sort problems unilaterally by violent means. Only when all the parties concerned in politics work together with great compassion and patience, would the future of the country be peaceful and beautiful that is what I believe. BurmaNet News, 17 March 2005 During the 1988 uprising, Ko Ko Gyi was like a mastermind strategist among follow activists, Bo Kyi told The Irrawaddy. Even then he started to talk about national reconciliation as the only way to resolve Burmas crisis peacefully. Ahead of the 1990 election, debates occurred among students and young activists over whether to vote in the election. Ko Ko Gyi urged people to vote and to use the opportunity as a way to promote a democratic transition in the country, Bo Kyi said. At the time, some activists disagreed with his idea, he said. But it was the right strategy if we review history. The Irrawaddy, 18 December 2009

I. 39. Sanchaung Ko Ko Gyi, 88 Generation Students During his visit, newly released political prisoners sent a letter to Mitchell through the U.S. Embassy. The letter contained three points, Sanchaung Ko Ko Gyi, an 88-generation student, told Mizzima. We demanded three points; to release political prisoners as soon as possible; to stop the governments military offensives in ethnic areas and announce a nationwide cease-fire and to hold an all-inclusive dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi and ethnic representatives, Ko Ko Gyi said. Because of time restrictions, 55 out of the 234 political prisoners released on October 12 signed the letter. Talking about their demands, Ko Ko Gyi said, If Burma wants to solve the problems and wants to come out of its shell, it must fulfill the three demands. Without releasing political prisoners, political problems cannot be solved. Thats why we urged the government and the U.S. representative who presently has good communication with the government to take actions. During his two-day visit, Mitchell also met with government officials, including foreign minister Wunna Maung Lwin in Naypyidaw. Ko Ko Gyi said that only seven 88-generation students, including him, were released out of 37 students in prison, in the latest amnesty. According to the Assistance Page 8 of 188

Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), about 1,800 political prisoners remain in prisons, and 122 are in poor health. Mizzima, 25 October 2011

I. 40. Kyaukme Kyaw Gyi, Thingyan Thangyat India based Burmese pro-democracy activists on 18 March 2007 held the inaugural ceremony of the Burmese traditional Thangyat, which is written and sung during the famous Burmese Thingyan (Water Festival). Burmese activists in an attempt to cling to their culture and tradition produce Thangyat annually. To trace the difficulties they faced and the myriad activities involved in producing the 9th Thangyat, Mizzima interviewed Kyauk-Me Kyaw Gyi and Myat Htet, who composed, and produced this years Thangyat. I. 41. Nandita Haksar, author of Rogue Agent: How Indias Military Intelligence Betrayed the Burmese Resistance, 2009 Indian support to the Burmese generals and betrayal of the pro-democracy movement has not served Indian interests. Indias interests in Burma can only be served by a democratic regime and never by the generals, who will always serve Chinese interests first. 6 April 2009

I. 42. Ben Hammond, British schoolteacher, Guinness world record by dancing for 136 hours British schoolteacher Ben Hammond has broken the Guinness world record for dancing continuously to raise funds for Burma. Hammond broke the world record by dancing for 136 hours, or five consecutive days, beside the Tower Bridge in London last week. He was able to rest for 20 minutes every four hours, giving him enough time to change his dancing attire and disco on. He started his five-day dance marathon at 2 a.m. on October 11, and was joined by various dance groups and solo performers who came to show their support for his campaign throughout the five days. He finished on Sunday with hundreds of supporters who gathered to dance him to victory. The popular European song, The Final Countdown, played as he broke the record, London24 reported. After breaking the world record, Hammond told London24, I am a bit knackered, but its all been worth it. The crowds and my wonderful team helped me through it. Ive been told that people were watching our live Internet stream all over the world, including in a Burmese refugee camp, which makes it all the more worthwhile. The breaking of the dancing world record was Hammonds grand finale to his Free to Dance campaign. Throughout the campaign the 33-year-old has been dancing at various events throughout the year in a bid to raise awareness and money to fund his charity, LearnBurma. LearnBurma is a project he developed that aims to educate people about the situation in Burma, and to link schools in the UK and Burma. By striving to build awareness and skills among young people in the UK, and eventually around the world, Hammond said he hopes LearnBurma will help promote change and freedom in Burma. Throughout the year, he has led a silent disco through London, and became the first person to dance the London marathon, and he danced for 72 hours through the Glastonbury Festival. My dancing has shown the world that together we can be Free to Dance! Hammond said. LearnBurma is due to be in UK schools in 2012. Mizzima, 18 October 2011

I. 43. Thich Nhat Hanh, Vietnamese Buddhist Monk He said the Burmese monks had done their job. It is already a success because if monks are imprisoned or have died, they have offered their spiritual leadership. And it is up to the people in Burma and the world to continue. Pressed on the question of martyrdom, he replied: We nourish the awareness that monks are Page 9 of 188

being persecuted and continue to suffer in order to support the people in Burma for the sake of democracy. Time, 12 October 2007

I. 44. Ba Hein, All Burma Students Union We must not merely study; we must also join the great causes of our country. If the present struggle is against the oppression, then must we also join that struggle. 1946-48

I. 45. Paul and Marjorie Hilts The peoples contempt for their government manifested itself in many ways. In fact, the countrys namechange from Burma to Myanmar was actually a gesture by the ruling junta to reflect the nations various ethnic groups; Burma was derived from the name of just one group, the Burman people. But the change to the more inclusive name seems to have backfired, since most Burmese use the old name as a small act of defiance. The Aspen Times, 19 July 2008

I. 46. Aung Hla and his son, Martyrs hanged in 1931 The son paid obeisance to the father, pleading to forgive any misdeeds done by him on the latter. U Aung Hla then said calmly, My son, you have no mistakes. Dont worry! The deaths of you and I are glorious. To die for ones nation, ones language and ones religion is noble. It will bear fruits in coming lives in the Samsara. Bear it in mind well, my son! After this he ascended the gallows. Zaw Win Ko, Padauk Pwint Thit magazine, October 2006 / Gamanii, Burma Digest 10 June 2007 I. 47. Ohn Hla, former NLD Central Womens Executive Committee, Rangoon She organizes weekly prayer campaign at the Shwedagon Pagodas Tuesday Corner for detained democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi and other political prisoners since July 2004.

I. 48. Win Hlaing, MP, NLD The junta just cannot be trusted. They will never give up their sabotage of democracy, said NLD member Win Hlaing, 45, who in 1990 won a parliamentary seat during the countrys last national election, which saw a landslide victory for the NLD. IANS, 10 May 2008 I. 49. Thakin Kodaw Hmaing (1876-1964), prominent writer, nationalist, father of Burmas peace movement I have a dream of peace.

I. 50. Guy Horton, Human Rights Researcher UN ACTION Article 8 of The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide states: Any Contracting Party may call upon the competent organs of The United Nations to take such action under the Charter of The United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide or any other acts enumerated in article 3. Page 10 of 188

a) The UN Security Council could be asked to establish an enquiry, or as Mr Pinheiro expressed it a judicial mechanism, to investigate human rights violations in Burma; b) The UN Security Council could refer the issue of Burma to the International Criminal Court (it can legally do this even though Burma has not signed the Rome Statute) or the International Court of Justice; c) The UN Secretary General could be asked to bring the matter to the attention of the Security Council for action; d) The Security Council could be by-passed and the issue of Burma could be raised and acted on by the General Assembly, provided a two thirds majority could be established. Guy Horton, Dying Alive, April 2005

I. 51. Swe Zin Htaik, Actress and Social Activist What we need is the key to unlock the door rather than just knocking on it. Irrawaddy News, August 2007 I. 52. Johnny Htoo (a) Bu Kyaw, twin boy, Gods Army, surrendered July 2006, Tavoy Luther Htoo, twin boy, received a message from his brother, saying, If someone comes and tries to persuade you to surrender to the SPDC, kill him. Dont ever surrender. Bangkok Post, 28 September 2008 I. 53. Luther Htoo (a) Bu Lu, twin boy, Gods Army I carry a gun to shoot Burmese government troops because they are bad to the Karen people. They beat our people, rape our women, kill them and destroy villages, said Luther. They take children from parents and make them into porters. 26 January 2000, corkscrew-balloon.com

I. 54. Raymond Htoo, Joint Secretary of the Karenni National Progressive Party He said the KNPP considered the National Convention to be completely meaningless. This convention is fake. We will not agree with the results, Raymond Htoo said. DVB, 6 June 2007

I. 55. Tin Maung Htoo, Canada Activists in Canada and Burma are asking that economic sanctions be carried out on Burma. "If we invest in Burma, we give the military money and strengthen their power. We have to cut off our relationship with the military," says Tin Maung Htoo.

I. 56. Dr. Than Htun (1923-2005), respected historian, professor at History Department, Arts and Science University, Mandalay An elephant is an elephant: Three white elephants were captured by the Ministry of Forestry during last two years. The junta claimed that the emergence of the white elephants is a good omen for the country and because of them the entire nation will be peaceful, prosperous and free from all the dangers. It went on to say that white elephants only emerge at the time of the kings and governments who ruled the nation in accordance with the ten royal precepts. The captured elephants were declared "sacred" and offered white umbrellas that are traditionally reserved for royals and venerated monks. They were also honored by special titles at the ceremonies attended by junta leaders, cabinet ministers, prominent monks and members of the state-controlled Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA). A 79 year old prominent historian Page 11 of 188

Dr. Than Tun rebutted last month in an interview with the US-based Radio Free Asia (Burmese Service) by saying that elephants, either black or white, are just animals and thus they deserve no extraordinary reverence. He also said that there is no link between white elephants and the development of the country. Burma Media Association, 21 March 2003

I. 57. Aung Linn Htut, former military intelligence officer at the Burmese Embassy, USA However, I want to warn Than Shwe that as the leader of the army, he will be held accountable for violations that the army has perpetrated. Looking at other authoritarian regimes around the world, we can compare Than Shwe to the utterly despicable Muammar Al-Gaddafi of Libya. The Burmese army should not take orders from such a person, but rather follow the example of the Egyptian army, which refused to fire on unarmed civilians. It is time for Burmese army personnel to side with the people and strive together to bring Than Shwe and his family to justice. Under no circumstances should they be pardoned under an amnesty. Irrawaddy, 5 March 2011

I. 58. Inger Lise Husy, Director of the Norwegian Burma Committee The Norwegian Burma Committee is cooperating with, and supporting, organizations in the Burmese prodemocracy movement. NBCs project partners are carrying out important work in refugee camps, across the border and as political advocates and watchdogs. Women can do it. 18-19, June 2007

I. 59. Nurul Islam, Lawyer, Native of Mawdaung, Chief of the Rohingya Islamic Guerilla Front (RIGF) and Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front (ARIF) The head of a Burmese Muslim guerilla group appealed yesterday for international military aid to fight Rangoons military junta. We are determined to fight to free our homeland from the tyranny of the Burmese military junta and we want military support from the international community as well as our neighbours to help us return home, Nural Islam told AFP. Bangkok Post, 14 March 1992

I. 60. Ashin Issariya, founding member of the All Burma Monks Alliance, Thailand Before you start doing this kind of work, you have to be prepared to face extreme consequences, including the loss of your life. Otherwise you cannot function, he said. If people in Burma are united and unanimously oppose the military dictatorship, this time the people will prevail. They have been starved and choked of all the opportunities that can improve their lives. We have to liberate ourselves from the military dictatorship to be relieved from our suffering. RFA, 23 October 2008

I. 61. Larry Jagan, a freelance journalist and Burma specialist Chinas leaders have consistently feared that Burmas military junta lacked real legitimacy and could collapse over night, leaving Beijing powerless and its military and economic investment in the regime worthless, according to a senior party cadre who deals foreign policy issues. Chinas greatest fear remains that Burma is extremely unstable, and poses a security risk, especially along its southern border. More than a million Chinese, farmers, workers and businessmen have crossed into Burma in the last ten years and are working and living there. The Chinese authorities fear that any upheaval in Burma would result in a mass exodus of Chinese back across the border, resulting in increased industrial and social unrest in their sensitive border regions. Mizzima News, 7 June 2007 Page 12 of 188

In the past few months it has become clear that the countrys top five generals -- all of whom are suffering from different illnesses, including heart problems, prostate cancer, leukaemia, and lung cancer -- are desperately concerned about the future. IPS, 30 June 2007 If there is going to be any real change in Burma, China has to be on board, said Larry Jagan, a Bangkokbased newspaper columnist and Burma analyst. If President Bush is able - and I believe that he will have the opportunity to discuss this with very senior leadership in China and get them on board - then we may see things significantly change after the Olympics. AP, 6 August 2008

I. 62. Jimmy (a) Kyaw Min Yu, 88 Generation Students Group Burmese students and the people are honest, selfless and pure. They simply want national reconciliation and benefits of the whole country. October 2006

I. 63. Ryota Jonen, Washington-based National Endowment for Democracy Decades after democracy made its first inroads in Southeast Asia, youth movements have increasingly led reforms in a region where repressive regimes have ruled with little tolerance of civil society groups. From the uprising in the Philippines, to Indonesia, Burma and the recent protests in Thailand, youth and students as well as religious groups have taken the lead for political reform, although many faced violent repression. Regardless of their success rate, the bottom-up approach, with youth in the frontline to push government reforms, has becomes a mainstream activity. Activists say this allows everybody a chance to participate in making new governments. The idea of democracy is to give everybody a space for their voice and a role in the building of a nation, said Ryota Jonen, of the Washington-based National Endowment for Democracy, at the 6th symposium of the World Movement for Democracy in Jakarta, on Tuesday. He said if a democracy was installed with a top down approach, as in Malaysia and Singapore, then people had little chance to voice their aspirations and influence government policies. Jonen said there was not a single model where peoples mobilization could be proven to have worked to bring about reform, but at least it was necessary to signal to the world that people wanted reform. When youth engagement culminates in an uprising, it is a sign of how desperate they are for a reform. But such social uprisings do not always guarantee a success in bringing democracy. But it is still worth trying, he said. The Jakarta Post, 14 April 2010

I. 64. Po Than Joung, son of Ludu U Hla and Ludu Daw Ahmar, Political Prisoner Whether or not the military will take sides with the public is the defining issue in Burmese politics, said Po Than Joung, a spokesman for the Communist Party of Burma. A mass movement is the most likely trigger for change within the military. The Irrawaddy, 30 May 2008

I. 65. Sayar Maung Thaw Ka (a) Ba Thaw (1926-1991), ex-navy officer, humorist, poet and political activist, death in custody Insein Prison Maung Thaw Ka recited a passage from Henry David Thoreall embodying the idea of civil disobedience: Defy as of duty every order and authority not agreed by the majority. June 1989

I. 66. Ven. U Kawvida, abbot, Mizzima Gon Yee Monastery, Rangoon Page 13 of 188

He called the Burmese junta the second Azartathet [Azartathet is an infamous villain who killed his father for power in Buddhist stories]. BurmaNet News, 14 November 2007

I. 67. Douglas Kellner, Professor of Education at the University of California at Los Angeles, USA Given the cruelly repressive nature of the current Burmese government, academics in Burma understandably find it difficult to fulfill the role of the critical intellectual as described by Kellner. He argues, The domain of the critical intellectual is to write and speak within the public sphere, denouncing oppression and fighting for justice, human rights, and other values. Saw Kapi and Naw May Oo, Irrawaddy, 20 August 2004

I. 68. Min Thein Kha, Sheer of Burma, famous astrologer, renowned writer Burma military juntas new capital Naypyidaw will last only two years and that there will be a change of the government in 2007.

I. 69. Than Khe, Chairman, ABSDF Everybody inside and outside Burma is asking for national reconciliation and dialogue, but not the National Convention, Than Khe said. DVB, 4 July 2007 In a recent interview, Ko Than Khe, Chairperson of the ABSDF told the Shan Herald that the 2010 elections were just to show legitimacy inside and outside the county. He believes that a combination of nonviolent and armed resistance will be the key to forming a true democracy in Burma. Ko Than Khe says the ABSDF will continue their armed struggle in the fight for democracy in cooperation with other armed resistance groups. Despite different ethnic and political backgrounds, they are all struggling for the common goal of a free and democratic Burma. US Campaign for Burma, 14 January 2011 The struggle of the ABSDF has been in two parts. The first was the political survival of our group. We needed to stay in touch with Burmese politics. There was political trickery by the former military junta. It affected us from 1992 until 2010. The junta agreed to a cease-fire with ethnic armed groups in areas where our units were based. During that period, some of our activities stopped in those areas. But the cease-fire did not bring a political solution. After 2010, cease-fires were broken because the political solution was not resolved, so our group could again cooperate with ethnic groups in fighting against the government. The second thing was that we encountered difficulty finding support and food. Dialogue and national reconciliation are the best answers. Hold a political dialogue and seek national reconciliation. The governments meetings with national leader Aung San Suu Kyi should be transparent and equal. The processes should be all-inclusive to solve problems. But I dont think the current meetings have reached that level. First, the country must achieve stability within the state. The first step should be the release of all political prisoners including 88-generation student leaders. Another thing is that the government needs to stop fighting in military offensives across the country. Those are things the government should do as the first step. Then the meetings with leader Suu Kyi should be more transparent and the government should create situations in which conflicts with ethnic people can be discussed frankly. Mizzima, 2 November 2011

I. 70. Win Khet, General Secretary of the Central Organising Committee, NLD When we finally come to power, we do not want revenge against the junta. But justice must be done. The people will insist, said 55 years old, who has been on the run from the military since 1989. Bangkok Post, 26 February 1992 Page 14 of 188

I. 71. Sanda Khin, Media Relations, Justice for Human Rights in Burma The JHB firmly insist to the SPDC to immediately and unconditionally released of all those detained political prisoners in Burma, including Aung San Suu Kyi and U Tin Oo. 20 April 2007

I. 72. Nehginpao Kipgen, General Secretary of US based Kuki International Forum A long-lasting solution to Burmas problems needs the sincerity, honesty and the participation of all ethnic groups. Different ethnic groups should be brought into confidence, and their legitimate demands should be looked into. In sum, this process of democratization must have an inclusive approach. kukiforum.com, 13 December 2008

I. 73. Naing Ko Ko, New Zealand Burmese campaigners are lobbying the New Zealand Government to call their home country by its former name of Burma - not Myanmar. The name was changed from the Union of Burma to the Union of Myanmar in 1989 by the military Government, and since then has been the subject of controversy. This would be seen as a very important signal of your Governments support for the restoration of democracy in Burma, the group said in a letter to the minister. Council director Naing Ko Ko said that representatives would be travelling to Wellington to also seek a trade embargo and an extension of the visa ban to include all businesses with links to the junta. nzherald.co.nz, 3 March 2009

I. 74. Tin Ko, Kanma Township, Pakhuku He was arrested for a solo demonstration outside Rangoon Dagon Centre shopping mall handing out educational HIV/AIDS leaflets he had written himself, holding up placards and shouting slogans lacked of HIV treatment in Burma. DVB, 4 April 2007

I. 75. Eric Kolvig, International Burma Campaign The UN should unseat the delegation of Burmas illegitimate junta. Burma Today: Land of Hope and Terror, December 1991

I. 76. Pra Kumara, Burmese monk He, interviewed yesterday in the TV programme with Nation Group Editor in Chief Suthichai Yoon, said the Buddhist Sangha in his country stands with the people and added, whatever affected the people affected the monks. The Nation, 6 October 2007

I. 77. Ant Bwe Kyaw, 88 Generation Students Group Any citizen of any country is entitled to basic human rights. Everyone has the right to express his or her opinion. We are doing this by holding this policy. If they arrest us despite of this, let it be. Everyone has the right to express his/her desire. DVB, 4 October 2006

I. 78. Bo Aung Kyaw, Rangoon University student Page 15 of 188

A wave of strikes and protests that started from the oilfields of central Burma in 1938 became a general strike with far-reaching consequences. In Rangoon student protesters, after successfully picketing the Secretariat, the seat of the colonial government, were charged by the British mounted police wielding batons and killing a Rangoon University student called Aung Kyaw. In Mandalay, the police shot into a crowd of protesters led by Buddhist monks killing 17 people. The movement became known as Htaung thoun ya byei ayeidawbon (the 1300 Revolution named after the Burmese calendar year), and 20 December 1938, the day the first martyr Aung Kyaw fell, commemorated by students as Bo Aung Kyaw Day. Wikipedia, 3 June 2007

I. 79. Kyi Pe Kyaw (a) Kyaw Gyi, Democratic Party for New Society He crocheted picture of a peacock and of Rangoon University on the front cover of the Diamond Jubilee Magazine with 21 political prisoners in Insein prison. 1996

I. 80. Mahn Aung Kyi, Secretary of the All Burma Karen Organization Dont give up the struggle against the military regime.

I. 81. Aung San Suu Kyi, General Secretary of National League for Democracy, Committee Representing Peoples Parliament Her non-violent resistance movement encourages Burmese to persist in their pursuit of democracy and peace. Please use your liberty to promote ours. What I mean by defying authority is non-acceptance of unlawful orders meant to suppress people. I could not, as my fathers daughter, remain indifferent to all that was going on. This national crisis could, in fact, be called the second struggle for national independence. 26 August 1988 Ms Suu Kyi, the worlds only imprisoned Nobel Peace Prize recipient, epitomises the "indomitable spirit" of Myanmars freedom campaigners. She said, When soldiers aimed rifles at her, she slowly and calmly walked through their ranks, ignoring the very expressed threat on her own life, recalling an incident in 1989. Burma Update Suu Kyi discourages foreign businessmen thinking of investing in Burma to wait until democracy was restored. 11 July 1994 The National Convention process is a sham. November 1995 We are certainly not supporting the Visit Myanmar 1996, which it begin only on the 18th of November. Apparently it is supposed to go on until the end of the tourist season, which will be somewhere around the April 1997. Certainly we do not want to support that and we would like the international community to demonstrate the solidarity with our struggle by not supporting the Visit Myanmar 1996. Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 6 June 1996

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Sometimes I think that this regime thinks that if they accept idea of dialogue with the opposition of negotiations they will be losing face, that this would be a disgraceful road to take. In fact, it is not. 5 October 1999 I will do everything I can to see that democracy comes to Burma very quickly and comes in the right way. We have always been flexible; we want to be flexible. And we want to negotiate an agreement for the betterment of the people of Burma. 6 May 2002 All weve said is that we would be happy to cooperate with the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC / Na Ah Pha) on aid and assistance programs which will benefit the people and which will also promote the process of democratization, and the second part is very important. Steve Hirsch of UN Wire, 16 August 2002 Ive always expressed interest in meeting any of the ASEAN people who are involved in matters connected with Burma. 16 August 2002 On 27 May 2003, to mark the 13th anniversary of the NLDs landslide victory in the still unrecognised general election, The NLD must stand up firmly to achieve the results of the elections of 1990, she says. To ignore the result of the 1990 elections is to have total disrespect for the people and is also an insult to the people. NLD leaders last met Suu Kyi in May 2004, when they discussed with her whether to participate in the countrys constitutional convention. They decided against attending. AP Aung San Suu Kyi conveyed to Ibrahim Gambari, UN Under Secretary-General for Political Affairs, that she hopeful UN involvement would lead to productive measures. 11 November 2006 We were overwhelmed and some of us could not control our tears, one witness told Reuters after 1,000 monks held a 15-minute prayer vigil at the lakeside home in Rangoon where Suu Kyi is confined. Aunty Suu also prayed for the well-being of all. 22 September 2007 Lets hope for the best and prepare for the worst, she told senior NLD members. Altsean.org, January 2008 She put a signboard on which the word read A way yah haw tu in Pali meaning All be saved from danger. September 2007 There are some other messages she has been sending out on the banner she made. This time her Armed Forces Days message to the people of Burma read as I have never deceived the public or the nation! She had put this message on portrait painting of her own father, a National Hero of Independence, General Aung San and she herself painted the portrait. Khin Ohmar, BP Update, 30 March 2008 I have never deceived the public and the nation! She had put this message on the top of another note For the country and the people, act firmly! on a large outdoor signboard in her compound with the picture of General Aung San. Moe Ma Ka Media, 26 March 2009 She logged onto the internet for the first time and briefly communicated with several people outside Burma. Burma Bulletin, 17 November 2010 Page 17 of 188

With memories of a Nobel Peace Prize awarded her two decades ago, she remains optimistic that with the help of her followers, she can still exact reform. She said she was pleased to see so many younger people had joined her movement. She was uplifted by their fresh energy, ebullience. And, she was eager to hear about all the changes that have taken place in the world during her time out of the public eye, especially about technological advances. Smart phones, Skype, Facebook, Twitter. She even liked her own dogged campaign for change to the IT revolution. The IT revolution has meant tremendous changes, and significant changes for the whole world, so what we mean is enough change within the country to make people feel like theyve got on to a new and better state, and thats what I meant by revolution, she said of her efforts. She said she envisions a Myanmar -- which she and others opposed to the regime call by its former name of Burma -- where progress goes hand in hand with accountability and where the citizens feel empowered legally and constitutionally to shape the course of its future. I want the people to be more empowered and I want them to feel more empowered, Suu Kyi said. I want them to feel that it is they who will decide what the destiny of the country is; that they will have the proper means to shape the destiny of the country. CNN, 18 November 2010 The New York Times misread party leader Aung San Suu Kyis views by reporting that she disagreed with supporters efforts to bring the military junta to the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity, a National League for Democracy leader said of an article published three days ago. NLD central executive committee member and former political prisoner Win Tin said the newspaper had misrepresented the pro-democracy leaders views. We already have talked about that. At the 16th paragraph of the report, the newspaper quoted her [Suu Kyi] as saying Ive never said I want them to be brought into the international court. Of course, thats what she said. She said it for the sake of national reconciliation, Win Tin told Mizzima. But it did not mean she disagreed with her supporters efforts to bring the junta to the International [Criminal] Court. The newspaper said in paragraph 15 that She said she did not endorse moves among her supporters overseas to try to bring the junta leaders into international court for crimes against humanity. In fact, thats not what she meant. Thats the reporters view, the NLD co-founder added. Win Tin reiterated that Suu Kyi agreed with the setting up of a UN commission of inquiry to investigate the juntas crimes against humanity because she thought such as probe would uncover the truth. Mizzima, 27 November 2010 The NLD boycotted the elections, and I agree with the stand. The terms of the 2008 constitution [which ensures the military will continue to be the ultimate authority] could not benefit Burma in the long run. We think this constitution should be revised. Secondly, we couldnt accept that the results of the 1990 elections have been swept aside in one single sentence, without reference to the will of the people. Thirdly, it was not possible for us to accept that we should expel political prisoners from our party. This would be a gross act of betrayal of our comrades. For these reasons, we decided not to contest the elections. And considering the complaints of those who did contest, I dont think we made the wrong decision. Macleans Magazine, 20 December 2010

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Poe Ziwa, NLDmembrsnSupportersofCRPPnNLDnDASSK@yahoogroups.com, 23 July 2011

Poe Ziwa, NLDmembrsnSupportersofCRPPnNLDnDASSK@yahoogroups.com, 23 July 2011 Despite meeting with a Burmese government minister last week, Suu Kyi said she is still against the 2008 military-drafted Constitution. However, she also confirmed that she is planning to make her first political tour since her release from house arrest last year to the town of Pegu a few kilometers outside Rangoon on Aug. 14, and received a positive response when she informed the authorities. Hundreds of democracy activists, including officials from political parties which took part in last years general elections, joined Suu Kyi for one minutes silence in honor of protesters killed in the 88 uprising. Plainclothes security officers and anti-riot police trucks were seen near the monastery, but participants said that no disturbance was made to the occasion. I would like you all to think about what has happened and not forget, Suu Kyi wrote in a guestbook, according to a report by international news agency AFP. While it has been more than two decades since this major uprising took place, prominent student leaders of the movement together with over 2,000 political prisoners remain incarcerated throughout Burma. And the political deadlock remains between the democratic opposition and Burmese military which last year handed power to a nominally civilian government led by former junta generals through a flawed election. Irrawaddy, 8 August 2011

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The freedom of each individual is invaluable, but I wish that all political prisoners would be released, said Burmas most prominent pro-democracy campaigner, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi. Suu Kyis National League for Democracy confirmed the release of 155 political detainees, including members of her party, spokesman Nyan Win said. But other dissidents could have been freed without having contacted anyone yet. The U.S. Campaign for Burma, a Washington, D.C.-based support group for Burmas democracy movement, said late Wednesday it had confirmed the release of 206 political prisoners. AP, 12 October 2011 Dissident Aung San Suu Kyi said a series of reforms under way in Burma represents the biggest opening in the repressive Southeast Asian country since the 1980s. She, however, said she wants to see more changes before she can support easing Western economic sanctions against the military-backed government. The expolitical prisoner and Nobel laureate offered her strongest endorsement yet of steps by Burmas government in recent months to ease media restrictions, reform its state-dominated economy and pursue talks with the opposition. In an interview with The Wall Street Journal at her partys ramshackle headquarters in Rangoon, she said: We can see the way clear ahead more than we have ever been able to. I know we are not there yet, but we can see the way clear ahead more than we have ever been able to, said Suu Kyi, who said her recent talks with government officials felt real to me, unlike previous talks in earlier decades. ANI, 25 October 2011 Burmas state-run TV announced on Friday that President Thein Sein has signed a law that amends three key areas of the Political Party Registration Law. There was a change in the wording that all political parties must protect the countrys Constitution. It was amended to respect the Constitution. The new law cancelled two clauses: a clause that restricted serving prisoners from being a member of a political party and a clause that said a political party needs to contest in at least three parliamentary seats in an election. Last week, Mizzima reported that political observers said the amendments were designed to pave the way for the main opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), to re-register as a political party. The NLD decided not to re-register to run in the 2010 election, saying there were elements in the 2008 Constitution that were not democratic. Recently, Aung San Suu Kyi, the general-secretary of the National League for Democracy, said in an interview with The Wall Street Journal that her party would consider reregistration after studying the amended registration law. This depends very much on the regulations with regard to the registration of political parties. Once that bill has passed, then we will be able to decide whether or not we will reregister, she told the newspaper. Mizzima, 4 November 2011

I. 82. Bo Kyi, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), Thailand We dont list them [Khin Nyunt and the arrested MI] in the names of political prisoners, because their arrests were not because of their political beliefsit was only about power. Burma as a whole needs to be rehabilitated socially, economically, politically, and spiritually. October 2006 Any struggle without sacrifice cannot succeed. Reuters / Burma Related News, 6 June 2007 Without the release of all political prisoners, a peaceful transition to democracy in Burma cannot happen, said Bo Kyi, a former political prisoner and Joint-Secretary of AAPP. They are elected MPs, students, monks, ethnic nationality leaders people who represent the future of democracy in our country. Once they are released, they must be allowed to carry out their work without fear of arrest or reprisals, continues Bo Kyi. US Campaign for Burma, 22 July 2008 Page 20 of 188

We gave up our best years, Bo Kyi said, as he scanned the wall of photographs. But he does not want revenge on the government, he said. What we want is very simple, he said. Just freedom of speech. IHT, 18 January 2009 Bo Kyi said the UN and other international organizations needed to back up their calls for the release of political prisoners with action. International organizations, including the UN, need to take effective measures, he said. The Irrawaddy, 24 April 2009

I. 83. Ko Htay Kywe, 88 Generation Students Group The people who deliberately shied away from politics in Burma were given more social and economic opportunities while rights workers were constantly harassed. Government officials who made generalisations about political activities should be clear about exactly what type of political actions they were talking about. Doctors have had their licenses revoked, as well as lawyers and business people. Pressuring people doesnt make it look like there is progress towards democracy. DVB, 6 April 2007 The 88 spirit will remain until the country has achieved democracy. Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 8 August 2007 I would like to urge people to join us and be bold and confront oppression and obstruction, he said. DVB, 24 August 2007 Our goal has always been, and will remain, peaceful transition to a democratic society and national reconciliation through substantive dialogue that is also the objective of the United Nations, he said. AP, 9 September 2007

I. 84. His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Tibetan spiritual leader Asked whether the campaign in Thailand by the Nobel laureates to help Suu Kyi would constitute interference in Burmas internal affairs, spiritual leader said with a smile: Humanity knows no national boundary. The Nation, 17 February 1993 I extent my support and solidarity with the recent peaceful movement for democracy in Burma. I fully support their call for freedom and democracy and take this opportunity to appeal to freedom-loving people all over the world to support such non-violent movements. Moreover, I wish to convey my sincere appreciation and admiration to the large number of fellow Buddhists monks for advocating democracy and freedom in Burma. I pray for the success of this peaceful movement and the early release of fellow Nobel Peace Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma Net, 23 September 2007

I. 85. Ko Latt (1964-2006), ABSDF, Burma Forum, California, USA Sanctions: The world is watching and the people care about the restoration of human rights and dignity in my country. November 1995.

I. 86. Dr. David Law, Burma Digest

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Peoples International Enemy Number One is PRC. Number Two is, I fully agree, Russia. Number Three should be India. Number 4 is Korea. Number 5 is Thailand, and other ASEAN nations especially Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia. 8 September 2007

I. 87. Pa Pa Lay, Moustache Brothers Performance Troupe Comedian Pa Pa Lay has said the 59-year jail term given to fellow performer Zarganar will not demoralise him and will raise morale in the prison where he is being held. We are concerned that he is being detained, of course, but Zarganar and I have the same mentality. We are healthy as long as we can sing, dance and joke, he said. Pa Pa Lay said the recent long-term prison sentences and transfers to remote prisons were intended to demoralise the detained activists and their families. I want to offer them words of encouragement, to tell them that they will be free one day, he said. DVB, 8 December 2008

I. 88. Emma Leslie, Cambodia-based director for the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies Chinese companies who have poured billions of dollars into energy or other projects in Burma risk a violent backlash if they do not address the concerns of local ethnic groups, the head of a non-government group said on Friday. The risk could be worse in regions that are not ethnically Burmese that have for years run their own affairs and maintained their own armed forces, said Emma Leslie, Cambodia-based director for the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies. Those people could resent deals that are cut between Chinese firms and Burmas central government without any perceived local benefit, she said. Rights groups say Chinese companies ride roughshod over environmental concerns, and that Burmas army has forced people out to make way for Chinas investments. When youre in a situation where you cant retaliate against your own government, you can retaliate against perhaps investment by outsiders. Reuters, 9 July 2010

I. 89. Dr. Pu Victor Biak Lian, Board Director of Chin Human Rights Organization and the Project Officer of National Reconciliation Program In connection with the assassination of Karen leader Phado Mahn Sha, Dr. Biak Lian, warned that our enemy may be near by, so all of the ethnic leaders and activists must always be careful for their security. We have lots of things to do. It is not yet the time for us to take leave, he told at the interview with SHAN. 22 February 2008

I. 90. Za Ceu Lian, President of the Chin Student Union of North America Today, let us remind ourselves about the historic achievement of Burma s independence by our national leader Gen Aung San and his fellow freedom fighters five decades ago: they liberated our country from the oppressions and political subjugation of British Colonial rule. Likewise, we all have historical responsibility to rise up to join hands with our fellow pro-democratic forces both inside and outside Burma in order to liberate our country from the bondage of military dictatorship. The SGP-Burma Spring Conference, 26-27 April 2007, New York If all the regimes of the world isolate this regime, it would come to a standstill, said Lian. Chinland Guardian, 15 June 2007

I. 91. Liandang, USA Page 22 of 188

SPDC will never admit their wrongdoings and their unacceptable behaviour. People do not trust what the regime says. That is why people listen to the BBC more than SPDCs radio and TV. SPDCs propaganda no longer affects the Burmese but it is now a laughing matter to all of us. BBC, 9 June 2008

I. 92. Han Lin, Burmese Freedom Activist, New York, USA. Long march and hunger strike. The fight is not finished, he said, and we have much left to do. But we have been encouraged by officers of the embassies of several UN Security Council countries. We hope and believe that in this upcoming session of the UNSC the members will put the Burma issue on the table. We hope that they will engage in real, meaningful discussion that will lead to intervention by the international community in Burma. My country people have suffered so much for so long. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi must be freed, along with her fellow National League for Democracy leaders and all political prisoners. Only then can we begin a transition to democracy and start down the long road to reconciliation and peace. Ithaca Intercom, 5 October 2005 We will never give up, he said. 2006

I. 93. Htein Lin, pioneer of performance art the painting, political prisoner 1997-2004, London His artworks are offering a rare vision of prison life in Burma, one of the worlds most authoritarian and closed nations. The most grisly of Mr. Htein Lins works, titled Six Fingers, shows a line of thin men with missing fingers and toes. These were the men whose families were too poor to provide the $50 to $100 bribes that could stop prisoners from being sent to hard labor camps in malarial swamps and stone quarries. The main problem when I was arrested was that I answered their questions, he said. Aung San Suu Kyi loves the country like you. The New York Times, 17 August 2007

I. 94. Htein Lin (a) Thanmaneet (Steel), Lance Corporal, Democratic Karen Buddhist Association A Democratic Karen Buddhist Association (DKBA) soldier armed with two hand grenades held a Thai citizen hostage this morning in Mae Sot, Tak province, making demands for democratic reforms in Burma, according to local residents. The soldier, Saw Thanmaneet, also known as Saw Htein Lin, 36, is from DKBA Battalion 4, under the command of Brigade 999 currently led by Colonel Saw Chit Thu. Brigade 999 was officially transformed as the Burmese juntas Border Guard Force in August 2010. The DKBA made demands for self-determination in ethnic areas and urged the United Nations to press the junta to respect the rights of ethnic minorities, according to witnesses. He said that recent elections were unfair and Burmas controversial 2008 constitution was unacceptable, according to sources. Mizzima News, 4 January 2011 After a brief negotiation with police, he surrendered. He then wrote a note in English and gave it to reporters. It claimed that he was forced to be border protection soldier and that he did not recognise the result of the national election in 2010. The note also called for the United Nations to help Burma resume democratic system. After the surrender, Sor Ta reportedly asked the UNHCR to give him refugee status. Nation, 4 January 2011 Tor Ma Nae urged the United Nations and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to help push for democracy in Burma, given the severe abuse the Burmese government hands down on its people. He also cited the military regimes coercion of Karen ethnic militia to join its Border Guard Force. Chief of Mae Sod district Kittisak Tomornsak, along with police and security agency officers, spent more than three hours Page 23 of 188

convincing Tor Ma Nae to give up. He then handed over his grenades to authorities after a foreign corespondent wrote an article about his request. The Karen solider also asked not to be repatriated back to Burma fearing he could face capital punishment there. He then was brought to the Mae Sod Police Station to face legal charges. thailandoutlook.tv, 4 January 2011

I. 95. Zin Linn, Information Director, NCGUB The United Nations must not surrender to the military dictators of Burma. The United Nations must be tough enough to confront military dictatorship. UPI, 8 December 2008 Zin Linn, a spokesman for the Burmese government in exile in Thailand, says Mr. Ban should push Burmas leaders, known as the State Peace and Development Council, to negotiate with the NLD leader. He says Aung San Suu Kyi is the only one who can bring together Burmas various ethnic groups. The most important thing is he should suggest SPDCs chief to sit down with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and have a consultation for the betterment of the country, said Zin Linn. Without this, the consequences may not be a good one. voanews, 2 July 2009

I. 96. Bertil Lintner, blacklisted journalist 1989 by the Burmese military junta, Thailand-based Swedish reporter, Burma Expert In 1988, as Bertil put it, Burma exploded. No journalist was prepared for it. Only myself. He finished with a quote given to him by his father. The truth was the strongest weapon against the Hitler administration. That is the same truth that Bertil Lintner is still expounding today. Chiangmai Mail, February 2005 Clearly, a more enlightened approach is needed, and the time has come to explore the possibilities of bringing the top leadership of the present junta to international justice. Presently, there is only one international institution that can deal with crimes against humanity: the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands. But there are other ways as well. The Serbian dictator Slobodan Milosevic, for instance, was tried by a special UN-initiated International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The UN Security Council also set up a special court to try the perpetrators of genocide in Rwanda. In Cambodia, another special court is now trying some of the leaders of the Khmer Rouge, who are being held responsible for crimes against humanity when they were in power from 1975 to 1979. Irrawaddy, 2 November 2007 Just as Solidarity organized picnics to keep people in touch, some new groups here meet as book clubs or medical volunteers but could easily turn at key moments to political activity, said Bertil Lintner, a journalist and author of several books on Burma. Washington Post, 20 July 2008 Bertil Lintner, a Swedish journalist who has been banned by the junta from visiting Burma since 1989 because of his unflattering reports about its administration, said that his Burmese colleagues have simply learned the skillful art of writing in a crazy way, such as through literary pieces and cartoons that carry political messages. The Manila Times, 6 May 2009 Lintner talks of CIA officials in Burma lampooning him and other journalists for giving the junta bad press during their blood-soaked suppression of opposition protests in 1988. The CIA has always had its own agenda and it has nothing to do with democracy or human rights or anything like that, he tells DVB. Its other issues like China. As the backing of Ne Win, or the examples of Laos and Cambodia demonstrate, the CIA is not prone to back neutralist open governments; reactionary, violent men like Khin Nyunt, Chiang Kai-shek, Suharto and Ne Win serve them the best. DVB, 27 August 2010 Page 24 of 188

Burma is not immune to the democratic winds of change. Sooner or later, real change will come. But that will not be the type of incremental improvements some observers, especially in the European Union, think theyre seeing now. Rather, it will be when those within the system turn against itin other words, a crack within the ruling elite. So far, there are no signs of such a crack in Burma. And by misreading current signals, outsiders could delay the arrival of that moment. Easing sanctions as a reward for false openness, for instance, removes a stress factor that could eventually cause some within the military to rethink the wisdom of the current regime. Until the international community, and especially the EU, learns these bitter lessons of history, they will only encourage the junta to continue as it always has. That can only prolong the sufferings of the Burmese people. Bertil Lintner, wsj.com, 16 May 2011

I. 97. Maureen Lipman, Actress Now a group of British women from the world of arts and entertainment plan to deliver a new piano to the Nobel peace prize winner. The gift is being organised by Maureen Lipman, who has for years been an ardent supporter of Suu Kyi, along with Annie Lennox, the singer, Norma Heyman, the film producer who is the mother of David Heyman who makes the Harry Potter movies, and Joyce Hytner, the arts fundraiser who is the mother of Nicholas Hytner, director of the National Theatre. It just seemed a good and nice idea, said Lipman, who starred in The Pianist, the Oscar-winning Roman Polanksi film.

I. 98. Htun Lwin, political prisoner 1990-95, 1996-2006, NLD Myitkyina He was arrested on 24 May 2007 for staging a solo protest calling for the release of detained democracy leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, U Tin Oo and all political prisoners.

I. 99. Dr. Cynthia Maung, Founder of the Backpack Health Worker Team (BPHWT), Maesot clinic We urge the international community to help us in our struggle against the military dictatorship in Burma and to withhold any assistance that can be used by the regime to prolong its grip on power. Montreal, Canada, 10 December 1999

I. 100. Kyi Maung (1915-2004), a veteran jailbird, All Burma Students' Union, Burma Independence Army, MP, NLD chairman, Bahan, Rangoon In 1938 when the students rose to protest the colonial administration, U Kyi Maung marched at the head of demonstration holding aloft the flag for the Students Union. A staunch believer in the importance of an apolitical, professional army, he was strongly opposed to the military takeover of 1962 led by General Ne Win. In 1963 he was asked to retire from the armed forces while serving as the commander of South Western Command. When Aung San Suu Kyi and U Tin Oo, Vice Chairman of NLD, were put under house arrest in July 1989, U Kyi Maung was instrumental in leading the party to its resounding victory in the elections of 1990. He was accused by the military regime of involvement in a rare protests by the students and arrested in October 1996. A devout Bhuddist, U Kyi Maung once said that he did not believe in violence to achieve political change but that he would defend others with violence if there was no other means. BBC, 19 August 2004

I. 101. Win Maung, BADA, USA Page 25 of 188

Your video ASSK interviewed by NBCs Date-line Hoda Kotbe Part 1 has become popular on YouTube, and youre eligible to apply for the YouTube Partnership Program, which allows you to make money from playbacks of your video. Once youre approved, making money from your video is easy. Heres how it works: First sign into your YouTube account. Then, complete the steps outlined here: http://www.youtube.com/ivp?v=e0UCtcXBHhA. Once youre finished, well start placing ads next to your video and pay you a share of the revenue as long as you meet the program requirements. We look forward to adding your video to the YouTube Partnership Program. Thanks and good luck! The YouTube Team, 9 December 2009

I. 102. Tin Tin Maw, elderly woman, NLD Hlaing Rangoon She was immediately arrested by the local authorities after staging a solo political demonstration outside Rangoons City Hall. 16 May 2007

I. 103. Ashin Mettacara, Monk I wonder why most of the world seems content to be merely on-lookers while the Burmese people are being persecuted. The Burmese people have no weapons. They are relatively helpless now. They want to freely survive like you. Even Buddhist monks who stay away from killing are also longing for the US, UK and France to enter the country by force. Why? Because they want to survive. You cannot diplomatically persuade Burmese military leaders to give up their kingships. Even the Buddha and the Gods will be unable to preach to them or to guide them. They regard themselves as the best players. They have already decided how to win tomorrows match. Remember that you cannot win by playing with them without weapons, but only with the help of weapons. What is Ban Ki-moons suggestion? Isnt it clear that he is just playing a diplomatic game? If so, how many of us have to die for his diplomatic game? opednews.com, 12 July 2008

I. 104. Aung Myo Min, director of the Human Rights Education Institute of Burma He complained about the lack of an independent system to protect human rights in Burma. Every other country apart from Burma has a non-governmental and independent human rights commission which is run by human rights experts who have no affiliation with the government. Aung Myo Min said. This system has been built to prevent human rights violations from any parties including the government itself, he said. But in Burma, it is the minister of home affairs general Maung Oo who acts as the chairman of the human rights commission. Thats the biggest evidence of how Burmas human rights violations have got really bad. DVB, 10 December 2007

I. 105. Arkar Moe, The Irrawaddy Bad omens for Burma are being read into the traditional Thingyansar predictions published to coincide with the Burmese New Year. The predictions say that Thargyarmin, king of the celestials, wont be paying his customary visit to the earth this yeara bad omen for Burma and its people. Burmese Buddhists believe that Thargyarmin pays an annual visit to earth to take note of good deeds and punish those who commit sin. This years Thingyansar also directs attention to people born on Tuesday, saying they would be respected for their good deeds but that hasty decisions would be misunderstood. Burmese opposition leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi was born on a Tuesday. This years Thingyansar also predicts the end of feudalism in the worldand that is being interpreted as bad news for the regime, whose end is foreseen. 9 April 2009 Page 26 of 188

I. 106. Kyaw Zwa Moe, Irrawaddy News Its do-or-die time for the NLD leadership and the Burmese people. Bangkok Post, 7 February 2008 Yes, Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej should remember a coin has two sides. He should send a clear message to the Burmese people that Thailand wants to do business deals with Burma, but it is first and foremost a friend of the Burmese people. Bangkok Post, 21 March 2008 The UN is actually useful to the generalswhen they want to use it as a political cardbut useless for the people. Perhaps, there is one option left: armed struggle. More Burmese people have been talking about armed struggle in recent months. If an armed uprising could be sustainedone which focused on the freedom of peopleit could put pressure on the junta to some extent. It might even move the countrys political scenario into a more positive, productive path. The Irrawaddy, 15 July 2008

I. 107. Tin Moe (1933-2007), Poet; Writer The cigarettes burnt down, the sun is brown, will someone please take me home now.

I. 108. U Myint, Economist and Economic Advisor to President Thein Sein U Myint, a leading Burmese economist and the top economic advisor to Burmas President Thein Sein, called on the Burmese government to fight corruption by adopting strong laws and regulations in a country that ranks as one of the most corrupt in the world. U Myint, who is also a friend of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, made his call while presenting an anti-corruption paper at a workshop held in the Rangoon headquarters of the opposition National Democratic Force, a political party that broke away from Suu Kyis National League for Democracy (NLD). During his presentation, U Myint said that he believed the Naypyidaw government, led by President Thein Sein, is looking for ways to fight corruption effectively, but needs to address the issue at all levels. The president is interested in starting an anti-corruption campaign at the micro-level. To avoid counter-productivity, I urged him to initiate the campaign at the macro-level, he said. U Myint also said the anti-corruption campaign will face repercussions from some government officials, business tycoons and foreign investors who have benefitted from the countrys endemic corruption. U Myint, 73, was previously a professor of economics at Rangoon University. He also served as the director of the economics department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Later, he headed the Research Department at the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. He is currently the director of the Tun Foundation Bank in Rangoon. Irrawaddy, 3 August 2011

I. 109. Aye Myint, former Lt-Col, ABSDF military advisor, Democratic Alliance of Burma, NCGUB If Tatmadaw refused to recognize the 1990 general election result, it would be viewed as betrayer of the nation and its people and there would be unforgivable blemish in our history.

I. 110. Aye Myint, ludu lawyer, Guiding Star legal aid group, Human Rights Defence and Promoters (HRDP) Peasants whose farms had been appropriated in various States, including Irrawaddy, Pegu, Sagaing and Shan, sought the advice of recently released lawyer, U Aye Myint of Pegu, about reporting the abuses to the ILO. August 2006 Page 27 of 188

There are a lot of human rights violations in Burma, and we cannot achieve human rights in Burma alone. Everyone has to know it, understand it and ask for it, Aye Myint said. DVB, 10 December 2007

I. 111. Myo Myint, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP) Burma I know exactly how the political prisoners feel, how they suffer, he said. As long as they are behind bars, I cannot ignore that. So I work for them. Washington Post, 3 January 2006

I. 112. Nay Tin Myint, 88 Generation Students Group As for Nay Tin Myints youthful appearance and apparent good health, he attributes it to the tenets of Buddhism and his regimen of daily meditation during his period of incarceration. As he says, They can control me physically, but they cannot control my mind. My mind does not belong to them. My mind belongs to me. Mizzima News, 16 July 2007

I. 113. Nyo Ohn Myint, 8888 People Power My experience has educated me; using soft tone but firm your principles, and never lose your focus. 29 November 2008

I. 114. Captain Ohn Kyaw Myint, coup ringleader (1976), hanged by military junta 27 July 1977 Martyred after failed attempt of coup d'tat, he opposed to Ne Wins Burmese Way to Socialism which he felt was leading the country to ruin.

I. 115. Richard Aung Myint, CRDB To all Patriotic Burmese: When historical events demand we do something: Most people do not know about it. Most people do not do a thing about it. Many people will talk about it. Many people will write about it. A lot of people will make a living off of it. And the outcome is obvious. Nothing will happen. I do not and the people of Burma definitely do not need these kinds of people. If you are sincere and truly believe that a well planned and executed action is required. And you are willing to support this course of action in any way you can. Send me an email at ramyint@gmail.com or call me at 510-386-1028 in USA. 4 April 2010

I. 116. Soe Myint, Mizzima News Soe Myint, a pro-democracy journalist who is living in India for more than a decade was arrested last year for the hijacking incident. He is charged under the Anti-Hijacking Act and if found guilty will be punished for life-imprisonment. In a meeting with members of the Press, Myint who is running a news agency Mizzima since 1998, said, I am proud of what I did. It was all to gain international attention towards the military rule in Burma, which has given no freedom of expression to the press. But people in Burma have now realized that democracy is the best form of government Trial of the case is scheduled in April in a Page 28 of 188

Kolkata court. Myint and his accomplice-Ye Htin Kyaw-had hijacked a Thai Airlines plane in November 1990, which was diverted to Kolkata from where both were arrested. A case was filed against them two days later on 12 November. They were later granted bail on the condition of personal appearance. Burma Media Association, 1 April 2003

I. 177. Min Aung Naing, Mizzima News I once heard that police from the Special Branch (SB) have to monitor all the news posted and broadcast by exile opposition media and present their findings to their senior officers. The undercover reporter therefore must be careful not to be turned into prey by Burmas other news hunters. Mizzima News, 2 March 2010

I. 118. Min Ko Naing, 88 Generation Students Group Ill never die. Physically I might be dead, but many more Min Ko Naing would appear to take my place. As you know, Min Ko Naing can only conquer a bad king. If the ruler is good, we will carry him on our shoulders. Asia Week Magazine, 1988 If we want to enjoy the same rights as people in other countries, we have to be disciplined, united and brave enough to stand up to the dictators. 1988 Forgiveness and loving kindness can conquer the hatred. Washington Post, 3 January 2006 The people of Burma must have the courage to say no to injustice and yes to truth, he said at a meeting of the newly formed 88-Generation Students Group in Rangoon in August 2006. Bertil Lintner We will take some action that the people can participate in, Min Ko Naing said. These actions will be non-violent, but show the peaceful force of our will. We have to fight together with the people, he added. AFP, 8 August 2007

I. 119. Sit Ko Naing, student It is the time to pay respect each other and forgot about personal problems and looking forward about future of our country. And then we can make an important decision at least for our country. saveburma.sosblog.com, 16 November 2008

I. 120. Playboy Than Naing, pop music pioneer singer Student traitor Aye Lwin, who is behind recent protests outside the UK and US embassies in Rangoon, was caught up in an argument with Burma Music Association's secretary Playboy Than Naing on the 22nd of January, when the anti-sanction student group's leader visited the BMA's office to pitch his plan for organizing a concert aimed at showing Burma's opposition to the sanctions. As an artist, I dont want to talk about these things. I just want to live peacefully and sing, Than Naing said. DVB, 5 February 2007

I. 121. Thaw Zin Naing, solo demonstrator from Irrawaddy He set fire himself at Shwe Dagon Pagoda in a protest against economic hardship and shouted Down with the military regime. AP, 23 March 2008 Page 29 of 188

I. 122. Victor Naing, USA The ultimatum for China to join the worlds body will be 72 hours starting from September 29, 2007 9:00 am to October 2, 9:00 am US Eastern Time. If China fails to meet our demands, we have decided to wage you the following global campaigns. 1. Boycott 2008 Olympic campaign 2. Boycott Chinas products

I. 123. Win Naing, Falling of Commodity Prices Group He has tried to highlight the government's economic failures via passive protests. The group urged the people to turn up Sunday at the Tharthanagonye Buddhist Temple in Bahan District of Rangoon to give robes to monks while protesting rising inflation. Burma Related News, 13 July 2007

I. 124. Win Naing, National Affairs China always wants a weak government run in Burma, which has bad relationship with the West. Last month, the Chairman of the Commission of the National Convention, Lt-Gen Thein Sein said that, the coming National Convention will be the last part of the Convention (he did not mention how long it will take) and he will amend whichever part is required, with the intention of building the constitution stronger and stronger. That speech can be embraced as a joyous one, but at the same time, it can be seen as very dangerous. Democratic forces must be united and demand the SPDC regime in connection with the constitution, when they wanted to make some amendments. Aung Bar Say translated, 27 June 2007

I. 125. Dr. Win Naing, NLD-LA, UK We met the Burma Desk officer, Ms Penny Curtis, and delivered our signed petition of more than 1000 signatories of the Friends of Burma. We also delivered an open letter to the Foreign Secretary Ms Margaret Mary Beckett, mentioning the current situation of the peoples sufferings, the regimes plan of leading to Thuggish Democracy with sham national convention, and requested utmost continued support for our movement. We all need to do more with our best efforts, in any way we can, for our cause to be free from the world's most brutal regime, in the very near future. 19 June 2007

I. 126. U Nu (1907-1995), Prime Minister On this auspicious day, there is no room for disunity or discord racial, communal, political or personal and I now call upon all citizens of the Burma Union to unite and to labor without regard to self and in the interest of the country to which we all belong. Independence Day, 4 January 1948

I. 127. Su Su Nway, NLD As long as we do not get democracy, we will have to return to prison. We are fighting for our rights. 7 June 2006 Peaceful protests are brutally cracked down upon and I want to tell the international community that there is no rule of law in Burma, Su Su Nway told The Associated Press on Tuesday. 28 August 2007 Page 30 of 188

The USDA and Swan Ar Shin members have absolutely no right to bash or physically assault other civilians who are protesting peacefully, she said. DVB, 31 August 2007 People must stand up, she says, and choose between freedom and oppression. Time, 6 September 2007 The message Su Su Nway and her group hung underneath the government billboard said, Oppose those relying on China, acting as thieves, holding murderous views. DVB, 14 November 2007

I. 128. Ven. U Nyanissara (a) Nyanithara, Thitagu Sayardaw He spoke before laypeople in Myingyan in central Burma. In his VCD titled The Way of Dumb People, he criticized people who are guided by numerology and astrology. One layperson said the story was critical of Snr-Gen Than Shwe, who is famous for basing important decisions on his astrologers advice. BurmaNet News, 14 November 2007 Last Days of Empire - Cruel rulers create bad karma. And they will suffer for what they have done. Winston-Salem Journal, 19 January 19, 2008

I. 129. Bo Bo Kyaw Nyein, Burma Strategy Group for Democracy If the Burmese truly love their golden land and their leader, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, they must learn to rise above petty personal conflicts, work hard and find a common thread or platform to introduce unity and strength from which the much required political infrastructure can be built. Mizzima News, 30 July 2007 If China opts not to exercise its UN Security Council veto and if Singapore ceases its economic support and banking facilities, the SPDC will definitely be left in a very difficult position. Concurrently, if opposition leaders are smart enough to organize efficient demonstrations (not an easy task) and create another color revolution, we can shoot for the stars and go for complete regime change. If not, the crisis can create an environment for negotiations. Mizzima News, 21 June 2009

I. 130. Khin Nyo, Father of Ko Aye Naing detained for taking part in a prayer campaign He said that if prayer was a crime in Burma, then everyone in the country would be liable for prosecution. We want him to be given a punishment under the law if he is guilty of a crime. Put him on court and sentence him. But if you cannot prove that he is guilty of anything, I want him to be released immediately. DVB, 13 July 2007

I. 131. Amar Nyunt We understand and are proud for them although we cannot do anything right now. We are not frightened, said Amar Nyunt, 63, whose son Jimmy and daughter-in-law Nilar Thein were among those to receive 65year jail terms. She said she was caring for the jailed couples 19-month-old daughter, adding: She is in good health. We will take good care of her while her parents are in prison. AFP, 12 November 2008

I. 132. Dr. Kyaw Nyunt, CRDB To have freedom in Burma, the ordinary people need the patriotic Army General defectors from inside the military junta turn against the top leadership. 1988 Page 31 of 188

Friendships and enemyships are not permanent especially in the movement of Freedom in Burma. 1989 Among many, just vote for kha mauk. 1990 Learn lessons from the past, achieve goals today, and pursue dreams for the future. 1991 During house arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi, activists around the world closely analyze her picture at the meeting and read her statement in quest of strategic thinking toward freedom of Burma. 2007 Respect, first of all, your enemies and make, follow by, them to be your friends. 2008 Burma is one of the poorest countries in the world today since all bright and good people are in the notorious prisons. Let them go home. 2009 We can because we are. 2010 I trust Suu. 2011

I. 133. Thein Nyunt, NLD spokesperson He told DVB that if the government was serious about drafting a workable constitution that represented the will of the people, then talks with the opposition party would be a step in the right direction. If the State Peace and Development Council really wants a democratic country with a rule of law then a discussion between the government and our NLD members will result in the circumstance we need to achieve it, U Thein Nyunt said. 7 June 2007

I. 134. Khun Okka, Secretary General of the National Democratic Front We do not recognise the Nyaunghnabin convention as legitimate. There is no way we would accept the result of the army-controlled national convention. DVB, 6 June 2007

I. 135. Harry Oo, Editor, topix.com Statement: To support the Burma page and create a vibrant and interesting forum. To promote immediate restoration of democracy and human rights in Burma. To use my liberty to promote Burma's liberty from oppression as Daw Su has famously asked. I. 136. Hla Oo, Chairman, NLD Mogok We are monitoring the situations in Rangoon and Mandalay. It depends on the situation. That means we are evaluating on how to continue our activities. But we will continue with whatever we have to do. Mizzima News, 30 August 2007

I. 137. Ko Ko Oo, 88 GSE Here are nine points of major requests. * Stop making profit from political process. Page 32 of 188

* Please registered Money Making Organization (MMO) to Nongovernmental Organization (NGO). * Declare yourselves as salaried officials and staff. * Stay away from all Burmese strategies meeting or policies meeting. * Stay away from Measot, if you respect people whove being fighting in the jungle. * If you cant sacrifice your benefit, transform yourselves to ordinary people or businessman. * Do not consider politically MMO as your business. * Please confessed to the people of your failing policies in twenty years. * Finally, please contribute your professionalism to help people voluntarily.

I. 138. Noan Oo, Federated Shan States Where do we go from here, Burma, is the question all peoples of Burma are at present asking because they have had enough of the present illegal dictatorial government. It is now up to the people of Burma to fend for themselves. Some have come up with an Armed Struggle, A Saffron Revolution and many other ideas. According to Thomas Jefferson when a bad government cannot be reformed the people have the right to stage a revolution. If there is to be a successful revolution, all the peoples of Burma will have to get together, that is, the Burmans as well as other ethnic nationalities. They will have to unite behind the common goal of liberating the country from the dictatorial regime which rules by the gun. For such a unity to take place all nationalities will have to first get rid of their preconceived ideas and change their mental attitude towards each other. All nationalities must realise that narrow ethno- and religious nationalism is the obvious cause of conflicts between nationalities. Whether we like it or not all the ethnic nationalities of Burma, because of their geographical situation and history cannot do without with each other; therefore for the common good of all concerned they will have to reconstruct a meaningful relationship that is sincere and worthy of trust. They could begin by treating each other as equal partners, learning by mistakes from past and moving f or ward towards a better future. After all, the ethnic nationalities joined the Burmans to form the Union of Burma by their own free will. Bogyoke Aung San understood when he said, the right of Secession must be given, but it is our duty to work and show our sincerity so that they do not wish to leave. Manpower and strength can be created if all the ethnic nationalities can unite under the common goal. Such unity can only happen by reconciliation of all peoples of Burma by rebuilding trust, and respect for the individual freedom of choice of religion, culture and political views. Enmity, hatred, grudge and prejudices should be overcome by forgiveness and loving kindness. This conciliation and understanding between all ethnic nationalities of Burma can be the only weapon to dismantle the SPDC, to have true democracy and a lasting peace in Burma. SHAN, 23 July 2008

I. 139. Ne Oo, NLD Rangoon Thinganggyun Township It is good to release people. It is not good to detain them. I want all political prisoners throughout the country to be released unconditionally. 6 July 2005

I. 140. Sein Hla Oo, Veteran Journalist He said the Burmese media has a responsibility to publish stories on the national referendum. Journalists in Burma now have a huge responsibility to report news about the national referendum, he said. DVB, 4 April 2008 I. 141. Thura Tin Oo, Vice Chairman of NLD, Committee Representing Peoples Parliament I love the army, but I love the people more than the army. 1989 Page 33 of 188

I want to see the people of Burma live in a society built on the highest spiritual values, with human dignity and fairness for all. My belief is that love and compassion must be guiding principles of our political system. I cherish the dream that, before I die, Ill see this vision come true. Alan Clements, Burma: The Next Killing Field? 1992 Win Tin, one of the countrys longest-serving former prisoners, called on Envoy Tomas Ojea Quintana to be decisive and perform his duties in the strictest manner without falling prey to the lies of the government. Burmas human rights conditions are at the abyss. The government continues to violate human rights and they dont have the will to alleviate human rights conditions, said Win Tin, a senior member of Suu Kyis party. Suu Kyis party spokesman, Nyan Win, said the party welcomed the U.N. envoys visit since gross human rights violations were continuing. His visit wont be able to totally address the human rights issue but the visit can certainly contain human rights abuses, Nyan Win said Sunday. Tin Oo, a former defense minister and highly decorated battlefield commander, became a trusted ally of Suu Kyis after joining Burmas democratic movement. Tin Oo said the more the U.N. human rights envoys visit Burma the better it will be for the country. AP, 16 February 2010 The army used to have a good reputation when it followed the traditions laid down by its founder, Burmas independence architect Gen Aung San. I would like to see the current army regain this. All officers, whether high-raking or low-ranking, should work for the people and focus on their real duties the security and defense of this country. Thats all I want to say about the army. Aung San Suu Kyis leadership skills are truly needed for Burmas democracy, human rights and peace. There is really no need to say more about her courage as she stands on the side of righteousness. She has her fathers blood, energy and desire to sacrifice herself for her country. She is honest, brave and determined. She has a desire to oversee the development and prosperity of the whole nation. She is completely dedicated to her country and has risked her life for it. She is a great leader. Since its formation, the NLD has clearly stated its role in its constitution. When the NLD contested the 1990 election, it said that although Burma had gained independence its citizens have been unable to enjoy their rights as free persons. It also said that in the struggle for liberation from military dictatorship, it would build trust through peaceful means and dialogue. The NLD still holds this belief. I would first advise Sr-Gen Than Shwe to try to build trust among the people. For the sake of the country and the people, we should negotiate and build trust. I would tell him that he can still do so. The Irrawaddy, 2 March 2010 Tin Oo, the vice-chairman of the National League for Democracy (NLD) and Burmas former army chief, told The Irrawaddy that the army should stay out of politics and that past military coups in Burma have only harmed the country. 27 March 2010 U Tin Oo, the Vice-Chairperson of NLD, stated that NLD leaders, in a meeting held at the NLD headquarters in Shwegondaing, decided to extend NLDs social activities from current projects, such as, supporting political prisoners and family members, nursing HIV/AIDS patients and legal support, to raising awareness about the issues of child soldiers conscription, forced labor and forced land confiscations. RFA, 15 June 2010 U Tin Oo, the Vice-Chairperson of NLD, U Win Tin, member of Central Executive Committee of NLD, and some youth members of NLD visited the families of Ko Min Ko Naing and Ko Ko Gyi, leaders of 88 Generation Student Group, on 29 June and gave support and encourgament to the family members. RFA, 29 June 2010 Page 34 of 188

Tin Oo, vice-chairman of the National League Democracy that decided to boycott Burmas first elections for two decades on November 7 underwent eye surgery in Singapore early this month. Mizzima reporter Khin Pyu Win interviewed the opposition leader and former commander-in-chief of the Burmese military while he recuperated after an eye operation in Singapore. The junta announced that NLD could not stand anymore as a party but the NLD is still the NLD (National League for Democracy). NLD has the chance of continuously standing as a party. Though the junta claimed that NLD had been dissolved and nullified, they cannot dissolve our party as per the law because the NLD won the largest number of seats in the 1990 general election. This peoples verdict and mandate given by people are still with the NLD and its elected MPs. Dissolving and nullifying our party is meaningless because NLD has never violated any law, committed any offences or never carried out any unlawful activities, and because this mandate has never been implemented and executed. So the NLD still exists. Let it be as they think the NLD no longer exists but the NLD will always continue to exist among the people as a peoples party by winning peoples support, sympathy and kindness. The military is governed by command. But even in the military, the soldiers want democracy and have democratic spirit because they are also people of Burma they dont want to see their relatives and fellow people suffer and they dont want any governance anymore by military rule, military dictatorship and a single party. Among these servicemen, there are a lot of people who want democracy and human rights. Mizzima News, 13 October 2010 We want political stability that is the main thing. The junta maintains stability with armed repression. We believe in creating trust. We want to trust the army and the army to trust us, said Tin Oo. After the elections, there is still a need for talks. Talks between the government and the military need to be inclusive, all parties including the ethnic groups. Aung San Suu Kyi has expressed her openness to help the regime. At the same time, the NLD has endorsed a United Nations Commission of Inquiry to investigate war crimes and crimes against humanity by the military regime, as recommended by UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Burma, Tomas Ojea Quintana. I signed for the commission, Tin Oo said. The report from Quintana was strong enough. The junta has never complied with previous advice from UN rapporteurs. It is the kind of language the junta will understand. Tin Oo also makes a point of placing Burmas future politics within a geostrategic context, with the NLD favoring ties with democratic over authoritarian nations. For Burma, China is a big tiger, India is a big tiger. India and China compete and this will affect us. This is why we must make friends with democratic countries, he said. We realize the danger ahead. The government gives concessions to India and China, but they dont take into account the long-term danger. We need peaceful coexistence. We need a friend. We dont know the future in regards to what competition between India and China might bring. We see the US as a democratic country. I am very sorry about China. I met Mao Zedong two or three times when I headed the [Burma government] party to China. We were received well, with a red carpet. Mao said, The oppressed people of China have stood up. The oppressed people of Burma will stand up. It was very nice to hear that. Now China must see what is true and right, who is the oppressed and the oppressor. Asian Times Online, 15 October 2010 The opposition National League for Democracy (NLD), led by 66-year-old Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, claims that 700 political prisoners are yet to be freed. Suu Kyi and Burmese Labor Minister Aung Kyi have met several times to discuss the political prisoner situation. Tin Oo, vice chairman of the NLD, told RFA that the two sides had been making significant progress in resolving their differences, indicating that releases were expected the coming week. The path towards discussion and resolution is opening. It is also due to involvement by the international community, especially the U.S., that we are working together to end the isolation of military, Tin Oo said Thursday. eurasiareview.org, 5 November 2011

I. 142. Tin Maung Oo, the first student hanged by the military junta (1976) Page 35 of 188

I shall never kneel down under soldiers boots. 1976

I. 143. Sayadaw U Ottama (1897-1939), the pioneer of the Burmese independence movement, cosmopolitan revolutionary, General Council of Buddhist Associations (GCBA) The monk U Ottama is the protagonist of a politically active Buddhism and a national hero; he dies after being thrice held for a total of seven years in a British colonial prison. The exiled Arakanese community in Dhaka commemorated the 66th anniversary of U Ottama Day in Dhaka today. The chairman of the ceremony, U Maung Saw Tin, said, He was the pioneer of the Burmese independence movement. He fought against colonial rule till his last breath. However, it is unfortunate that the current military junta has deliberately forgotten people like him, because he was an Arakanese. The junta should recognize his selfless contribution to the future of Burma and not let his memory fade away from our national history but revive it for the present day youth. Burma Net News, 9 September 2005 Massively popularized the wearing of local pinni, handmade cloth in Burma, and the using of local materials; U Ottama. fostered both boycott and home rule campaigns. He was the first person to be given a prison term for making a political speech in Burma. Irrawaddy News, 3 April 2007

I. 144. Kin Oung, Patron CRDB The people, who have resisted this legacy, are fighting bravely for the cause of freedom, democracy, and harmony in Burma. November 1992 Free Aung San Suu Kyi now! Our Faith: We believe that so long as evil practices are inflicted on man upon man by unlawful punishments, sufferings, killings, rape, and the monks and citizens of Burma are persecuted in compelling them to acquiesce, to prostrate, to debase, so long will they be unable to free themselves from the sea of anguish of indigence in food, clothing and livelihood. Our Resolution: We resolve that we shall do battle at all hazards until genuine democracy can be placed in the hands of the monks and citizens of Burma. 28 July 2007

I. 145. Ko Pauk, NLD Youth, Rangoon He said the juntas decision to sentence several of his colleagues to long prison terms is a big blow to the democracy movement, but that it will not deter him and his other colleagues, who are still free, from continuing activities that they believe will help to restore democracy in Burma. We have been prepared for this kind of situation, we knew it would happen one day so we have nothing to worry about because it cannot overrun our spirit, Ko Pauk told Mizzima. 14 November 2008

I. 146. Aung Pe, private tuition teacher, political prisoner 2005-08, NLD Twante, Rangoon On his release Aung Pe said, On 16 February 2008 I started walking the 17 miles back to Twante from Rangoon because I havent been able to enjoy the delightful view of the outside world for three years.I just wanted to see the farmlands and breathe the fresh air outside. Aung Pe added that his walk was also intended as a tribute to the other political prisoners who still remain in detention. I hope that one day I will be able to raise my students to be new leaders for the country like general Aung San, he said. DVB, 19 February 2008 Page 36 of 188

I. 147. Pho Phyu, lawyer and activist campaigns for farmers rights Police in Burma halted a demonstration on Thursday by about 60 landless farmers, a rare protest that tests the new civilian government's commitment to reforms after decades of brutal suppression of dissent. Riot police confiscated placards and ordered the demonstrators to leave peacefully after they staged a sit-in outside a government building in the countrys biggest city, Rangoon, to protest against eviction from their farmland. We have approached parliament for help but nothing happened, so we decided to take to the street, said Pho Phyu, a lawyer and an activist who campaigns for farmers rights. Demonstrations are rare in Burma, a country ruled by the military for five decades until an election last year brought in a new civilian government. Previous protests over high prices in 1988 and 2007 were brutally suppressed by the military, leading to the imposition of western sanctions that have restricted development and hurt the countrys economic elite. Pho Phyu said the authorities had seized about 10,000 acres (4,050 hectares) of land owned by about 1,000 farmers, who were given only small amount of compensation. At first, they promised that joint-venture farming would be carried out between the farmers and private businessmen on these lands but nothing happened, he said. President Thein Sein has pledged to offer micro loans and price guarantees to raise living standards for millions of farmers in a country that depends on agriculture for about 40 percent of its gross domestic product. About half of the Burmese workforce is employed in the agriculture sector and the country was once the worlds biggest rice exporter. But evictions are common and farmers have little money or legal recourse to launch any challenge. Reuters, 27 October 2011

I. 148. Richard, Karen National Union, political prisoner 1982-2006 Unfinished duty: I hope to resume my unfinished duty. I remember all political activists. May God bless them. October 2006

I. 149. Dr. Lian Sakhong, General Secretary of ENC and co-chair of Federal Constitution Drafting Committee The ENC is working for all stakeholders in the Union of Burma for restoration of Federalism. Chinland Guardian, 9 June 2007

I. 150. Salong, News Headlines, New Delhi, India Dont Deal with Burmas Military Government. 2010 Sanctions on the New Burmese Military Regime Should Remain. 2011

I. 151. Sayar San (1876-1931), Leader of the Burmese Rebellion of 1930-1931 Saya San organized a local revolt against the payment of the capitation tax. It does mark a turning point in Burmese politics. 1929

I. 152. Gen Aung San, Father of the Burma Army and Aung San Suu Kyi Always one to practice what he preached, Aung San himself constantly demonstrated courage -- not just the physical sort by the kind that enabled him to speak the truth, to stand by his word, to accept criticism, to Page 37 of 188

admit his faults, to correct his mistakes, to respect the opposition, to parley with the enemy, says Suu Kyi about her father. People who claim that they have taken over power for love of their people and love of their country will earn no respect. They would gain some respect if they just said outright that it was for love of power. According to Dr. Ba Maw, Lt. General Iida the first Japanese Commander-in-Chief in Burma told him that the whole Jap army in Burma respected me for three things. (1) I have no love of money; (2) I have no love of power; (3) I have no love of personal life. Another Japanese was reported to have said to some of my colleagues: "Aung San is straight. Personally though I felt that international propaganda and assistance of our cause was necessary, the main work, I thought, must be done in Burma which must be the mobilisation of the masses for the national struggle. Now we occupied Rangoon. All along we had been very unhappy about the Japs' behaviour towards our people. We protested as much as we could to some Jap authorities. All are now united-united I say, to march together to our common goal of freedom. The Resistance Movement, 29 August 1945, aungsan.com No man, however great, can alone set the wheels of history in motion, unless he has the active support and co-operation of a whole people. I am also aware that, unless man believes in his own heroism and the heroism of others, he cannot achieve much or great things. We must, however, take proper care that we do not make a fetish of this cult of hero-worship, for then we will turn ourselves into votaries of false gods and prophets. So then we must labour together in the common cause which concerns all and affects everybody. This is the best way in which we can show our highest sense of homage to our heroes; this is the only way in which we can accomplish the mission before us and find our salvation. For only then we can have freedom in a real and absolute sense. But I have gone far ahead. We have yet to win our national freedom before we can hope to help ourselves progressively to that absolute conception of freedom. Some of us have been going still, consciously or unconsciously, about the same old way of dirty politics. But is politics really dirty? Certainly not. It is not politics which is dirty, but rather the persons who choose to dirty it are dirty. And what is politics? In short, after all is said and done, politics mean your everyday life. It is how you eat, sleep, work and live, with which politics is concerned. But politics clings to you always in your home, in your office, in your factories. There, everyday you are doing politics, grappling with it, struggling with it. It is, all, the question of livelihood. Politics, then is quite human! Practically, and as far as I can see, sociology has and should have no quarrel with religion in the absolute. I want also to address the Indians and Chinese residing in this country. To them I say: we have no bitterness, no ill will for them, or for that matter for any race and nationality in the world. If they choose to join us, we will welcome them as our own brethren. If they desire to help us as good friends, and neighbours only, again we shall be glad to reciprocate their friendship and sympathy. Race, religion, and language are thus by themselves not primary factors which go to the making of a nation but the historic necessity of having to lead common life together that is the pivotal principle of nationality and nationalism. There is no denying the fact in all quarters that the greatest things Burma needs now are relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Fascism in Burma. Inflation in our country is assuming ominous proportions. Many are unemployed. People have no money. These and many others form a string of portentous economic factors operating in Burma now. There is no right either of appeal or revision from the conviction or sentence of a Special Judge. In other words, on a conviction and any sentence following is short of capital one, the accused is left without any means of questioning his conviction and sentence. An appeal by an accused who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment in excess of 5 years is made not to the High Court but to the Sessions Judge, who in these days is also a Special Judge and is generally too busy to give adequate attention to the appeals. I said last time that the British Judicial system in Burma has become like the Japan Kempetai System. Exactly it Page 38 of 188

is. For these amendments of laws at once place our people constantly exposed to unscrupulous police terror as well as to the tyranny of vindictive judges. You have already known that our objective is the right of our nation to self-determination, and our proposals to the British Government for realising this objective are immediate elections on universal adult suffrage and then convocation of Constituent Assembly. This is the dynamic peoples strategy and tactics which is far superior to the Atomic bomb, for once our people are organised and fully mobilised conscious of their creative power and historic destiny then no dead material force, however great, can stand this peoples general offensive.This leads me to come to the task of organising and mobilising our entire people in the country for our common national objective. Of course the first thing before us is national unity.By national unity, we dont mean only unity; we mean the unity of the entire people, irrespective of race, religion, sex and sectarian and party interests, in action and not in words for national takes and objectives. Above all, have no doubt about your creative power which can move mountains and even Heaven. Problems for Burmas Freedom, 20 January 1946, aungsan.com You know very well what are the basic demands of our nation. They are, firstly, the formation of an interim national government vested with full powers of a responsible democratic government and representing principal political groups in our country. Secondly, we want to have elections on adult franchise. Thirdly, such elected representatives of the nation should form a Constituent Assembly free from any foreign control, to frame a constitution for a free, independent Burma. These are our clear simple basic demands. What then should New Democracies set tasks for themselves from the international points of view generally and specially. They must: (1) First endeavour to achieve internal unity of democratic forces in their respective territories; (2) Strive for, in our part of the world, for closer understanding, increasing co-operation and co-ordination and of mutual efforts for solution of mutual problems with nationalist India and democratic South East Asia; (3) Contact and understanding with rest of Asia, particularly China in our case; (4) Understanding and co-ordination of efforts for the overthrow of world imperialism by all exploited and oppressed peoples of the world together; (5) More fraternisation with democratic peoples of the world (in our case, the peoples of Britain and America); (6) More alertness and great vigilance to prevent us falling into the net of imperialist wiles, to abstain from making serious mistakes of which imperialism can take advantage and to try to exploit any mistakes or stupidities or contradictions of imperialism, however little the chances that offer themselves to us. These, then, are the tasks of New Democracies for the building of a new world of complete freedom, abiding peace and rapid progress. The Situation and Tasks, August 1946, aungsan.com I practice what I preach! said Aung San. 26 September 1946 / Ye Yint Nges Diary, 17 July 2010 Four years ago or so, war came to our country. And with it Japanese military fascism. Then in order to feed its war machine, our people were made to suffer and slave in various untold ways. Nevertheless we may take comfort in the fact that Nemesis had already taken them to task. Our people also had risen as a man and avenged themselves on the Fascists. This is but an inevitable and inexorable law of Karma that as a man sows so shall he reap and that if any individual or nation oppresses or exploits another and violates natural and social justice in that way that individual or nation shall pay for that sin against justice and humanity. So long as injustice and oppression and exploitation of man by man and nation by nation continue the world must come time and again to fall into the grips of Nemesis. This then is the stern moral law which events have impressed upon the world so emphatically, and this is how I read the writing on the wall and the signs of the times. Today, when we have come here in revered memory of those thousands of our countrymen and Allied Personnel who verily were made to slave to death, we all must have felt that never never again may Page 39 of 188

the world find a place for the existence of human slavery and exploitation in any form. As we offer our prayers in our sacred communion with the souls of those dead, we must pray not merely for them but for the world that humanity may rise above all limitations and find deliverance none too long. And as thus we pray, let us also vow to ourselves that we will not rest and remain complacent till we have completely rid this earth of such cancer of Fascist barbarity, whatever its variants as degrade humanity and perpetuate oppression and exploitation. Fascist Barbarism, 18 December 1946, aungsan.com Question: Before you left Rangoon, you indicated that if your demands are not satisfactorily met, you would have to launch another struggle for independence. Are you contemplating a violent or non-violent struggle or both? Answer: We have no inhibitions of any kind [laughter]. Question: Do you apprehend that your delegation may not meet with the success you seek? Answer: I hope for the best, but I am prepared for the worst. 5 January 1947, Press Conference in New Delhi, The Hindu Aung Sans Seven Points 1. That the Constitution shall be that of an Independent Sovereign Republic to be known as The Union of Burma; and 2. That the Union shall comprise such units as shall be specified by the Constitution and the units so specified shall exercise such autonomy as shall be defined in the Constitution; and 3. That all powers and authority of the Sovereign Independent Republic of Burma, its Constituent Parts and Organs of Government shall be derived from the people; and 4. That the Constitution shall guarantee and secure to all the peoples of the Union justice: social, economic and political; equality of status, of opportunity; and before the law, freedom of thought, expression, belief, worship, vocation, association and action, subject to law and public morality; and 5. That the Constitution shall provide adequate safeguards for minorities; and 6. That the integrity of the territory of the Independent Sovereign Republic of Burma and its Sovereign rights on land, sea and air shall be maintained according to justice and international law; and 7. That this Historic Land of Burma shall attain its rightful and honoured place in the world, make its full and willing contribution to the advancement and welfare of mankind and affirm its devotion to the ideal of peace and friendly co-operation amongst nations founded on international justice and morality. Constituent Assembly, 16 June 1947

Aung San, a member of the GCBA, compiled 170 detailed cases of abuse by government agents, constables and military police. His investigations into the impoverished conditions in Burmas villages led to his recommendation that all villagers resist collection of taxation and defy other rules by nonviolent methods. Aung San famously wrote: In my viewevery nation in the world must be free, not only externally but internally. This is to say, every nation in the world, being a conglomeration of races and religions, should develop such nationalism as is compatible with the welfare of one and all, irrespective of race, religion, class or sex. That is my nationalism. Irrawaddy News, 3 April 2007

I. 153. Moe Satt, Artist For the shows organizer, Moe Satt, the censors visit made for a nerve-racking morning. All the money and work he had put into coordinating the show could be undone in a single decision. In the end, he grasped the governments official permit with a sense of relief. There are many restrictions, he said during an Page 40 of 188

interview days later. You never know what they are thinking. But I dont confront. I find ways to dialogue with them. I find other ways to do what I want. magicvalley.com, 9 August 2009

I. 154. Ba Thin Sein, Chairman of Karen National Union Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein sent an open letter to SPDC Chairman Sr.-Gen. Than Shwe in June 2005, stating the current political and economic situation in Burma is deteriorating badly. So, we must accept the real position and situation and proceed to meaningful and substantial dialogues, which can resolve the current crises of Burma.

I. 155. Zipporah Sein, As leaders of the ethnic resistance movement, we know that this election is not a solution to the crises faced by our people. More than ever, we are working closely together with our pro-democracy brothers and sisters on the path to true national reconciliation. We believe that to even begin to hope for democratic progress, three essential benchmarks must be met: 1. The release of all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi, who still commands deep respect and admiration from ethnic groups; 2. The cessation of attacks against ethnic communities; and 3. Dialogue with all stakeholders, including a review of the 2008 constitution. nationmultimedia.com, 13 February 2010

I. 156. Lt-Gen Yawd Serk, leader of Shan State Army All of us want freedom, and each one knows there is only one way to achieve freedom and that is through unity. For more than 50 years, the ethnic resistance groups struggling against the Burmese military government have failed to achieve success. To identify the reasons for this failure we need to evaluate our weak points. First, our love for the nation is mainly dependent on each individual situation and position. We have failed to find a strong unity that would enable us to reach our goal. Second, on the political front, we laid out different policy objectives, with some groups aiming at a federal Burma and others wanting total independence. These different political ideologies mean we have fought against one another - a fight that has been fuelled by peoples lack of political knowledge and a lack of education that means many are easily manipulated. Third, putting individual ego before the national interest means no unified group can form there are always splits in the gathering. Fights broke out among the groups over control of territory, but they failed to protect the people or rehabilitate country. Fourth, if we compare our struggle with that of Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minhs, our efforts are no match for his. We need competent political and military leaders as well as educated people. Our people need the capacity to develop. Fifth, when the armed groups began agreeing ceasefires with the Tatmadaw, they lost political ground. The Burmese regime now has the upper hand in negotiations with them. Lastly, so far, the ethnic armed groups have only adopted guerrilla tactics in the struggle against the Tatmadaw. A large offensive with military strategy that could match that of the Burmese army has not been carried out. No central command has been formed, and battalions and brigades fail to take commands from their headquarters. The Nation, 30 June 2010 Yawd Serk, recalling the Panglong agreement, said It was a day when our Shan leaders were united against the British Colony and they wanted to achieve Shan autonomy. Shan people today must help each other to Page 41 of 188

fight for our rights. With the power and the strength of SSA-S, we will ask for our rights. If we cannot get what we want by asking, we will fight for it, he said. Mizzima, 10 February 2011

I. 157. Phado Mahn Sha (1943-2008), General Secretary of Karen National Union Simply put. So long as we cant get rid of the chauvinistic military dictatorship, the prospect of the future of Burma is very dim. I think that the current military regime no longer has the ability to control the nation as well as its armed forces. For us to get rid of the military dictatorship, the entire people should rise up to be united against the regime. Only then can we build a genuine Federal Union, which will serve the best interest of the entire nation. Chinland Guardian, 22 November 2002 National Dialogue: If the junta wants to carry out genuine dialogues, it must not only stop the military offensives against the Karen but also release all political prisoners including Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, unconditionally. We have told the government that if they want peace with the Karen they should approach us directly and not go behind our backs. DVB, 15 August 2007

I. 158. Dr. Josef Silverstein, Professor Emeritus, Rutgers University The personal attacks have only increased Daw Aung San Suu Kyis standing in Burma and abroad. International Herald Tribune, 19 July 1991 Rangoon had been paying a price for its detention of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. International Herald Tribune, 12 July 1995 On balance, while the military has the weapons and holds the nation prisoner, Aung San Suu Kyi has the backing of the people. 7 September 1995 Burma has no steady source of income and no prospects for one, according to Silverstein. The countrys main export industries -- rice, minerals and fish -- are in various states of chaos, he added. The World Bank will not lend Burma money without evidence of political reform, nor will the United States allow American businesses to make new investments there. The Burmese government has made the situation so horrible for its people that unless everybody in the family is engaged in something, theyre going to keep tumbling downward, said Silverstein. Medill Journalism, Northwestern University, 15 July 2004 U.S. and European sanctions have made it difficult for many multinational companies to operate in Burma, but the government appears to be working vigorously to get the measures lifted. Officials from the International Monetary Fund have been invited for meetings in October to discuss further economic liberalization. And the government has started a charm offensive with Aung San Suu Kyi, who has great leverage on the issue of sanctions. Last week, the government invited her for the first time to the capital, where she met with Thein Sein, the president. As an Oxford-educated 1991 Nobel Peace laureate and the daughter of Burmas independence hero, Aung San, she is perhaps the premier interlocutor between Burma and the outside world. She has not fully enunciated her goals since her release from house arrest, but those who have watched her closely believe that she has aspirations well beyond being a mere symbol of national unity. I always thought that her ambitions were higher than a mother figure, said Josef Silverstein, a Burma specialist and professor emeritus at Rutgers University in New Jersey. Whether a long-elusive Page 42 of 188

reconciliation between Aung San Suu Kyi and the former generals is possible remains a question hanging over the countrys future. staradvertiser.com, 26 August 2011 I. 159. Shwe Sin, Anti-Dictatorship, Peoples Freedom Movement in Burma (ADPFM) We would like to warn the soldiers and the military personnel that this is the time for them to stand up for the people who has been enduring the aggression and repression by the regime for too long. And this is the time for them to against the unjust ruling body so called SPDC. 14 July 2007

I. 160. Dr. Aung Khin Sint, medical doctor, writer, MP, NLD Mingala Taungnyunt (1), chairman of the Health Workers Union Servitude: I would like to serve a democratic government from the bottom of my heart.

I. 161. Thet Naung Soe, law student, political prisoner 14-year imprisonment (2002), Monywa He was a solo peaceful demonstration in front of the Rangoon City Hall in 2002.

I. 162. Pyi Sone, eight year old boy I love General Aung San unconditionally, because my teacher taught us he was the father of our independence from Britain, said Pyi Sone, an eight-year-old boy. AFP, 1 January 2008

I. 163. Sylvester Stallone, Hollywood superstar Live for nothing, die for something. Reuters, 1 February 2008

I. 164. Neill Staurland, moderator for D4B I share the same dream as many Burmese people, a free and democratic Burma with respect for human rights. Solidarity makes strong! 18 April 2009

I. 165. Joseph Stiglitz, American Nobel economics laureate 2001 Prof. Stiglitz was speaking at a forum on Restoring Burma as the Rice Bowl of Asia, organised by the Burmese government and the United Nations Economics and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), on Monday. Economics and politics cannot be separated, said the Nobel Prize winning economist. For Burma to play a role on the world stage and to achieve true stability and security there must be widespread participation and inclusive processes. This is the only way forward for Burma, he added. Mizzima News, 17 December 2009 Joseph Stiglitz, the American Nobel economics laureate, advised Burmas military-run regime this week that political reform is necessary if the generals hope to revitalize the countrys stagnant, mostly agriculturebased economy. Any reform of the rural sector, which employs 70% of the workforce and accounts for nearly half of gross domestic product (GDP), will run up against the widespread and largely institutionalized corruption of the military. Stiglitz, a former chief economist at the World Bank and Nobel Prize winner in 2001, is renowned for his sharp critiques of conventional free-market development policies, including those espoused by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. His comments came in the context of a Page 43 of 188

forum arranged by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) at the invitation of the government of Burma. The forum in the capital, Naypyidaw, was attended by Burmese Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation Major General Htay Oo and Minister for National Planning and Economic Development U Soe Tha and was aimed at exploring strategies for poverty alleviation and rural development. Both ministers are known to be close to Senior General Than Shwe, the reclusive authoritarian leader who is known to have the final say on all policy decisions. Brian McCartan, Asia Times, 18 December 2009 At a press conference organised here Monday by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Stiglitz expressed optimism over the prospects for change in Burmas rural economy. In general, there is the hope that this is the moment of change for the country, Stiglitz said. IPS, 21 December 2009 Following his trip to Burma last week, Prof Joseph Stiglitz on Monday held a press conference in Singapore and told reporters that he had advised Burma to reform its rural credit system, invest more on education and open up political participation, in order to sustain its economy. Without an intensive effort to develop, Burma may fall further behind, In economics you have to run to stay still. The world is changing and you have to change too, Prof Stiglitz said. Burma has many well educated people in their fifties but there is a big gap emerging between these old people and the younger generation, Prof Stiglitz said. If you dont renew your human capital it depreciates just like human capital, Prof Stiglitz said. Current investment levels in education are not enough to renew human capital at the level the country requires. The cost of credit in rural areas is as high as 10 per cent a month. It is very clear from the evidence that this is a real problem with creditirrigation increased agricultural potential but because farmers could not get credit to buy fertilizer and seeds, they could not realize their full potential, Prof Stiglitz said. The Nobel Prize winning economist said he had also advised the Burmese generals to use the money earned from sale of natural resources for widespread development, urging the government not to squander this opportunity. Prof Stiglitz told the Burmese government that You cant separate economic and political processes. If you want to achieve political and economic stability then you have to engage in participatory processes. We hope that this is a moment of change. It would be a mistake to miss this opportunity, he added. We were told later by some of the foreign diplomats that this event was a major breakthrough and that they had never heard of this kind of discussion in public before, and that this may have been the first time the military had heard these sorts of things, Prof Stiglitz said. Mizzima News, 22 December 2009

I. 166. Rev. Fr. John Sue, Priest The truth shall make you free. (John 8:36)

I. 167. Saww Oo Swarr Military dictatorships are simulations harmful and deadly to good living. Therefore it is every citizens duty to destroy once and for all military dictatorship in any form from ones life in ones country. Go away SPDC. Get out SPDC. Go down SPDC. The demand of the people is your demise floating down on a speedy spree on the river of no return. New Era Journal, 8 June 2007

I. 168. Dr. Tint Swe, India

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Alternatively, instead of Look East, I honestly propose Look Peoples policy. Wherever I go around and whomever I met with, Indian people support our struggle. So what I mean is to heed the views of Indian people and Burmese people. I wish for another good U-turn! Burma Digest, 1 July 2007 I. 169. Eric Szmanda, American TV show CSI: Crime Scene Investigation The UN can do a lot on Burma, countries in this region can do a lot on Burma, the United States and Europe can do a lot on Burma, but they need to start to speak out, regularly and quickly and with urgency. I think thats the most important thing that we can do. AP, 12 June 2007

I. 170. Dagon Taryar, renowned writer and poet, peace acitivist He appealed to the people that it was high time for all political forces to form a big united front and work jointly toward genuine peace. 10 May 2006 I greatly admire him because his ideas and his literature which influenced me in my youth, Win Tin, a celebrated pro-democracy leader and former journalist, told The Irrawaddy. I like his philosophy, Literature can solve social problems and record the peoples struggle for freedom and peace. Dagon Taryar wrote, History is unforgettable. Criticism is intended to benefit the country. I believe if there is criticism, there can be progress. He refused a State Honorary Award by late dictator Gen Ne Win. After his refusal to accept the award, he went into self-imposed exile from Rangoon, from which he composed one of his best-know poems, Sending Myself to the Mae Za. Mae Za is a place where critics of the king were sent into exile. He called himself the Liberator, but he never assumed an active role in any political party or regime. In the mid 1990s, Dagon Taryar briefly came under critical attack from some groups made up of exCommunists and former members of Ne Wins Burma Socialist Program Party. In reply, he reaffirmed his view that writers should not lose touch with the people and their social environment. He wrote, You cannot separate the arts from the socio-political setting. In 2004, he said that the only way to resolve the countrys political deadlock in the best interest of all parties was through peaceful means, adding he was ready to play a role in peace talks between the military government and oppositions groups at any time. I have no foes, only friends, he once said. I have no hatred for any person. To me, politics means making friends of foes. The Irrawaddy, 8 May 2009

I. 171. David Taw, Joint Secretary, Ethnic Nationalities Council of Union of Burma (ENC) We have come US to seek the American Government continually reorganization and support for the tripartite-dialogue in Burma as a mean to solve the country political crisis which is supported by the United Nations resolution. Elaisa Vahnie, Chinland Guardian, 9 June 2007

I. 172. Dr. Tayza, Burma Digest If the ruling military junta sincerely wants a genuine credible and long-lasting national recondition, they cannot neglect the indispensable role to be played Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in every step of their so called roadmap; to make sure that it is a roadmap to democracy but not to devastation and destruction or deterioration and decline. 10 June 2007

I. 173. Hlaing Moe Than, Student, 8-8-88 uprising Page 45 of 188

The struggle will have to be won from inside, but we need favorable international conditions, Hlaing Moe Than said. International Herald Tribune, 27 October 2007

I. 174. Nyunt Than, Burmese American Democratic Alliance (BADA) Under the bright noon sun, Nyunt Than, 46, gathered with 100 Burma supporters along the San Francisco Bay waterfront, and waited anxiously for a designated runner carrying the Olympic torch to pass before them. San Francisco is the only U.S. stop in on the torchs world tour in 2008. Festooned in maroon robes, in honor of the Buddhist monks silenced in Burma, the excited and angry activists wore yellow banners pinned to their robes that read Chinas policy = Burmas misery, and chanted, Boycott the Olympics and Free, free, free Burma. China sells billions of dollars of arms to Burma, while people struggle to live even hand to mouth daily, Than said. Protesting in front of the Olympic flame was his chance to bring Burmas plight to the televised world. What is needed now is collective, consistent and firm policies towards Burma, and a global leadership to get there. badasf.org, 15 November 2008 To support the people of Burma in their long and hard struggle for freedom, two of the cities in the San Francisco Bay area are going to vote on a resolution denouncing the 2010 Election in Burma as illegitimate. The San Francisco Resolution will be voted on coming Tuesday at the Board of Supervisors meeting. The resolution was sponsored by Supervisor Chris Daly and co-sponsored by Supervisor Eric Mar and Supervisor John Avalos. Please email the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and ask them to kindly support the resolution. BADA, 11 May 2010

I. 175. Ohn Than, employee of Forestry Department, political prisoner 1988-96 + 7-year (1998) Tharawaddy prison + 2004-2006 Moulmein prison, detention February, April and August 2007 One-man protest outside United Nations Development Programme office demanded the immediate release of Aung San Suu Kyi and the intervention of the UN Security Council in Burma on 21 September 2004. Again in downtown Rangoon he called the creation of a civilian government, a solution to Burmas poverty problem and UN intervention for political reform in Burma on 25 April 2007. Ohn Than said at that time that he was demonstrating to escape from the worlds poorest country, to demand the establishment of a peoples elected government, to get rid of dictators and to get the government to invite the UN High Commissioner for Refugees to visit Burma. Irrawaddy, 23 August 2007 I. 176. Dr. Salai Tun Than, Leader of Civil Disobedience Movement, Former Rector of Yezin Agriculture Institute in Pyinmana In a statement released in the US on May 10, he announced that he would return to Burma on June 19, which is the birthday of democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, and launch a new solo protest. He also called for a civil disobedience campaign and began travelling around the world to raise publicity for his plan. Asian Human Rights Commission, 15 June 2006 Sacrifice myself in order to bring this horrible system of military dictatorship to an end.

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Now Im teaching children who cant attend school and are very poor. As you know there are a lot of children who dont know real education. They dont even know what a computer is so I want them to know. Our government does not do much for them. They can only do one thing and that is take care of their own family. Now they change our national flag and song. Its not good for us but for them. They still dont give a chance to open our class again. How bad they are. Now I look for one place to teach the children but fare is very expensive for me. Now Ive to save money to buy one computer. I promise you I never give up and Ill try my best as much as I can. Paul and Marjorie Hilts, The Aspen Times, 19 July 2008

I. 178. Pu Chin Sian Thang, MP, CRPP, Spokesperson of the United Nationalities Alliance and Chairman of the Zomi National Congress He said that if the militarys lieutenant general Thein Sein was serious about making the appropriate changes to the newly drafted constitution, then all political parties should be invited to express their views on the text. A basic constitution that is based on federal policies needs to be written. If these matters are to be discussed then political prisoners such as Khun Htun Oo, Sai Nyunt Lwin, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and U Tin Oo must be released first. DVB, 13 July 2007 He has faced several pressures in the past including canceling of his license to practice as a lawyer. However, Chin Sian Thang won the case. Chinland Guardian, 21 August 2007

I. 179. U Thant, former UN Secretary General On June 26, 1965, the twentieth anniversary of the signing of the United Nations charter, a Minute for Peace message featuring UN Secretary General U Thant was broadcast on all major U.S. radio networks, by United Nations radio, by networks in other countries, and by international short wave radio. earthsite.org

I. 180. Tin Maung Thaw, CRDB, Burma Fund, USCB Aung San Suu Kyi is, indeed, the hope for democracy in Burma. But even more, she is the leader of the prodemocracy forces opposing the military dictatorship residing in Rangoon. Suu Kyi has been given the mandate to transform Burma from a national prison, to a nation at peace, where justice and democracy prevail. Not since her father, Gen Aung San, has the entire nation expected so much from one individual. Like her father, she has demonstrated the leadership, compassion, and competence to achieve those goals to which our people aspire. 10 December 1991 I believe in the CRDB founding principles of 3 Rs, 1) Return power to the Burmese people (Democracy/democratic system) 2) Restore basic human rights (Freedom) 3) Rebuild the union as a federal union (Harmony). 30 July 2007

I. 181. Ven. U Thawpaka (a) Sopaka, Buddhist monk, Peace March There are at least 85 Buddhist monks in prisons of terror throughout Burma. October 2006 Peace in World and Burma. March 2007

I. 182. Aung Thein, respected NLD lawyer, political prisoner 4-month imprisonment (2008) Page 47 of 188

The sentence was passed in his absence after the judge of Rangoon Hlaing township court reported the alleged violation to the supreme court yesterday, U Aung Thein told DVB from his office in Rangoon. I am waiting for the police to come and take me to jail, with my baggage and medicines at the ready, as there is no medicine in prisons. Im ready when the police are. When asked why the judge accused them of contempt of court, he explained: Our clients verbally notified Hlaing township judge that they have no faith in court proceeding and do not want to be tried anymore. There will always be defenders of the truth. DVB, 7 November 2008 I. 183. Aung Myo Thein, Assistant Association for Political Prisoners Burma There can be no national reconciliation in Burma, as long as there are political prisoners. 19 July 2009

I. 184. Min Thein, solo protester, NLD Rangoon Min Thein walked into the middle of the street in front of the party headquarters and stood silently with a placard reading, Release Min Ko Naing and other political prisoners. I am expressing my feelings and I am ready to face all consequences, Min Thein told reporters after the protest. AP, 22 November 2008

I. 185. Myo Thein, Director, Burma Democratic Concern I believe in People Power and I believe that Mass Movement would be the key for the democratization of Burma. Mass, Media and Money (3Ms) are very important three main factors for the realization of democratization of Burma. We must establish Civil Society Organisations inside Burma. 8 August 2010 I. 186. Nilar Thein, 88 Generation Students, Womens Wing, spouse of Ko Jimmy We, the Burmese women, interested in politics and taking part in politics, are facing violence and torture and being killed. From here, I would like to request womens organizations all over the world to form a investigative commission and to take action for the things going on in our country. RFA, 16 October 2007

I. 187. Phyo Min Thein, Union Democratic Party Burmese President Thein Sein will be the target of a signature campaign led by activists in Burma who are demanding the government release political prisoners and begin political dialogue with the opposition. According to campaign organiser Phyo Min Thein, one-time chairman of the Union Democratic Party (UDP), the petition will also call for the safe return of refugees and political exiles and an end to intractable conflicts with armed ethnic groups. The first step the new government needs to take is to release the detained democracy activists to allow them to take part in rebuilding our nation and developing a democratic system, he said. We hope the government led by President Thein Sein will make a positive response to our call. Activists in Burma face significant risks, with hundreds behind bars for speaking out against what they claim is injustice by the government. Burma holds nearly 2,200 political prisoners. The prospect of a prisoner amnesty had been mooted as one of the first signs of appeasement by the new government, which was sworn in last month, but nothing has yet taken place. The campaign organisers are also looking to establish a youth network to further unify activists demands. Phyo Min Thein said the first step would be to collect signatures in Rangoon from National League for Democracy members, ethnic political groups, veteran politicians and former students during the 1988 uprising. DVB, 19 April 2011

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I. 188. Pyi Thein To pass the UNSC, people need to pressure on China and Russia. 1. The international leaders can send their messages to the governments of China and Russia. 2. Boycott China products such as do not eat at Chinese restaurants, do not buy Made in China and do not go shopping at Chinese markets, AROUND THE WORLD. 3. Boycott China Olympic. 4. Declare this mission all over the world including China and Russia Embassies.

I. 189. Ko Thiha, a youth member of NLD Meikhtila township, Mandalay, political prisoner life imprisonment plus an additional two-year jail term (2008) It is time to get back on track. Where there are students, there are student unions. DVB, 14 February 2008 I. 190. U Thilawantha, a leader from the monks alliance Sasana Moli in Bangladesh He said, We are monks but we are participating in the long march from the Bangladesh capital Dhaka to the southern town of Coxs Bazar because we would like to show our desire against the referendum. We would like the Burmese military junta to know how much monks are dissatisfied with the referendum. Narinjara News, 28 March 2008

I. 191. Htoo Ein Thin (1962-2004), singer, song composer, 8-8-88 uprising, All Burma Students Democratic Front In the late 1980s, a young musician named Htoo Ein Thin attempted to break new ground. He does his own compositions, arrangements and singing. Since he was deeply involved in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising and is well read, his lyrics have an idealistic, political flavor. Irrawaddy News, 1 September 2002

I. 192. Phyu Phyu Thin, NLD Phyu Phyu Thins younger sister, Ma Sabeh Oo, said her sisters previous detention turned her into an activist. In the year 2000, she traveled with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, there was some commotion, and she was arrested and put in prison. In prison, she saw the opposition government. She realized that everyone had sacrificed for this work. She saw many people in prison like that. It outraged her, and she made a decision right there in prison that she would become involved in politics. She was imprisoned for more than four months. Then she was released. She began to do this work after her release. RFA, 1 June 2007 Phyu Phyu Thins sister told DVB that it had been a month since her disappearance and that their family would file a missing person case with the police if news on her status was not release soon. 21 June 2007

I. 193. Fiona Thompson and Patriots, Burma Support, New Zealand We do not fear thanat (guns). We will retaliate peacefully with hpanat (footwear). Down with the junta; Under our feet 2 March 2008

I. 194. Kyaw Thu, a well-known actor and vice president of the Free Funeral Services Society (FFSS) Kyaw Thu, a popular actor who has refused to perform in propaganda films, was disqualified from the Burmese Academy Awards. Burma Net News, 5 August 1996 Page 49 of 188

Burmas poverty means that even providing funerals for loved ones can be difficult if not impossible. But a new social welfare association is lending a helping hand. Accompanied by some poor people, a famous Burmese movie star carries a coffin in Rangoon. In the coffin is the corpse of a poor man who is unrelated to the actor. This is not a scene for a film; its real. And to many people its amazing, because its so unheard of. Online Burma Library Kyaw Thu said on Friday that local officials seized donations by local residents made on Wednesday for the support of FFSS. The government-affiliated Union Solidarity and Development Association, a pseudosocial organization also announced its founding of a similar body to FFSS late last year. Though USDA officials claimed they were not trying to replace the funeral service, Kyaw Thu said the group has routinely adopted their methods and activities. We are not engaging in politics, but are just trying to provide genuine assistance to the needy, he said. Burma Net News, 23 March 2007 We are Buddhist. All Buddhist have to support this movement. We will do whatever we have to do take care of the monks. They are doing a lot on behalf of the people. Irrawaddy, 24 September 2007

I. 195. Ye Kyaw Thu (d 1999), Co-founder CRDB The highest honors are reserved for Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the Burmese people themselves. The awarding of the Nobel Prize is a supreme achievement, and one that synergistically benefits all who yearn for a free Burma. 1992

I. 196. Thuzana, Abbot at the Myainggyingu monastery, Karen A senior monk in eastern Burma has urged both sides of the Karen conflict to cease killing and begin negotiations towards achieving peace in the region. The opposition Karen National Union (KNU) and junta proxy Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) should take lessons from past consequences, said U Thuzana, abbot at the Myainggyingu monastery in Karen state, in a statement issued yesterday. The two sides should achieve reunion and cooperation by the time of Karen New Year, in December, he said. DVB, 30 September 2009

I. 197. Win Tin (Hanthawaddy), renowned journalist, writer, political prisoner 3-year imprisonment (1989) + extended 11-year (1992) + extended 7-year (1996) Insein prison, released in 2008. The junta fears U Win Tin because he is incorruptible. Beginning 21 June 1989, by U Win Tins directive, the motto Defy as of duty every order and authority not agreed by the majority was put on every pamphlet published by the National League for Democracy. SLORC Special Press Conference, 5 August 1989 Will death be my released? As long as democracy and human rights are not within reach, I decline my release, I am prepared to stay in prison, said Win Tin. Burma Sitmone Weblog, 15 November 2007 His stance is as before, Release, convene parliament and dialogue. He said that his stance remains unchanged no matter how the situation changes. First to release all political prisoners including Daw Suu, and then convene the parliament and start a dialogue, his friend U Maung Maung Khin who met U Win Tin in prison three days ago said. Mizzima News, 12 March 2008 Page 50 of 188

I am free, but I would like to say that I feel very sorry for my colleagues who have died in the prison, he said on a crackling phone line from Rangoon. Many, many of my friends are dead. I saw them die. And there are many people left inside. The leaders of the pro-democracy movement are all still there, he said. Remarkably, he said he bears no personal grudge against the junta or its leader, General Than Shwe. But he added: If we stay passive there is absolutely no hope for the future. This is why we are going to continue to struggle. The Independent, 25 September 2008 Its very, very good because we cannot just keep our heads down everywhere, he said. We have to do what we can, including things like prayer meetings, to show that we are still active. Win Tin also condemned the intimidation of NLD members by the authorities and restrictions preventing them from offering prayer for the release of prisoners at the pagodas. This kind of restriction is very oppressive, Win Tin said. Why cant we pray for the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at the pagoda? We have the right to demand the freedom of someone, he said. It is not a rebellion, it is not a protest, and the pagoda is not theirs. It belongs to everyone and everyone has the right to pray there. DVB, 15 October 2008 Prominent Burmese opposition leader Win Tin on Monday congratulated the citizens of the United States for electing Barack Obama as president. At the same time, he said that Burma too was in need of regime change. The Irrawaddy, 6 November 2008 US president-elect Barack Obama could show a greater ability to cooperate with others like the European Union, the Association of South-East Asian Nations and UN than the current Bush administration, and this would be more effective for Burmas democracy transition, Win Tin told Deutsche Presse-Agentur dpa. Win Tin, 79, also urged Obama to think more deeply on Burmas political challenges than his predecessor. 12 November 2008 Like the song by Sai Htee Saing, I am tired, but not tired, our motto should be I am afraid, but not afraid. I myself might be afraid, but I am living with the motto, I am afraid, but not afraid. The more people are afraid, the more military governments tend to frighten and oppress them. If there are ten people and only five people are afraid, it will make the throne of the king unsteady. It could even bring it down. DVB, 19 November 2008 Around 300 young people from Rangoon, Mandalay, Magwe and Irrawaddy divisions attended a meeting at the National League for Democracy headquarters in Rangoon yesterday. The meeting, entitled Youth and the Future, was led by NLD central executive committee member Win Tin and lasted two hours. According to Rangoon division youth member Aye Naing, who attended the meeting, Win Tin mainly told the young people that they must play their part in the countrys future. He told us not to worry about the unknown future but to keep our spirits up and be ready to solve anything, to make our voices heard and to take action, Aye Naing said. DVB, 17 December 2008 He has always maintained three fundamental demands, summarized as Suu Hlut Twe. Suu stands for the unconditional release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi and all other political prisoners; Hlut stands for the convening of the Hluttaw (the peoples parliament) with representatives elected in the 1990 elections; and Twe stands for dialogue between the military government and opposition groups. The Irrawaddy, 31 December 2008 As for me, Im content with their admission of wrongdoing. Nevertheless, on the political aspect, if exiled democratic forces deem it to be a deliberate character assassination or an intentional misinformation and Page 51 of 188

continue to take action as necessary, I would agree to their act. I would also like to thank them for working on behalf of me. I have difficulty to communicate with elements abroad. The case came up when U Win Tin sent a letter of complaint to Foreign Correspondents Club of Burma on December 18 after Germanbased DPA news agency printed news on November 30, 2008, incorrectly reporting U Win Tins talk. Khitpyaing, 14 January 2009 The election can mean nothing as long as it activates the 2008 constitution, which is very undemocratic, Mr. Win Tin said in a recent interview. We expect democracy can happen anytime, Win Tin said, recalling the countrys postcolonial democracy period between 1948 and 1962. But sometimes, you have to sacrifice everything for a long, long time. It might extend for more than your life span. New York Times, 29 September 2009 Burmas ruling junta may be immune to the soft approach of engagement announced by the United States last week, according to a senior Burmese opposition party member. The new US approach mirrors policy advocated by Burmas regional neighbours, according to National League for Democracy (NLD) party member, Win Tin. I dont think Burmas situation could be handled by this soft diplomacy method, he said. As we have experienced before, the junta plays games, makes lies, breaks promises and then says whatever it wants to say through state-run newspapers. DVB, 30 September 2009 When U Win Tin, the senior NLD leader, speaking on PM Thein Seins comment that Aung San Suu Kyi has a role to play, on 27 October 2009, that reconciliation is more than just a word or concept and must be practised at the dialogue table, he is pin-pointing the fact of juntas rigid, non-compromising position vis-vis the opposition camp as a whole. Sai Wansai, Shan-EU, 3 November 2009 Always following the four principles of the NLDs Shwegondaing Declaration in April 2009; before the 2010 election we demand the military regime to recognize the 1990 election results, release all political prisoners, open dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi, and review the 2008 constitution. Win Tin, Moe Ma Ka, January 2010 Win Tin, one of the countrys longest-serving former prisoners, called on Envoy Tomas Ojea Quintana to be decisive and perform his duties in the strictest manner without falling prey to the lies of the government. Burmas human rights conditions are at the abyss. The government continues to violate human rights and they dont have the will to alleviate human rights conditions, said Win Tin, a senior member of Suu Kyis party. Suu Kyis party spokesman, Nyan Win, said the party welcomed the U.N. envoys visit since gross human rights violations were continuing. His visit wont be able to totally address the human rights issue but the visit can certainly contain human rights abuses, Nyan Win said Sunday. Tin Oo, a former defense minister and highly decorated battlefield commander, became a trusted ally of Suu Kyis after joining Burmas democratic movement. Tin Oo said the more the U.N. human rights envoys visit Burma the better it will be for the country. AP, 16 February 2010 Though European Unions extension of its existing economic sanctions against Burma for one more year was welcomed by the National League for Democracy (NLD), Win Tin, a senior leader was unhappy with its decision to continue parleys with the junta. When we wanted them to apply more pressure on the junta, they still wanted to talk with the regime. We are unhappy with this, Win Tin a Central Executive Committee member of NLD said. Given that the appalling human rights situation has not shown any improvement, European Union foreign ministers decided to extend sanctions against military-ruled Burma for one more year at a meeting in Luxemberg on April 26. At the same time the meeting decided to send a diplomatic mission to Burma for parleys with the junta. Western countries should persuade veto power Page 52 of 188

holders like China and Russia to take practical actions on Burma through the United Nations Security Council, such as weapons sanctions and strong diplomatic pressure, Win Tin said. Mizzima News, 28 April 2010 U Win Tin, a Central Committee Member of the National League for Democracy, asserted that Chinese President Wan Jia Baos Burma visit could not bring any positive effects to democracy in Burma, and that the Chinese government not only provides boxing gloves to the military regime, but also knuckles dusters, while the NLD has nothing. NEJ, 3 June 2010 Meaningful political dialogue between the military, the National League for Democracy led by Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi, and ethnic representatives is the only way to solve problems in Burma peacefully. The military has no desire to talk. But if the international community seriously exercises strong and effective pressure on the regime, the combination of pressure from outside and peaceful resistance inside the country will force the regime to come to the dialogue table. I wish that our friends in Europe would abandon their dream of expecting something impossible from the election, and start taking serious action against the regime with the aim of starting a dialogue. They should begin by creating a U.N. commission of inquiry to investigate human rights violations in Burma. Win Tin, New York Times, 30 September 2010 At the 22nd establishment anniversary, Zomi National Congress (ZNC) announced the Kale Declaration on 24 October 2010 since the 2008 constitution and 2010 election could not guarantee national reconciliation and genuine federal union based on the right to self-determination as desired by ethnic peoples. This week, U Win Tin talks about convening a Second Panglong Conference initiated by ZNC, which he too has joined and signed along with Tin Oo, other CEC members of the NLD and ethnic leaders. He says that first of all, the whole people wish the military dictatorship is vanished as well as democracy, human rights, and national reconciliation are obtained by solidarity and rightful leadership. Second, the 2010 election will not fulfill the above objectives. Third and last, all ethnic peoples in the Union of Burma, living under neither one state system nor secession, determinedly stay together by democratic principles, equality, and formation of federal union. Therefore, we all agree to call for a conference. Moe Ma Ka, 25 October 2010 NLD co-founder and former political prisoner Win Tin expressed extreme disappointment that UN chiefs report to the UN General Assembly on Burmas human rights situation failed to seriously address violations against ethnic minorities, he told Mizzima recently. The UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moons report was presented to the general assembly last month but was only made public a month later. It was supposed to cover the situation of human rights in Burma for the period from August last year to August this year but it failed to detail any of the Burmese regimes military offensives in ethnic minority areas during that time. In particular, there was no mention of the infamous attack last year in August and September on the Kokang region of Shan State that forced 37,000 refugees to flee to China. Win Tin told Mizzima it was disturbing that Ban had neglected to cover abuses against ethnic people because in Burma many of the worst and most frequent human rights violations committed by the army are against ethnic people. He said Bans failure to mention the juntas attack on the Kokang region and the military offensives in ethnic Karen areas of eastern Burma was evidence that the secretary general and his staff were not interested in seriously addressing the issue of human rights abuses against ethnic people. Win Tin added that the attacks on ethnic people over the past year showed that Ban was wrong to make in his report the optimistic observation that the past 15 years have seen a significant reduction in the overall level of conflict in Burma. He was appalled that Bans report completely ignored the conclusion reached by UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Burma Toms Ojea Quintana in his March report that the human rights abuses in Burma were serious enough to warrant a commission of inquiry. Likewise, Bans report had omitted any mention of Quinanas assessment that in Burma the possibility exists that some of these human rights violations may entail Page 53 of 188

categories of crimes against humanity or war crimes under the terms of the Statute of the International Criminal Court known as the Rome Statute. Because of a lack of his leadership and his unwillingness to take a stronger stand, the secretary general had become a bit of joke in Burma, Win Tin said. Referring to Bans repeated statements of concern regarding the situation in Burma, Win Tin asked if he forgets to include in his report the armys attacks on Burmas ethnic nationalities and peasants in rural areas, is Ban Ki-moon really concerned? Mizzima, 29 October 2010 Burmas opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), said it would continue to support targeted sanctions against the countrys ruling regime while the party is reviewing other trade sanctions, according to a senior party official. We have consistently supported the targeted sanctions against the regime leadership and its cronies, and we will continue to do so. But as we have said, we will review trade sanctions to find out if they are hurting the people, said Win Tin, a senior NLD leader. His comment followed calls by the foreign ministers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) and also by an alliance of five ethnic political parties in Burma for an end to Western economic sanctions against Burma. Such calls are dishonest and those who made them are merely toeing the line of the military regime, said Win Tin, adding that the sanctions have hurt the junta and its cronies and helped the opposition in its struggle for democracy. Irrawaddy, 17 January 2011 In the meeting, NLD leaders told the UN envoy to urge Burmas new government to release all political prisoners and to help the NLD survive as a legal political party. NLD central executive committee member Win Tin told VOA Burmese Service that the UN should quickly make the appointment of a full-time representative as the UN special envoy to Burma. Currently, Nambiar holds a temporary appointment. Mizzima, 13 May 2011 I. 198. Nang Charm Tong, Shan Womens Action Network I said the military wants our communities to feel shamed and demoralized. In fact it is the troops who should be ashamed, Charm Tong recounted. 31 October 2005 Burmese arm forces commit crimes in Burma while they try to show the world how much progress they are making. They are lying to the world. When you found out you would meet with US President George W Bush, in your mind what were the most important things to be able to discuss with him? First of all, the overall situation of the people inside Burma and also what is happening to the people under the current military regime. And also, secondly, to raise possible support and possible action that the US can do in order to help more. Mizzima News, 9 November 2005

I. 199. Aung Than Tun, political prisoner, NLD A political activist freed from jail during an amnesty earlier this month has said he will be filing a complaint to a newly-framed human rights body alleging physical abuse at the hands of senior prison officials. Aung Than Htun spent three and a half years of a five-year sentence in Irrawaddy divisions Myaungmya prison for his work with the opposition National League for Democracy, before being released on 12 October. Now, he says, he will submit case material to the government-backed National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) documenting extensive abuse in the prison. The former political prisoner claims he and other activists like him were beaten with batons by Myaungmyas deputy chief warden, Ye Min Aung, on a regular basis. Another inmate, Soe Thiha, from the All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF), is Page 54 of 188

serving a life sentence in Myaungmya. Aung Than Htun claims he was beaten round the head so badly after questioning prison regulations that he suffered concussion, before being put in solitary confinement. Abuse of inmates in Burma by prison officials is thought to be extensive. While Aung Than Htun claims that regular inmates were not spared, the torture of political prisoners is better documented, particularly during the interrogation phase when police attempt to extract information about opposition operations. Lengthy spells in solitary confinement are common, as is the practice of transferring inmates to remote prisons far from their families. Often these are in Burmas far-north border regions, where winters are harsh and hot seasons bringing the onset of rampant malaria. Rights groups claim the relocation of prisoners to remote jails may be tantamount to torture, given the huge distance needed to travel for visiting family members who are often an inmates only source for medication. The issue of the wholesale release of political prisoners in Burma remains the key litmus test for the new government around 220 of the more than 6,300 inmates released in the amnesty were political prisoners, leaving some 1,700 behind bars. Despite the NHRC making a rare reference to the presence of prisoners of conscience in Burmese jails, the government still denies that anyone is in prison on political charges: Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin said recently that only common criminals are jailed. Critics have also questioned the legitimacy of the NHRC, whose 15-member body includes former ministers and which has said it will only focus on new complaints over human rights abuses, and not the hundreds stagnating in the countrys woeful judicial system. DVB, 25 October 2011

I. 200. Thakin Chan Tun, Veteran Politician Thakin Chan Tun of the Veteran Politicians Group said, They attacked Daw Aung San Suu Kyis motorcade during her tour to Depayin, upper Burma which left many people dead and injured. Many vehicles were burnt. This time they may do it again. This will be an indelible black mark in our history. They should not commit such violence against the opposition. The government and senior armed forces leaders should control their own and protect the people. Mizzima News, 18 July 2008 Thakin Chan Tun, a veteran Rangoon politician, said that sanctions were put in place because Suu Kyi was taken as a political prisoner. Therefore, granting her freedom is likely part of a Burmese government strategy to ease sanctions, he said. Irrawaddy, 18 November 2010 Thakin Chan Tun, a retired Burmese ambassador and a political veteran, said that the military regime should rigorously undertake national reconciliation and should hand over state power to the general public and return to the military barracks. Irrawaddy, 1 December 2010

I. 201. Kyi Soe Tun, director, former chairman of Burma Motion Pictures Association He refused to cave into military demands in support of China and Russias veto of the United Nations Security Council resolution on Burma in January 2007. Pressured from the military junta, he resigned over the governments draconian censorship policies in March 2007.

I. 202. Thiha Tun, Mingaladon, Rangoon He was a political prisoner 1999-2006 in Insein prison / Ywathagyi mental hospital for staging the first solo protest by setting himself ablaze outside Rangoon City Hall and for singing political songs. August 2006

I. 203. Nyaungtone Tun Tun, NLD Youth, Nyaungtone Township, Irrawaddy Page 55 of 188

He was a political prisoner 1995-99 for switching on radio broadcasts (DVB, BBC, RFA, VOA) loudly, and a solo protester in front of the City Hall in June 2006. Again he was rearrested on 7 July 2006 and detained 33 days at Rangoon Ywathagyi mental hospital.

I. 204. Sean Turnell, expert on the Burmese economy at Macquarie University in Sydney Sanctions may not be an all-or-nothing issue, though, said Sean Turnell. He pointed to targeted sanctions that aim to cripple the financial dealings of the junta and its associates and send exactly the right message to the people the message needs to be sent to. International Herald Tribune, 15 March 2009 Many argue that the answer is to concentrate on the sanctions that narrowly target members of the regime. If youve got sanctions targeting specific individuals, they are not only sending the right message, more importantly they are sending the right message to the right people, Turnell said. Washington Post, 12 April 2009 When released on Nov. 13, Suu Kyi did not criticize China. Last year, she also said that she was willing to work with the Burmese generals for the removal of sanctions if evidence was provided that lifting sanctions would benefit the Burmese people. Burma economic specialist Sean Turnell of Macquarie University in Australia, however, said he thinks that Suu Kyi will not allow herself to be used by the regime to get sanctions lifted without concessions on the regimes part. Indeed, if she is able to engage in a genuine exchange with them [the junta], she may just be able to use sanctions as leverage to push for economic reform, said Turnell. Irrawaddy, 18 November 2010

I. 205. Rev. Archbishop Desmond Tutu, retired, South African Nobel Peace laureate (1984) In the Far Eastern Economic Review of 16 September 1993, he compared Burma to South Africa and said, The policy of constructive engagement with the SLORC is a failure, even as it failed to persuade the apartheid regime in South Africa to make more than cosmetic changes. An international arms embargo is a first step. Trade and investment restrictions should follow. International pressure can change the situation in Burma. Tough sanctions, not construction engagement, finally brought the release of Nelson Mandela and the dawn of a new era in my country. This is the language that must be spoken with tyrants, for sadly, it is the only language they understand. Burma Alert, January 1994 Burmese people deserve our unequivocal support and effective action, which has been postponed far too long. December 2006 Tutu said, The UN and the nations of the world should immediately impose arms embargoes and targeted banking sanctions on Burma following the Saffron Massacre. Boston Globe, 22 February 2008

I. 206. Nay Myo Wai, Secretary of Difference and Peace Party U Nay Myo Wai, the Secretary of Difference and Peace Party, stated that DPP requested to authorities to loosen the restrictions, as the Censorship and Registration Department under the military regimes Ministry of Information had increased censorship of the news regarding political parties campaigns. DVB, 1 July 2010

I. 207. Saw Wai, poet, Phyu Township, Pegu Page 56 of 188

U Saw Wai, political prisoner 2-year imprisonment (2008), published a Valentines Day poem in a weekly magazine A Chit (Love) that carried a hidden message poking fun at the leader of the ruling junta. The eight-lined poem written in Burmese was about love and romance ahead of Valentines Day. But if read vertically, the first word of each line formed the phrase: Power crazy Senior General Than Shwe. AAPP, 11 November 2008

I. 208. Wansai, General Secretary, Shan Democratic Union Decentralisation, coupled with minority, group rights would be the only mechanism that is going to work in multi-ethnic state, Union of Burma. 8 July 2007 For us, the only hope lies in another spontaneous uprising with the help or coalition of at least one faction of the Burma army. For now our resources should be directed at winning sympathy and backing from such patriotic soldiers, while all the while practising multi-pronged approach. In other words, divide, buildcoalition & conquer military dictatorship. 13 July 2008

I. 209. Roland Watson In a democracy, the people have a right to know everything. It is clear that if China were to relent in its support, freedom would be much easier to achieve. Our objective is to provide information that the United States can use to reopen the Security Council debate and to get China and Russia to back down. 1 July 2007 Daw Aung San Suu Kyi is free. The legitimate democratic leader of Burma is free, and everyone is full of expectations. Hers is an awesome responsibility. There is so much to do - to accomplish, and the goals are so difficult. How should she proceed? As one would expect, her initial statements have been on target, including that she does not want to destroy the Armed Forces, just redirect the soldiers so that they fulfill their proper social role; and that she is still willing to negotiate with Than Shwe. It is an honorable step to continue this long-standing offer, but she should not appear conciliatory. What she is proposing is effectively negotiating with terrorists. She does not want to reward one of the worst criminal mafias on earth. The SPDC follows the Indian treatise on statecraft called Arthashastra, which was written about 300 B.C. In this treatise, the ruler is instructed to give no quarter to all those suspected of opposition, and to use all possible wiles, trickery and treachery to eliminate rivals. (The Arthashastra is an ancient precursor of Machiavelli.) Power and wealth are the ultimate goal, and any means to acquire or maintain them are justified. Daw Suu should have a backup plan as well, if the dictator of Burma persists in his feudal views and refusal to hold a dialogue in good faith. She further should recognize that after twenty years, non-violent strategies alone will not bring freedom and democracy to Burma. Gradual change may be impossible. I dont mean to be impolite, but as Albert Einstein once said: The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. Most importantly in her post-detention comments, Daw Suu has said that she wants to listen to the people. She recognizes that she is their representative, and that because she has been under house arrest for ages and denied freedom of travel and information, she is poorly informed. She needs to learn about the present circumstances of the people of Burma, and what they want. Only after she understands what the SPDC has done, to her people and country, will she be in a position to lead: To consider policy and to make decisions on all of the different issues facing Burma. Page 57 of 188

It is essential that Daw Suu investigate the ordeals of the juntas worst victims, and here, she can start with the manifold documentation of the Tatmadaws atrocities. One place to begin would be the reports that describe the use of rape as a weapon of war, and which are available from the Womens League of Burma. However, reading is not enough. To develop empathy, one needs to hear the stories face-to-face. Daw Suu should listen to the stories of refugees, internally displaced persons, migrant workers, and ethnic resistance soldiers. This will expose her to countless individuals whose relatives have been killed by Burma Army soldiers, in attacks on villages or of porters who were executed after they could no longer carry their loads; and who personally have been tortured, raped and maimed. This is a necessary step to prepare for the basic question of what is required for Burma. The goal is democracy, of course, but how should this be achieved? What steps are required? In a situation where there is so much suffering, where so much evil has been perpetrated, the initial goal should be freedom. The SPDC must be defeated, completely removed from power in one way or another. Then, after this is accomplished, the Burmese people can address the task of building a well-functioning, democratic nation. When you grasp the incredible breadth of the anguish and agony in Burma, it is easy to understand why, during the juntas crackdown on the Saffron Revolution, many people, including at least one monk, said that what they really needed was guns, so they could fight back. The circumstances of many Burmese have driven them to the point where they not only want to fight for freedom, in the interests of self-preservation they are compelled to do so. If there were no armed struggle, the SPDCs rule would be absolute and Burma would be as bad as North Korea. Than Shwes gambit Than Shwes decision to release Daw Suu was a shrewd move. The timing had nothing to do with the supposed expiration of her term. As she herself has commented, the detention was illegal under Burmese law. Had he wanted to, Than Shwe could and would have kept her under house arrest, indefinitely if it suited his purposes. The release was designed to relieve the popular pressure that was building after he stole the election. People were outraged and there was the potential for serious resistance, even renewed uprising, which is his greatest fear. And here, Daw Suus release was one-hundred percent successful. The people were so happy to see and hear her again that their immediate anger over the election dissipated. Than Shwe also hopes that her release can be used to put pressure on the West to end its sanctions, which contrary to what many people believe have had a huge impact; and to more willingly accept his civilian puppet government when it is formed. It is also essential that Daw Suu counter Than Shwes chess move, by opposing the election and new government (this is simply an extension of the NLD boycott), and by resisting the calls to relent on the sanctions. The release further is designed to reduce the pressure that has been building within the Tatmadaw. Than Shwe has been modernizing the Armed Forces, at great expense, including through launching a clandestine nuclear weapons program. However, the rank and file soldiers are impoverished if not hungry. There is not enough money for both: His Fourth Burman Empire delusions and to keep the soldiers content. The sanctions are working. He desperately wants them to end. It is well known that the vast majority of the troops support the cause of democracy. The regular stream of desertions is now rising to the ranks of captains and majors. Than Shwe will incur a great risk if he launches a large offensive against the resistance forces, since his own soldiers may turn against him. This is why such an offensive, long feared, has yet to erupt. It also explains why the report that Burma had been placed under a ninety day state of emergency included the provision that no soldiers would be allowed to leave the Army during that period. Than Shwes rule is fragile, and this presents an opportunity. Taking a slow approach to achieving democracy will provide him time to address these internal problems. Indeed, one can argue that given the Page 58 of 188

crimes against humanity, and the junta's weakened state, now is the time to push for freedom and with every available resource. Daw Suu has two great openings. Now that she is free, she can lead Burma on the many serious issues facing the nation. I would suggest that until the SPDC is removed, she adopt a role of Shadow Prime Minister, and consider all the issues facing the country and suggest policy thereon. Daw Suu and the NLD, still the rightful government of Burma, after deliberation should issue policy statements and recommendations on all such issues. The next section of this article is a basic policy guide. Secondly, she is not limited to leading the people, by listening to them and then reflecting their desires in policy. She can empower them first to be politically active - to help the Burmese people achieve freedom from fear; after which all fifty million citizens, as individuals, can push for change. Such a groundswell would be irresistible. Like a wave toppling a sand castle on a beach, the SPDC would disintegrate under its force. Policy recommendations for the Shadow Prime Minister The most important policy issue for Burma by far is the SPDCs internal repression, and which is not limited to the arrest and torture of dissidents. Amazingly, in Burma, World War II has yet to end. The Burma Army is attacking its own people. This is the most important issue the country faces: Ending the civil war in Burma and allowing the people to live in peace. Daw Suu should consider the following policy decisions and actions: Call on the Burma Army to withdraw from the ethnic areas. This has been the principal position of resistance groups such as the Karen National Union in ceasefire discussions: Remove Tatmadaw troops from the areas where Karen people reside so that they are able to live in peace, and we will discuss a ceasefire. More generally, call on all the soldiers and officers of the Tatmadaw to join the pro-democracy movement. Consider an amnesty for soldiers who heed this call. Call for all soldiers to be allowed to retire if they so desire. Support the right of the ethnic forces to pursue self-defense. Call on the Secretary General of the United Nations, and the member states, to organize a PeaceKeeping Force for Burma. Remind Ban Ki-moon of his responsibility to protect. Call on the United Nations to impose a comprehensive arms embargo against the SPDC. Have discussions with the different ethnic leaders about the situation and goals of their groups, including through promoting and organizing a second Panglong Conference. Ensure that such discussions include, if only through envoys, ethnic leaders who are unable to come to Rangoon. Call on the United Nations to launch a Commission of Inquiry into the crimes of the SPDC. (At this point, with so much documentation, it is unnecessary to term them alleged.) Ask Germany how, with Hitlers legacy and the national guilt of having committed the worst atrocity in human history, it can possibly oppose the COI. End the forced recruitment of soldiers and porters, with a special emphasis on ending the Tatmadaw's use of child soldiers. Push for freedom for all of Burmas political prisoners. Openly describe her experience at Depayin. National development The second set of policy issues concerns Burmas internal development. The recommendations below derive in part from my article, Development in Burma, which is still germane, and which segregates such issues into three categories: political, social and economic development. At the present time the foremost political development issues include: Document the fraud in the election and fight all attempts to legitimize it. There are many possibilities for the latter, including by opposing meetings between foreign diplomats and Than Shwe's new puppets. Page 59 of 188

Rebuild and expand the NLD organization, and reestablish contacts with allied pro-democracy groups including the 88 Generation Students, ABFSU, ABYMU, Generation Wave, etc. Oppose the actions of the new government by analyzing the issues at hand and releasing policy decisions on how a truly democratic government would address such issues. Promote efforts to teach the people of Burma about the democratic system, and encourage a lively democratic debate. Promote free media for Burma, and the rights of freedom of speech and association. Building on efforts already underway, plan a future democratic and federal structure for Burma, starting with organizing a constitutional convention and considering the various democratic institutions that need to be established, including a complete review of Burmas legal system. For social development the principal concern is the poverty and related suffering of the Burmese people. Malnutrition, disease and under-education are rampant. The country needs to build systems to guarantee that all residents have sufficient food and water, and also establish nation-wide networks of clinics and hospitals, and schools. Policy should focus on empowering the people of Burma to fulfill these needs themselves, even in the face of SPDC repression. Solicit international donor and NGO support for social development. Since the SPDC has stolen a percentage of this support in the past, for enrichment and to entrench its rule, work with the donors and NGOs to design programs that limit such SPDC theft and interference. (A sorely needed area is cross-border humanitarian aid.) All infrastructure for social development, including roads, and communications and power systems, should be screened so that their implementation is not destructive of the natural environment. Economic development, unfortunately, will be first in the minds of many such donors. They follow the policy of quid pro quo, meaning that if Burma wants money from, say Japan, it should give Japanese corporations unhindered access. If and when international aid can be reasonably organized for Burma, policy should be clear that such aid is purely humanitarian, and that while the Burmese people naturally will be grateful, it does not entail economic development reciprocity. Economic development considerations such as the mining of resources, the building of factories, etc., should come a distant second to the social development tasks of feeding, educating and ensuring the health of the Burmese. A basic policy therefore would be that talks on economic development, trade, and related issues will be postponed until the Burmese people are no longer impoverished. A separate issue is to formally consider the viability of the contracts that are currently in place between the SPDC and multi-national corporations: If they will be terminated when Burma is free; and if so if and how they will be offered to other companies that have not been the SPDC's commercial allies. External relations A major class of policy relates to how a free Burma will interact with other members of the International Community, ranging from parties such as Communist China - that have been the SPDCs closest allies; to the Czech Republic - which has consistently promoted freedom and democracy; to countries that tried to have it both ways such as the United States - which imposed sanctions against the SPDC yet at the same time allowed an American corporation to be one of the juntas main funding sources; to the fence-sitters, including the United Nations, that refused to take a stand. A standard policy is to reward allies and punish foes, depending on the degree to which they provided support or, alternatively, the party backed the SPDC. Be open with the people: Publicly disclose what the diplomats from different nations request. Since the U.N. has so comprehensively failed the people of Burma, a related question is if the country should even seek membership in the organization once it is free. Page 60 of 188

Continuing a point in the economic development section, Burma needs a policy to govern its affairs with multi-national corporations, if any. This would involve establishing laws to protect the environment and workers from exploitation by such corporations and also domestic businesses. The issue of economic sanctions should be analyzed, including not only the impact of the sanctions that are now in place, but also how other nations including Burma's immediate neighbors can be encouraged to impose them as well. One thing that is certain is that if the sanctions were uniform, the SPDC would be emasculated. Absent the natural resource wealth, which only international companies can produce, the Armed Forces would be unsustainable and the generals would be forced to relinquish power. Lastly, investigate Than Shwes nuclear weapons program, including by encouraging officers in the program to disclose its activities, and work with the International Community to ensure that the regime does not procure nuclear arms. Ask U.S. diplomats to reveal what the United States knows about the program, including its links with North Korea, China and Russia. If the election stands, and the international policy of engagement does not yield a transition to democracy, Than Shwe almost certainly will have a functioning atomic weapon within five years. Conclusion This is a great workload for an individual and a party (the NLD) to take on when their activities are severely circumscribed, and who have only limited finding. There is also the risk that Daw Suu will be imprisoned once again, or worse. Some of the recommendations could be best satisfied by traveling outside of Rangoon (for example, to meet the victims of war crimes). At this point, though, such travel would entail many risks. Daw Suu must ensure her safety, and not give the regime an excuse to detain her once again. The nature of her situation even raises the question of if she should stay in Burma. Her release was supposedly unconditional, but if she is unable to talk and act openly, this is an implied condition. Should she stay in Burma, but be forced to engage in self-censorship, or travel internationally and speak and act freely? I am not pressing Daw Suu to immediately pursue the above suggestions. Rather, I have tried to prepare a comprehensive map of her prospective responsibilities as a hands-on democratic leader of Burma, not only an ideological leader who sets fundamental principles, and who the people idolize. If and when democratic space opens up, more and more of the recommendations will become feasible. To put the future of Burma on Daw Suus shoulders is both unfair and a little naive. No one person can save a nation. But with tenacious organizing and clever diplomacy, she can direct the country and her people towards freedom and democracy. Roland Watson, THE FUTURE OF BURMA: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI, 23 November 2010

I. 210. Evan William, Journalist There is only one solution that can be employed in many different ways - intervention on behalf of the elected government denied power. This could first be done by setting up an armed UN corridor in the ethnic areas especially Karen and Karenni States to stop the killing and allow the delivery of humanitarian aid to thousands of vulnerable civilians hiding in the jungles. Burma Digest, 24 December 2006

I. 211. Aung Moe Win, Upstate New York, USA In fact, first, we didn't have planned to release all records although we have a lot of book. But we will defense the truth when someone is trying to lie and make up the political history. 14 August 2007

I. 212. Aye Win, Student, Bassein Page 61 of 188

Aye Win staged a solo protest on Merchant Road in Bassein, Irrawaddy, on Friday morning, during which he carried a sign that read: The rise of fuel prices, the difficulties of the people. He was arrested by authorities after only a few minutes of protesting. Irrawaddy, 24 August 2007

I. 213. Henry Soe Win, Founder of Democracy for Burma (D4B Listserv), Australia Our unity will lead to victory for everyone. Unity in one voice to request EU to ban the military regime from Burma traveling to Europe. Burma Digest, 20 February 2006 How to topple the military regime in Burma: 1. We will not be going back to the street foolishly to shoot down by the thugs. We will be well prepared! 2. We will need the backing of one of the powerful nation. 3. Realization of a coup within the army for the people. 4. Move the regime by force. 5. We would determine to see the Democratic change in our lifetime. 2006 Please think about the people of Burma and write something, do something about getting rid of military regime. Do not waste your and our times to criticizing others or groups. Used your thoughtful brain on how to help the people and to end the atrocious military regime in Burma. 16 August 2007 We need help from Australian friends and the Australian media to do more to get attention from the Government of Australia to get involve in the unjust treatment by the ruling military regime in Burma now. 22 August 2007 The tricks and tactics of the murderous Than Shwe regime should be stopped. Than Shwe and Maung Aye, the sole responsible persons for their crime against humanity should be tried at International Court at Hague as genocides to the innocent peoples. 10 November 2007 We need patriotic soldiers to stand by the people not to obey the orders of the stupid Generals like Than Shwe and Maung Aye. 13 July 2008 In the mean times keep up the good work, remember we are brothers alike working in every ways to free our people from military thugs who are suppose to give protection to the people as the real Tatmadaw [Army]. 18 July 2010 It remind of the International Burma Conference organised by Dr. Than Myint Oo (U Thants son in law, CRDB and NCGUB, I attended at New York in 2003. I was visiting New York and attended the meeting as a CRDB representative from Australia. Dr.Than Myint Oo chaired the meeting, Dr.Sein Win and Dr.Thaung Htun from NCGUB were at the meeting, I got up and clearly and loudly talked about US Military intervention is the only option to end the military regime in Burma. No one including Dr.Sein Win was supported my proposal and the American Burma Experts at the meeting replied it was not a possible option. I was expecting Dr.Than Myint Oo, Dr. Sein Win, NCGUB and other representatives the so called exiled Burmese leaders would intensively supported and explored my proposal for military intervention but to my surprised no one was interested. Email to Moe Hein, 20 March 2011 I am not entertained and accept any discrimination towards any ethnic group by others in and out side Burma. Our weakness and failure in our struggle is we have been fallen into divide and ruled by the regime. We have wasted so much times and energy fighting among ourselves rather than to our main enemy military Page 62 of 188

regime. See Libya, it is a proved that the united, the will and courage of the people could liberate and killed the dictator mad dog of middle east Muammar Gaddafi, if we really have the will and united with courage and determination we can succeed to topple the military regime in our country and to bring justice the dictator mad dog of South East Asia Myanmar Than Shwe. I hope you younger generation be united and keep up the struggle for the total freedom of our country from years of military ruled. Thein Seins government is not a genuine democratic government, we and the world should not fooled by the stooges of the dictator Than Shwe. 24 October 2011

I. 214. Prof. Kanbawza Win, Dean of the Students and International Director of the AEIOU Programme, Chiang Mai University, Thailand It may seems that the massacre of 7-7-62 had faded into history but it endures and its influence lives on to this day and the most conspicuous aspect is in its imposition of the tyrannical generals of political reforms at the top. Many a valiant patriots have rose and fallen starting from the workers struggle of the 70s, 80s including the 8888, to the 90s and now in this millennium the flame of struggle will never be extinguished. Men may come and men may go, but the fighting peacock will go on forever. 30 June 2007 China is already embarrassed by its support for Burma in vetoing the UN Security Council. Surely Beijing does not want the world to see it as the main obstacle to sending a U.N. force to end the killing in Burma. But right now, that is exactly the case. Other countries, like Russia, are also hanging back. But if China dropped its objections, they would probably follow its lead. 1 July 2007 It is good that some of them have become weekend politicians as in weekend they would gather at some place and change hot air. Of course most, if not all of them are 4 Bs for Burma, but in Burmese we jokingly label as Bae Htaing, Baing Kya, Bu Pyaw, Ba Hma Ma Loke Bu meaning sit aside, no money, argumentative and will do nothing. Most of these associations needed actions, humanitarian or otherwise. The Army come to power with the gun and will have to go with the gun. Our epic struggle must be joined by both the pro democratic Burman nationalities and the non Burman ethnic nationalities. We will have to build the trust between the two groups. The ultimate solution is the Federal Democratic Union of Burma. Prof. Kanbawza Win, 22 November 2008 It is a country sown with moral minefield where the US needs to tread carefully, critically and creatively. A multi-party initiative to tackling the Burma issue is not new at all. In 2003, Thailand initiated a Bangkok Process and diplomats from 12 nations, including China, Japan, India, Indonesia and several EU members, took part calling on the Junta to release of all political prisoners and seek national reconciliation. In March 2006, Michael Green, a former senior director for Asian Affairs, called for the replacement of the Bangkok Process by an international coalition for change in Burma. Again in Oct. 2007, Thailand suggested to UN Special Envoy Ibrahim Gambari that something like the six-party talks on North Korea could be organized on the Burma question as Ban Ki-moon had called the Group of Friends of the Secretary-General on Burma , (US, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, Australia, Norway, Japan, South Korea and the EU presidency) but so far nothing has come to fruition. The street smart Generals are not to be underestimated as they have divide and exploits the West, ASEAN and the UN without losing their ultimate goal of remaining in power. Lifting sanctions unilaterally will only strengthen the regime and weaken and hurt the democratic opposition inside Burma, while a rash engagement could give them legitimacy to remain in power as they have done already in the last two decades. Aside from critical and strategic approach suburb diplomacy and extreme pressure must be employed. Burma Digest, 23 April 2009 Page 63 of 188

I. 215. Khin Maung Win, deputy director of the Democratic Voice of Burma Khin Maung Win, a deputy director of the Democratic Voice of Burma, said youth movements could only work to push for democracy when combined with external pressure. If you are facing a harsh military regime, that does not hesitate to use violence to stamp out protests, there is little chance a peoples revolt will successfully bring about change. he said. None of Burmas peoples revolts have been successful in toppling the military regime, which cracked down on the opposition party after it won the 1990 elections. Some 3,000 people were reported killed in Burma during the 1988 uprising, and more than 100 in another revolt led by monks in 2007. The Jakarta Post, 14 April 2010

I. 216. Kyaw Win, a student from Myaung-Mya, Irrawaddy He wrote on a wall of the Union Building with his blood 7-7-62, do not forget it.

I. 217. Ludu Sein Win, veteran journalist and social critic, his name has been censored / suspended / banned in Burmese press, Rangoon Idol: An example of courage to the next generation of activists. In our country, the majority of people are taken in by the foreign media or the political theories presented by foreign politicians who are trying to hide Burmas situation. I want to state this clearly dont wish for the disintegration of the military, because its not realistic. In the current situation, theres no way the Burmese military will disintegrate. Wishing for this is a waste of time and energy. Weve already wasted enough time and already paid a huge price. Dont be wishing that this or that is going to happen, or the world and the United Nations is going to do this and that. Just do what you have to do, only then will we get what we want. Thats what I want to say. The Irrawaddy, 29 July 2003 In the speech on 8 March 2008, Ludu Sein Win called on people to use their power to rise up and oppose the military regime. He said that despots would never willingly relinquish power and that the Burmese people should not waste time waiting for the United Nations to rescue them. I dont believe that any outside forces, such as the UN or the United States, have the capacity to bring change to Burma. I only believe in my people, he said. DVB Famous journalist, Ludu U Sein Win is indignant that the UN special envoys mission brings nothing to the country. In a recorded message to both Burmese inside and outside he said that force was the only way to end more than four decades of military rule. In his own words, he made the following two comments: In the entire history of the world, there has never been a dictator who willingly gave up power once he had it firmly in his hands. And there are no countries in the world which have gained liberation through the help of the United Nations. Khin Ohmar, 16 March 2008 Ludu Sein Win added: Actually, the role of the media is very important for the country, just as the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary are. So, it can be said to be the fourth pillar of the state. The Irrawaddy, 29 June 2009

I. 218. Sein Win, farmer prisoner 1 and half-yr imprisonment (2004) Phapon prison Page 64 of 188

He organized a petition with 60 farmers names stating to the authorities that they did not want to grow the compulsory dry-season paddy crop in Nonechaung village, Bogale, Irrawaddy. 2004

I. 219. Tin Maung Win (1938-99), Founder CRDB The burden of the struggle for democracy is being carried by the people inside Burma. Our task has been to identify ways to assist them in that struggle. The First 5 Years, 1992

I. 220. Thar Win, photojournalist, death in custody, MI 6 Interrogation Camp September 1999 He managed to print a newspaper Kyemon with a photograph of General Khin Nyunt alongside a report headlined The worlds biggest crook.

I. 221. Sayadaw U Wisara (1888-1929), Native of Monywa, the first martyr of the freedom movement, Sangha Sammeggi Aphwe (United Monks Organisation) U Wisara was a nationalist Buddhist monk who was arrested by the British colonial government and died in the prison after engaging in a 166-day-long hunger strike in Rangoon Central prison. Not far from the Shwedagon Pagoda is the U Wisara statue, commemorating his patriotism.

I. 222. Harn Yawnghwe, Director of Euro-Burma Office If the SLORC and Khin Nyunt are left to continue as they please, Burma will be destroyed. If Aung San Suu Kyi is allowed to take over, there is hope. The Burma Monitor, May 1993 The international community role is very important to bring about change in Burma. Chinland Guardian, 9 June 2007

I. 223. John William Yettaw, Falcon, Missouri, USA Police tightened security around Burmas detained opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi on Thursday after an American man was arrested for allegedly swimming across a lake and sneaking into her lakeside home. The Burma Ahlin newspaper reported that authorities fished the man out of Rangoons Inya Lake early Wednesday while he was returning from the visit to Suu Kyis home. The report identified the man as John William Yettaw but gave no details of his motives. It would be the first time anyone has sneaked into Suu Kyis compound or swam across the lake in an attempt to get there. More than 20 police entered Suu Kyis compound Thursday morning, according to neighbors who spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of reprisals in the military-ruled country. Despite police checkpoints and barbed-wire barricades outside the home, police rarely enter Suu Kyis compound, where she has been kept under house arrest for more than 13 of the past 19 years. The newspaper report said the American man had confessed to swimming across the lake Sunday evening, sneaking into Suu Kyis residence and then swimming back late Tuesday before being spotted by police and arrested early Wednesday. He secretly entered the house and stayed there, the newspaper reported, saying that he swam with an empty 5-liter plastic water jug, presumably to use as a float. Further investigation is under way to find out his motive for secretly entering the restricted area. Police confiscated the mans belongings, which included a U.S. passport, a black backpack, a pair of pliers, a camera and two U.S. 100 dollar bills, the newspaper reported. A spokesman from the U.S. Embassy in Rangoon said consular officers were seeking access to the man as is routine in any case of an American citizen arrested overseas. Right now we dont know anything more than what is generally known, that this Page 65 of 188

man was arrested for swimming across the lake and wound up being at Aung San Suu Kyis house, said spokesman Richard Mei, who said he could not immediately confirm the man's identity or spelling of his name. AP, 7 May 2009 US national John William Yettaw, who swam across Rangoons Inya Lake to the home of Burmese prodemocracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, resulting in the extension of her house arrest, has been named one of the years Top 10 Fleeting Celebrities by Time magazine. Because she let her uninvited guest rest for a couple of days before he tried to swim back, Suu Kyi a Nobel Peace Prize laureate who has been imprisoned by Burmas military regime for 14 of the past 20 years was sentenced to 18 additional months of house arrest, the magazine said, adding that the incident had made Yettaw a magnet for international scorn and speculation. Yettaw was arrested during his return swim and sentenced to seven years in prison by Burmas ruling junta. He was detained for three months during his trial, but was freed soon after sentencing when US Sen. Jim Webb of Virginia negotiated an early release on humanitarian grounds. He was trying to help. Hes not a mean-spirited human being, Webb said in defense of Yettaws regrettable actions. Upon landing at Chicago OHare International Airport in August, Yettaw told reporters, If I had to do it again, I would do it a hundred times, a hundred times, to save her life. The Irrawaddy, 16 December 2009

I. 224. Ye Yint (a) Than Soe, Canada Hijacked the F- 28 Burma Airways plane, he and his comrade Soe Myint made a 7- point demand on 6 October 1989. They demanded the release of all political prisoners including Aung San Suu Kyi, Tin Oo, students and monks, form an interim government under the UN control, an end to the curfew imposed by the military government, troops be returned to their barracks and the establishment of a democratic government, democratic development and freedom of expression.

I. 225. Thein Zan, radiocassette repairer In March 2007, he posted satirical comments about government propaganda outside his home: Are you sure, Maung Kalu? I. 226. Zarganar (a) Ko Thura, Burmas best-known comedian Cat-and-Mouse Game: There are always under-the-table jokes and behind-the-curtain humor. Before I left him I asked him if he thought his jokes had the power to change things. I dont think so, he said, not directly anyway. All they can do is ignite the brains of the people. Andrew Harding, BBC, 25 September 2006 Burmese film director Maung Thurabetter known as the comedian Zarganaris writing a script for a movie he hopes will be made about the life of Burmas independence hero Aung San. Aung San, father of Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, is a taboo subject in his native Burma, where successive regimes have suppressed any plans to honor him with a film biography. Zarganar, who has repeatedly fallen foul of the present regime because of his iconoclastic humor and pro-democracy activities, told The Irrawaddy he wanted the film to be made by a foreign producer. He is anyway banned by the regime from film and video work. The scenario begins with the assassination of Aung San and 17 comrades on 19 July 1947, and then recounts his life in flashback. Aung San played a key role in Burmas history and it cant fade, Zarganar said. Irrawaddy, 10 January 2008 Page 66 of 188

If we talk about only the impossibilities, there will be nothing produced. So I requested them to do something first before saying its impossible and hopeless. The Japanese director prepared for nine years to produce Thway (blood) film and succeeded only after 11 years. Now its been 17 years, but this film still cannot be screened in Burma. But this Japanese director succeeded in filming and completing it alone. Why shouldnt our Burmese directors and actors produce the film about our national hero with the same zeal and perseverance as the Japanese director? So I told them to try something with concerted effort. Anyway I thank all who gave suggestions. Mizzima News, 14 January 2008 Burmas independence day in January next year will be marked with the launch of a film festival organised by two of the countrys leading pro-democracy luminaries, opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and comedian Zarganar. Billed as the Art of Freedom Film Festival, it will open on 31 December and showcase both short films and documentaries. Suu Kyi is due to present awards to the festivals winners on Independence Day on 4 January. The main theme is the idea that art can be created only when there is freedom, and film makers are to define freedom in their piece in whichever way they see it, Zarganar, who was recently released from prison, told DVB. He added that a number of entries were also likely to focus on the day Burma achieved independence after nearly a century of British rule. Our main focus is about freedom and it doesnt matter if they talk about history or not, he said. Also helping to organise the festival is former award-winning Burmese actor and director Kyaw Thu, whom since being banished from the film world has headed the highly-praised Free Funeral Service Society. The three will be joined by fellow film director Min Htin Ko Ko Gyi. Zarganar, who served three years of a 35-year sentence after criticising the Burmese governments woeful response to Cyclone Nargis in 2008, said he will be entering his own film focusing on the life of Thiri Thudhamma Khin Kyi, the wife of Burmese independence hero General Aung San and mother of Suu Kyi. DVB, 28 October 2011

I. 227. Aung Zaw, Irrawaddy We know the world is on our side now, says Aung Zaw, That moral support is very important for the people back in Burma, who are risking their lives to fight the regime. Time, 6 September 2007 But many Burmese know that there are still some genuine patriots within the ranks of the military, and believe that the only hope for their country is for one of them to finally break Than Shwes hold on power. It may seem a remote possibility, but you cant blame people for wanting to believe that there are still some within the ranks of the armed forces who understand the meaning of courage and decency. The Irrawaddy, 24 November 2008 As the founder and editor of The Irrawaddy magazine, I believe it is going to be a long and difficult road ahead, although it is inevitable that change will come one day to Burma. The independent media which strives to expose the truth in Burma will continue to play a very significant role. The Burmese people deserve a free and independent media, an essential component of a democracy and open society. I will continue to work relentlessly to help achieve that. Press Release, September 2010

I. 228. Aung Kyaw Zaw, son of Bo Kyaw Zaw, freedom activist, Burmese military analyst Whoever supports the military regime is my enemy. Irrawaddy, 2 August 2005 Persuasion, without power backup, will not work. The soft-soft approach should be changed. China must show the stick part of its diplomacy, said Aung Kyaw Zaw. Arakan Bulletin, 19 January 2008 Page 67 of 188

I. 229. Aung Moe Zaw, Democratic Party for a New Society (DPNS) Aung Moe Zaw, NCUB General Secretary, thinks old hands in politics are needed. They are in their 70s or 80s. At the very least, we need their help during the transition so that it is smooth. They know Burmese history well and have been engaged in political struggle throughout their lives. Politically, they are indispensable. On the other hand, we need younger people to help carry out our policies. Younger people should participate in politics. July 2003 Aung Moe Zaw, the leader of the DPNS, said a few international funding agencies are interested in providing assistance to Burmas fragile democracy movement. But we need more aid for the democracy movement, he said. I mean not just money alone, but also other capacity building assistance. He praised the Washington-based National Endowment for Democracy (NED) of giving support to the movement. Arakan Bulletin, 16 January 2008

I. 230. Bo Kyaw Zaw, (a) Thakin Shwe, Thirty Comrades I am 89 years old today, I am now a geriatric, as Burmese revolutionary icon Sayagyi Thakhin Ko Daw Hmine often described himself, Kyaw Zaw said. I am so proud and delighted to see our people are still fighting relentlessly against the military dictatorship through over the generations with no fear in the face of the various pressures from the government, he said. I would like to urge everyone to keep on fighting and not to give up, he continued. I ask everyone to stand together in unity and show understanding towards each other; also I would like to urge the SPDC and all the troops in the military to show respect to the people as their mentors and not to treat them like their enemies. DVB, 4 December 2008

I. 231. Minn Zaw, Treasurer, Burmese Students Union, East Germany, 1968 Hunger strike statement: I offer my life for democracy and freedom. 25 January 1969

I. 232. Nga Zaw The movement needs new blood, new methods, new ideas and new strategies. Mizzama News, 6 November 2008 I. 233. Tawphayarlay U Aung Zeya (a) Red Prince (1926-2006), grandson of Burmas famous last King Thibaw He is one of our models, who always acted down to earth.

I. 234. Min Zeya, 88 Generation Students Group Ko Min Zeya is someone who deals with people patiently - he has no arrogance - he is someone full of patience. Burma Net News, 2 November 2006

I. 235. Moe Thee Zun, ABSDF, Democratic Federation of Burma, New York, USA When a peacock fights, it fights to the death. zmag.org, February 1996 Page 68 of 188

I. 236. Kyaw Zwa, Burmese Muslim Association We urge Union Nations, European Union, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and Organization of Islamic Conference to all stand together and demand for Aung San Suu Kyi and all political prisoners in Burma be released immediately and unconditionally and to include democratic opposition and ethnic minorities in a dialogue that lead to national reconciliation. 19 June 2007

II. Ethnicities
II. 1. Arakanese On 4 June 2007, some people working for democracy and to restore peace in Arakan, put up some posters in a public area, where people could easily see them. The poster said: The Arakan natural gas is for Arakanese people; You cant sell gas without the consent of the Arakanese people; Save our forest; Don't destroy the forest; Keep Arakan green, etc. Kaladan News, 7 June 2007 A number of anti-junta slogans spray painted on the streets of Taungup, Arakan. Narinjara, 17 December 2007. Residents in Taungup also demonstrated during the pro-democracy protests in August and September 2007. Two men, Sithu and Than Lwin, staged a two-hour demonstration on August 31 and were arrested. The two carried signboards declaring, People Are Starving! as a protest against fuel and commodity prices. On September 4, about 1,000 people in the township staged a peaceful protest demanding the release of Sithu and Than Lwin, led by 15 local NLD members. Arakan Bulletin, 17 January 2008 The Arakan ethnic minority in western Burma scored a big moral victory over the new government by successfully preventing national officials from taking an ancient gold Buddha image recently excavated in their region to Naypyidaw. On May 30, local authorities discovered nearly 40 Buddha statues from an old temple in the ancient city of Mrauk- in Arakan State, one of which turned out to be made of gold and weighing 6.52 kg. A local archaeologist said that the statue dates back to the eighth century A.D. When government officials prepared to bring the golden statue to Naypyidaw, hundreds of locals came to the monastery where the statue was kept and protested against its transfer. The protests only subsided after the authorities agreed that the statue will not be moved. Although the incident seemed minor, it reminded the Arakanese people of their loss of sovereignty to the Burmese majority over two centuries ago, when the Burmese king moved their giant Maha Muni Buddha image to his capital in central Burma as a war trophy. The Maha Muni image is now a major religious landmark in Mandalay. Following the protests on Saturday, the regional minister for cultural affairs said that the golden statue will be worshiped in the town, and many locals welcomed the news as a rare victory over the national government. It is not important whether it is gold or not. This is a win for us. said a retired school teacher in the town. This is Arakanese heritage, which we will defend with our life. She said that the Burmese authorities often took away local historical artifacts, saying they intended to study the items, but they were never returned. Arakan people often express resentment of Burman majority rule and Arakan activists have often protested that their people are not benefiting from the billion-dollar oil and natural gas projects along the Arakan coast. Dr. Aye Maung, the leader of an Arakan opposition party and MP in the national Parliament, said that just as the British returned Burmas royal throne to its former colony after the countrys independence, so also the return of the Maha Muni image to Arakan State will be a good token for Burmas national reconciliation process. Although the return of the Burmese royal throne was seen by some to be a British attempt to appease former Burmese dictator Ne Win, Aye Maung said, The British did it because they have democracy. But with our country Page 69 of 188

ruled by people with different ideas, it will be a long time before we get back our Maha Muni. Irrawaddy, 6 June 2011 For the second time, the golden Buddha statue together with other artifacts were saved from the authorities who wanted to take the religious and cultural heritage pieces from the Arakan ancient city of Mrauk-U to Naypyidaw, the Burmese capital, last July 17, after informing 50 town elders at the Ratana Man Aung Monastery. The townspeople were alerted so they gathered, besieged the monastery and protested before the officers. The officials gave up and left the monastery. On June 3, 2011, the authorities tried to move the golden Buddha to Naypyidaw for the first time but the townspeople formed a blockade. A town elder, a trustee of the pagoda, said that the authorities want to take the religious and cultural pieces even by force. The Burmese Regime takes historical heritage objects from the Arakan State to mainland Burma to erase Arakanese heritage, according to sources. Last year, 70 golden coins and one ruby ring were taken from Mrauk-U to Naypyidaw and they have disappeared. More than their true worth in gold, the cultural value of these relics is far more important to the people who watch over them, for they are part of their history as a people. betweenonline.com, 24 June 2011

II. 2. Burman Reverend Sanghas! We will worship you forever as Promoters of Love and Brotherhood. Bogyoke Aung San, 20 January 1946 Min Ko Naing is urging the government and its opponents to set aside political differences to ease the countrys deepening poverty and treat spreading disease. Washington Post, 3 January 2006 Htin Kyaw, a leading member of a local lobby group Burma Development Committee, has been demanding social justice in Burma since April 2006.

II. 3. Chin The Chinland, a formerly free State, was co-founder of the Union of Burma under the Panglong Agreement. The problems of the Union of Burma started because of unequal treatment of the nationalities by successive Burmese governments since independence. The military regime has convened a sham National Convention which handpicked delegates to prolong and legitimize the military dictatorship. This National Convention deepens the national hatred and suspicions instead of solving the political crisis. In order to solve the political crisis of the Union of Burma and the refugees situation, we demand tripartite dialogue which has been called for by the United Nations as well as Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. This involves dialogue between the Burman Democratic Forces, the Burmese Military and the Non-Burman Democratic Forces. The Chin Forum, 3 May 1998 The Chin National Council (CNC) an umbrella Chin political organization composed with four Chin political parties and several civil society organizations including Chin Human Rights Organization (CHRO) and Women League of Chinland (WLC) also endorse the protest led by Buddhist monks against State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) and urged all Chins around the world to join in. Chinland Guardian, 24 September 2007 The first Chinland development and business seminar was held in Burmas former captial, Rangoon, on 22 January 2011, with more than 50 Chin participants. In the one-day forum were a series of discussions on business and development issues, based on presentations by eight key Chin speakers, ranging from Page 70 of 188

investment and share dealings to synegetic cooperation for agriculture, education, literature and social advancement in the 21st century. The seminar produced a lot of issues for both short and long terms. One of the short-term projects is to produce a digital Chin-Burmese-English dictionary. There are many other things that were talked about. It was quite good for the first time and will be much better in the second forum, said one local resident who attended the seminar. It is claimed the seminar was organised in attempts to raise issues and challenges facing the Chin people in the country for future improvement ahead of Burmas new parliament which will be convened on 31 January 2011. One of the participants told Chinland Guardian: It is great that a pool of good ideas were generated at the seminar but I am not sure how they could be practically implemented. I am worried that all these ideas would be just an imagination. It still remains unclear how the new government will come up with policies and handle issues regarding development in Chin State, one of the least developed States in Burma. The seminar has also been criticized over gender imbalance as there was no female participant in attendance. Meanwhile, Chin people have been suffering from mautam-related food crisis since 2007 and facing problems with a decade-long water shortage across Chin State, according to reports. Van Biak Thang, Chinland Guardian, 27 January 2011

II. 4. Kachin As part of the preparation for the planned referendum and elections those ceasefire groups would also be expected to surrender their weapons. Initial attempts recently to get the Kachins to lay down their arms were rejected out of hand, according to ethnic sources. IPS, 30 June 2007 Students in Bhamo University have followed those in Myitkyina University by launching an identical poster campaign against the regime as A-4 size posters were pasted on the key buildings in Bhamo town including schools, Bhamo University, colleges, and authorities offices. The five demands in the posters are identical to those put up in Myitkyina: To roll back oil and essential commodity prices, to immediately stop the Myitsone Hydroelectric Power project, to release all political prisoners and to solve the countrys problems by initiating a Tripartite Dialogue which should including the ruling junta, political opposition political parties and ethnic leaders. Kachin News Group, 18 September 2007 The path to Myitsone Village is thickly covered with weeds. Most of the houses in the village are abandoned. No children, no noise, no music in this village, which used to be home to 62 families. The regime and Chinas state-owned China Power Investment Corporation are jointly constructing the countrys largest dam just 1.6 km below the confluence the of the Mali and N Mai rivers. Sixty villages in the flood zone have been ordered by the government to relocate to a new location. Farmers in this area are frustrated about how to begin their new life. They paid little attention to the recently completed election, and have little hope for help. Lum Dau, in his forties, scratched his head, thought hard, and said simply, I dont know what to expect. Like the present military government, the new government will also do whatever it likes. Its no use hoping. People in Myitsone Village, about 27 miles to the north of Myitkyina, the capital of Kachin State, want the government to halt dam construction and return their families to their villages. But they know that's just a dream. But many plan to keep fighting, to keep hope alive. In this northern state bordering with China, the Burmese government and its cronies have been exploiting forests and natural resources such as teak, jade and gold for many years, and there has been very little help for the people. Now in partnership with the China state-owned company, the government has set about to build seven hydroelectric power plants on the Mali, N Mai and Irrawaddy rivers. Myitsone Dam is one of them and the first on the Irrawaddy River. Because of Myitsone Dam, 15,000 people from 60 villages will lose their means of livelihood, including farming, fishing and non-timber forest product collection, according to the Chiang Mai-based Kachin Development Networking Group (KDNG). The dam's flood zone will be 766 square kilometersas large as New York Cityin an area that is renowned for its biodiversity. The Kachin Page 71 of 188

people see the dam also as a threat to their cultural heritage, since the confluence area is integral to Kachin traditions. The confluence marks the beginning of the Irrawaddy River, one of the longest rivers in Southeast Asia. In addition, the dam, which will be 152 meters high, is the first dam to be built on the Irrawaddy Rivera major waterway in the country which will be severely impacted, say environmentalists. Experts also warn that the Myitsone Dam, which would be the worlds 15th largest dam, could also bring disaster to the people living down river, because it will be located just 100 km from a major fault line in an earthquake-prone area. Kachin groups have called for a halt, but their efforts have proven unsuccessful. Observers say that the junta will not stop the dam, and it will earn US $500 million annually from selling electricity to China. Were determined to fight until the government agrees to halt building this dam, said Awng Wa, the chairman of KDNG. We strongly believe we will win. Irrawaddy, 19 November 2010 The strongest ethnic political parties of the Kachin State, the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) and the oversea based Kachin National Organization (KNO) have vowed to work in partnership for the people and the country. The leaders of the KIO, the political wing of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), president of KNO and other leaders signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to work together for Burma on January 22 on the Thai-Burma border, Kachin News Group [KNG] said. Kachin ethnic political parties, the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) and the Kachin National Organization (KNO), which is based abroad, have vowed to work together for the people and the country. A memorandum of understanding has been signed to this effect by both party leaders. The leaders of the KIO, the political wing of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), president of KNO and other leaders signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to work together for Burma on January 22 on the Thai-Burma border. We (KNO-UK) are glad and welcome the decision, said Lashi Goontawng, in-charge of the London based KNO office. We believe this combination can effectively help our people, he added. According to the statements released by both sides on January 22, after a two-day meeting, they agreed to work together for the Kachin people living inside and outside Burma on a six-point political programme. The main political thrust will be freedom and justice for the Kachin people, where the focus will be on peaceful resolution through political negotiations and dialogue based on the spirit of the Panglong Agreement, the statement said. The movement will be committed to federalism for all people in Burma including Burman, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Mon, Rakhai, Shan and other nationalities. Goontawng said, the President of KNO, Bawmwang La Raw has stated that KNO and KIO had the same aim after the ceasefire in 1994. But there was misunderstanding between leaders from both sides, which made working together difficult. He said, the two organizations have been trying to cooperate with each other for long but have arrived at an understanding now. Our people are now in a tough situation so unity among us is very important, said Goontawng. The Kachin opposition political party KNO was formed in exile on 9 January, 1999 by Kachin people abroad. The KIO, which was formed on October 25, 1960 to seek self determination rights for Kachin people, fought the Burmese Army before the ceasefire with its armed wing the KIA set up in 5, February 1961. The understanding now between the two organizations is good for our people because KNO is working outside the country and KIO is working inside. This combination is important, said a political science student studying in a university abroad. The student, who wanted to remain anonymous said, the main reason why KIO decided to join hands with KNO was to focus on the international community after being active in domestic politics since the death of famous KIO chairman Maran Brang Seng. This is an agreement between the two organizations but does not include the army. As a part of the younger generation I feel Kachins need only one army. Two are not necessary, said the student. However he said both parties should pursue the same political aim. The MOU was signed by NBan La Awng Vice President of KIO, Gauri Zau Seng Vice Chairman of KIO, Lahpai La, Central Committee member of KIO and Duwa Howa Jala Chairman of KNO, Duwa Bawmwang La Raw President of KNO and Dr. Lahtaw Naw Lawn General Secretary of KNO. Kachin News Group, 24 January 2011 Page 72 of 188

The Burmese Election Commission has threatened the politician-activist Bauk Ja that her political party could be dissolved because of her advocacy for 19 Kachin students living in Rangoon who were ordered by the authorities to return home, according to the National Democratic Force (NDF). Rangoon Region Election Commission Secretary Myint Swe said on Saturday that the activities of the NDF party member threatened national unity. Myint Swe invited NDF central committee members Myo Zaw Aung, Toe Toe and Bauk Ja to his office in Rangoon to discuss the issue. The election commission warned me and other party leaders that activities which could affect national unity might lead to dissolving our party. He also said that we should put a priority on party interest above personal affairs and the interest of the state should be above the party interest, Bauk Ja told Mizzima. The conflict has arisen following the authorities threatening the Kachin students that it would not renew their guest registrations, and they were ordered to return to their homes. No reason was cited, but the order came about the time of the outbreak of renewed fighting between the government and Kachin forces. The students are living in a rented house in Bogyoke village in Thanlyin Township. Bauk Ja took up their case and advocated for them through the exile media. In an interview with Mizzima, Bauk Ja said: I have lived among wars since my childhood and suffered a lot of pain. I could not care about my own life when I realized how important it was to work for the people. I see these students as my own children who are in deep trouble. My wish to work for them outweighs my fear. The local authority is still investigating the students case. The students say they want to remain in their rented house and attend school, but if they cannot get their guest registration renewed by the local authorities they could be arrested. Bauk Ja said that the village authority has asked for the students permanent address, a transfer certificate from their school and the address of the current school they attend. Bauk Ja contested in the Phakant constituency as a NDF candidate in the 2010 general election. She lost to Ohn Myint, a former Northern Command commander who is now serving as minister of Cooperative Societies. Mizzima, 21 June 2011 The phrase independence for Kachin State is popular these days among residents of Laiza, the headquarters of the rebel Kachin Independence Army (KIA), whose ongoing clashes with government troops continued until Monday, when artillery fire from the Burmese army side reportedly fell on Chinese territory. Although KIA leaders do not use this phrase and only call for more political rights from the central government, they are now hinting at the inevitability of a major all-out war with the Burmese army, which could eventually force them to separate from Burma, if the Burmese government does not make any move to respond to the KIA's calls for autonomy, which it has been fighting for since 1963. We want a true federal state, but if the government uses force to deal with us, we will be unavoidably pushed behind the lines of 1948, said Brig-Gen Gun Maw, the KIA deputy military chief who is playing the principal role in current discussions with the Burmese government aimed at ending the armed clashes between the two sides. By referring to 1948the year Burma regained its independence from Britainhe was suggesting that the country could once again be divided into two parts: central Burma, or Burma proper, and the mountainous regions predominantly populated by ethnic minorities such as the Kachin and the Shan, which were administered separately under the British. According to a KIA draft of a ceasefire agreement with the Burmese government seen by The Irrawaddy last week, the KIA will only agree to a six-month temporary ceasefire if Naypyidaw commits to a political dialogue during this period. And the KIA wants the United Nationalities Federal Council, which represents the armed ethnic groups in Burma, to play a leading role in this dialogue. Many KIA leaders also want to see changes in the current military-drafted Constitution coming out of this possible dialogue. Asked what will happen if the government does not make any political concessions, Gun Maw said, Wars will continue to take place throughout this region. It only depends on the government to decide. We only ask for the proper solutions. To sound out public opinion among the Kachin people, the KIA leaders held a public discussion in Laiza on Tuesday with more than 120 representatives from different parts of Kachin State. The representatives unanimously said that a true federal Page 73 of 188

union should be the goal of a political dialogue with the Burmese government, according to KIA spokesman La Nan. While such formal talks continue to produce calls for federalism, however, on the ground, there is considerable resistance to the idea of pushing for a federal union. What union? There was no union before Burma's independence. We lived by ourselves with our own resources, said Maj Tang Sang, a KIA officer in Laiza. The armed clashes between the two sides, which started on June 9 near a Chinese-built hydropower power plant in northern Burma, ended a 17-year ceasefire between the Burmese army and the 10,000-strong KIA, which controls territory along the Sino-Burmese border. Since the fighting started, relations between the KIA and Chinese officials have been relatively static. KIA officials were privately furious that Burmese troops were permitted to enter Chinas border areas late last month to pick up several military trucks sold to the Burmese army, giving rise to rumors that the Burmese army was planning to attack the KIA from Chinese territory. Asked if the KIA would be compelled to restrain its future military operations due to concerns about how such actions would affect Chinese interests in Kachin State, Hkwun Nawng, the official representing the KIA in its relations with China, said, We respect Chinas recent call for peaceful solutions between us and the Burmese government, but there is nothing that we wont touch simply because it is Chinese. Meanwhile, armed clashes continue between the two sides. Since last Friday, the Burmese army has been firing artillery at the KIAs stronghold and former headquarters at Pajau, near Laiza. According to a KIA spokesman, some of the artillery fell on Chinese territory. The renewed civil war in Kachin State has already displaced an estimated 20,000 people in Kachin State. More than 15,000 war refugees are still living in relief camps in Laiza and have not received any help from the international community since the fighting broke out early last month. Irrawaddy, 12 July 2011 At first the Burmese soldiers were looking very confident, they were moving up on the road shouting and shooting towards the jungle. They just did not realize we were hiding around, said Aung Myat, a 27-yearold soldier with the insurgent Kachin Independence Army (KIA)s 23rd Battalion. When the government troops arrived, the insurgent soldiers triggered landmines and started to shoot. The clash was the first of a series of confrontations in the area which lasted almost three days, according to Aung Myat. In the evening of July 18, back in the relative safety of Hkaya Bum camp, the battalions bamboo barrack headquarters, the young insurgents released an excess of adrenaline when telling their war stories. Asia Times, 3 August 2011

II. 5. Karen Saw Ba U Gyi outlined four basic principles: (1) Surrender is out of the question, (2) We shall retain our arms, (3) Recognition of Karen State must be complete, and (4) We shall decide our own political destiny. The Karen struggle aims to achieve a genuine democratic federal union with the political basis of equality and self-determination for Karen and for all the people in Burma. Karen Community Association, UK, 11 August 2007 Locals have criticized the $1bn Salween dam project as threatening the livelihoods of millions of people who live along the river. The project has also been criticised by environmentalists, who say the dam will destroy a remote and ecologically rich region. aljazeera.net, 4 September 2007 Karen civilians facing continuing attacks from the Burma Army are urgently appealing to the world for assistance, telling the Free Burma Rangers (FBR) that If the Burma Army is not stopped, or we do not get help, when you come to Karen State in the future, there will no longer be Karen people. Please tell the rest of the world to help us. Asiantribune.com, 6 February 2008

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Two Karen armies who spent the best part of two decades as sworn enemies have officially pledged to put the past behind them as they unite to fight the Burmese army. In a ceremony this week deep inside rebelcontrolled territory in eastern Burma, a breakaway faction of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) joined forces with their long-time foe, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA). Once one and the same, the two groups split in 1994 and turned against each other, with the DKBA allying itself to the ruling junta. But after heavy pressure over the past year from the generals to transform into a Border Guard Force, a move that would see troops assimilated into the Burmese army, a faction of the DKBA defected. The ceremony to officially cement the new alliance took place on Wednesday in Kawkereik, western Karen state. The DKBA and KNLA will be one; we are facing the Burmese army together, said Colonel Ner Dah Mya, commander of the KNLAs 6th Brigade. Gifts were exchanged and military parades carried out, said DKBA spokesperson, Major Saw Steel. Spearheading the defection was Brig-Gen Na Kham Mwe, nicknamed Mr Beard. Ner Dah Mya said that the man who played a key role in the split 16 years ago had now become the lynchpin of the new alliance. Now we are friends, he said of Na Kham Mwe, who oversees up to 500 troops. We dont think about the past history; we think about the future of the Karen people, and we will forgive and forget. DVB, 19 November 2010 A petition sent yesterday to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon that carried 84,000 signatures was a desperate appeal from Karen civilians who have lived in fear of the Burmese army for their whole lives, as have their parents and grandparents before them. People from Burma have watched in disbelief at how swiftly Ban Ki-moon and the UN Security Council have acted in response to Colonel Gaddafis attacks on Libyan civilians. It took just two weeks for a unanimous Security Council resolution to be passed, demanding an end to the attacks, imposing sanctions, and referring Libya to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Attacks against Karen and other ethnic civilians have been going on for more than sixty years, with no action taken by the international community. Since Burma got independence from Britain in 1948, our Karen people have been targeted for planned, widespread and systematic attacks by the ruling governments in Burma. These have forced hundreds of thousands of us into hiding, refugee camps and to other countries. The Karen National Union (KNU), the largest political organisation representing the Karen people of Burma, organised this petition at the request of the Karen civilians. We are asking UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon to take effective action to immediately stop the Burmese regimes military operations and human rights violations in Karen areas. This petition is supported by KNU branches and Karen communities around the world. The petition was signed by 83,950 Karen civilians from Burma, aged from 16 to 103 years, who are victims and survivors of military attacks and human rights abuses by the Burmese army. The dictatorship in Burma continues to target civilians in their military operations in our homeland. These attacks are in breach of the Geneva Conventions, and require immediate international action. Our Karen community in the UK fully supports the KNU, not only for defending the Karen people and finding ways to listen to them, but also for leading the Karen struggle for our rights, protection and security to establish a federal democratic Burma where everyone can live side by side in peace. The crisis in our country requires high level international attention in order to influence the dictatorship. The elections held on 7 November 2010 did not represent any kind of progress towards democratisation, national reconciliation, or peace and stability in Burma. The election was designed only to legitimise the continuation of the military rule, under civilian guise. The constitution that this election brought in gives no protection to the ethnic people. As our General Secretary, Zipporah Sein has said, it is a death sentence for ethnic diversity in Burma. In order to solve the political problems in Burma, the KNU has always called for dialogue with the ruling regime. This is in line with calls from the international community, including the United Nations, European Union and the US, to solve the problems through dialogue. However, the dictatorship ignores this call and continues its military offensives against the Karen people. DVB, 1 March 2011 Page 75 of 188

Attempted negotiations aimed at resolving a conflict between a pro-government Border Guard Force (BGF) in Karen State and a faction that broke away from the BGF several months after it was formed last year have failed, according to Karen sources. The talks were initiated in early July by government loyalist Chit Thu, a leading figure in the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA), which was officially disbanded late last year to form the BGF. They were held at the headquarters of the breakaway BGF faction in Myaing Gyi Nyu, in southern Karen State's Hlaing Bwe Township. The talks were aimed at easing tensions between government forces and former BGF troops led by Lt-Col Po Bi. Around 1,000 soldiers under Po Bis command broke away from the BGF in May after deciding to remain as members of the DKBA. Po Bi now leads four battalions. Several days ago, Chit Thu traveled to Myaing Gyi Nyu accompanied by at least 20 pickup trucks carrying BGF troops to meet with Po Bi and attempt to persuade him to rejoin the progovernment force, according to Brig-Gen Johnny, the commander of Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) Brigade 7. The talks failed, however, because Po Bi rejected Chit Thus offers, said Johnny. The move came after military officials in Naypyidaw ordered Chit Thu to conduct a meeting with the renegade Karen BGF faction led by Po Bi, said DKBA sources. However, Po Bi and his troops have since left Myaing Gyi Nyu and taken up positions near the town, according to Johnny. He [Po Bi] doesnt want to open the front line in Myaing Gyi Nyu as temples and religious halls could be destroyed if major fighting breaks out, said Johnny. The KNLA has also vowed to assist the Po Bi-led renegade Karen group if the government and its ally, the Chit Thu-led Karen BGF battalions, launch a major attack against them. Chit Thu still has influence over four remaining Karen BGF Battalions. The Burmese government wants Karens to fight against Karens, so they asked Chit Thu to negotiate with Po Bi, said Johnny. The DKBA split from its mother organization, the Karen National Unionthe political wing of the KNLAin 1995 and signed a ceasefire agreement with the government. The DKBA was formed into BGF battalions under Burmese army command in 2010. However, a DKBA brigade under the command of Brig-Gen Saw Lah Pwe rejected the move and has since allied itself with the KNLA. Irrawaddy, 7 July 2011 The Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA), an ethnic Karen armed militia, has reorganized its military strategy to speed up future activities, said DKBA sources. We held a planning meeting to organize our troops for more effective military tactics. We established two military groups, named Klo Htoo Wah and Klo Htoo Lahone in the south and one in the north of our area, said Maj San Aung of the DKBA. Col Kyaw Thet is assigned to lead the Klo Htoo Wah tactical group and Col Kyaw Bi Koh is assigned to lead Klo Htoo Lah, said San Aung. The DKBA also named Klo Htoo Baw as their headquarters in southern Karen State. Brig-Gen Saw Lah Pwe will be the commander of the entire DKBA, according to San Aung. The DKBA intends to cooperate on military matters with the Karen National Union (KNU) and its military wing, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), another ethnic armed group that the DKBA broke away from in 1995. At the time, the DKBA signed a ceasefire agreement with the government, but the KNU/KNLA did not. Htee Moo, a Karen social worker who is close to the DKBA, said that the DKBA top commanders reorganized their military tactics because more troops from the governments Karen Border Guard Force have deserted to join the DKBA. The DKBA will increase fighting alongside its mother organization, the KNU, against the Burmese government troops, said Htee Moo. The DKBA is estimated to have more than 1,000 fighters and the KNLA is estimated to have about 4,000 troops. Currently, fighting occurs almost every day in Karen State, said Htee Moo. Karen observers said that fighting in Karen State between government troops and Karen rebel groups will intensify in the future. The DKBA earlier changed its military tactics to target urban areas where government offices and buildings are located, rather than fighting in the jungle. Irrawaddy, 8 September 2011

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II. 6. Karenni Our cause is to obtain equal rights for all ethnicities living in Burma, along with the right for each group to administer our own state government. KNPP, 1955 People have to guard them against destructive elements, but they live in the dark. geocities.com The Burmese military government has restricted the INGOs and the community based organizations from travelling freely and providing assistances to people in rural areas in Karenni(Kayah) State where there is little health care, and few development projects, according to a member of staff from the NGOs in Karenni State. The Burmese authority prevents us from helping people in these villages far away from the cities. The authority says that the rebels are operating in these areas and if anything happens, they will not take responsibility. He said. Although there are some clinics in these villages, there is a shortage of medicine, health education and access to medical treatment which need the assistances from NGOs and community based organizations. During April and May, because of the lack of medicines and health workers, forty adults from the villages in Bawlake District developed chest infection that spread rapidly through the area. One woman from Shadaw died from diarrhoea because she was unable to get treatment. The diseases such as tuberculosis, diarrhoea, and skin diseases are commonly found in the remote areas, said a backpack medic from the Karenni relief team. There is a strong presence of Burmese security troops in these areas, so it is very difficult for the Karenni medical relief teams based on the Thai-Burma border to provide medical aids to these villages. Khu Denial, the director of the Karenni Backpack Relief Team, said: These villages are near military bases and close to the main road used by the Burmese troops, so it is very hard for us to enter these villages. The INGOs and NGOs that are based in Burma should be allowed free access to the rural areas that need help. The civil society groups from inside Karenni State want to travel to these areas, but the Burmese government stops them. These humanitarian organizations should have freedom to travel. The Burmese government claims that there is no peace and instability in the region and it has deployed large numbers of troops and checkpoints that make it hard for the Karenni relief teams to go and help the local villagers. The organizations that are carrying out relief projects in the areas permitted by the government include INGOs such as Care Myanmar Action Aid, World Vision, UNDP, ACF and the local NGOs such as Nyein Foundation, and Metta Foundation. In addition there are community based organizations such as Kay Htoe Boe (KHB), Karuna, Kayahphu Baptist Association (KPBA) and KBA which go to some of the remote areas that cant be reached by the INGOs. ktimes.org, 29 June 2011

II. 7. Kuki Today, the Kukis are dispersed in Northeast India, Northwest Burma, and the Chittagong Hill tracts in Bangladesh. In India, the Kukis are in the states of Manipur, Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Tripura; in the state of Mizoram, formerly the Lushai Hills, they are known as Mizo. In Burma, they are mainly in the Sagaing Division, and in Bangladesh, along the Chittagong Hill Tracts. PS Haokip, 12 August 2007 On 18 July 2007, the first stage of seven-phase roadmap, the one-sided proposal of the military regime of Burma is said to be the final session to lay down the principles of a new constitution. We, Burmese prodemocracy groups in India totally reject that sham national convention for legitimate reasons. The only options at this stage are: (1) To make fundamental changes in the national convention by inviting all stake holders and by revisiting all 6 objectives and 104 basic principles, (2) A healthy political environment must be created by releasing Aung San Suu Kyi, ethnic leaders and all political prisoners and by declaring nationwide ceasefire, (3) The people of Burma to resist the roadmap at all phases, and (4) The international community (UN, US, EU, ASEAN, China, Japan, and India) should exert maximum pressure on military junta of Burma to avoid the internal devastation and regional instability by denouncing the Page 77 of 188

national convention and supporting the national reconciliation. Kuki Students Democratic Front (KSDF), 16 July 2007

II. 8. Mon Burma is shared by many nationalities, and it is necessary to find a national framework that includes full partnership for all the people of the country. If not, civil war cannot be stopped, and the dream of building the Union of Burma as a developed and democratic country cannot be realized. Mon Information Home Page Our National Obligation: To form a meaningful Mon State with Self-determination Rights based on equality, political, social, economic, and educational rights. Nai Pe Thein Zar, Federal University, Kaowao News, 2 February 2008

II. 9. Naga Now here comes the Naga International Support Center (NISC), a human rights organization, which has called upon the Chinese government to withdraw its support from the junta. The Amsterdam based rights body has also appealed Beijing to stop supplying weapons to the junta. In press statement, issued on 11 August 2007, the NISC argued that the military junta of Burma was using the weapons against its own people like the indigenous Nagas. The Nagas of Burma today said they would launch an agitation against discrimination and bifurcation of Nagas lands in Burma. The assertion comes close on the heels of the decisions of the Nagas of eastern Nagaland and Manipur to intensify their agitations for a separate state and a separate administrative unit. The president of the Naga National League for Democracy, Burma, Sosa, said in a release that any arbitrary decision imposed on the Nagas would never be accepted. This is the era of democracy and selfdetermination is its essence. Therefore, the Naga people will decide their own future, he said. Sosa said the Nagas had lived on their ancestral land since time immemorial. This was interrupted when British imperial forces intruded into their country and tried to colonise the Nagas with their divide-and-rule policy. The British bifurcated the Naga territory and placed them under India and Burma, but failed in their attempt. On the eve of departure of the British in 1947, General Aung San convened a meeting of all the heads of the tribal councils at Penlong in Burma to form a union of Burma but the Nagas were not a party to it. Sosa said after Burmese Independence was declared on January 4, 1948, the Naga areas of Namyung, Tanai, Lahe, Hkamti, Thamanti, Leishi, Homalin, Phombian, Mawliek and Tamu townships were annexed to form Sagaing division. However, under the military rule, their territory was sliced and the Nagas were deprived of basic rights and facilities, Sosa said. He said the Naga people would never be silent spectators to the destruction of their homeland. Calcutta Telegraph, 4 January 2011

II. 10. Palaung We wont accept both the representatives chosen by the military junta and the outcome of the sham national convention. We will move forward to build a democracy country. Palaung National Society (Japan), 3 August 2007 The Palaung Womens Organization will launch its new report Stolen Lives: human trafficking from Palaung areas of Burma to China, at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand (FCCT), Bangkok on 14th June. Representatives are expected to discuss the reports findings on the increase in cases of human Page 78 of 188

trafficking under Burmas military government, Burmas economic collapse and the regimes neglect of traditional livelihoods, as well as other factors contributing to human trafficking in northern Shan State such as lack of access to education and surging opium cultivation in the region. Also it is planned to have a discussion on human trafficking in Burmas northern Shan State, with speakers: Lway Moe Kham, PWO Principal Researcher Lway Aye Nang, PWO Advisory Board Member Hkawng Seng Pan, Deputy Coordinator - Kachin Womens Association (Thailand) Asian Tribune, 9 June 2011

II. 11. Shan A network of Shan activists has appealed to the Thai government to protect Shan villagers from forced repatriation by the army. The appeal was made by members of the Shan Democratic Union, the Shan Women's Action Network and others. They alleged that 91 Shan people who fled human rights abuses in Burma were forced to relocate by soldiers from Ranger Unit 956, under the command of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment task force based in Chiang Mai's Chiang Dao district, on 25 May 2007. Shan-EU In taking away the ancestral lands and livelihood of thousands of Shan farmers in the Rice Bowl of the Shan State starting from 1997, resulting in an exodus of Shan fleeing to Thailand as documented by the Amnesty International and Shan Human Rights Foundation. Burma Digest, 15 September 2007 Supporters of seven detained Shan leaders are taking advantage of the regional visit of a special UN envoy to call on the world body to take up the cause of those detained. Shan State Joint Action Committee (SSJAC) secretary Sai Leik said United Nations special envoy on human rights in Burma, Tomas Ojea Quintana, should present to the UN the cases of seven detained Shan political prisoners. The UN envoy, currently in Thailand, was urged to review the cases of the detained founders of the SSJAC, which was spawned from the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD) and the armed ceasefire group Shan State Army-North in 1996. Sai Leik said, We want the junta to review the cases fairly under the pressure of the UN. Unless the victims are guilty, the junta must free the detained leaders immediately. Quintana has been meeting with Burmese pro-democracy activists in Thailand since August 6 in order to collect information to submit to the UN General Assembly in November. Nine Shan leaders were arrested for high treason in February 2005 after forming the SSJAC. One was freed for serving as a witness for the prosecution, while the rest were sentenced from 70 to more than 100 years in prison. One of the eight detained Shan leaders has since died in custody. Mizzima News, 10 August 2010 Locals in the Mongshu region of southern Shan state have been advised to leave their homes as rumours spread that the Burmese army will use chemical weapons on Shan insurgents based nearby. The warning came from the Shan State Army, which has been fighting government troops since March around Mongshu and Hsipaw. On 3 June, Shan soldiers reported that shells fired by the Burmese army at the 7-Mile base near Mongshu contained a substance that knocked some unconscious and gave others breathing problems and nausea. Sources told DVB that since the warning went out earlier this week, the population of the SSAs Wanhai base in Mongshu had all but left. We ordered civilians and workers in our region to relocate when we obtained information that the Burmese army will use chemicals, said SSA communications official, Colonel Perng Fa. It would be very harmful to them so we told them to move to a safe location as a precaution. Although use of chemical-laced shells in the 3 June assault cannot be independently verified, the symptoms described mirror reports of alleged chemical weapons use elsewhere in Burma. A 2005 report by Christian Solidarity Worldwide found circumstantial evidence that the Burmese army had fired mustard gas shells at Karenni Army troops, leaving them vomiting and unable to walk. Similarly the Karen Human Page 79 of 188

Rights Group (KHRG) said that in both 1992 and 1995 during major offensives against the Karen National Union (KNU), many [Karen] soldiers spoke of suffering from dizziness, nausea, vomiting and unconsciousness after inhaling the vapours emitted from shells. Then in September 2009, the Kachin News Group (KNG) quoted army sources as saying that mortars laced with chemical ingredients were being supplied to Burmese battalions in Shan and Kachin state. Close to 100 battles have erupted between Burmese troops and the SSA since its northern faction in March ended a ceasefire with the government. The first clash followed the SSAs refusal to become a Naypyidaw-controlled Border Guard Force. Similar refusals have triggered heavy fighting in Kachin state and Karen state in recent months. Although the Burmese government signed the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1993, requiring states to destroy all chemical weapons by 2012, it has so far refused to ratify it. US officials have in the past identified Burma as a probable chemical weapons possessor. DVB, 1 July 2011

II. 12. Wa The United Wa State Army (UWSA), despite pressure by the Burma Army to vacate their mountain bases on the Thai-Burma border, has resolved to hang tough. Four major decisions were reportedly taken at the meeting presided over by Xiao Minliang, the group's Vice Chairman: (1) To ignore Burma Army's order to pull out from their key bases, (2) To resume the relocation of Wa civilians from the North to the ThaiBurma border after the monsoon, (3) Approved the release of Col Wei Hsaitang who was imprisoned in 2002, and (4) To replenish the UWSA's stocks of weapons and ammunition by special purchase from the neighboring country. Shan-EU, 26 July 2007

II. 13. Ethnic Armed Groups Leaders of ethnic armed groups are meeting in Mae Hong Son in northwest Thailand to work out strategy and tactics in the event of a post-election attack by Burmas military government that would end the 20-year cease-fire with the ethnic groups. The meeting started on Tuesday, according to sources. The armed ethnic groups represented at the meeting include the Chin, Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Mon and Shan. Foreign military experts were also reportedly involved. The ethnic armed leaders are trying to set up a central military alliance, possibly with Nai Hang Thar, the widely trusted secretary of the New Mon State Party (NMSP), as its leader, the sources said. Apart from military matters, the potential military allies are also discussing how a new strategy aimed at toppling the military regime to replace the former decades-long policy of coexistence under terms of a cease-fire could be presented to the international community and world media. After the election, ethnic leaders believe the new government will request cease-fire talks with ethnic groups on a one-to-one basis, but the alliance will seek to face the military government as a united front, a source close to participants at the meeting said on condition of anonymity. The alliance could also decide to present the post-election government with an ultimatum to initiate political reform with a specific deadline or face the possibility of a coordinated attack, he said. A source close to the NMSP said the US government had been approached regarding the ethnic issues when five US congressmen including Rep Ruppersberger (Democrat) and Rep Rohrabacher (Republican) met leaders of the armed ethnic groups in Thailand on Aug. 4 in Chiang Mai in northern Thailand. The congressmen were on a fact-finding mission regarding the armed ethnic groups along the Thai-Burmese border. According to an NMSP document received by The Irrawaddy, the ethnic leaders asked the congressmen for military assistance and training to help defend against an expected post-election junta offensive. A source present at the meeting said, We told the congressmen that we are not terrorist organizations and that our military struggle is aimed only at protecting our people from falling into the brutal hands of the juntas troops. Zipporah Sein, general secretary of the Karen National Union (KNU) said the meeting currently taking place in Mae Hong Son is aimed at increasing military cooperation and assistance among the ethnic groups in preparation for expected Page 80 of 188

armed conflict after the election, but declined to give details saying the meeting has not concluded. Following the 2008 Constitution that stipulates that there can only be one armed force in one nation Sundays election will make the junta-written constitution legitimateobservers say there is little doubt that the junta will go on a military offensive to eliminate the insurgencies on its borders and wipe out the ethnic forces that refused to accept its Border Guard Force (BGF) plan. The plan was to incorporate the ethnic armed forces as BGF within the juntas unified military structure. Speaking with The Irrawaddy in Panghsang in northern Shan State, an official of United Wa State Army (UWSA) said: We dont want war. But we will react if one of our groups is attacked. With an estimated 30,000 men, the UWSA is the strongest of the ethnic groups that rejected the BGF plan. We cannot mention detail but we are preparing a military strategy. We are also watching the election, the official said. Meanwhile the UWSA are providing financial assistance to all groups and military equipment to small groups close to their areas that may be targeted in a potential attack, other sources said. Sai Lao Hseng, spokesperson of the Shan State Army South (SSA-S) said whether there will be civil war or a peaceful resolution to their disagreements depended on the new post-election Burmese government. We have always been ready to resolve unfinished issues by political means, he said. If they are prepared to use peaceful means, we are ready to cooperate. Irrawaddy, 4 November 2010 Armed groups along the Burma border with China called for unity to stand up against the military junta, a rebel leader said. Six ethnic groups operating near the northern and eastern border regions of Burma signed an agreement to provide mutual assistance in any attacks on the military junta. One of the groups, the Karen National Liberation Army, is one of the few that hasnt signed a cease-fire agreement with the ruling junta. Na Kham Mwe, the rebel leader of a renegade faction of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army, told the Democratic Voice of Burma that the groups were united for the sake of autonomy. We were meeting for the unity of ethnic nationals in the union -- to fight together for democracy, freedom and autonomy, he was quoted as saying. UPI, 4 November 2010 A number of the targets of a letter sent yesterday by Aung San Suu Kyi that urged a nationwide ceasefire after months of heavy fighting in Burma say the calls are timely and welcome. The opposition leader also offered to play a negotiating role between the Burmese government and multiple ethnic armies currently engaged in conflict in the countrys border regions. La Nan, joint-secretary of Kachin Independence Organisation, whose armed wing the Kachin Independence Army, has been battling Burmese forces in the countrys north since early June, said that Suu Kyis message carried great potential. We have redistributed the letter to our leaders and are to hold a discussion prior to responding after everyone has read it, he said. Also included in the letter was the Karen National Union (KNU), the New Mon State Party (NMSP) and the Shan State Army (SSA), as well as Burmese President Thein Sein. As of today, no mention has been made of it in state media, the normal means by which the government communicates with the public. The KNUs deputy chairman, David Thackrabaw, was also enthusiastic about the letter. We are mutual here and we accept Suu Kyis call for peaceful resolution to the conflicts our door is always open. He added that the Nobel laureate should also urge support from the UN and ASEAN, given that various meetings and negotiations with the government towards an end to the fighting had so far failed. So this time we might have to meet in a third party country. Suu Kyis offer of mediation is the first time she has mooted her possible role in bringing an end to the fighting, which has resulted in tens of thousands of people being displaced. Nai Hongsa, general secretary of New Mon State Party, said a mediating role for the opposition icon could prove very beneficial. While the group wants to have peace in the country he said, there are difficulties for us to meet and negotiate with each other so we actually need a middle person. DVB, 29 July 2011

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Factions of the opposition Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) has said it will intensify attacks on Burmese troops in and around its territory in a bid to weaken government forces fighting in the northern and eastern border regions. Burmas eastern frontier has been beset by heavy conflict since November last year, when the DKBA took up positions in the border town of Myawaddy. Since then a number of armed groups, including the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) and the All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF), have formed a nominal alliance in an effort to drive government troops out. Officials from the DKBAs Brigade 5, which is led by Na Kham Mwe and whose troops first launched attacks on government positions in November, met with the Myainggyingu faction yesterday. The latter had initially accepted demands to become a government-controlled Border Guard Force, but defected in May this year. San Aung, battalion commander of Brigade 5, told DVB that both units had tabled the idea of launching synchronised attacks to hinder Burmese offenses against other ethnic groups, such as the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) in Burmas north and Shan State Army in the east. Rather than deploying troops to these regions, the DKBA would look to significantly weaken government forces in Karen state, he said, adding that representatives of the ABSDF and the Arakan Liberation Army were also at the meeting. Since a United Nationalities Federation Council was formed in March, ostensibly aimed at drawing various ethnic armies under one allied umbrella, little tangible cooperation has been seen. This is largely down to the fact that four of the six member groups the KIA, the KNLA, the New Mon State Party (NMSP) and Shan State Army (SSA) have all been engaged in heavy fighting after refusing to transform to border militias. DVB, 2 August 2011

III. Organizations
III. 1. 88 Generation Students Independence Day: The 88 Generation student leaders called for all national forces to unite and initiate practical steps towards national reconciliation. 4 January 2006 Union Day: The student leaders heartily welcomed the National League for Democracys (NLD) Union Day Special Statement which called for cooperation with the SPDC for national reconciliation. 12 February 2006 Burma Human Rights Day: The 88 Generation student leaders vowed to carry on with Burmas democratic cause: however, they can together with the Burmese people and not to give up hope. They have remained true to their pledge. 13 March 2006 They again welcomed another statement by NLD which called for cooperation with the SPDC for national reconciliation and strongly protested against the SPDCs disregard of the NLDs offer and the extension of Daw Aung San Suu Kyis house arrest. 12 April 2006 The groups stated its support for an UN Security Council intervention in Burma issues. 2 June 2006 Signature Campaign: While the five leaders were being detained, the remaining members of 88 Generation Students led by Mya Aye and Jimmy launched the first-ever public campaign against the junta and gathered signatures for a petition calling for the release of political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi and leaders of 88 Generation Students. In response, more than half a million people including well-known writers, patriotic artists, political leaders, and veteran politicians signed the petition despite persistent harassment by authorities and pro-junta thugs. 2 October 2006 White Expression: More people actively supported the second public campaign and wore white clothes to express their desire for national reconciliation. Page 82 of 188

Multi Religious Prayer Campaign: People of all religions also supported the third campaign from 29 October to 4 November 2006 and participated in the prayer services in temples, churches and mosques. They also called on the people to abandon hero-worshipping attitude, and to fight for their rights. Burma Solidarity Focus, April 2007 The 88 Generation Students called on the President Hu Jintao and President Vladimir Putin to join together with international community. They believe that with their close relationship with the SPDC and their leading roles in the international community, China and Russia are now in the best position to help realizing of national reconciliation and democratization in Burma. 6 June 2007 The 88 Generation Students group condemned the junta for arresting key leaders and said, It is political violence on the peaceful transition in Burma. The students also urged the people to continue to stand by them in the struggle for democratic changes in Burma. Mizzima News, 22 August 2007 Victims of the ruthless crackdown by the military junta, for protesting peacefully, Burmas prominent 88 Generation Students today urged the United Nations Chief to intervene and take up the matter at the UN Security Council. Mizzima News, 6 September 2007 We, the 88 Generation Students, together with people including monks, students, workers and farmers, will continue our efforts to remove the military dictatorship by firmly resisting any kind of arrest and torture. Asia Times, 14 September 2007 The statement urged China and the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to stop doing business with the military and to back calls by the UN, US and EU for national reconciliation and dialogue. Effective action from the global community needs to be taken against the State Peace and Development Council to stop them from using violence against people and to persuade them to come to the discussion table, the 88 Generation Students statement said. DVB, 17 September 2007 Today, the 88 Generation Students call for citizens around the world to pressure the Government of China to withdraw its unilateral support of the Burmese military junta and to boycott the 2008 Beijing Olympics in response to Chinas bankrolling of the military junta that rules our country of Burma with guns and threats. We call for each and every citizen around the world not to watch the Olympics ceremonies on television and boycott this Genocide Olympics/Saffron Olympics. We urge people of conscience throughout the world including the hundreds of thousands of Burmese in dozens of countries to pledge to not watch or support in any way the Beijing Olympics. We also ask each and every citizen around the world to boycott any Olympics merchandise or products from China and its Olympics sponsors during the time of Beijing Olympics.Statement 4/2008, 25 February 2008 Burmese activists called on the public today to vote no on the constitutional referendum. They say it will prolong the militarys decades-long domination of the country. A group called the 88 Generation Students said voters do not need to be afraid, because authorities have no right to arrest people for voting against the charter. VOA, 14 March 2008 Burmas election will be insignificant without the participation of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, according to Htay Kywe, one of the imprisoned leaders of the 88 Generation Students group, who is currently serving a 65-year sentence in western Burma. The message was relayed by Htay Kywes brotherPage 83 of 188

in-law, Phyo Min Thein, who spoke to The Irrawaddy on Tuesday. Phyo Min Thein recently resigned from the Union Democratic Party and paid a family visit on Aug. 9 to Htay Kywe in remote Buthitaung Prison in Arakan State. He said that Htay Kywe called on the army, political forces, pro-democracy parties and ethnic groups to work together toward an all inclusive solution to the countrys political problems. Phyo Min Thein said that while he spoke to Htay Kywe in prison, several officers from special branch police monitored them. The Irrawaddy, 17 August 2010 All Burma Monks Alliance, 88 Generation Students and All Burma Federation of Student Unions have made a joint statement on Wednesday demanding immediate withdraw Sanctions imposed by military regime upon people in the poor country. The SPDC or military regime is constantly blaming and rebuking sanctions imposed by western democracies. In the same way, political parties that have contested in 2010 elections as well as ASEAN countries are also echoing the regimes voice that foreign countries sanctions are cause of poverty in Burma. ASEAN countries and those political parties have been clamoring to get favor from the regime for their self-interest and business opportunities, the joint-statement also says. Sanctions are made on the military regime and its cronies due to human rights violations, oppression of ethnic minorities, persecution and detention of political activists and abuse of power. If the junta wants to withdrawal of sanctions, it must improve in human rights situation, the statement says. The group additionally highlights their criticism in their joint statement as follow. Militarys monopolies, restrictions and mismanagement of countrys resources are cause to be poverty of immeasurable scale on Burmese people. International sanctions chiefly concentrate on arms embargo, freezing bank transactions of military junta and visa ban. Poverty and living hardships of the people are not due to Western countries sanctions. It is just because of SPDCs wrong policies intended to perpetuate its military ruling. It occurred as a result of expanding its arms and military buildup, seeking nepotism and self-enrichment, and waging a civil war upon ethnic nationalities and entire pro-democracy forces rather than making a political settlement through dialogue, as the group pointed out in their joint-statement. With such fallacious policies, the regime is imposing sanctions upon its own people, nailing them eternally to poverty. For instance, freedom of political parties, unions, civil society organizations for education, health and social welfare has been banned or restricted under unreasonable laws and decrees. Even UN agencies such as UN Human Rights Council, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) are restricted, rejected or ignored by the junta. Though the regime forbids civil servants engaging in politics, it allows army personnel to participate in politics. Moreover, they are even allowed taking part in the parliamentary politics leading role without contesting in the elections or without peoples mandate. Freedom of writing, printing, publishing and distribution through news media is restricted with all kinds of unfair set of laws. Freedom of gathering news is also banned. Foreign news agencies broadcasts are also forbidden in the armed forces. Installation of Satellite antennas are not allowed so as to shut eyes and ears of the military and the people. All artistic creations such as poems and fiction, even including traditional astrology pamphlet and traditional hip-hop chanting for Thingyan (Water Festival) are banned or harshly censored. Welfare services, free education charities, relief and assistance for victims of Cyclones Nargis or Giri and famine in Chin State are harassed, delayed or blocked under unfair laws and undue measures. Internet users are restricted under many regulations; numerous websites are banned; Internet speed is slowed down intentionally; spying measures installed at Internet cafes invading into privacy; threatening with the Electronic Law; phone lines are tapped; mails are opened or undelivered. Citizens Freedom of travels is restricted with unnecessary decrees. Right of foreign travels is also not allowed by banning passports. Such conditions are extracted as examples of juntas sanctions imposed on the civilian people in realms of politics, economy, social affairs and culture, according to the groups joint-statement. In realty, Military regime and most recent political parties should not call to Western countries to lift sanctions on the military rule country. Instead, they must call to the junta removing sanctions imposed on its own population. Zin Linn, Asian Correspondent, 25 March 2011 Page 84 of 188

Imprisoned dissidents who are leaders of the 88 Generation Students group reportedly welcomed the recent meeting between pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi and Aung Kyi, Burmas minister of labor as well as minister of social welfare, relief and resettlement, and urged more pro-active dialogue aimed at national reconciliation. Min Ko Naing, Ko Ko Gyi and Htay Kywe, all of whom are serving 65-year priosn sentences, managed to get their comments to the public one week after the first meeting between Suu Kyi and a member of Burmas new government took office in late March. Min Ko Naing, who is being held in Keng Tung Prison in eastern Shan State, said through an information channel that he thinks the meeting between Suu Kyi and Aung Kyi was a good step. A message from Ko Ko Gyi, who is in Mong Set Prison in Shan State, said he supports the meeting and calls for more meaningful dialogue. Ko Ko Gyi, who is described by colleagues as a strategist, said that the pro-democracy leader should take a wider leading role in the development of democracy and peace in Burma. Htay Kywes brother-in-law, Pyo Min Thein, who is also member of the 88 Generation Students group, told The Irrawaddy on Thursday that Htay Kywe said the meeting between Suu Kyi and Aung Kyi was a positive step. Htay Kywe is serving his sentence in Buthidaung Prison, Arakan State. Even though the 88 Generation Students leaders have sacrificed a lot for the country, they are always optimistic. Therefore our party take their concerns seriously, said Win Htein, one of Suu Kyis close aides at the National League for Democracy (NLD), in response to the 88 Generation Students leaders messages. Irrawaddy, 4 August 2011 Imprisoned leaders of the 88 Generation Students group have pledged their continued support for prodemocracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi but warned she should treat her new friendly relationship with the Burmese government with caution. The 88 Generation Students group leaders Ko Ko Gyi and Htay Kywe, now in their late 40s, are serving 65-year sentences in different prisons for their involvement in peaceful anti-government protests in 2007. The message from Htay Kywe was relayed by his brother-in-law Phyo Min Thein, who spoke to The Irrawaddy on Wednesday after a two-day family visit to remote Buthitaung Prison in Arakan State. Htay Kywe said Aung San Suu Kyi is a leader who can decide rightly for herself and provide leadership to others, so he urged all of the democratic force to support her so she can carry out her actions smoothly, said Phyo Min Thein. Buthitaung Prison is notorious for its harsh treatment of political prisoners and its bitterly cold weather. Htay Kywes health is currently suffering as a result of his imprisonment, added Phyo Min Thein. Ko Ko Gyi, another leader of 88 Generation Students group, said the current dialogue is the first step for Suu Kyi to find a peaceful transition to democracy and achieve national reconciliation. One thing Suu Kyi should be cautious about is the other side misusing her benevolence, said a source closed to Ko Ko Gyi. Irrawaddy, 31 August 2011

III. 2. All Burma Federation of Students Union (ABFSU) / Ba Ka Tha Burmas first student union, the Rangoon University Students Union, was founded in 1931 by national independence hero Gen Aung San and his friends, and the group led the second students strike against British colonial rule. The group was renamed the All Burma Students Union in 1936 before switching to the ABFSU in 1951. Following Gen Ne Wins military coup in 1962, the office of the ABFSU in Rangoon was demolished and hundreds of students were killed by the army. During the nationwide pro-democracy uprising in 1988, the ABFSU resurfaced under the leadership of Min Ko Naing and other prominent student leaders. It went underground in 1990 after more of its members were arrested and sentenced to long prison terms. Today we reestablish the ABFSU to take on the shifting roles of former students in a new generation to fight for freedom, justice and the building of a democratic country, a spokesperson for the group, who gave his name as Kyaw Ko Ko, told The Irrawaddy on Tuesday. He said the group is now organizing among university and high school students in Rangoon and other major cities across Burma. Student unions must Page 85 of 188

exist for the students in Burma, said Kyaw Ko Ko. We have organized many university students in Rangoon and continue to attract supporters. 28 August 2007 We firmly reaffirm our commitment to continue the unfinished task of our fallen brothers and sisters and will preserve their brave fighting peacock spirit and that we hereby profoundly declare that ABFSU will strengthen and solidify all student unions and student organizations to be a unified front to wage our unfinished uprising. October 2007 On the eve of the 20th anniversary of the 8888 uprising, the All Burma Federation of Students Union has called on the Burmese people to rise up again to bring down the military regime. The ABFSU in central Burma made the call in a message yesterday. It has been 20 years since the 8.8.88 uprising and we would like to urge students, youths, monks and the people to bring down the military regime and to bring about democracy and human rights in the country by staging a similar uprising, the group said. DVB, 7 August 2008

III. 3. All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF) / Ma Ka Da Ta The following aims and objectives were promulgated as the National Political Trend. (1) To liberate the entire people of Burma from the suppression of military dictatorship (2) To achieve democracy and human rights (3) To restore internal peace (4) To emerge Federal Union of Burma. First Conference, 1 November 1988 The ABSDF will increase its activities from all sides to help people of Burma in their fight for democracy, said Than Khe. I strongly believe we should fight against the government both politically and with armed force. We promise play our role by continuing our armed fight against the junta. DVB, 2 November 2007 A prominent student army formed in the wake of mass protests in 1988 marked its 22-year anniversary this week with calls to maintain political and military pressure on the Burmese junta. Armed struggle continues to play an important role in Burmas fight for democracy, said Than Khe, chairman of the All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF). At its height, the group comprised some 10,000 students who had fled to the jungle to take up arms following the uprising. By looking at the political process in Burma, we see that ethnic peoples fight to protect their rights fall into the category of armed struggle. The military dictatorship must be eradicated and armed struggled such as these are needed for this. He said that the lack of political decision-making made the multiple ceasefire agreements between the junta and armed ethnic groups meaningless. Continued pressure on ethnic armies to assimilate into the Burmese army meant that armed struggle is not finished yet. Than Khe said that efforts to create dialogue with the ruling generals, who are preparing for elections on 7 November, were futile. It doesnt work to just make demands, whether under the banner of dialogue or national reconciliation. There has to be work beyond just words. He added that national reconciliation is impossible without political, military and diplomatic pressure on the Burmese junta. The ABSDF has diminished in size since its heyday but still maintains a presence along Burmas border with Thailand. DVB, 3 November 2010 A Burmese student army that rose to prominence following the 1988 uprising is preparing to fight alongside Karen troops in the volatile eastern state. The decision was confirmed today by a senior official in the All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF) who asked to remain anonymous. The group, which at its peak had more than 10,000 troops, will join sides with a breakaway faction of the Democratic Karen Page 86 of 188

Buddhist Army (DKBA) as fighting against Burmese forces continues close to the Thai border. A delegation from the ABSDF met with DKBA commander Na Kham Mwe shortly after 8 November, the official said, when the group took key government positions in Karen states Myawaddy. We are ready to cooperate with Na Kham Mwes group which is fighting the Burmese army, he added. Than Khe, chairperson of the ABSDF, said that the group, whose numbers have now significantly diminished since the mid-1990s, approved with Na Kham Mwes decision to defect from the pro-junta DKBA faction which has now become a government-backed Border Guard Force (BFG). We can support this motive because the timing is very good, he told DVB. At the same time the objective is also very meaningful: it shows the people that we do not accept the 2010 elections. We show our solidarity and support to him and those men who were fighting in Myawaddy. The ABSDF has been linked with the Karen struggle ever since its formation in the late 1980s, when thousands of students fled to the jungle and were sheltered by the Karen National Union (KNU) and it armed wing, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA). As a result of the new dominance of the pro-junta faction, and due to splits within the ABSDF, its fighting capabilities diminished. But the breakaway faction of the DKBA has given added hope that an inter-ethnic and organisational alliance is possible. This is part of the national reconciliation process, said Than Khe. Without working practically we cannot get the understanding needed for reconciliation. The juntas quest to transform all 17 ceasefire groups into border militias has stumbled: few have accepted the demands, and tensions are now high in the border regions where the Kachin Independence Army and the United Wa State Army are also preparing for possible attacks. We can co-operate with any groups who have the basic principle of restoring democracy and the federal union to Burma and freeing the people from dictatorship, added Than Khe. DVB, 6 December 2010 As fighting between government troops and the Kacin Independence Army has slackened for now, the All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF) is trying to reorganize its forces in Kachin State. The new ABSDF troop alignment will be comprised mainly of former ABSDF members living near the SinoBurmese border, according to a source close to ABSDF. To carry out attacks, we are organizing the former members into a group. We are trying to reach an agreement to form the troops now, the source told Mizzima. Earlier, there were four ABSDF battalions under the central committee of the Northern ABSDF in the area controlled by the KIO. It is not known how many troops will make up the new configuration. There are eight ABSDF battalions. Six are in the area controlled by the Karen National Union; one in the area controlled by the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP); and one (along with the Chin National Front) in Arakan State. After the 1988 pro-democracy uprising was suppressed, the ABSDF Northern Command was formed in the area controlled by KIO. In 1994, the KIO signed a cease-fire agreement with the former junta, and the ABSDF left the area in 1995. KIO central committee members attended Aung San Suu Kyis 66th birthday ceremony held by former ABSDF members and the KIOs Women Affairs Group at KIO headquarters in Laiza on June 19. Mizzima, 11 July 2011

III. 4. All Burma Monks Alliance (ABMA) Hundreds of Buddhist monks in central Burma, Kyaukpadaung, have held a demonstration against the military government. The monks have been asked to refuse alms and offerings from anyone connected to the military. BBC, 17 September 2007 In order to banish the common enemy evil regime from Burmese soil forever, united masses of people need to join hands with the united clergy forces, the All Burma Monks Alliance said in a statement received Saturday by The Associated Press. 22 September 2007 The monks stopped outside Aung San Suu Kyis home for about 15 minutes and chanted a Buddhist prayer: Page 87 of 188

May we be completely free from all danger May we be completely free from all grief May we be completely free from poverty May we have peace in heart and mind. 8888 People Power, 22 September 2007 The organisation that has emerged to lead the protests, the Alliance of All Burmese Buddhist Monks, has vowed to continue marches until it has wiped the military dictatorship from the land. BBC, 24 September 2007 Some monks carried placards calling for Better Living Conditions and the Release of Political Prisoners. Another banner said: May The Peoples Desire Be Fulfilled. Reuters, 24 September 2007 Some in Rangoon and elsewhere in the country prayed in their homes at the suggestion of a Buddhist monk interviewed by Radio Free Asia. 7 October 2007 The important thing for overseas monks is to carry out the Burmas cause continuously with unity. At the moment, as you know, we cannot do anything inside Burma. We have been assaulted very badly. Few got away. Few left. I am still trying to get away but still could not succeed. To Buddhists all over the world and activists and supporters of Burmese movement, please help to liberate the Burmese people from this disastrous and wicked system. Ven. U Gambira, RFA, 18 October 2007 Our people are in poverty, said U Obhasa. How can monks be silent about the real situation in the country? The situation is terrible for monks, he said. But we still fight on for the Dhamma. We will resume our activities for Dhamma soon, perhaps in late October. Dhamma (justice) will win over AdDhamma (injustice). He hoped the UN special envoy, Ibrahim Gambari, and the international community can pressure the junta to find a middle ground with the pro-democracy movement, and he was disappointed with the positions of China and India on the struggle for democracy. China and India only want to take goods from Burma, he said. But they should help the suffering people of Burmas freedom. Irrawaddy, 21 October 2007 The Representative Monks Association has called on student monks not to participate in their annual examinations, in a statement issued yesterday. U Khemar Nanda, temporary spokesperson for the AllBurmese Monks Alliance, supported the boycott. DVB, 23 November 2007 A metta chanting campaign initiated by All-Burmese Monks Alliance leader U Gambira at Insein prison has been spreading to other prison wards. DVB, 25 March 2008 Burmese monks who helped lead last years anti-junta protests urged the country to mark the traditional New Year on Thursday with prayers for democracy. The All Burma Monks Alliance, a coalition of activist monks in Burma, denounced the junta for having mistreated and abused the religion and Buddhist monks during its crackdown on last years peaceful protests that were led by monks. In a statement, the alliance called on the devoutly Buddhist country to pray for the success of the democratic movement and to pray that those who committed sins against the religion ... face retribution. Internation Herald Tribune, 16 April 2008 We request the EU to bring Than Shwe, leader of Burmese military junta, before the International Criminal Court to be tried for his crimes against humanity, as recommended by the European Parliament, said the Page 88 of 188

All Burma Monks Alliance, one of the driving forces behind the monk-led anti-regime demonstrations held in Rangoon last September. monstersandcritics.com, 18 June 2008 Meanwhile, monks inside Burma are reportedly preparing to boycott religious services for the ruling junta, unless some 240 monks are released from prison. A spokesperson for the ABMA, U Dhamma Wuntha, said it was unlikely the government would apologise so the boycott, known as Pattanikkujjana, would start tomorrow. The government doesnt have courage to admit its wrong doing; they are cowards, he said. Authorities have reportedly threatened monks with arrest should they run the boycott. One monk said that security had been tightened, and monks were unable to leave the monasteries after 9pm. Ashin Pannasiri, a veteran of the September 2007 monk-led uprising, who escaped from jail to India, said that intimidaiton was likely to continue. The junta is really afraid of monks, so they will continue to arrest monks. Some monks are still missing after being arrested a few weeks ago. DVB, 2 October 2009 We are calling on the people of Burma to boycott the 2010 elections, which are intended to transform the military dictators into a legitimate government, by not voting, said ABMA spokesperson Dhamma Siri. DVB, 14 September 2010

III. 5. American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) The AFL-CIO and the global union movement are demanding that Burmas military dictatorship immediately free Nobel laureate and democracy activist Aung San Suu Kyi, who has been detained since last Thursday. 16 May 2009

III. 6. Amnesty International (AI) Amnesty International is a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights. AIs vision is of a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. In pursuit of this vision, AIs mission is to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience and expression, and freedom from discrimination, within the context of its work to promote all human rights. amnesty.org Amnesty International calls on the Burmese authorities to fulfill their duty to investigate all reports of violence, ill-treatment and intimidation of protestors and journalists and to bring those perpetrators to justice in trials consistent with international standards of fairness, said a statement released on Friday. Irrawaddy, 1 September 2007 Amnesty International has also accused India of selling attack helicopters to Burma, which has been under military rule since 1962. AFP, 14 September 2007 Hoping to send Burmese ruling military generals a message that the world is still watching, rights group Amnesty International organized marches in more than two dozen Asian, European and North American cities. AP, 7 October 2007 The Avon Middle-High School chapter of Amnesty International has just sponsored a letter writing campaign to free a prisoner of conscience in the Southeast Asian country of Burma. Over 300 letters were collected and sent to both the Burmese government and to the Burmese embassy in Washington, D.C. On Dec. 10, International Human Rights Day, students in grades seven through 12 wrote letters to the Burmese Page 89 of 188

government on behalf of Daw Ayung San Suu Kyi. Kyi, co-founder of the National League for Democracy, was imprisoned by the military junta after winning a democratic election in 1990. She has spent 14 of the last 20 years under some form of detention, including a recent sentence of eighteen months of house arrest. Amnesty Internationals mission is to promote human rights for everyone worldwide. It primarily targets governments, but also reports on non-governmental bodies and private individuals. To accomplish their goals, Amnesty International has developed several techniques. Letter-writing is one of the most effective ones used to free prisoners of conscience. Avon Messenger, 24 December 2009 Amnesty International urged the government to lift restrictions on freedom of association, assembly, and religion in the run-up to the elections; to release immediately and unconditionally all prisoners of conscience; and to remove restrictions on independent media to cover the campaigning and election process. Amnesty International called on Burmas neighbours in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), as well as China, Burmas biggest international supporter, to push the government to ensure that the people of Burma will be able to freely express their opinions, gather peacefully, and participate openly in the political process. The government of Burma should use the elections as an opportunity to improve its human rights record, not as a spur to increase repression of dissenting voices, especially those from the ethnic minorities, said Benjamin Zawacki. Burma Related News, 16 February 2010 Up to 1,000 human rights activists will travel from Massachusetts to New York City on Friday, April 16th, for a full day of activism on human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burma, Sri Lanka, Tibet and other countries. Amnesty International Group 133 of Somerville, MA, comes to New York for the 15th Annual Get On The Bus for Human Rights (GOTB). Since its inception, GOTB has grown from 30 participants to more than 1,000 dedicated volunteers who arrive by train, bus and car to protest human rights abuses around the world at locations in New York City including consulates, missions, the United Nations and corporate headquarters. This years demonstrators will write letters and take to the streets to demand that Burmas military regime release Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi and other imprisoned pro-democracy advocates; they will call for the release of journalist J.S. Tissainayagam in Sri Lanka and Tibetan filmmaker Dhondup Wangchen in China, both arrested for publishing material critical of their governments abuses against minority communities; and they will call upon the Democratic Republic of Congo to support womens rights defenders who have come under severe threat. The day begins with a panel of international journalists and Burmese and Tibetan monks. Yahoo News, 15 April 2010 Amnesty International (AI) announced on 18 June that AI would distribute radios in Burma for people in Burma to be able to access true, independent and reliable news. The Irrawaddy, 18 June 2010 As military-ruled Burma heads towards its first general election in two decades in November, its citizens are tuning in to their enduring faith in the old communication orderthe power of the radio. The key role that radio playsmore than newer communication platforms like Facebook and Twitteris at the heart of an Amnesty International campaign that has been seeking to break the silence in the Southeast Asian nation. By polling day on Nov. 7, the London-based Amnesty International hopes to have distributed over 4,000 radio sets to people living in a country under the iron grip of a military regime. Amnesty International just wants people in Burma to hear the truth, said Niall Couper of the British branch of Amnesty, in an e-mail interview. It is the first time we have done a campaign like this. Amnesty Internationals supply of radios, in addition to 60 walkie-talkie kits and six satellite kits, is being directed towards people living in the hinterland where there arent that many radios, reveals Couper. Irrawaddy, 20 October 2010

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Amnesty International has called on Burmese President Thein Sein to allow the urgent establishment of the proposed international commission of inquiry into human rights abuses in Burma. The nongovernment group has researched and documented human rights abuses and crimes against humanity by the Burmese military in war-torn eastern Burma since 1988. Calling Burmas 2008 Constitution an obstacle to justice, Amnesty said, Impunity for human rights violations and possible crimes against humanity prevails in Myanmar (Burma) and investigation and prosecution of these is obstructed by Article 445 of the 2008 Constitution. Article 445 effectively eliminates the culpability for any person who was an official in Burmas military governments since 1988. It states, No proceeding shall be instituted against the said Councils (SLORC/SPDC) or any member thereof or any member of the Government, in respect of any act done in the execution of their respective duties. However, the laws would not apply to an international tribunal. According to the campaign groups statement, presented at the 17th UN Human Rights Council session in June in which dialogue was fostered between Burma and other countries, Burma accepted only 74 of the 190 recommendations made during the review. Burmas conclusion to the Universal Periodic Review gave responses to only some of the recommendations, one of which included reassurance that the Burmese military is an all-volunteer army. The Burmese response also concluded that Myanmar [Burma] is still in the initial stage of a multi-party democratization process which will be enhanced and strengthened. As this process develops, Myanmar is convinced that it will be able to further promote and protect the human rights of its citizens. Combating impunity 'In light of this obstacle to justice, Amnesty International again calls for the urgent establishment of an international commission of inquiry to investigate crimes against humanity and possible war crimes in Myanmar (Burma), said Amnestys statement. The statement also condemned Burmas vague laws that it said the government utilizes to criminalize peaceful political dissent. Benjamin Zawacki, an Amnesty International Burma researcher, told Mizzima that he thought the first step to dissolving the shield of impunity surrounding the military is to launch a commission of inquiry, as proposed by UN special rapporteur on the human rights situation in Burma, Toms Ojea Quintana. An international commission only becomes relevant when a government is either unable or unwilling to hold its own officials to account, and the government seems, if not unable, certainly unwillingit is now incumbent on the international community to step in on behalf of the citizens of Myanmar (Burma), where the government itself is essentially unwilling to do so, he said. Aung Myo Min of the Human Rights Education Institute of Burma also told Mizzima that the 2008 Constitution allows military personnel in Burma to evade the hand of the law inside Burma. The Constitution itself, like Article 445 allows amnesty for the military or anyone in authority; it provides them with amnesty, he said. Actually the Constitution should be the one that protects and promotes the rights of the citizens and guarantees justice for everyone, but the Constitution itself allows this kind of amnesty and protects the perpetrators and not the victims. The 2008 Constitution gives final say to the military in Burma, as exemplified by Article 343 (section b), which states that In the adjudication of Military justicethe decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services is final and conclusive. Mizzima, 15 June 2011 It is time for the EU to push for a UN-led commission of inquiry into crimes against humanity committed in Burma. Four years ago, the people of Burma rose up in a Saffron Revolution, named after the robes of the Buddhist monks who eventually led the demonstrations. While the world initially condemned the security forces violent crackdown, the authorities managed to deflect criticism several months later by announcing that they would hold national elections and form a civilian government. The international community, including the EU, has been distracted ever since, despite abundant information that the government has continued to violate human rights on a massive scale. The prevailing approach has been wait and see what the government will do before the elections, how the elections are conducted, whether the new government makes any changes. Meanwhile, the human-rights situation has gone from bad to worse. By the Page 91 of 188

time the elections were announced, the number of political prisoners in Burma had nearly doubled from its pre-Saffron Revolution number to more than 2,100 where it remains today. Several months later, the government denied, obstructed and/or confiscated international aid in the wake of Cyclone Nargis, turning the humanitarian disaster into a human-rights crisis. And a year later, the authorities arrested, tried, and unlawfully extended the house arrest of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Among the issues crying out for justice and accountability is the treatment of Burmas ethnic minorities. In mid-2008, Amnesty International released a report focusing on the armys systematic human-rights violations against ethnicminority Karen civilians, including extra-judicial executions, torture, arbitrary detention, forced labour, confiscation of land and food, and the large-scale forced displacement of civilians. This was the first time that we characterised such violations as crimes against humanity under international law. The findings, though, were consistent with our research over two decades based on testimonies not only from the Karen, but by many other ethnic minorities, including the Rohingya, the Karenni, the Shan, and the Mon. Similarly, since mid-2008, especially since the day of Burmas national elections last November, when hostilities were accelerated or renewed between the Burma army and armed groups fighting on behalf of several ethnic minorities, accounts recall our reports findings: serious human-rights violations some of which may amount to crimes against humanity and/or war crimes against ethnic minority Karen, Kachin, and Shan civilians. These include recent accounts of the army using prison convicts as porters in the fighting in Karen state, of forcing them to act as human shields and mine-sweepers, and of rape and other sexual violence, primarily in Shan state. Reliable reports indicate that the number of displaced people there has reached 30,000, while in or near Kachin state 20,000 internally displaced people were reported in late July. These violations call for accountability. Without international action, this is highly unlikely, since the Burmese constitution provides for immunity from prosecution for past violations by officials. In October, the UNs special rapporteur will present a report to the UN General Assembly, which is likely to adopt a resolution on Burma. The EU will again take the lead in drafting this resolution. In each of his reports or statements to the UN Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, the special rapporteur has called for greater accountability for grave crimes or expressly recommended that the UN should establish a commission of inquiry into such crimes. It is unclear whether such a commission would have access to Burma. But a similar 1997 commission by the International Labour Organization compensated for its inability to obtain access partly through expert testimony, which Amnesty International and others provided. Two years later, Burma passed a law banning forced labour. Accountability must begin somewhere. And accountability need not exclude increased humanitarian assistance and efforts to engage the new government. Twelve of the 16 nations that have publicly supported a commission of inquiry are EU members, but neither the EU en bloc nor some of its influential members, including Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden, have done so. After more than three years of wait and see, it is time for the EU and its member states to translate their concern about Burmas human rights into public support for the establishment of a UN-led commission of inquiry. Nicolas Beger, Director of Amnesty Internationals European institutions office in Brussels, European Voice, 1 September 2011

III. 7. ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus (AIPMC The ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus (AIPMC) welcomes the efforts of Toms Ojea Quintana, UN Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Burma, to ensure that justice and accountability measures are introduced to address human rights violations and build peace in Burma. AIPMC has appealed to the European Union and ASEAN to support Mr. Quintanas call. On 25 August 2011 Mr. Quintana concluded his fourth visit to Burma and released a statement expressing serious concern for ongoing human rights abuses in the country, including the continued incarceration and ill-treatment of prisoners of conscience, attacks against civilians in border areas, and a host of violations of economic, social and cultural rights. AIPMC in a statement has encouraged genuine political reform in Burma; such reform Page 92 of 188

should include the release of all prisoners of conscience, inclusive multiparty peace talks with non-state armed groups, and an end to impunity for perpetrators of egregious crimes. We believe such measures are necessary for establishing a foundation for long lasting peace in Burma and pursuing justice for victims of human rights abuses the AIPMC statement revealed. Mr. Quintana has repeatedly called on both sides to halt hostilities and find a political solution to the decades long armed conflict. The conflict threatens regional stability as thousands of displaced people seek refuge in neighboring countries. AIPMC urges the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and its member states, to support an investigation into reports of possible international crimes. An inquiry into reported crimes could accelerate peace-seeking initiatives. AIPMC in its statement added, Members of the European Union should also include the call for a Commission of Inquiry or any kind of mechanism to investigate war crimes and crimes against humanity in Burma in the draft of UN General Assembly Resolution. Asian Tribune, 1 September 2011

III. 8. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP) The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners has submitted its report to the UN Human Rights Council for the Universal Periodic Review of Burma. The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is a new mechanism of the Human Rights Council (HRC) aimed at improving the human rights record of all 192 UN Member States. Burma is up for its first review in the 10th session of HRC, in January 2011. For countries, like Burma, with a poor human rights record and a low ratification rate of international human rights treaties, the UPR provides a unique opportunity to put them in the hot seat and have their rights record publically scrutinized says Bo Kyi, Joint Secretary of AAPP. 6 July 2010

III. 9. Avaaz Avaaz.org is an independent, not-for-profit global campaigning organization that works to ensure that the views and values of the worlds people inform global decision-making. (Avaaz means voice in many languages.) Avaaz receives no money from governments or corporations, and is staffed by a global team based in Ottawa, London, Rio de Janeiro, New York, Paris, Sydney and Geneva. Call us at: +1 888 922 8229.

III. 10. The Best Friend Children Education Project The Best Friend Children Education Project started in 1999 in Burma with the purpose of encouraging young people to open their eyes and ears and is now run by Klner-Buddhismus-Center e.V. We are deeply convinced, that education is the only way to eradicate poverty of all mankind. In this time of globalisation, above all, English is the language that enables us to communicate with the world. People, who arent able to speak, read or write in English are therefore somehow standing outside the world. This is why The Best Friend puts main emphasis on teaching the world languages, especially English, French and Japanese. These days many teachers work for The Best Friend Children Education Project voluntarily, so that students can learn mainly free of charge especially those who cannot pay. We also provide 15 free libraries in Burma. The founders of The Best Friend are King Zero and Ashin Sopaka. thebestfriend.org, 14 January 2010

III. 11. Burma Action Ireland The United Nations Security Council should refer Burma to the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the manner in which it blocked humanitarian relief efforts during last years cyclone in the country, according to an independent inquiry into the episode. A report, framed around extensive interviews with relief workers Page 93 of 188

and survivors, says the governments systematic obstruction of relief aid, penalisation of minority ethnic groups and use of forced labour in reconstruction could constitute crimes against humanity. Burma Action Ireland said European members of the UN Security Council should request an immediate ICC investigation. The Irish Times, 27 February 2009

III. 12. Burma Centre Delhi (BCD) Activists on Thursday urged leaders of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) to review and suspend the membership of Burma for its continued violation of the rights of its own citizens. Burma Centre Delhi (BCD), a group working to promote human rights and democracy in Burma, in a memorandum to leaders of BIMSTEC, urged the grouping to suspend the membership of Burmas military junta, saying having them as a member decreases the credibility of the grouping. The continued human rights violations by Burmas military junta are a disgrace for the grouping, Dr. Alana Golmei, coordinator of the BCD told Mizzima. As Indians, we urged India to stand by the democratic principles that our national fathers Gandhi and Nehru laid down, Golmei added. 13 November 2008

III. 13. Burma Development Committee A group of activists, including Htin Kyaw, released a formal statement today warning the government to reduce gas prices by August 22 or face widespread public protests. Rather than sitting in our houses waiting to die from starvation, we will go out and face death on the street. The government has treated us inhumanely and we will express our bitterness by staging peaceful, nonviolent protests and sacrificing our lives, the activists said. We are going back out onto the street to protest in a non-violent way and show the world that Burmese people are polite, honest and starving, the groups statement said. DVB, 17 August 2007

III. 14. Burma Justice Committee (BJC) Tim Dutton QC, past Chairman of the Bar and a leading member of the BJC, said: More generally, the judgment is yet further evidence against the brutal military dictatorship, which, as part of its regime of repressing its citizens, illegally detains thousands of people, and subjects them to degrading and inhumane punishment. The junta is guilty of wholesale breaches of human rights, and the continued oppression of those working to bring democracy and the rule of law to Burma will not be tolerated. Those who support the illegal activities of this regime must expect, whether they be generals or gaolers, that they will be brought before courts and tribunals and held responsible. The Mirror, 30 March 2009

III. 15. Burma Lawyers Council (BLC) The USDA has hired laborers and unemployed people, paying incentives of 2,000 - 5,000 kyat (approximately US $2-$4) to intimidate and attack protestors. Recent legal analysis by the Burma Lawyers Council found that under the existing Criminal Procedure Code, USDA is an unlawful association, and called on the SPDC to declare it as such, stop its use of violence, and cease its criminal acts. Failure to do so, according to the BLC, is proof that the regime is using the USDA to violently crackdown on Burmese citizens exercising their right to freedom of expression. Burma Office (Australia), 30 August 2007

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Daw Aung San Suu Kyis detention fits the technical definition of crimes against humanity. These crimes include imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law (Rome Statute, Art. 7, 1(e)). Suu Kyis detentionis clearly one that violates fundamental rules of international law because she was detained for purely political purposes, not for any wrongdoing. The BLC urges all supporters of peace and justice to continue pressuring the UN Security Council to refer the heinous crimes in Burma to the International Criminal Court. BLC, 28 May 2008 It is time for the international community to act, at least, to end impunity in Burma in a way that it may also facilitate the efforts of people in Burma for peaceful democratic transition with a genuine national reconciliation, on the basis of the Rule of Law. More importantly, such action of the international community may crack rigid control of Senior General Than Shwe and a group of Generals, impliedly encouraging other military leaders who did not commit any heinous crimes and who may tend to focus on professionalism for reformation within the army. To this end, the following recommendations are made: 1) The international community must take tougher actions, including an Arms Embargo, against the military regime; 2) The UN Security Council must declare the SPDCs 2008 Constitution as well as the election to be organized in 2010, as null and void; 3) The UN Security Council must send a Commission of Inquiry to investigate the situation of Burma, focusing on international crimes, including crimes against women, which may lead to a Security Council referral of Burma to the International Criminal Court. Only then will the regime release over 2,100 political prisoners, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi; a political dialogue aiming to achieve genuine national reconciliation on the basis of the Rule of Law will be established; and a peaceful democratic transition will assuredly be facilitated. BLC, August 31, 2009 A report, regarding human rights violations perpetrated by the Burmese military regime, written and endorsed by 13 right groups including Burma Lawyers Council and Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) was submitted to UN Human Rights Council on 5 July. The report was faciliated by Human Rights Education Institute of Burma. The Burmese military regime will be under UN Human Rights Council review in January 2011 for its human rights records. RFA, 6 July 2010

III. 16. Campaign for Burma Burma Campaign Australia (BCA) A leading Australian fashion chain has confirmed it will stop sourcing products from Burma after being named in a campaign exposing Australian business links to the country. In a letter to Burma Campaign Australia (BCA), the secretary of the Speciality Fashion Group, Howard Herman, cited the continued repression of the Burmese people and the ongoing presence of military rule as a reason for it to cease trading. Burmas violation of Speciality Fashion Groups Human and Social Rights Compliance requirements has meant that we can no longer deal with any company trading in Burma, he said. Last month BCA launched a campaign, Dont Deal With Burma, which linked a brand of Speciality Fashion Groups, Miller, to product-sourcing from Burma. According to BCA, the chain has annual sales of more than $AUS500 million. Zetty Blake, spokesperson for BCA, welcomed the withdrawal of the chain and urged other companies to follow suit. Australian companies with business interests in Burma are helping fund one of the worlds most brutal military dictatorships and their actions including systematic human rights violations, she said. Corporate Australia needs to put people before profits and do the right thing by the people of Burma and withdraw. Campaigners in Australia last month targeted the Australian airline company, Jetstar, which runs four flights per week to Burma. Jetstar reacted by saying that funds from its flights go towards maintenance of Rangoon airport, and that cutting business ties to the country would hurt Page 95 of 188

the Burmese people. According to BCA, Australian companies could be handing the Burmese dictatorship as much as $US2.8 billion in revenue. Two other Australian companies, Downer EDI and QBE, recently stopped subsidiary operations in Burma. DVB, 12 October 2009

Burma Campaign UK Burma Campaign UKs founding member John Jackson called on Prime Minister Gordon Brown to ensure the EU presented a united front as he hoped continuing international pressure would make its mark. In Burma, the organisation, discipline and strength of the demonstrations have been the most remarkable thing, he said. BBC, 30 September 2007 Burma Campaign UK Director Mark Farmaner said the UN needed to take a much stronger line with the regime. DVB, 28 May 2008 The response from the UN and Western governments has not been outrage. There have been no attempts to hold Burmas generals accountable for their actions. Instead, there is a kind of pathetic gratitude to the generals for the limited opening of humanitarian access in the Delta. But that humanitarian space is shrinking. The international community fears that if they challenge the generals, they will lose what little access they have. They think gentle persuasion is the way forward. This is the same approach they have taken to the political problems of Burma, and it is failing on the humanitarian front just as it failed on the political front. The international community must also accept its share of responsibility for the generals blocking aid after the cyclone. For decades they have stood by and watched while the dictatorship blocked humanitarian aid, especially to ethnic areas. In Karen state, in the east, where I grew up, the junta blocked all aid as part of its campaign of ethnic cleansing against my people. The denial of aid is as effective at killing my people as a bullet, and the UN and world governments, including the British, have shamefully failed to challenge these restrictions. A lesson that should be learnt from Cyclone Nargis is that the generals are not immune to pressure. Faced with growing condemnation, and high-level diplomacy, including from the UN secretary general himself, the generals backed down and let foreign aid workers in. Instead of learning from this, applying pressure for humanitarian access to all the people of Burma and putting similar high-level pressure on the generals for political reform, the international community has fallen silent again. It is time to end the policy of appeasement. Zoya Phan, Co-ordinator, The Independent, 2 May 2009 Activist group Burma Campaign UK said there were several ways EU sanctions could be made more effective. They included putting judges and officials involved in the trial of political prisoners on the banned list, banning EU firms from providing insurance in Burma, placing sanctions on financial transactions, and banning all new investment in the country, including in the oil and gas sector. It said the EU should press for U.N. Security Council action, and work for a global arms embargo. We are often told the generals are immune to pressure, said the groups director Mark Farmaner. The truth is we have had a lot of fine words, but not much practical action. It is time that changed. Reuters, 18 May 2009 According to Burma Campaign UK, 300,000 people so far have signed a petition calling on Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, to secure the release of all Burmas political prisoners. But the UN, like the Association of South-East Asian Nations, appears powerless to stop the horror. So, too, despite their angry protests over Suu Kyis ordeal, do Britain, the EU and the US although activists say western countries, and neighbouring China and India, could do much more if they really wanted to. The Guardian, 20 May 2009

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The Burma Campaign UK today called on the United Nations and international community to renew efforts to secure the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and all political prisoners in Burma. On 24th October Aung San Suu Kyi reaches a total of 14 years in detention, most of it under house arrest. On 11th August 2009, after a sham trial, Aung San Suu Kyi was given a further 18 months under house arrest. Her current period of detention is not due to expire until February 2011. Despite an international outcry, no concrete action was taken to secure her release. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon needs to mobilise the international community to secure the release of all political prisoners, said Mark Farmaner, Director of Burma Campaign UK. Aung San Suu Kyi has managed to use sanctions as leverage to persuade the Generals to resume dialogue, but so far all we have is low level officials talking about talks. Aung San Suu Kyi needs our support in pressuring the generals to start real dialogue. The Burma Campaign UK is calling for all possible tools to be used to persuade Burmas generals to enter into genuine dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi and ethnic representatives. These should include diplomatic pressure, targeted economic sanctions, legal pressure such as a UN Commission of Inquiry into war crimes and crimes against humanity being committed by the dictatorship, and a global arms embargo. Democracy of Burma, 23 October 2009 This week I spoke to Aung San Suu Kyi after, for the third time in a year, the junta refused me permission to visit her in Burma. She impressed on me the need for mass mobilization to demand the release of all Burmas political prisoners and asked that I and her millions of supporters around the world sign the global petition here. She has been liberated by our solidarity -- and she asks that we now apply the same pressure on behalf of the silenced thousands who remain in detention. Ever since I first had contact with her family in the 1990s I knew this was a woman of extraordinary selflessness, courage and resilience. The regime denied her visits from her husband Michael even in the final months of his terminal cancer -- and yet she never wavered when they offered her the chance to return with him to England, and thereby betray the cause of democracy in her country. So it is of no surprise to me that a leader with such incredibly capacity for sacrifice should now be speaking not of her own future but of her countrys. Any moves that we make as an international community should be based on something for something, not something for nothing, and the release of political prisoners must now be the major demand the international community makes of the Burmese government. I would like to see the UN Secretary General galvanize the world community into demanding the liberation of prisoners of conscience, and I believe the UN should also appoint a special representative to monitor this, the major test of the generals true commitment to democratization. Perhaps a release of 50% of prisoners could be the first sign of goodwill, but it must be accompanied by the regime granting the International Committee of the Red Cross urgent access to prisoners and providing those who need it with medical attention. We should not tolerate the attempts to interfere with the neutrality of the Red Cross and fiercely resist the regime's demands that a member of the ruling party must accompany any Red Cross delegation. Here in Europe we should be confident of our influence when we stand together. So I would like to see the visit by Cathy Ashtons representatives as the spur for greater European unity behind core principles of human rights and democracy. And we should take heart from the increased unity in the Burmese opposition; The petition Aung San Suu Kyi is endorsing has seen rare common ground established between her National League for Democracy and the other forces of resistance in Burma. When I spoke with her, she was as ever optimistic about the future and grateful to the international community for their long-time support. She rightly believes that the current talk of economic reform in Burma must be complimented by the reality of political reform. Setting the economy free is of course, important; but, as the Arab Spring proved, setting the people free is even more critical. Gordon Brown is patron of the Burma Campaign UK. Huffington Post, 9 June 2011 As many people in Europe prepare for their summer holidays, behind the scenes discussions will soon start between European governments about the contents of the next UN General Assembly Resolution on Burma, even though it probably will not be voted on until December. The reason for starting so early, and why they Page 97 of 188

are so important this year, is that the EU, which drafts the resolution, has to decide whether or not to include the establishment of a Commission of Inquiry into possible war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Southeast Asian nation. Given the situation in Burma, past and present, and the fact that the dictatorship has ignored 20 previous resolutions calling for an end to abuses, to simply set up an inquiry to establish the truth about what is taking place should not be controversial. But it is. Countries like Germany and Italy are opposing the EU including an inquiry in the resolution. They dont do so publicly, how could they? Its a shameful position for them to hold, and indefensible. In 2010 it looked as if, after 20 years, the patience of the General Assembly was finally wearing out. The Resolution on Burma, passed on Dec. 24, stated that UN members: Expresses grave concern at the continuing practice of arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, rape and other forms of sexual violence, torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and urges the government of Burma to undertake without further delay a full, transparent, effective, impartial and independent investigation into all reports of human rights violations, and to bring to justice those responsible in order to end impunity for violations of human rights, and, regretting that previous calls to that effect have not been heeded, calls on the government to do so as a matter of priority and, if necessary, drawing on the assistance of the United Nations. In addition, with the dictatorship breaking ceasefire agreements and a massive increase in abuses such as gang-rape, arbitrary executions, slave labour and mortar-bombing of civilian villages, the case for an inquiry is stronger than ever before. I have met with governments across Europe to ask them to take action to help my people. Over and over again I have been told how they are powerless to make a difference, that they have done all that they can. But now they have a chance to act, and in a way which could save lives. They can include a Commission of Inquiry in the next General Assembly Resolution on Burma. An Inquiry will not stop all abuses, or even most abuses, but it will stop some abuses, and if that means one less 12-year-old girl being raped in front of her mother, and one more child who does not have to watch his father being shot by a soldier, then it is an action worth taking. By early September the EU is likely to have made what will, for some people in Burma, literally be a life or death decision. I hope European diplomats and politicians will remember that it is real lives and real people we are talking about. If they decide to wait and see again, what we will see is more death and more rapes. Zoya Phan, Campaigns Manager at Burma Campaign UK, Irrawaddy, 26 July 2011

US Campaign for Burma (USCB) We are a grassroots group of American and Burmese people working to promote human rights, freedom and democracy in the Southeast Asian country of Burma. Each and every human on this planet can do something to support Burmas struggle. uscampaignforburma.org We believe that China is in a unique position, possessing the leverage to bring Burmas military regime to the dialogue table. China is the Burmese military regimes single most important ally, supplying billions in weapons, aid, and trade, while shielding the regime from international action by the UN Security Council. Chinas position on Burma is coming into greater focus as the 2008 Olympics will be launched on August 8th, the anniversary of the military crackdown in Burma that resulted in the death up to 10,000 demonstrators in 1988. Protests are happening inside Burma, with monks and others continuing their protests. Just today hundreds of monks have begun their demonstrations and boycott of the military government. Further demonstrations will happen at Chinese embassies in 10 countries around the world, and events in many others. So please join us! 17 September 2007 China is paralyzing UN Security Council action on Burma. They are the main economic, military, and political supporters of the military junta. For fifteen years China has refused to press its closest ally to allow its people human rights, and used its veto power to block the UN Security Council from acting. We are Page 98 of 188

calling on people of conscience throughout the world to boycott the 2008 Chinese Olympics, join our efforts. October 2007 In the House of Representatives, Rep. Lantos has introduced the Block Burmese JADE Junta AntiDemocratic Efforts) Act and in the Senate, Senators Biden and McConnell have introduced the Burmese Democracy Promotion Act. Both of these will tighten sanctions on Burmas military regime and really hit the generals where it hurts. Call in today to demand that your Representative and Senator co-sponsor. November 2007 About 30 Hollywood celebrities will kick off a campaign Thursday to seek the release of Burmas democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi and push for freedom in the military-ruled nation. The 30-day campaign will see stars such as Will Ferrell, Ellen Page, Judd Apatow, Anjelica Huston, Jennifer Aniston and Rosanna Arquette appearing in video clips on the Internet highlighting human rights issues in Burma. It is aimed at building a network of one million people to join the US Campaign for Burma, a group in the forefront of efforts to free 62-year-old Aung San Suu Kyi, the worlds only imprisoned Nobel Peace Prize recipient who has spent more than 12 of the past 18 years under house arrest. Every now and again, a single person or event captures the imagination and inspiration of the world, said popular American actor Ferrell in a video kicking off the campaign. This moment belongs to Burma and to Aung San Suu Kyi. Please, honor her courage, honor your compassion and let this be the month you join an effort to change the world, said the 40-year-old actor. AFP, 1 May 2008 At the July 24 U.N. panel discussion, Aung Din said the Burmese regime continues to abuse prisoners horribly, many of them just ordinary people. They are not criminals, he said. Actually, they are the future of our country. Their lives should be used for building a better nation. america.gov, 25 July 2008 The U.S. Campaign for Burma, a group of pro-democracy activists, says the U.S. should impose even tougher sanctions on the Burmese military leaders. The groups director, Jennifer Quigley, told the hearing that tighter U.S. and European penalties on Burmas rulers would cut off their access to much needed foreign currency. The regime would like to have its money in dollars, and we have effectively managed to take away their currency of choice, you could say. The other strong currency is the euro - if we approach our other allies to strengthen their own sanctions that would effectively cut off the two strongest currencies in the world from the regime, she said. VOA, 24 April 2009 According to Jennifer Quigley, advocacy director for the Washington-based US Campaign for Burma, It is all part of the game. Everyone knows that to have real talks they must speak with Senior General Than Shwe. In an April 3 article written for the Far Eastern Economic Review, the US Campaign for Burmas executive director wrote, Direct engagement should only be with the regimes sole decision maker, Senior General Than Shwe. Meetings with other officials, who are not involved in decision making, will not produce results. Asia Times Online, 25 April 2009 I welcome the President Obamas nomination of Derek Mitchell as the U.S. Special Representative and Policy Coordinator for Burma. Although this nomination is long overdue, it is the first step in the right direction. The next step should be about establishing a clear time frame and benchmarks. The U.S. engagement with the regime should not be open-ended. Benchmarks should be set, such as an immediate and unconditional release of all political prisoners, a peaceful ending of armed conflict with ethnic minorities, allowing all stakeholders in Burma, especially democracy leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, leaders of the 88 Generation Students group, and ethnic leaders, to participate in the countrys political process freely, and establishment of a meaningful political dialogue for national reconciliation and Page 99 of 188

democratization. The U.S. Special Policy Coordinator should go to Burma and communicate such conditions and our plan of response. Aung Din, Piercing Burmas Veil of Secrecy: The Truth Behind the Sham Election and the Difficult Road Ahead, 22 June 2011

III. 17. Burma Egress There is still room to change at the small scale, said an AIDS activist, sipping juice in a teashop. Many people say civil society is dead. But it never dies. Sometimes it takes different forms, under pretext of religion, under pretext of medicine. A 32-year-old writer here said his father was a local township representative for Suu Kyis party, the National League for Democracy, which won 1990 elections but was never allowed to take power. But the young writer sees a role for himself beyond the opposition party. He said his life was transformed after he took a three-month course at a Rangoon nonprofit agency called Burma Egress, which runs classes for Burmese interested in development. He then quit his job at a business journal to freelance opinion columns under a pseudonym and has co-founded a nonprofit with other Egress alumni. I came to realize my daily life is being involved in politics, in the political economy, he said, a resolve triggered by the scenes of poverty he witnessed along his daily commute on a creaking, overcrowded bus through Rangoon. My belief is that without political knowledge . . . people will just go around town and get shot. I am doing what I can as an educator and a journalist. Many people in Rangoon expressed feeling a similar sense of duty as they have watched their military rulers decimate the education system and deepen poverty through mismanagement of the economy. In Burma, the middle class is very thin, said a 38-year-old graphic designer who in 2004 helped found an undercover nonprofit group that recruits potential political leaders. We need to grow, strengthen that. Most democratic countries have a broader middle class. It is the only way to go forward. Such groups have also allowed urbanites to network in ways previously inconceivable. On a recent afternoon, students crowded into a musty hotel conference room for a three-hour lecture on civil society sponsored by Burma Egress. Ten minutes before the class was to begin, barely a seat was vacant and still the students poured in, laughing, chatting or rifling through notes that curled at the edges in the damp heat. They have a thirst for knowledge. They want to know. . . . They dont even take a break, said a 28-year-old Egress teacher, observing the 105 young adults from the back of the room. This place is quite free, the only place we can talk about these things. Some members of the groups reject any political motive in their activities, describing them as purely humanitarian. But others say that in Burma the two are intrinsically linked. At every meeting of nonprofits, the solution is always, in the end, political, said a Rangoon scholar who works with a foreign development organization. The scholar is associated with a loose circle of influential academics, writers, negotiators between the junta and restive ethnic minorities, and businessmen at home and abroad who share a goal of finding a way through the political impasse. Its not that we oppose the NLD, but at least we take advantage of the opening space. . . . The NLD cant set a course. We have to find an alternative, said the scholar, who served 15 years in prison for writing about human rights. But Suu Kyis trial has made him less sanguine about prospects for change in next years elections, the countrys first since 1990. Going forward, he said, the key is to prime the population for the transition. Washington Post / Nyunt Than, BADA, 24 August 2009

III. 18. Canadian Friends of Burma (CFOB) Canadian parliamentarians have voted unanimously in favour of a motion to call on Burmas military junta to release renowned democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from a lengthy detention. If she is not freed, Canadian Friends of Burma (CFOB) are asking the government to consider expelling Burmese diplomats from Canada. Tin Maung Htoo, executive director of CFOB, said CFOBs opinion is that there is no use in maintaining diplomatic relations with the Burmese military junta. Their continuous presence in Canada further legitimizes the military government in Burma, nothing more than that. Epoch Times, 14 June 2007 Page 100 of 188

III. 19. Catholic Church Burmese refugees are a special part of the Catholic Churchs life and mission, says the apostolic nuncio to Thailand. My purpose in coming here is to show my friendship and solidarity with you and to share with you the Churchs care for you, said Archbishop Giovanni dAniello during his March 21 visit to the Tham Hin refugee camp in Ratchaburi province. Tham Hin is the site of one of nine camps for Burmese refugees in Thailand. It was established in 1997 and is today home to more than 9,500 refugees, mostly Karen people. Archbishop dAniellos visit to the camp was to show how much these people matter to him, he said in his address on being welcomed there by the Thai camp commander and representatives of the local camp community. The archbishop was appointed apostolic nuncio to Thailand in September 2010. He also represents the Pope in Burma, Cambodia and Laos. Catholic News Philippines, 23 March 2011

III. 20. Center for Strategic and International Studies The junta has mastered the art of fending off international pressure with empty gestures. It is exploiting divisions in the international community to block pressure for real change. For the sake of those who stand for peaceful democratic change in Burma, the United States must intensify its diplomacy and define the agenda for action before the regime outmaneuvers its critics once again. Michael Green and Michael Schiffer, boston.com, 26 April 2008

III. 21. Chin National Front As a revolutionary organization working for implement the interests of the Chin people, CNF will dissolve immediately when these three national interests (self-determination, democracy, and federalism) are achieved. Because, CNF clearly believed and envisioned that when these three Chin national interests are met, there is no reason (again no reason at all) for the CNF to remain as revolutionary organization. Because, there are many outstanding politicians and nationalists like you, who would do out standing politic and political jobs for the Chin people, when and after the three Chin National Interests are met. Hero Chinland, 13 April 2008 The Chin National Front has vowed to carry out sniper attacks on government and Union Solidarity and Development Association officials if they obstruct the groups efforts to boost development in Chin state. The CNF said they have started an operation named People Power 20, or PP20, to encourage development in Chin state in cooperation with the Chin people. DVB, 15 July 2008

III. 22. Christian Science Monitor The ultimate solution is a return to democracy. 16 July 2007

III. 23. Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) The CSW has joined the chorus of voices blasting the junta's final National Convention session. The National Convention is a complete sham designed to entrench and extend the military regimes power, said Stuart Windsor, National Director of CSW, in a July 19th statement. Echoing the multitude of voices in opposition to the National Convention, CSW calls on the international community to toughen its stance against the regime and strongly refute any product resulting from the National Convention. CSW urges the Page 101 of 188

regime to engage opposition parties in a true dialogue aimed at national reconciliation. Mizzima News, 20 July 2007 CSW today announced plans for a day of fasting on Tuesday 4 September and a day of prayer on Sunday 9 September in response to the current crisis in Burma. 29 August 2007 CSWs Chief Executive Mervyn Thomas called on Christians throughout the world, We urge as many people as possible to stand in solidarity with the people of Burma at this epic moment. 4 October 2007 Christian Solidarity Worldwides Advocacy Director, Tina Lambert, said: The Karen people are struggling for their very survival. For too long their cries have fallen on deaf ears around the world. It is time for that to change. The world must act to bring an end to the dictators reign of terror in Burma before it is too late. Asiantribune.com, 6 February 2008 CSWs Chief Executive, Mervyn Thomas, said: In light of the desperate deterioration in human rights in Burma, it is essential that the Secretary-General does not take the lack of progress as a reason to cancel his visit. On the contrary, the visits of UN envoys over many years have been shown to have failed and now it is time for the Secretary-General himself, with the full weight of his office, to visit Burma and seek to facilitate change. CSW is calling on the UN Security Council to set out some specific benchmarks for progress which the regime must meet according to set deadlines. These include the immediate release of political prisoners, followed by an end to the military offensives against civilians in eastern Burma. The regimes crimes against humanity have gone unchallenged for too long, said Thomas. We believe the international community should seriously consider invoking the principle of the Responsibility to Protect with regard to Burma. CSW, 18 November 2008 CSWs East Asia Team Leader, Benedict Rogers, who led the delegation, said: During this visit we heard yet more evidence of the regimes brutal suppression of its people and callous disregard for human dignity and human life. Over the past two decades, CSW has visited the Thai-Burmese border many times, and each time the stories we have heard have been painfully consistent. The regime is guilty of every possible human rights violation, amounting to crimes against humanity, and it is time to bring the Generals to account. Every effort must be made this year to call a halt to the policies of oppression, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, and bring the junta into a meaningful dialogue with the democracy movement and the ethnic nationalities. No credibility should be given to the regimes planned elections in 2010, which will simply be rigged in the same way the referendum on a new constitution was blatantly rigged last year. Instead, pressure should be intensified on the regime to pave the way for a fully inclusive, free and fair democratic process. 16 February 2009 CSWs East Asia Team Leader Benedict Rogers said his group is pleased with the support. It shows just how seriously the issue is taken, and it should send a message to the regime in Burma that their gross abuse of prisoners of conscience has not gone unnoticed by the world, Rogers said. We will not stay silent, and will continue to campaign until all political prisoners in Burma, including democracy leader and Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, are free. Worthy News, 1 May 2009 Christian Solidarity Worldwide has called on the United Nations (UN) and the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to send envoys to Burma to secure the release of Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, currently held in Insein Prison. christiantoday.com, 16 May 2009

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Last week marked the 61st anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. If that is to mean anything in Burma, the time has come for the U.N. to impose a universal arms embargo on the regime, to invoke the much-flaunted Responsibility to Protect mechanism, and to investigate the regimes crimes. The time to end the system of impunity in Burma is long overdue. Benedict Rogers, New York Times, 17 December 2009 Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) is calling for a ceasefire in Burmas Kachin state and urges the international community, including the United Nations (UN) and European Union (EU), to press Burmas nearest neighbors, China and India, to protect refugees who have fled the Kachin conflict to seek refuge in the border regions. According to reports, following a series of clashes in early June, an agreement had been reached between the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), which is the armed wing of the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO), and Burma Army on 9 June, in which prisoners held by both sides would be released, and the Burma Army would withdraw from the area. The KIO have had a ceasefire agreement with the regime since 1994. The KIA reports that it returned six Burmese soldiers, including Captain Myat Ko Ko, to the regime. However, the regime returned the dead body of Lance-Corporal Sau Ying, who appeared to have sustained severe beating and torture. The regime allegedly said he was killed during battle. Heavy fighting and artillery shelling continued on 11 June after the deadline set by the regime for KIA troops to withdraw from the area was missed. On 12 June the KIO Central Committee informed Major General Zay Yar Aung, Commander of the Northern Military Command, that the KIO will not withdraw its troops from the area and requested a peaceful resolution to the conflict. A government minister responded on 13 June with a request for negotiations, but insisted on the withdrawal of KIO troops from the area, and did not resume negotiations by the 12pm deadline set by the KIO. As a result, hostilities broke out again between the two sides. It has been reported that the Burma Army sent in large numbers of heavily-armed troops into Kachin State and at least 100 mortar shells were launched overnight. At least 2,000 civilians from villages between Myitkyina and Bamaw fled to the China-Burma border, with the number of refugees predicted to rise as clashes between the KIA and Burma Army continue, prompting fears of a renewed civil conflict. CSW, which has sent research teams to the area on three occasions in the past, has received reports of people living in Bhamo, Waing Maw, and Myitkyina Townships being forced to carry weapons and ammunitions for the Burmese troops. A number of private vehicles have also been commandeered for use by the Burma Army. CSWs East Asia Team Leader Benedict Rogers said, We are deeply concerned about the outbreak of civil war in Kachin State, caused by the regimes desire for total control and refusal to engage in dialogue in search of genuine peace. If the conflict continues to escalate the humanitarian consequences will be dire. Burmas neighbors, particularly China and India, have a responsibility to provide sanctuary for those who flee from Kachin State, and we urge the international community, particularly the UN and the EU, to hold urgent talks with China and India to ensure a just solution to the current crisis. We call on the international community to invoke the Responsibility to Protect mechanism in relation to the crisis in Burma, and we urge the regime to end its attacks, declare a nationwide ceasefire and engage in a meaningful dialogue with ethnic nationalities and the democracy movement. It is time to end decades of civil war which have caused untold suffering, and seek a genuine, lasting peace. asiantribune.com, 15 June 2011 There are two dangers we must avoid. The first is to embrace these steps as some great breakthrough, and immediately ease all international pressure on the regime. That would be disastrous, though it would be what the regime is hoping for. The second, however, would be to dismiss these developments out of hand. Having called for dialogue for years, we cannot now write it off when it is offered. Instead, the international community must undertake the following steps. First and foremost, listen to Suu Kyi and the ethnic nationalities. How are they responding? What is their analysis? What are their desires? Page 103 of 188

Second, spell out to the regime very clearly what must happen if international pressure is to ease. Benchmarks of progress are needed now more than ever. If Thein Seins talks with Suu Kyi are to amount to more than a cup of tea, there must be some outcomes. Another round of talks, for a start. The release of all political prisoners. A nationwide ceasefire. An end to the widespread, systematic use of rape as a weapon of war, forced labour, torture, persecution of religious and ethnic minorities, destruction of villages, killings. When we see evidence of a real change of heart, and a corresponding change of policy, then we can talk seriously about lifting sanctions. Until then, the European Union, the United States, Canada and Australia must not only maintain sanctions, but must pursue the proposal of the UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in Burma, Tomas Ojea Quintana, for a Commission of Inquiry to investigate crimes against humanity. Burmas neighbours have a crucial role to play, now more than ever. Now is the time for China, India, Japan and Asean member states to tell Thein Sein: Okay, good stepnow wheres the substance? For years, they have provided the regime with diplomatic, political, economic and in some cases military cover, often damaging their reputations. Now is the time to tell the regime: Give us results. Thein Sein has undoubtedly watched the fall of Ben Ali in Tunisia, Hosni Mubarak in Egypt and now Gaddafi with growing horror. Mubaraks trial and the arrest of Gaddafis sons for prosecution in the International Criminal Court must fill him with dread. For those reasons alone, he should take the chance now to chart a different course for Burma. In Aung San Suu Kyi, he could not have a more reasonable opponent. Thein Sein can also look at history and consider the dictators that are remembered, and why. People today still talk about Russias Mikhail Gorbachev and South Africas FW de Klerk, forgetting the bad things they did and remembering them as dictators who helped transition their countries to freedom. Leonid Brezhnev and PW Botha are consigned to the dustbin of history. Most people right now do not even know who Thein Sein is. Now is his chancehe could go the way of other Burmese dictators, into oblivion, he could go the way of Mubarak and Gaddafi, or he could take his place in history as the Gorbachev or de Klerk of Burma? Does he have the skills, the strength and the courage to do it? Now is his chance to surprise us. Benedict Rogers, East Asia team leader at Christian Solidarity Worldwide, Mizzima, 5 September 2011

III. 24. Chrysler Group LLC In an innovative new TV film breaking today, the Chrysler brand has joined with Lancia Automobiles and the international community in the movement to call for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmas prodemocracy leader and 1991 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, who has been in and out of house arrest since 1989. The 30-second film was initially created as part of the Lancia brands sponsorship of the 10th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Berlin Nov. 10-11, 2009, for which the theme was Knocking down new walls and building bridges for a world without violence. The timing of the summit also coincided with the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The film first aired in Europe on Nov. 12. The Nobel Peace organization has led the international effort to raise the awareness of Aung San Suu Kyis plight and energize the movement for her release. Through the film, featuring the Chrysler 300, the Chrysler brand is demonstrating its commitment to supporting social issues and defending human rights around the world. We produced the TV film in honor of all those who put their lives at stake in the hopes of making the world a better place, said Oliver Francois, President and CEO Chrysler Brand, Chrysler Group LLC, who is also the Managing Director of Lancia Automobiles. In particular, those men and women who are still prisoners, like Aung San Suu Kyi. For Chrysler, this is a chance to use our brand image to join with others in the fight for peace and to knock down the walls that divide us. We at Chrysler believe in doing the right thing and making a difference. PR Newswire, 4 December 2009 The automaker got a lot of attention last year for a TV commercial that called on Burmas military government to free Aung San Suu Kyi, the Nobel Peace Prize winner the junta had imprisoned for 14 of the previous 20 years. The commercial showed other Peace Prize winners -- including icons of freedom Lech Page 104 of 188

Walesa and Mikhail Gorbachev -- being chauffeured around Berlin in Chrysler 300s at a summit that coincided with the 20th anniversary of the Berlin Walls fall. After the other laureates had arrived, an empty 300 pulled up to the conference center. Text identified it as the car for Aung San Suu Kyi. Prime ministerelect of Burma. Nobel Peace Laureate. The commercial ended with a powerful image: A poster calling for Suu Kyis freedom hung on a wall the 300 had crashed through. The narrator said: This film is dedicated to Aung San Suu Kyi, still prisoner in Burma. She was released last month. It was a stroke of marketing genius. The ad was incredibly economical. It cost almost nothing to make, aired a few times and drew disproportionate attention on the Internet and in the news. Chrysler hadnt made a scrap of positive news in months as it went through bankruptcy and formed an alliance with Fiat. The uplifting, emotional images cast the company in a positive new light. Calling for Suu Kyis freedom isnt exactly a profile in courage, though. An automaker doesnt risk much by annoying the generals who run Burma. With a per capita GDP of $1,100, the Burmese people dont buy many Town & Country minivans or Lancia Delta luxury cars. Chrysler got the commercial courtesy of Fiats Lancia brand, which shot a nearly identical ad. Lancia has a history of supporting human rights. It publicly promotes gay rights and opposes violence against women. Because of that track record, the conference asked Lancia to provide cars for the laureates. Lancia had earned that honor. It risked alienating buyers with controversial ads that spoke for the oppressed. China is the worlds largest market for new cars, but before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Lancia aired a commercial in which Richard Gere delivered a subtle but effective Free Tibet message by driving a Delta from Graumans Chinese Theatre Hollywood to a Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas. The Chinese government went into orbit. Fiat apologized, but the ad lives on in cyberspace. Deltroit Free Press, 5 December 2010

III. 25. Clear Path International (CPI) Burma has always had a thriving literary community. Books and magazines were available to rent for a few cents in every small township from stalls and public libraries. But access to reading materials, especially for poor children, has become severely limited. Clear Path International aims to reignite the love of books and reading in Burma, and to extend childrens learning beyond the boundaries of the national curriculum. By partnering with a local nonprofit organization that promotes literacy and access to childrens books, CPI will create libraries in nine monastic schools within three years, and provide materials and support activities that encourage both children and parents to read at community-based libraries in suburbs of Rangoon. Clear Path is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that assists landmine survivors and others disabled or displaced by armed conflict in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan. The $20,000 monastic school project is an extension of CPIs work along the border between Thailand and Burma, where CPI has provided prosthetic and rehabilitation care, psycho-social services, vocational training and socio-economic support to refugees and internally displaced landmine accident survivors since 2002. The monastic school system once taught everyone from royal princes to unskilled workers and helped to give Burma a literacy rate above those of other Far Eastern countries in early 1900s. Nowadays, in Rangoon and Mon State, monastic schools are limited to providing a free but basic education for orphans and children from the poorest families. Many of the parents are themselves illiterate. CPI has found that these schools lack basic teaching materials and skills to instill a love of reading. The six schools in Rangoon included in the project do not have libraries. The three schools in Mon State have areas designated for libraries but do not have appropriate, good-quality books or the skilled personnel to manage the libraries. In general, public access to reading materials, especially for children, is almost non-existent in present-day Burma. Bookshops charge about 5,000 Kyats per childrens book ($5.50 US), putting them out of the reach of most parents. Only good quality books, some in Burma and some in English, will be donated to the monastic schools located in several townships. Each school will receive 300 new books and will allow students to enjoy dedicated library time. Teachers or volunteer librarians will be taught each term to catalogue and maintain the books, and to manage the Page 105 of 188

libraries. Additionally, representatives from CPIs partner organization will work with teachers and parents to improve their ability to read effectively to children. Children will be encouraged to perform simple comprehension exercises through school and library-based competitions. The project begins June 1, 2011 and is estimated to benefit 3,461 children and more than 100 teachers, as well as the families of the students. trust.org, 6 May 2011

III. 26. Committee Representing of People Parliament (CRPP) For the Union of Burma to exist, unity must be nurtured and developed. The countrys political, economic, social, education, health and other conditions are deteriorating rapidly from day to day because the peoples representatives who have been elected freely and fairly cannot meet and discuss the issues in a Peoples Parliament. There is no way that these problems can be solved until a democratic government comes into existence through the convening of a parliament with representatives who have been elected by the free will of the people for the people. 16 September 2000 The Committee Representing the Peoples Parliament has said the Burmese governments planned national referendum is not legitimate and vowed to join with the people of Burma to fight for democracy. DVB, 20 March 2008 The juntas use of thugs to attack pro-democracy and human rights activists means it is driving the country down a dangerous road in the future, said Aye Tha Aung, the secretary of the Committee Representing the Peoples Parliament. We condemn these backward acts. Irrawaddy, 4 April 2008 The United Nations envoy to Burma, Ibrahim Gambari, has been assigned head of the UN-African Union peacekeeping mission in Darfur, following criticism of his former posting. Gambari had made several visits to Burma during his posting as the UNs special envoy for human rights, although he has come under fire from campaigners over deteriorating conditions in Burma during his appointment. The reception however was not so warm from Aye Tha Aung, secretary of the Committee Representing the Peoples Parliament (CRPP) and Arakan League for Democracy. Gambari as an UN envoy tried so many times but failed to initiate national reconciliation and dialogue, he said. He failed to bring the NLD, ethnic groups and the SPDC onto the right path towards dialogue. The next envoy should be someone who can take full responsibility for the duties given by the UN, and work effectively to instigate the decisions made by the organisation. Someone who just comes to Rangoon and pushes the ethnic groups and the opposition to follow the governments]preference will be of no use. The UN is yet to announce who will take Gambaris place, a daunting task in the run-up to controversial elections next year which critics of the Burmese government claim are set to entrench military rule in the country. DVB, 4 December 2009 Nine members of Committee Representing Peoples Parliament (CRPP) met with U Tin Oo, the ViceChairperson of NLD, at his residence on 2 July, regarding how to inform democratic forces and people during the military regimes elections. RFA, 2 July 2010 III. 27. Committee for the Restoration of Democracy in Burma (CRDB) The essence of our purpose is often abbreviated with the 3 Rs: Restore internal peace and harmony in Burma, Return democratic processes to the Burmese people, and Rebuild the Union of Burma through the establishment of a Federal Republic. 4 January 1987 Page 106 of 188

China and Russia, two protectors of brutal Burmese junta, must take full responsibility when Junta harm the innocent Buddhist monks and Burmese people again this time. 25 September 2007

III. 28. Democratic Party for New Society (DPNS) / Lu Baung Thit The DPNS was de-registered as a legal political party in December 1991. We condemn the military regimes crackdown on political activists. We demand the military regime to release all political prisoners immediately. dpns.org The DPNS denounces the immoral and low-life tactics and conduct of the SPDC in its attempts to discredit the NLD and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and warns the SPDC government to stop such immoral and frivolous acts. Khin Maung Tint, General Secretary, Press Statement, 8 May 2009

III. 29. Dictator Watch Free Burma! Boycott Chinas Genocide Olympics! dictatorwatch.org, May 2007 A number of scenarios in the coming weeks and months are possible. These include a violent reaction by the SPDC to increasingly large public demonstrations; Burma becoming unsettled as protests in the streets are supplemented with revolutionary acts, including which target international financial interests (e.g., opposition to the Salween dams); and the possibility of a coup against the SPDC and/or the voluntary relinquishing of power by Than Shwe. The International Community, but particularly officials at the United Nations, and in the governments of the U.S., E.U., the U.K. separately (it bears singular responsibility because of its prior colonization of Burma), and Australia, should undertake emergency contingency planning, for all of these scenarios. These parties should be prepared to act, momentarily and ideally as a coalition, if the above outcomes occur. For the first, if the SPDC commits mass murder of the protestors, this will create a moral obligation to launch a military intervention. dictatorwatch.org, 9 September 2007 In the Ten-Year Review of Dictator Watch, his invaluable site dedicated to rolling back the repression of Burmas military regime, Roland Watson presents a tactful, nuanced appraisal of the Nobel laureate who is the leader of Burmas pro-democracy movement. Daw Suu is the moral leader of Burma, and here through her sacrifice and courage she has set a shining example. Daw Suu has said that Burma requires a Spiritual Revolution and that there should be no fighting -- she has never offered any positive reinforcement to the armed struggle of the ethnic nationalities, even though acknowledging specific and widely publicized Burma Army atrocities against them. But she should understand that her silence has the effect of delegitimizing their struggle. This puts the people of Burma in a difficult situation. Should the ethnic groups fight or not? Their people are being attacked, so they have to fight, but Daw Suu apparently does not agree. It is not good enough to tell the people to wait. There is a terrible cost to this. More ethnic villagers will be killed or lose their livelihoods; more ethnic resistance -- and Tatmadaw [Burmas army] -soldiers will lose their lives. Even with a position of non-violence, Daw Suu should confer with representatives of the ethnic nationalities. By talking together now, not only can they unearth opportunities to push for freedom, they will be building a pattern of cooperation for when Burma is democratic. The view of Watson and Dictator Watch is that strategy for the Burma pro-democracy movement is relatively simple, albeit complex to implement. The movement has two arms, non-violent protestors and ethnic rebels. But, rather than opposing each other, they can instead complement and work together. Watson concludes: If the people start protesting, and the ethnic groups launch offensive operations Page 107 of 188

wherever and whenever possible, the regime will not be able to handle it. Foreign Policy in Focus, 28 October 2011

III. 30. The Elders An empty chair was set on stage and will be reserved at all Elders meetings for Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, who is the prisoner of the military junta despite her victory in a democratic election in 1990. The West Australian, 20 July 2007 The Elders urge world leaders not to tolerate this latest attempt by the military regime in Burma to extend Aung San Suu Kyis detention, which has been found to be illegal by the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention. President Jimmy Carter said: The regime is clearly seeking reasons not to release her. We stand by Aung San Suu Kyi, our fellow Elder, and urge the United Nations and ASEAN to dispatch envoys to Burma to demand her immediate release. Mary Robinson said: Aung San Suu Kyi has been illegally detained for 13 years. This trial is just as illegal. It is not credible for the government to persist with this strategy in order to extend her imprisonment. She should be freed immediately. Desmond Tutu said: Release our sister now! Absurd trial is an excuse to extend her incarceration. burmanet.org, 15 May 2009

III. 31. Ethnic Nationalities Council (ENC) The ENC strongly endorses the successive United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolutions that call for a Tripartite Dialogue the military led by the ruling State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); democracy advocates led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (NLD); and the ethnic nationalities in order to resolve Burmas long-standing problems and establish a sustainable democracy. encburma.org The only political system that can guarantee rights and equality for all ethnic groups in Burma is a genuine federalism. If the SPDC rejects our proposal, we will have no choice but to call on the people of Burma to reject the SPDCs constitution at its referendum in May 2008. Burmas Chinese in worldwide Chinese media, 1 March 2008 Dr. Lian Hmung Sakhong, General Secretary of the ENC: One important issue I and the delegation have press is to organize international conference on Burma where China, India and ASEAN countries can join the US in democratization of the country. The ENC and the first lady of the United States Mrs. Bush at the White House. 12 June 2007

III. 32. Euro-Burma Office (EBO) The head of an influential opposition group, Euro-Burma Office (EBO), denied a blog claim that a delegation from the organization recently visited Burma. In a statement sent to Mizzima by the Euro-Burma Office, Harn Yawnghwe, the Excutive Director, said, There was no official Euro-Burma visit to Burma, adding they have received enquiries from colleagues and media with regards to a report in a blog that insinuated otherwise. The statement also read, The EBO does not subscribe to the concept of the Third Page 108 of 188

Force. In the case of Burma, it is the military versus the people. There is no Third Force. However, EBO admitted that a delegation from the group has met with representatives of Burmas military government on three occasions, in 1999, 2005 and most recently in 2006. The purpose of the prior meetings was said to be to suggest that the SPDC initiate a dialogue with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi andto suggest that the SPDC negotiate with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and ethnic nationality leaders about a transition to democracy, according to the EBO missive. 15 May 2009

III. 33. Fdration Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme (FIDH, French: International Federation for Human Rights) Expressing its grave concern at the current situation and its fear that ahead of the upcoming elections, the Burmese military regime will proceed to more violent repression against political dissidents and human rights defenders and further attacks against ethnic minority groups in Burma; Recognizing that democratic reform and genuine change in Burma will come only if there is respect for human rights and genuine national reconciliation, and that the human rights situation in Burma has an impact on all countries in the region, FIDHs Congress: Expresses strong support for all of Burmas human rights defenders, in Burma and in neighbouring countries; Urges NGOs from all countries to: Form a united front against the SPDCs ongoing and systematic violations of human rights; Closely monitor and condemn those governments who ignore the SPDCs human rights abuses for political or economic gain; Support Burmas democracy movement by initiating and maintaining contact with pro-democracy groups inside and outside of Burma and providing them with needed assistance; Join FIDH in its fight against impunity in Burma and in its international advocacy on the establishment, by the United Nations, of a Commission of Inquiry, ahead of the upcoming 65th session of the United Nations General Assembly, next autumn. Urges the State Peace and Development Council of Burma to: Respect its obligations pursuant to domestic and international human rights law, including all treaties to which it is party; Cease any hostilities against ethnic nationality groups; Release all political prisoners; Engage in genuine tripartite dialogue with pro-democracy forces and ethnic nationality groups, including an inclusive review of the 2008 constitution. Urges the United Nations and national governments to: Support all of Burmas human rights defenders and its democratic movement; Call on the SPDC to release all political prisoners, cease hostilities with ethnic nationality groups and to engage in genuine tripartite dialogue with all key stakeholders; Call for an international arms embargo on Burma; Call for a UN organ mandated Commission of Inquiry into crimes against humanity and war crimes in Burma; Reject the regime-organised elections. fidh.org, 10 April 2010

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III. 34. Federation of Trade Unions Burma (FTUB) With assistance from trade unions in other countries, FTUB provides education and health care alongside other organisations working to alleviate the poverty and suffering of many millions of Burmese refugees and migrant workers and their families. FTUB also publish teaching materials, in a variety of languages, for the concepts of democracy and trade union rights. ftub.org Democratic debate is the key to the unity of freedom, friendship, wisdom and security that makes the best government. Maung Maung, 17 December 2007 FTUB requests the international trade union movement, the ITUC and its members, as well as the ILO to assist the development of the workers social and economic conditions in Burma by continuing with the following demands upon the SPDC Burma regime: 1. The SPDC must guarantee that the five who were unlawfully arrested and released do not loose their jobs. 2. The SPDC must strictly abide by ILO Convention 87 of the International Labour Organization on Freedom of Association, which Burma has ratified, as well as all International Core Labour Standards, which Burma is required as a member of the ILO to enforce. 3. The SPDC must denounce the actions of the authorities involved in arresting our members, and immediately order an end to all actions to prevent workers from forming trade unions and exercising their labour rights in Burma. Burma Net News, 14 April 2009 Trade unions in Burma are not being granted the freedom to organize and face continual harassment from the government, a senior member of a union coalition has told the International Labour Conference (ILC). But Burmas deputy labour minister, Tin Htun Aung, dismissed the claims made by Than Lwin, deputy head of the Free Trade Union-Burma (FTUB) grouping, in a report submitted to the ILC prior to the meeting. Than Lwin claimed at the ILC that 32 labour activists remained behind bars in Burma. Tin Htun Aung said there were no such violations in Burma and that the government didnt imprison anyone. He said everything was fine in Burma and that right now is a very crucial time for the country as the basic constitution is being written. Than Lwin said however that we have all the evidence of labour abuses, and that Tin Htun Aungs comments were countered by representatives from eight countries, including India, Indonesia, Japan and France, who attended at the conference. The 32 labour activists in Burmese prisons include eight female FTUB members. Than Lwin said the group also urged the ILC to push the Burmese junta to free those in poor health and serving long sentences. A series of strikes that rocked Rangoon in March had been pre-empted by calls for the free formation of trade unions. The focus of much of strike had been directed towards poor working conditions and inadequate pay; the average wage in Burma is less than $US20 a month. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) each year invites member states to send a delegation consisting of two government delegates, an employer delegate, a worker delegate and their respective advisers to the ILC. DVB, 11 June 2010

III. 35. Free Burma Federation The debate over whether tourists should travel to Burma or not has reignited in Britain as Burmese activists yesterday demonstrated at the World Travel Market Exhibition in London. We are staging this protest to oppose travelling to Burma, said Leim Nu of the Free Burma Federation, adding that the demonstrations were joined by various groups, such as Burma Campaign UK. About 40 people from different Burmese communities and ethnic groups, such as Kachin, Karen and Chin, are joining us, he said. Advocates of a boycott of tourism to Burma say that there is evidence the Burmese government uses forced labour in the construction of tourist resorts. Moreover, tourists are heavily restricted in where they can go and who they Page 110 of 188

can meet. The junta will only use the profits for further development of the army, while the people of Burma would not enjoy the fruits of it, said Leim Nu. DVB, 13 November 2009

III. 36. Free Burma Rangers (FBR) Unite for freedom, justice and peace. The Free Burma Rangers mission is to provide hope, help and love to internally displaced people inside Burma, regardless of ethnicity or religion. Using a network of indigenous field teams, FBR reports on human rights abuses, casualties and the humanitarian needs of people who are under the oppression of the Burma Army. FBR provides medical, spiritual and educational resources for IDP communities as they struggle to survive Burmese military attacks. freeburmarangers.org

III. 37. Freedom Fighter Another group known as Freedom Fighter in Rangoon has also begun tying pieces of monks robes and pasting posters and words of defiance on roadside trees, sources said What they do is that they tie pieces of monks rob on the roadside trees with some words defying the junta along with it, a local resident, who is close to the group told Mizzima. 7 July 2007

III. 38. Freedom Now Today, Freedom Now submitted an urgent appeal to the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Manfred Nowak, on American Nyi Nyi Aungs behalf. Nyi Nyi Aung, who has been unjustly imprisoned in Burma since September 3, 2009 is being subjected to torture by prison officials in Burmas notorious Insein Prison. The torture is punishment for his hunger strike earlier this month protesting the conditions of Burmas political prisoners. Mr. Aung is being kept in what is known in Burma as military dog cell confinement. This means that he is kept in solitary confinement in an 8 x 10 cell. Military dogs are held directly across from his cell in order to subject him to almost constant, high-volume barking. This treatment and resulting sleep deprivation clearly meets the standard of cruel, inhuman and unusual treatment prohibited by multiple international treaties. Freedom Now believes that this treatment has been ongoing since at least December 7, 2009, when Mr. Aung initiated his hunger strike. Freedom Now President Jared Genser stated: We hope that UN Special Rapporteur Nowak will be able to persuade the Burmese junta to immediately stop torturing Nyi Nyi. We also believe that U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton must personally demand that the Burmese junta cease treating an American citizen in this manner. Mr. Aung, a well-known non-violent democracy activist, was arrested by Burmese authorities on September 3, 2009. He was attempting to visit his mother, also an imprisoned democracy activist, who has cancer. Mr. Aung is falsely accused of using a forged Burmese national identity card and illegally importing currencies into the country. He is currently on trial for these alleged violations. The Burmese junta has deprived Mr. Aung of his right to U.S. consular access since December 3, 2009. He was also deprived of this right during the first seventeen days of his detention. Mr. Aung was also tortured during this initial period of his detention. He was deprived of food and sleep, beaten, and denied medical treatment. Press Release / Burma Net News, 22 December 2009

III. 39. Generation Wave A new generation of activists calling themselves Generation Wave came together on October 9. They have begun distributing anti-junta pamphlets and posters in Rangoon, as part of a new effort to revive the spirit of the peoples movement of September, which the military junta crushed. The new group, which operates undercover, have begun distributing posters and pamphlets that carry messages such as CNG Page 111 of 188

(Change New Government), FFF (Freedom From Fear), and 88 generation student leader, now detained, Min Ko Naings poem titled Ba Ka Tha, in crowded places in Rangoon since October 15. Our main aim is to distribute it among youngsters particularly those enjoying life at concerts or in other places, so that will come to realize that they have a duty to perform. We also want to remind them that whenever they see CNG, they will know that it stands for Change New Government, Kyaw Kyaw of the Generation Wave told Mizzima. 7 November 2007 Youth activist group Generation Wave said earlier this week that its members were planning a red paint campaign to commemorate those killed in the 8888 uprising and called on other students and young people to join in their activities. DVB, 7 August 2008 GW, in a statement on Wednesday, warned that suppressing activists by sentencing them to long prison terms will not solve problems or conflict, but will only give rise to stronger forces of protest. Mizzima News, 27 November 2008 Graffiti on the walls, posters and leaflets calling for a new government to lead the country. This is the latest initiative launched yesterday in the streets of Rangoon by the dissident youth group Generation Wave. The new campaign promoted by the activists of the underground youth movement is called Change New Government, a play on the initials CNG, for compressed natural gas, placed on vehicles by the military junta as part of the effort to replace gasoline and diesel fuel. Risking the anger of the junta, the young people distributed leaflets in the most crowded spots of the former capital of Burma, and even drew graffiti on the walls of diplomatic residences. Generation Wave spokesman Moe Thway says that the initials of the new fuel imposed by the dictatorship were chosen as a way to make people think that they need a new government whenever they see the CNG sign. Asia News, 6 February 2009 There are always questions about the most effective form of non-violent resistance; about what really can be done with large doses of dedication but little else. For GW, education and communication are the weapon of choice. Min Yan Naing explains that Burma has already proven its appetite for change, for democracy, and for the winner of the last election, Daw Aung San Suu Kyis leadership. But for young people, many of whom were too young to participate in the last election, the issue of communication is key. DVB, 30 December 2009 Meanwhile, Myoe Sett Hline, or Generation Wave (GW), distributed 14 poems on the Internet to coincide with the anniversary. GW, formed by young activists, secretly records and distributes antigovernment music albums across Burma. It claims allegiance to no political party or movement, although its members have one thing in common, a deep respect for pro-democracy leader Suu Kyi. GWs co-founder, Zay Yar Thaw, a member of the group ACID which introduced hip-hop to Burma, was arrested and is serving a long jail term. About 30 other GW members have also been imprisoned. Speaking to The Irrawaddy on Monday, spokesman Pyae Sone Win said, We want young people to know about Martyrs Day so we distributed the poems through e-mail, because most young people, especially students, can use the Internet. GW will try to distribute the poems inside Burma next month, Pyae Sone Win said. The Irrawaddy, 19 July 2010 He is part of a young group of activists called Generation Wave (GW). The organisations main aim is to urge the people of Burma to boycott the elections, given the undemocratic nature of the 2008 Constitution; We reject the 2008 constitution for being undemocratic and unfair. We want to make people aware of this fact and sticking posters in public places is a good way to get the word out, spokesperson Min Ye Naing told DVB., 13 August 2010 Page 112 of 188

III. 40. Global Fund The Global Fund has agreed to grant 33 million dollars to fight malaria in Burma, after pulling out of the country in 2006 due to pressure from the US, United Nations officials confirmed Wednesday. The grant was signed in the past few days between the Global Fund Secretariat and the principal recipient (the UN Development Program), said Leonard Ortega, a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) team in Burma. The Global Fund is an international institution that invests in fighting HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria around the world. It had pulled out of Burma under pressure from the administration of former US president George Bush. That administration argued that it was concerned about a lack of access to affected areas in the country that has been under military dictatorships since 1962. One donor made a strong statement to the principal recipient, the UNDP, that if you implement the Global Fund in Burma we will cull our contributions to your organization, Ortega recalled. Now because of the change in the US administration, the Global Fund has said yes (to Burma), he said. The grant will go toward eradicating malaria in Burma, where an estimated 9,000 people died of the mosquito-borne virus last year. Burmas malaria pandemic poses a health crisis not only for the country itself but for the region as a whole. The WHO is especially concerned about the rise in drug-resistant strains of malaria particularly prevalent along the border areas, where it is impossible to control health programmes because people are constantly crossing the border. monstersandcritics.com, 10 November 2010

III. 41. Global Internet Freedom Consortium (GIF) The GIF, an organisation created to help people in China bypass Government censorship of the Internet, says that Burmese web surfers have discovered its facilities and are using them to circumvent Internet censorship amid the recent crackdown by the Burmese military junta. It was formed in 2006 as an alliance of organisations developing and deploying anti-censorship technologies for Internet users in oppressive regimes. According to GIF, two of its member companies - UltraReach Internet Corp (UR) and Dynamic Internet Technology received over 120,000 average daily hits from IP addresses originating from Burma in September, a sharp increase from less than 40,000 back in August. Our anti-censorship products have become household brand names in China, because of our intensive promotion and the trust we have gained there, said Alex Wang, VP of Worlds Gate, a member company of the Consortium. It has been a pleasant surprise to see web surfers from Burma getting onboard our virtual Underground Railroad, though we never advertised there. Both UltraReach and DIT have been developing anti-censorship technologies to circumvent Internet censorship in oppressive regimes. GIF says that other members of the Consortium are developing anti-censorship tools of all kinds. Some of the tools, such as Ultrasurf, Freegate, Garden, GPass and FirePhoenix are very popular among web surfers in China who are eager to explore the world behind the Great Firewall, GIF said. itwire.com, 14 October 2007

III. 42. Global Justice Center Even as the country struggles to recover from the devastation of the cyclone, the regime plans to move ahead with an illegitimate referendum on an illegal constitution on May 10. The referendum is an attempt by the military regime to placate the international community as it continues to oppress the people of Burma with forced displacement, destruction of villages, systematic mass rape and other crimes. The Global Justice Center and Burma Lawyers Council urges the international community to remember that these forty years of brutality are not just human rights abuses, but international crimes that should be referred to the International Criminal Court for investigation and prosecution. globaljusticecenter.net, Spring 2008 Page 113 of 188

III. 43. Heritage Foundation Recommendations Push for a U.N. Commission of Inquiry for Burma. The Administration has publicly supported the inquiry into crimes against humanity and war crimes but refrained from exercising any diplomatic influence to make it happen. As currently constituted, this makes it either a cynical ploy to appease human rights groups or another effort at leading from behind that is actually not leading at all. Limit engagement with the Burmese regime to the special envoy level. Two years ago, President Obama accommodated the Burmese junta in order to convene the first ever U.S.ASEAN Leaders Summithe consented to attend despite the presence of the Burmese prime minister. If that is the price the U.S. must pay to engage ASEAN as a whole at the head-of-government level, it was a tolerable deal. But that annual meeting is where presidential-level engagement should end. Establish concrete, identifiable benchmarks for continued diplomatic engagement. These should include releasing political prisoners, lifting political censorship, ending the regimes war against ethnic minorities, and measurably improving its overall human rights conditions. Further engagement by Ambassador Mitchell should be contingent on identifiable steps toward these benchmarks. Make clear to ASEAN that, under current circumstances, Burmas 2014 chairmanship is unacceptable. Without major, irreversible political changes in Burma, it is absolutely inconceivable that any U.S. Administration will continue diplomatic engagement through Burmas chairmanship year. ASEAN should fully understand that if Burma is permitted the chairmanship in 2014, this means no U.S. participation in ASEAN-centered meetingsmost notably the U.S.ASEAN Summit, the East Asia Summit, and the ASEAN Regional Forumand no new initiatives in the lead-up and through its chairmanship. Sustain Pressure on Naypyidaw U.S. sanctions alone have not yielded satisfactory results in Burma, but that does not mean the absence of sanctions would promote reform. In fact, a persuasive argument can be made that a sanctions policy involving the full weight of American diplomacy has never been tried. Certainly, removing sanctions now would do more to bless the superficial changes that have taken place since 2010 in Burma than they deserve. With the 2014 ASEAN chairmanship in Burmas sights, a new campaign of U.S.-led pressure, along with continued sanctions, is needed to bring real reform to Burma. Walter Lohman, Director, and Robert Warshaw, Research Assistant, Asian Studies Center at The Heritage Foundation, 27 September 2011

III. 44. Human Rights Action Center I remember fairly little about my 14th year. I remember that I was a freshman in high school, that I found myself in the principals office with surprising regularity, that my teachers grew increasingly frustrated with my raucous behavior both in and outside the classroom. I remember it was a happy year, but nothing in particular stands out to me when I think back. In the past week, Ive met someone who remembers his 14th year entirely too clearly. His name is Hein Min Aung, and hes a former Burmese child soldier, a young man brave enough to fly halfway around the world at the invitation of Human Rights Action Center to speak in Congress about his experience in the government army of the country of Burma. Mr. Aung was 14 when he was forcibly conscripted into the army, 14 when he was forced to shoot a gun at civilians and commit atrocities and just 16 when he finally escaped the military. The project to bring Mr. Aung to the United States to speak in Congress about his experiences in the Burmese army began two years ago, when my intern Grace Powell and I sat down and began to discuss human rights abuses in Burma. Given a choice of what specifically to focus on while interning at HRAC, Grace chose to focus on Burmese child soldiers. She was inspired by a Human Rights Watch report Id given her that claimed Burma had more child soldiers Page 114 of 188

than any country in the world. I suggested that she work to raise awareness about the issue in Congress. Two years later, HRAC is hosting Mr. Aung in Washington, and preparing him for an informational briefing in the House of Representatives, as well as one for staffers on the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Mr. Aung has already done an interview with Voice of America, BBC Burma and Radio Free Asia, and plans to do one with the Democratic Voice of Burma. He's spent the past week in Washington seeing the sights and meeting with members of the small but highly active Burmese community in Washington. Mr. Aung has prepared testimony for both briefings, in which he will describe being kidnapped into the army at the age of 14. Hell talk about his time in training camps and the abuse he suffered at the hands of his superiors, as well as how terrified he was his first time in battle. He plans to describe the atrocities committed against Burmese civilians by the army, and his eventual escape to Thailand. From there, hell describe what its like to be in a refugee camp, and how difficult it was for him to eventually move to New Zealand. He hopes that his testimony will raise awareness about the plight of the nearly 70,000 other child soldiers still fighting in Burma today. When I asked him how he felt about traveling halfway around the world to visit Washington, DC, he told me it had been fairly terrifying. However, he explained, Im doing this for my people. I have to do this for them. Jack Healey, Huffington Post, 2 August 2011

III. 45. Human Right and Development Foundation I think that the Thai foreign policy on Burma should also consider the promotion of human rights and democracy in Burma and not only the business benefits, said Somchai Homlaor, the general secretary of the Human Right and Development Foundation, a leading Thai human rights group based in Bangkok. I dont think the Thai government, which claims to come from democratic elections, should support a military dictatorship. Thailands help and business deals will prolong dictatorship in Burma, he said. They use our money to suppress their people. Because Burma is not a democratic country, many of their problems can not be solved. We will have more refugees, migrants and drug issues. Irrawaddy, 17 March 2008

III. 46. Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch is calling for a new, multilateral policy that would include the following elements: Recognition that the three key actors that will determine Burma's future are the army (Tatmadaw); the democratic opposition led by Aung San Suu Kyi; and the ethnic minority organizations, some of which are armed, along Burma's borders with Thailand, China, India, and Bangladesh. A new policy would have to involve communication with all three. Communication with the army, however, should not be seen as in any way legitimating its role. Recognition that coordination and establishment of common ground is necessary among Western donors, Japan, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and China. President Clinton and EU leaders in particular could make good use of improved relations with China to actively engage China in finding a solution to the Burma impasse. Development of a road map by which specific steps toward verifiable human rights improvements on all fronts would gradually lead to incremental restoration of normal economic and diplomatic relations with the international community. Human Right News, 6 August 1998 A US-based human rights watchdog has criticised India, China and Russia for failing to take note of the repressive system of military rule in Burma. The UN and key members of the international community should make it clear to the military rulers that they will not recognize the outcome unless this constitutional convention adequately and freely reflects the views of all segments of the society, it added. PTI, 18 July 2007 Page 115 of 188

Its time for the security council to end all sales and transfers of arms to a government that uses repression and fear to hang on to power, Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch, said in a statement. Guardian Unlimited, 11 October 2007 Let the generals hiding in their jungle fortress believe that nothing in the world has changed. And let us prove them wrong. Tom Malinowski, Human Rights Watch, 21 October 2007 We never give up hope that change is possible. Weve seen it happen. And we know that together, well be able to achieve even more. Carroll Bogert, Human Rights Watch, December 2007 US-based rights lobby Human Rights Watch has assailed the gem trade for financially propping up the military dictatorship and renewed its call for a boycott in advance of an auction of precious stones scheduled for Tuesday through Saturday by the Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Co Ltd (UMEH), a conglomerate owned by senior armed forces officers and the Defense Ministry. Asia Times, 16 January 2008 The rights group stresses that for the referendum to be considered free and fair Ibrahim Gambari, the United Nations Special Envoy to Burma, must gain assurances for an independent election commission, a free media and the rights to public assembly and debate. Brad Adams singled out Thailand, China and Russia, as backers of the regime in Naypyidaw, to stand with the international community in confronting Burmas generals and demanding change. Mizzima News, 6 March 2008 Human Rights Watch called on the United Nations, the European Union, the United States and other nations to pressure the Thai government to provide sanctuary to those fleeing Burma. Almost 140,000 Karen refugees have been living in Thai refugee camps for up to 20 years. The minority ethnic group fled their country in 1995 following a major offensive by the Myanmar government army against the Karen National Union. The Straits Times, 19 July 2008 Southeast Asian leaders at the 14th Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) summit meeting should address the dire human rights situation in Burma, improve treatment of refugees and asylum seekers, and strengthen protection for migrants, Human Rights Watch said in a letter today to the ASEAN secretarygeneral, Surin Pitsuwan. hrw.org, 25 February 2009 Human rights groups on Friday urged Burmas government to release more than 20 aid workers they said were imprisoned for making donations to cyclone victims and insulting authorities a year ago. New Yorkbased Human Rights Watch said the ruling junta had unfairly jailed at least 21 volunteers, including locally well-known comedian Zarganar, for helping some of the 2.4 million people affected by Cyclone Nargis, which hit May 2-3 last year. Donors and friends of the military government, such as China, should press Burmas generals to free activists like Zarganar who helped the survivors, said the organisations deputy Asia director Elaine Pearson. AFP, 1 May 2009

III. 47. Info Birmanie Remarks made today by the French foreign minister that sanctions on Burma are useless have been met with anger by campaigners who say he is acting to preserve French economic interests in the country. Bernard Kouchner was quoted today by AFP as saying that sanctions are useless and everyone recognises that. Should we not then show a greater openness to this government? Speaking to DVB, a member of the Paris-based Info Birmanie campaign group, Isabelle Dubois, said that Kouchner has always taken a critical Page 116 of 188

stance on sanctions, largely because of French oil giant Totals operations in Burma. Because of Totals investment in the country, France has always tried not to compromise its interests in the country even if its at the expense of human rights and the Burmese people, he said. Total is Frances largest company, and one of the worlds biggest oil multinationals. Its investments in Burma, particularly in the controversial Yadana gas pipeline, are said to be worth around $US 500 million a year. Kouchner has long denied that Totals operations in Burma contribute to human rights abuses, despite a report by Earth Rights International (ERI) that directly implicated the company in cases of forced labour and displacement. Detained Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi once accused Total of being the juntas biggest supporter. The Yadana project has reportedly earned the Burmese government around $US 4.83 billion, with $US 4.80 billion not allocated for in the government budget, according to an ERI report. Total has huge political power in France; it has to be linked to the sanctions policy of France, said Dubois. If new sanctions were implemented France would no longer be able to protect Total. She added that sanctions were useless because France has only used symbolic sanctions that exclude restrictions on energy companies investing in Burma. Of course it is easy to say that sanctions arent working because there has never been any political will to have sanctions that work, she said. Kouchners remarks appeared to suggest that France should engage directly with the military regime, following on from a US announcement last month that it would pursue dialogue with Burmas ruling generals. DVB, 9 October 2009

III. 48. International Burmese Monks Organization (IBMO) On the one-year anniversary of Burmas Saffron Revolution, the International Burmese Monks Organization gives voice to the monks and nuns inside Burma who have been silenced by a cruel military dictatorship. We vow to keep the struggle for freedom and human rights alive in Burma. One year ago today, the world watched as Burmas military regime brutally cracked down on one of the most powerful, peaceful demonstrations of non-violence in recent times, led by Buddhist monks and nuns and numbering near 500,000 people. As we mark the one-year anniversary on September 26, 2008, the IBMO remains focused on our intent to free the Burmese people from the tyranny of a 46-year military regime. The Saffron Revolution was and is essentially not a struggle for political power. It is a revolution of spirit that aims at changing Burma from the inside out. With loving-kindness, we intend to change the hearts and minds of Burmas generals, returning them to their inborn Buddha nature. 20 September 2008 United States engagement with the Burmese junta must be linked to a clearly defined time scale with comprehensible goals, according to an international network of Burmese monks. The New York-based International Burmese Monks Organisation (IBMO) welcomed the announcement by the US on Monday that it would begin direct engagement with Burma, via a letter sent to the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs. US direct diplomacy with the regime should not be an open-ended process, but should take place within a reasonable timeframe and with clear benchmarks, the letter said. Dozens of monks, including members of the IBMO and the All Burma Monks Association (ABMA), protested on Tuesday outside of the building in New York where US officials held talks with a Burmese government delegation. A statement released by IBMO expressed frustration that talks where overwhelmingly bilateral, and didnt include Burmas opposition movement. We are disappointed that neither monks nor members of Burmas democracy movement were invited to testify, the statement said. DVB, 2 October 2009

III. 49. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Burmas many prisons give prisoners poor food and bad health services, and prisoners need the help of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), a former political prisoner and families of political prisoners said. I had to serve my prison term when the ICRC did not come to the prison, so we had to fight Page 117 of 188

for our basic rights regarding the food. Usually we only got very low quality vegetable soup called talabaw and low-quality rice, a former political prisoner Kyaw Win Tun told Mizzima. Kyaw Win Tun, an NLD member, was charged under section 505 (b) of the Penal Code and sentenced to two years in prison. In May 2011, he was released under the one-year commutation ordered by new President Thein Sein. Political prisoner Pannate Tun, an 88 Generation student who is now serving his prison term in Bhamo Prison in Kachin State, said he wanted the ICRC to go to prison labour camps, according to Pannate Tuns mother, Nyunt Nyunt Oo, who visited him last month at Bhamo Prison. Pannate Tun was sentenced to 65 years in prison. She said her son passed on this message: If the ICRC doesnt come to us, let it be. But, they really need to go to the prisoners labour camps. Prisoners died because of insufficient food, ruthless exploitation, and very hard work. The Thai-based Assistance Association for Political Prisoners-Burma (AAPP-B) said that the Burmese government needs to provide prisoners with healthy food by modern standards. The standards set in Burmas prison manual were set in British colonial times, so they do not conform to todays prices. And the Directorate of Prison Administration cannot provide the prisoners with enough food at todays prices, AAPP-B joint secretary Bo Kyi told Mizzima. He said the Burmese government should let the ICRC work freely in Burma. From 1999 to late 2005, the ICRC was allowed to visit prisons across Burma and give prisoners help in order that they could get healthy food and good health services in accordance with international standards. Moreover, the ICRC gave money to families of political prisoners in order that the families could visit their loved ones. But at the end 2005, the former junta told the ICRC that if it wanted to visit prisons across Burma, it must be accompanied by a member of the now-defunct Union Solidarity and Development Association. As a result, the ICRC stopped visiting prisons across Burma. In early June, US Senator John McCain visited Burma for three days and urged the Burmese government to let the ICRC visit prisons in Burma freely. On Thursday, the state-run newpaper New Light of Myanmar reported that an engineer and officers from the ICRC were allowed to visit Moulmein, Pa-An and Myaungmya Prisons on July 1, where they inspected the situation regarding accessibility of water and electric power in the prisons. The newspaper did not mention whether the ICRC met with prisoners or not. Since 1986, the ICRC has provided help to mine victims and the handicapped in Burma. Mizzima, 8 July 2011

III. 50. International Crisis Group (ICG) All in all, it is Ban Ki-moon who now needs to make a decisive move to strengthen his good offices role. In a recent report, the International Crisis Group (ICG) called for the direct involvement of Ban Ki-moon, saying: It would be useful for Ban Ki-moon to get more personally involved, particularly at times when negotiations may appear to be deadlocked. It even urged Ban Ki-moon to pay a personal visit to Naypyidaw in the near future. Irrawaddy, 9 February 2008

III. 51. International Labour Organisation (ILO) The United Nations labour agency has called on the Government of Burma to release three people who were convicted for high treason for contacts with the agencys representatives. The 289th session of the International Labour Organizations (ILO) Governing Body, ending last Thursday, also strengthened antiterrorist security measures by adopting new identification procedures for more than a million seafarers. In Burma, two of the three prisoners in Rangoons Insein Prison, identified as Min Kyi, also known as Nai Min Kyi, and Aye Myint, alias Myint Aye Maung, were interviewed for about two hours each by ILO representative ad interim Richard Horsey and ILO Facilitator Lon de Riedmatten. The prisoners said they had been beaten and deprived of food, water and sleep during several days of interrogation by military intelligence, ILO said. Its representatives consider they have been condemned on unsound grounds and thus should be released. The ILO team asked for a meeting with a third prisoner, Shwe Mahn, alias Zaya Page 118 of 188

Oo, and was told that the request would go to the appropriate government minister. The Governing Body examined its projected joint Plan of Action against the use of forced labour, which has been suspended since the end of May but has been approved by Burmas opposition leader, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. The ILO Committee on Freedom of Association said Burmas legal basis for freedom of association was absent and workers were alleged to suffer repression for any trade union activity or any complaint about a labour grievance. United Nations, 30 March 2004 / Burma Related News, 26 July 2010 ILO is demanding Burmese government to allow for expansion of the Liaison Officers office with international staff but it has not been approved by the Burmese government. BBC, 13 June 2007 Forced labour is widely used in Burma, especially by the army, says a report by the ILO Committee on the Application of Standards presented to the International Labour Conference, which ended its annual threeweek session Friday. In 1989, the London-based rights watchdog Amnesty International was the first to denounce that tens of thousands of people in Burma were subjected to forced labour. But nearly 10 years later, in 1998, when I came here, Myanmar still denied that there was a problem of forced labour, ILO Director General Juan Somava told the Inter Press Service (IPS). The military regime eventually acknowledged that it did exist. In response, the ILO tripartite (government, labour and business) governing mechanism adopted supplementary provisions to pressure the military junta in Rangoon. The ILO Governing Body reported last November that every effort had been made to resolve the problem, and that it had decided to present the issue for United Nations Security Council scrutiny. IPS, 15 June 2007 Steve Marshall, the ILO liaison officer in Rangoon, said that the ILOs agreement with the Burmese regime gives him the right to investigate the complaints he receives. DVB, 20 March 2008 The ILOs Executive Director Kari Tapiola visited Burma from February 25 to 28 and concluded in his report that the Burmese regime must take effective measures to restrain the persecution of the complainants and their representatives who provide information about forced labor. The ILO governing body also confirmed their call for the immediate release of Burmese labor activists. According to ILO reports, the military regime is currently detaining six labor activists who have been sentenced to between 20 and 28 years imprisonment after they had tried to organize celebrations and a seminar on labor issues for International Labour Day on May 1, 2007. Irrawaddy, 21 March 2008 The International Labour Organization and Burmas military regime on Thursday extended Supplementary Understanding on the treatment of complaints lodged against forced labour for another 12 months, Burmas state-run newspaper said. The ILO and Burma reached an agreement in February 2007 to establish a complaint mechanism for victims of forced labour. Under the agreement, the ILO was allowed to have a liaison officer in Rangoon. This Supplementary Understanding supports the application of existing laws prohibiting the use of forced labour in Burma and provides a complaints mechanism, facilitated by the ILO Liaison Officer in Rangoon. Under Article 1 of the Supplementary Understanding, Burmese citizens can, with protection from reprisal, seek justice under the law if they are subjected to forced labour. Mizzima News, 27 February 2009 The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is turning its attention to a western corner of military-ruled Burma to end the scourge of forced labour, which remains rampant in most parts of the South-east Asian nation. On Sunday, the ILO will be hosting a rare meeting of judges, military officers, police officers and members of the local labour department as part of its effort to raise awareness aimed at ending a form of human rights abuse that, at times, has included victims as young as 11. We hope to make presentations on international humanitarian law and raise issues about forced labour, child soldiers and harassment, says Page 119 of 188

Steve Marshall, the ILOs representative in Burma. This is a positive step. There are a lot of policy conflicts on this issue, Marshall told a small group of journalists during a recent visit to Bangkok. Even though we are being permitted to have this event, the military see themselves as above the law. The weekend meeting in Akyab, a port city in Burmas Arakan state, close to the Bangladesh border, will be the fifth of its kind the Geneva-based labour organisation has held in Burma since July 2007. The ILOs efforts to make such inroads in a country ruled by a notoriously stubborn and defiant regime particularly in placing strict limits on international agencies challenging its grip on power have set this labour rights body apart from other United Nations agencies and international humanitarian organisations operating in Burma. The pressure on the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), as the military regime is formally known, stems from its running battles with the ILO. In 2006, following reports that Burma was failing in its obligations to the ILO to end forced labour, more pressure was turned on the SPDC. The ILOs members threatened to haul the country before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague for its record of abusive labour practices. Burma would have been the first country to face such humiliation had no changes been made on the ground. One of the demands placed by the ILO was for Burma to have in place a credible mechanism for dealing with complaints of forced labour with all necessary guarantees for the protection of complaints. Yet, while the ILO office in Burma has developed a network to gather information on incidents of forced labour, the mechanism for victims of the abuse or their families to lodge complaints is far from perfect. That people are getting arrested when complaining is still a concern, admits ILOs Marshall. Currently there are two people in jail for making complaints to the ILO. They have been charged under the Official Secrets Act. This law considers it an offence for any person to possess information deemed classified by the state. Also coming in the way of the ILOs forced labour-reporting mechanism is the junta preventing reader-friendly material about these human rights violations being printed in local languages and distributed across the country. Only the formal document, peppered with legal language, has been approved for distribution. IPS, 3 September 2009 The International Labour Organisation will begin circulating leaflets on forced labour and child solider recruitment across Burma, but not before it is passed through the regimes notorious censor board. Burma is thought to have one of the worlds highest counts of child soldiers, and the UNs International Labour Organisation (ILO) is the only body officially mandated to tackle the problem in the pariah state. Steve Marshall, ILO liaison officer in Rangoon, said that a draft of the leaflet had been submitted to the governments labour ministry for approval. The campaign, he said, was raised during talks in Burma last month between ILO executive director Kari Tapiola and labour minister Aung Kyi. The talks also resulted in an extension of the supplementary understanding between the government and the ILO, which acts as an agreement that the Burmese junta will not avenge those who complain to the ILO about forced labour and child solider recruitment. There will need to be an extensive printing of these leaflets in various languages, with a wide distribution, said Marshall. Many complaints of forced labour and child solider recruitment come from Burmas border regions where the army has been fighting decades-long conflicts with various armed ethnic groups. The first print run will clearly be in Burmese language, but it would be silly not to produce it in the major ethnic languages, he said, but added that the translation would take more time. The ILO has struggled since the first supplementary understanding was signed in February 2007 to curb the recruitment of child soldiers and use of forced labour, which includes land disputes, by the Burmese government. DVB, 12 February 2010 Two ethnic Shan women who were trafficked and sold as wives to Chinese men before being released in 2008 have now approached an UN agency to demand for help in rescuing the remaining victims. Six women in total from Burmas northeastern Shan state were sold for US$1,200 by a ring of Burmese human traffickers in 2008: three reportedly remain with their captors in China, while the third women released has since died of AIDS-related diseases. The two now back in Burma are filing a report to the International Page 120 of 188

Labour Organisation (ILO), which has offices in Rangoon. Previous reports filed to the Burma Womens Affairs Federation and local police in Shan state were fruitless. DVB, 13 July 2010 Transcript of the video message from Daw Aung San Suu Kyi delivered to the 100th International Labour Conference The General Secretary of the National League for Democracy in Burma appeals to the ILO to expand its activities in Burma. The Preamble to the Constitution of the International Labour Organization starts with the very strong and simple statement that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based on social justice. Further on, it declares categorically that the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of labour is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve conditions in their own countries. This is a magnificent assertion of the linkage between the destinies of different nations made at a time when globalization was hardly recognized as a word, let alone a concept. The ILO showed itself thus to be an organization for all times, its mandate firmly routed in a pragmatic assessment of what needs to be done if our world is to be regulated by peace and justice. Moreover, member States of the ILO are represented not only by government delegates, but also by delegates of employers and workers, thus making the Organization not only unique among international agencies, but uniquely geared towards the future when international agencies and organizations would need to be the voice not only of governments but of the true representatives of nations the people. In choosing the need for a new era of social justice as the theme of this 100th Session, the ILO has shown itself once again to be not just in sync with the times, but perhaps even to be running a little ahead. Universal and lasting peace has certainly not been assured for the human race and there is an urgent need to try to find new and better roads towards that goal which must be kept in sight, even if all too often it seems to be unobtainably remote. Globalization presents new opportunities but it also poses new dangers which include, to focus on the most obvious, the easy dissemination of the propaganda and weapons of hate and terrorism. It is therefore imperative to intensify the quest for peace if we are to keep the earth secure for us and for coming generations. When the ILO was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1969, the Chairman of the Nobel Peace Committee recalled the Organizations founding principle, that social justice was the base of lasting peace as stated. There are few organizations that have succeeded as the ILO has in translating action the fundamental, moral ideal on which it is based. Moral ideas vitalize to become the driving force of practical change is an exhilarating and, as the ILO has proved, not an impossible dream. The current guiding philosophy of the ILO, the Decent Work Agenda, based on international labour standards, employment, social protection and social dialogue, could constitute enormous strides towards social justice, and, hence, progress and peace. We look to the Organization to uphold its record of success through the achievement of these objectives and, in keeping with its credo, to ensure that no nation must be allowed to fail, if all nations are to triumph. Here I would like to make a special appeal for my own country, Burma. Once upon a time it was considered the nation most likely to succeed in South-East Asia. But now it has fallen behind almost all the other nations in this region. The work of the ILO in our country has highlighted the indivisibility of social, political and economic concerns. In its attempt to eliminate forced labour and the recruitment of child soldiers, the ILO has inevitably been drawn into work related to rule of law, prisoners of conscience and freedom of association. Six months ago, the National League for Democracy and other organizations and individuals who have been struggling for political change in Burma established a peoples network that incorporated social and humanitarian projects into a broad programme for democracy and human rights. The growth, rapid beyond our expectations, of this network is evidence of the indivisibility of social, economic and political concerns, Page 121 of 188

and of the hunger of our people for a society secured by acceptable norms of social justice joined to political and economic progress. We look to the ILO to expand its activities in Burma to help usher in an era of broad-based social justice in our country. We are particularly concerned that our workers should be enabled to form trade unions, concerned with the highest international standards as soon as possible. Labour rights are integral to the triumphant development of a nation and, once again, may I reiterate the declaration of faith of the ILO that failure in one nation raises obstacles in the way of progress in all other nations. Burma must not be allowed to fail and the world must not be allowed to fail Burma. I would like to conclude with a heartfelt expression of appreciation for what the ILO has been able to achieve in Burma, in spite of many difficulties. I hope that a progressively closer cooperation can be developed between the Organization and all those who sincerely wish for lasting peace solidly founded on social, economic and political justice, not just in our country, but throughout our world. 13 June 2011 Nearly 50 years after a Burmese military regime crushed what was once a vibrant trade union movement in the Southeast Asian country, hints of a revival are beginning to emerge. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is exploiting a provision in Burmas 2008 Constitution to pave the way for trade union activity that has been banned by successive juntas to keep a tight lid on any dissent. The new constitution says that workers have a right to organize and have workers representatives, said Steve Marshall, the ILOs liaison officer in Burma. We are pushing to use this provision to secure the rights for trade unions. But in doing so, the ILO has to grapple with less promising features in the controversial constitution. This charter, approved in a referendum plagued with fraud, contains broad language that supports the use of repressive measures if the government detects threats to the countrys national security and stability. The ILOs mission in Burma has been emboldened by what it views as a shift in the regimes stance towards labor rights activities. This is in light of the Burmese governments official response to an application made in June by seven labor organizers to register a workers unionthe Burma National Labour Union. They were not arrested, Marshall told a group of journalists in Bangkok, contrasting this with the standard repressive measures the junta uses to go after any individual deemed a threat to its iron grip on power. They were asked to be patient and wait till a new trade union law is approved. News of the planned trade union law emerged in January, with the junta announcing that the draft law would be approved when the parliament meets following this years promised general elections. The ILO has offered to help the regime in this rare move towards organized labor rights activity. The ILOs foray into this political minefield comes in the wake of the Geneva-based bodys expansion of its mandate to secure change in Burma. In June, at its mid-year session in the Swiss city, the ILO expanded its role in Burma to include freedom of association issues in addition to its challenge of cracking down on forced labor and the use of child soldiers since it established a foothold in the country nearly a decade ago. The Irrawaddy, 14 July 2010

III. 52. Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) Kachins together with Shan, Naga and Burman achieved Independence from British Colony but the taste of that meaning has never been experienced by Kachin People due to bigotry and oppression thereby Kachin Arm Struggle Started in 1961 to restore political self-determination. kachinnet.com In a six-page proposal paper the KIO said it would submit to the conventions final session, and launched on its semi-official Web site, the ceasefire group complained that basic principles adopted for drafting the new constitution overlooked basic ethnic minority rights and the emergence of a genuine Burma union. The paper contains 19 articles suggesting several amendments in the draft constitution, including proposed changes relating to the state structure, the head of state and an increase in legislative power allotted to the states. KIO spokesman Sumlut Gun Maw told The Irrawaddy on Thursday: No matter whether the Page 122 of 188

government discuss them or not, these 19 articles are our proposal for this session, describing what we like and dislike, Sumlut Gun Maw said the proposals were being made at this time because the Kachin people think we dont demand the rights of our people at the convention. Now its up to the junta. 10 July 2007 Thirteen cease-fire ethnic groups have submitted proposals demanding self-determination for their own territories but military authorities of Burma have rejected almost all of them. Dr Tu Ja of KIO says It is not up to what we would have wanted but we have to take what's on offer and then try step by step. BBC, July 2007 Recently KIO officials told Kachin News Group that they have no reason to surrender weapons if the junta keeps denying autonomy for Kachin State which it has repeatedly demanded of successive ruling juntas. 9 August 2007 Kachin troops fired shots today at a Burmese Army helicopter flying low over one of their strongholds in the north of Kachin State, amid building tensions between the ethnic group and the military junta, an officer said. The Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) troops were showing the army that they refused to be intimidated, whether the flight was sent to watch or cajole them, an officer of the groups armed wing, the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), told Mizzima on condition of anonymity. The KIO encampment is in the hills surrounding Laiza, so, viewed from there, the height of the helicopter seemed a little low as it flew from the south of Laiza to Myitkyina, the officer said. So KIO troops tried to shoot it down in order to browbeat the juntas airborne troops. The incident occurred as the junta armys Northern Command is raising against the KIO, which on September 1 passed the juntas deadline for bringing its armed wing under Burmese Army control within its Border Guard Force (BGF), which the KIO has flatly rejected. The ethnic Kachin group signed a ceasefire deal with the junta in 1994. Mizzima News, 23 September 2010 Timeline February 1947Kachin leaders sign the Panglong Agreement with the Burmese government, which laid the foundation for the creation of a fully autonomous Kachin State. February 1961A group of educated young Kachin men found the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and pledged to fight for a free Kachin republic. Intense fighting with the Burmese Army ensues. October 1980Brang Seng, the chairman of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), the KIA's political wing, goes to Rangoon and meets with Burmese government for peace talks. He asks the Burmese government for Kachin State autonomy with self determination. December 1980The Burmese government rejects the KIO's demand for the inclusion of autonomous rights in the Constitution, saying the demands had not been accepted by a vote of the people. Peace efforts break down and fighting resumes. February 1994KIO signs a ceasefire agreement with the ruling military regime of the State Law and Order Restoration Council. September 2010KIO formally rejects the Burmese government's border guard force (BGF) plan which would subjugate the KIA under Burmese military command. The KIO calls for the emergence of a genuine federal state. Naypyidaw subsequently forces the closure of KIA liaison offices in Kachin State. September 2010Burma's Election Commission rejects the registration of three Kachin political parties from running in the country's first national elections in 20 years, saying the party leaders were linked with the KIA. May 2011KIO sends a letter to the Chinese government urging Beijing to withdraw its investment from the controversial Myitsone Hydropower Dam project in Kachin State, warning that local resentment against this project could spark a civil war. Page 123 of 188

June 9, 2011Deadly fighting between the KIA and Burmese Army breaks out near a hydropower dam project, bringing this strategic region neighboring China to the verge of a civil war. June 30, 2011KIA and government officials hold their first round of peace talks, during which the KIA explicitly says it wants to have a political dialogue with Naypyidaw rather than renewing a ceasefire agreement. August 1, 2011Second round of peace talks held between KIA and Burmese government delegation. The KIA repeats its call for political talks with Napyidaw but the government delegation asks rebel leaders to accept the BGF plan and work under the new Constitution. Irrawaddy, 28 September 2011

III. 53. Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG) This village agency, as KHRG calls it, includes establishing hiding sites ahead of expected displacement, hiding food stores and covert agricultural projects, trading with residents of regime controlled areas in secret jungle markets, sharing resources and cooperating to provide community services. IMNA, 26 November 2008

III. 54. Karen National Union (KNU) Freedom is for those who dare to fight. To die fighting is better than to live a slave. I think its time for both sides to stop the loss of flesh and blood and use our resources for the well-being of our people, Ba Thin told Thai media soon after his election as KNU president. Asia Times Online, 4 February 2000 The KNU released a statement today demanding that Burmas military government allow all ethnic and political groups in the country to participate in the constitution-drafting process. Pado David Htaw, foreign affairs coordinator for the KNU and NCUB said that the militarys strangle-hold on the procedures for the convention showed that the junta was preparing to hold onto power, not relinquish it. Burma Net News, 17 July 2007 This is a revolution for the Karen people to free themselves from being enslaved, and so all people of Karen nationality should take part in it, Phado Mahn Sha said. DVB, 1 February 2008 An armed ethnic Burmese resistance group, Karen National Union (KNU), has urged the international community to take stern action against Burmas military regime in order to restore peace and stability in the volatile Southeast Asian country. Saw David Tharkabaw, vice-president of the Karen National Union (KNU), which is waging the worlds longest running civil war against the Burmese regime, on Thursday said the international communitys concerted and timely action against the junta is needed in order to address the political deadlock inside the country. Moreover, the KNU reminded the international community to be conscious of the true ideology of the Burmese regime when approaching them, warning, otherwise their good intentions will be easily defeated. Mizzima News, 2 April 2009 As leaders of the ethnic resistance movement, we know that this election is not a solution to the crises faced by our people. More than ever, we are working closely together with our pro-democracy brothers and sisters Page 124 of 188

on the path to true national reconciliation. We believe that to even begin to hope for democratic progress, three essential benchmarks must be met: 1. The release of all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi, who still commands deep respect and admiration from ethnic groups; 2. The cessation of attacks against ethnic communities; and 3. Dialogue with all stakeholders, including a review of the 2008 constitution. Zipporah Sein, General Secretary, KNU, nationmultimedia.com, 13 February 2010 Representatives of major ethnic cease-fire groups meet in Chiang Mai to consolidate their alliance and discuss military tactics. As expectations grow of an armed conflict with Burmese government forces, ethnic leaders met in Chiang Mai in northern Thailand last weekend to exchange military skills and tactics, sources told The Irrawaddy. The ethnic leaders attending the conference were from the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), the Shan State ArmyNorth (SSA North), the New Mon State Party (NMSP), the Chin National Front (CNF), the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) and the Karen National Union (KNU). The secret meeting reportedly took place with the aim of consolidating an ethnic alliance to oppose the Burmese army and to develop military training techniques which can be deployed in the field. The KNU and the NMSP have an agreement to cooperate if the Burmese government forces attack one or the other, said a source who requested anonymity. Four leaders of the NMSP, including party chairman Nai Htaw Mon and army chief Nai Joi Ya, participated in the meeting. The NMSP, the KIO and the SSA-North have each signed cease-fire agreements with the Burmese regime, but recently rejected joining the juntas border guard force (BGF) plan. Kachin sources said that KIO leaders who participated in the meeting actively sought suggestions and military cooperation from their fellow ethnic representatives in Chiang Mai as tensions escalate in the northern region. The Irrawaddy, 27 September 2010

III. 55. Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) Exclusion of ethnic groups from the coming general election in Burma will lead to a consolidation of rebellious armed forces along the border with Thailand to fight against the new militarybacked government, an ethnic minority leader said. We all know that the election will not benefit us, so we have to unite to fight against them, said the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) chief of armed forces, Bee Htoo. The election will change nothing in this country. I expect there will be a major offensive from Burmas military shortly after the election, he said. The elected government will claim it is a democratic one but the suppression of minorities will continue, he said. The KNPP, one of three rebellious ethnic groups along Burmas border with Thailand, announced it would continue its armed struggle after the November election in Burma. The other two groups are the Karen National Union (KNU) and Shan State Army (SSA). The Burmese authorities announced last week that about 300 villages across Kachin, Karenni, Karen, Mon and Shan states would be excluded from the November 7 election because conditions are not in place for a free and fair vote. The KNPP declared earlier that it rejected the militarysponsored constitution and would not participate in the election, Bee Htoo said. The constitution gives most state authority to the military, so I think its useless to talk about the election under this charter, Bee Htoo said in a rare interview with selected Thai journalists recently. The military junta has no sincere intention to include ethnic minorities in its political process. No opinion of the minorities was taken into the 2008 constitution, he said. So we see no point in joining such a political process, but the only option available is the continuation of armed struggle, he said. The Nation, 24 September 2010

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III. 56. Mdicins Sans Frontire (MSF) / Reporters Without Borders (RSF) Reporters Without Borders has confirmed that access to a number of previously banned foreign news websites including Youtube, BBC, Reuters, The Bangkok Post, Straits Times, Radio Free Asia, Irrawaddy, Democratic Voice of Burma, and the Burmese version of Voice of America has been unblocked. Internet connections nonetheless continue to be very slow. The unblocking of websites just a few months after Internet caf regulations were tightened is curious, Reporters Without Borders said. If censorship is being partially lifted, the authorities should say so publicly and should undertake to open up the Burmese Internet even more. And they should acknowledge that allowing the public to have access to previously blocked websites does not pose a threat and does not result in any public order disturbance, as they long maintained in order to justify the censorship. Since the websites of Democratic Voice of Burma and Irrawaddy, two leading Burmese exile news media, are now accessible, Reporters Without Borders calls for the release of all their imprisoned reporters including Sithu Zeya, sentenced to 18 years in prison, Ngwe Soe Lin, sentenced to 13 years, U Zeya, sentenced to 13 years, Win Maw, sentenced to 18 years, and Hla Hla Win, sentenced to 27 years. Reporters Without Borders also welcomes the governments announcement on 6 September that it is creating a National Human Rights Commission to which Burmese citizens can submit complaints if they believe they have been the victims of abuses. The press freedom organization hopes that everyone, including imprisoned journalists and bloggers, will be guaranteed access to this commission. The local media now carry frequent stories about opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. The government has addressed several appeals for peace to Burmas armed separatist movements. And several state-owned media have stopped their regular attacks on the western media. In his inauguration address last March, President Thein Sein said the role of the media should be respected. Many local news media nonetheless continue to be censored or controlled by the government. And TV stations, books and cartoons continue to be closely supervised. But, noting the recent trend in the governments decisions and statements, Reporters Without Borders urges the authorities to allow the media to express themselves with complete independence and to stop persecuting bloggers and journalists. Reporters Without Borders, 20 September 2011

III. 57. Members of Parliament-Elect, Burma We, Members of Parliament elected by the people of Burma in the 1990 general elections, would like to assure you that we will fully cooperate with your good offices and the United Nations in our effort to solve problems in Burma peacefully through a meaningful, inclusive and transparent dialogue. When we all are relentlessly working for political dialogue, we would like to declare clearly that we will not accept any solution made by one-sided action of the SPDC with use of force, threat, pressure and manipulation. We want to propose the followings to modify the current seven-step road map, with the help of your mediation. (1). The SPDC should finish the national convention as soon as possible. Outcome from the national convention should be regarded as proposals made by the SPDC and national convention delegates to consider in drawing a state constitution. (2). The step two of the road map should be modified as a meaningful political dialogue between the SPDC and the elected representatives from the NLD and ethnic political parties. In the dialogue, various national issues and procedures and time frame to implement the rest of the road map, as well as the role of elected representatives from the 1990 elections during the transitional period should be discussed and agreed. (3). In step three, constitution drafting committee should be formed with equal number of representatives from the SPDC, the NLD and representatives from ethnic political parties and cease-fire groups. Constitution should be drafted based on the outcome from the national convention and suggestions from the other groups. Draft constitution should be presented to the people of Burma for their understanding, discussion and input, which should be incorporated into the final draft constitution. Page 126 of 188

(4). Step four should be convening the Parliament meeting with MPs-elect from the 1990 elections to approve the final draft Constitution. (5). Holding of free and fair elections according to the new constitution should be step five. (6). Step six should be convening the new Parliament, elected from the elections according to the new constitution and forming the new government, which is to assume the executive power immediately. (7). Step seven should be abolishing of the SPDC and its associated organs and activating of all administrative, legislative and judiciary bodies at every administrative levels according to new constitution. Please note that the SPDC will be sole responsible for the upcoming and avoidable national crisis if it continues to ignore the real desire of the people of Burma and good will of the international community. Letter to Hon. Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General, United Nations, 1 August 2007

III. 58. National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB) Toward Democracy, Human Rights and Federalism. Along with economic sanctions from the U.S. and EU, boycotting tourism will deprive the SPDC junta of foreign income, which perpetuates repression and terror. The financial deprivation will prevent the junta from prolonging their corrupted activities and compel them to cooperate with legitimate political party NLD through dialogue means. ncgub.net The National Convention being held without the participation of elected MPs is illegitimate and the basic principles adopted there contradicts the internationally accepted democratic norms. The NCGUB, which will continue to expose the true character of the SPDCs National Convention, and urges the international community not to recognize the illegitimate National Convention process and its outcome. 15 February 2004 The Burmese generals have one last chance to show that they have the interest of the country at heart. If they fail to act at the upcoming National Convention to win over the political parties and the ethnic ceasefire groups and decide to go it alone, problems will only be compounded for the nation. June-July 2007 The NCGUB calls on the United Nations, Governments, and the international community at large to closely monitor the situation in Burma and to dissuade the Burmese generals from committing atrocities against the people. 6 September 2007 No one should stand idly by and let these heroes die in vain on the streets and in prisons, while the majority of the international community is seriously addressing the issue of Burma. Selfless sacrifices of Buddhist monks and the people of Burma deserve more than words and lip services. They want action. They want effective intervention before it is too late. The United Nations Security Council must act without delay with the support of all justice-loving nations to end all brutalities by the Burmese generals. Burmas neighbors must fully cooperate with the international community even for the sake of their interests in Burma before it becomes a total killing field. 28 September 2007 Dr. Tint Swe, MP of the NLD, NCGUB, said that Burmese rulers were cleverly playing the Sino-Indian card to their advantage and that Indias economic and military aid to the junta was of no benefit to the people at large. Swe said people are frightened in Burma after the military crushed the street protests leaving, according to him, about 200 people dead and 4,000 in jails. But this is not the end of the war... The flame cannot be put out with bullets. I am confident the movement will go on. IANS, 10 October 2007 Page 127 of 188

Prime Minister Dr. Sein Win said, I believe the sanctions by Canada are a clear message to the Burmese generals that the steps taken by them are not convincing enough. They also contribute to the diplomatic efforts by the United Nations to democratize Burma. 15 November 2007 Dr Sein Win said, We do not endorse the state constitution in its present form and the people will never ratify it. But, the Burmese generals are probably already taking steps to ensure that they get the results they want from the referendum. 10 February 2008

III. 59. National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB) Aims of NCUB: a. To topple the Burmese military dictatorship b. To promote understanding and cooperation among Burmas ethnic groups c. To bring about a democratic system of government that guarantees human rights for all Burmas citizens d. To establish a Federal Union under which equality among all ethnic groups is guaranteed. ncub.org Nyo Ohn Myint, a Burmese affairs analyst who is also a member of the foreign affairs committee of NCUB, said China is aware of the negative consequences of protecting the junta in the long run and is reportedly pressurizing the junta to implement reforms. The Chinese have given clear indications to the junta that it will no longer cover up for it unless the junta makes certain reforms, Nyo Ohn Myint told Mizzima. 22 June 2007 If the junta neglects the proposal and the desire of all people of Burma and the international communities, we have no choice but call on all people to vote against the juntas constitution at its referendum in May 2008 and show the peoples will. 28 February 2008 The National Council of the Union of Burma, an umbrella organisation of exiled opposition groups, has called on the people of Burma to vote No in the constitutional referendum. Khun Myint Tun, a member of the NCUB secretariat, said pushing for a No vote was part of a strategy to oppose the regimes sevenstep roadmap at every stage. Using a football analogy, Khun Myint Tun said it was the people inside Burma who could make a difference. DVB, 14 March 2008 Unless a mass movement challenges the corrupted military leadership, divisions within the military will not surface, said Kyaw Kyaw, head of the Political Defiant Committee under the National Council of Union of Burma, the umbrella opposition group in exile. Besides lacking local and international legitimacy, the corrupt leadership is now losing its loyalty from within military ranks since the September protest. In a historical Burmese context, public action, or mass movement, has played a decisive role ever since the struggle for independence to the 1988 democracy uprising to the monk-led protests last September. It will continue to do so until we gain a genuine resolution. Min Zin, The Irrawaddy, 1 May 2008 Myint Thein, joint secretary of exiled National Council of the Union of Burma, calls on the UN to reject the SPDC delegation to the upcoming General Assembly session. The challenge comes 2 days after the NCUB released statement detailing rights abuses perpetrated by the regime. The Irrawaddy, 16 July 2008 Speaking from exile in Thailand, Soe Aung, the chief spokesman for the National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB), an umbrella group representing nearly all facets of Burmas disparate opposition, said he was witnessing a significant shift in the public attitude across Burma. After the September uprising and Page 128 of 188

then the terrible cyclone response, the anger is surging. Some are considering violent means the Burmese people are not that kind of people, there has been a real change. guardian.co.uk, 18 July 2008 The National Council of the Union of Burma has announced its plans to establish a new government in exile in advance of the Burmese military regimes planned 2010 election. The NCUB, an umbrella organisation of exiled opposition groups based on the Thai-Burma border, plans to form a united parliament comprising elected members of parliament and ethnic nationalities. NCUB spokesperson Myint Thein said the move was a rejection of the 2008 constitution and the planned 2010 elections, which he said would validate longterm military rule. We will form a united parliament and from there, we will form a rival national unity government to respond to the current situation, The main aim of the NCUB government is to build a federal system that specifically guarantees equality and the right to self-legislation for ethnic nationalities. The new government could present a challenge to the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, the US-based government in exile led by prime minister Dr Sein Win. Myint Thein said. DVB, 2 January 2009

III. 60. National Endowment For Democracy (NED) The Endowment is guided by the belief that freedom is a universal human aspiration that can be realized through the development of democratic institutions, procedures, and values. Governed by an independent, nonpartisan board of directors, the NED makes hundreds of grants each year to support prodemocracy groups in Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Eurasia, Latin America, and the Middle East. ned.org The NED undertook a multifaceted legal research and education program to promote respect for human rights and the rule of law in Burma. 2004 Soe Aung, the chief spokesman for the National Council of the Union of Burma, spoke openly of how covert Western support, primarily from the US State Department-funded National Endowment for Democracy (NED) and its subsidiary the International Republican Institute (IRI), had been fundamental to the success of the uprising. The NED describes itself as a private organisation but was created by, and remains accountable to, the US Congress. Set up under the Reagan administration in 1983, it has since played a leading role in influencing civil society and electoral processes in countries around the world unfriendly to US interests. According to Brian Joseph, the man in charge of the groups Burma project, the NED gave $3m (1.5m) to Burma in 2007. We would send more, but there is a limit to what you can do in Burma, said Joseph. Opposition activists both inside and outside Burma largely describe the improvements in political awareness and spread of information as a result of NED-funded projects, but also attribute them to the introduction of the Internet to Burma in 2003. guardian.co.uk, 18 July 2008

III. 61. National League for Democracy (NLD) We have widespread support of the people of Burma that our movement is strong, and we have many people who are committed to democracy. I am not the only person in the struggle, there are others with me. I have friends, I have colleagues, who are very honorable and who have suffered much more than I have and who have made great sacrifices, I would never think of abandoning them. The National League for Democracy is a legal political organization, a democratic party and we take our decision as a democratic party. So I am simply implementing the policy of a party. We really want the world to be aware of what has been going on in Burma, and to think of us, not just as a something in the news but also as people, there are people in Burma who are suffering, who are struggling for democracy. Our main strength in the country, inside, is the support of our people here. But we are great believers in the international community. Because the time has Page 129 of 188

past that we can afford to live isolated. We do believe in the no man in island are unto himself - No nation in the island are into itself. ABC interview with DASSK, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 6 June 1996 The release of political prisoners has always been at the top of the agenda for the NLD, Suu Kyi said. August 2002 U Nyan Win, the spokesman of NLD legal advocates told DVB that detaining politicians with restrictive laws is against the existing legal practices, as they are designed only for known big criminals to restrict their movements. I dont understand why the authorities implicated and arrested those who are carrying out NLD activities legally at a political meeting with such criminal laws, without them committing any criminal offence, Nyan Win told DVB. I want to say that it is completely unfair. 13 July 2005
U Myint Thein, a member of NLDs Information Committee, accused of SPDC - (1) defying orders, (2) adopting

a confrontational attitude, (3) instigating utter devastation and (4) causing imposition of sanctions by Minister for Information Brig-Gen Kyaw Hsan. 12 June 2006 Nyan Win, NLD spokesperson, said, We have to take action according to what we can do under the law. 15 February 2007 The NLD has not seen Suu Kyi in more than three years and NLD chairman Aung Shwe sent the letter, requesting a meeting with the pro-democracy leader, to the junta last Thursday, NLD spokesman Nyan Win said in a telephone interview. AP, 23 June 2007 The NLD said it would continue to boycott the National Convention. AFP, 6 June 2007 The National League for Democracy marked Martyrs Day yesterday with calls for dialogue with the Burmese military and a more inclusive National Convention process. The NLD also repeated calls for the release of party leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and detained Shan leader Khun Htun Oo. In a statement, the NLD also said the military should pay attention to the draft constitution of general Aung San - one of Burmas martyrs - as they prepare to compose a draft of a new Burmese constitution. We should take the historical lessons that general Aung San, the architect of our independence, and other leaders pointed out by sacrificing their blood and sweat to be able to shape a democratic union and a national union, the NLD said. The statement then called on the ruling State Peace and Development Council to reopen opposition offices closed around the country, release all detained political leaders unconditionally and hold inclusive political discussions with political parties from all ethnic groups in the country. Immediate dialogue between the SPDC and the NLD should be held, followed by talks with the ethnic groups, the NLD statement said. DVB, 20 July 2007 The expectations of the people, who hope for a change here, will survive if we cooperate by quickly building national reconciliation after holding dialogue, the NLD said in a statement. These demonstrations occurred because the authorities were unable to reach a peaceful resolution, as proposed by the NLD, the group said. AFP, 14 September 2007 Unless Burma has a stable government that guarantees democracy and human rights, the region particularly neighbouring countries cannot be in peace, Nyan Win said. The NLD spokesperson added that ASEAN as a regional bloc could play a vital role in pushing the Burmese generals to implement political reforms. Mizzima News, 8 February 2008 Page 130 of 188

Burmas opposition National League for Democracy said it would like to see Ban Ki-moon paying a personal visit to Naypyidaw at the highest level take place. Irrawaddy, 9 February 2008 Aung San Suu Kyis National League for Democracy has attempted to sue the ruling junta over the governments failure to adhere to an existing law and decree that specifies that elected representatives from the 1990 elections should be responsible for drafting the constitution, according to a party official on Friday. Nyan Win, a leading spokesman for the NLD, told The Irrawaddy on Friday that the party filed a lawsuit against the ruling junta at the high court in Rangoon. According to the electoral law of 1989 and decree 1/90, the junta has a responsibility to call a peoples parliamentary meeting with the elected representatives from the 1990 general election, he said. 29 February 2008 Myat Hla, a senior member of the opposition National League for Democracy in Pegu Division said, The military regime usually says that it does not practice forced labor, but in reality local authorities always force people to work building military camps, constructing roads and in many other ways. Myat Hla urged the ILO not to believe everything the regime said. The military government tells the ILO about how they will not arrest or disturb people who file complaints, but there are so many examples of the military breaking their promise by persecuting and arresting people, he said. Irrawaddy, 21 March 2008 In front of NLD headquarters, the youths carried placards bearing messages such as We dont want the sham national referendum that will drive us to become slaves of the military and China, Release all political prisoners and Start dialogue now. DVB, 27 March 2008 The NLD issued a statement on 2 April calling on the people of Burma to vote against the draft constitution in the May referendum. DVB, 4 April 2008 Burmas opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) on Monday held its first executive meeting since the release of prominent leader Win Tin. The NLD CEC members are: Chairman Aung Shwe, 91; Deputy-Chairman Tin Oo, 81; General-Secretary Aung San Suu Kyi, 63; secretaries U Lwin, 86, and Win Tin, 79; executive member Khin Maung Swe, 66, and octogenarian executive members Lun Tin, Soe Myint, Nyunt Wai and Than Tun. Commenting on the 2010 elections, Khin Maung Swe said that if the junta initiated a meaningful dialogue with dissidents, the NLDs calls had been answered. The Irrawaddy, 4 November 2008 Last month, I told the chairman of the NLD that we should expect that there could be some unusual news and attacks on Daw Aung San Suu Kyi ahead of the expiration of her detention date, said Thein Nyunt, a senior NLD member. The Irrawaddy, 8 May 2009 Burmas ruling junta may be immune to the soft approach of engagement announced by the United States last week, according to a senior Burmese opposition party member. The new US approach mirrors policy advocated by Burmas regional neighbours, according to National League for Democracy (NLD) party member, Win Tin. I dont think Burmas situation could be handled by this soft diplomacy method, he said. As we have experienced before, the junta plays games, makes lies, breaks promises and then says whatever it wants to say through state-run newspapers. US secretary of state Hillary Clinton announced last week that Washington will look to engage directly with the Burmese government, whilst maintaining sanctions, after years of a failed isolationist policy. Win Tin said however that the US was stepping onto the same path as members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) bloc, who have shunned sanctions in favour of engagement. What has ASEAN managed to achieve? he said. There is nothing to show that the engagement trend initiated by the former Singaporean prime minister Lee Kuan Page 131 of 188

Yew found success. The spokesperson for the NLD, Nyan Win, said that any engagement with Burma must include opposition groups in the country. The interaction must be started locally, he said. Internal relations also play an important role. International engagement without engagement within the country would not be very effective. DVB, 30 September 2009 Its the first time since the NLD was formed in September 1988 that Suu Kyi has called for a reform of the party. Since the formation of the NLD, the partys generation gap has steadily grown, adding to the difficulties it faces because of the regimes efforts to suppress its activities. Apart from Suu Kyi, who is 64, and Khin Maung Swe, 67, other central executive committee members are in their 80s and 90s. Six of 11 committee members are not well, according to NLD sources. The sources said Suu Kyi met NLD Chairman Aung Shwe, 91, Secretary U Lwin, 86, and Lun Tin, 88, for about 45 minutes. Spokesman Khin Maung Swe said the issue of a reorganization of the party leadership had been raised by members wanting to energize the NLD. The reorganization is necessary for us today, Khin Maung Swe said. Suu Kyi asked for a meeting with Aung Shwe, U Lwin and Lun Tin in a letter to junta leader Sr-Gen Than Shwe on November 11. She told Than Shwe she wanted to pay her respects to the ailing trio. Suu Kyi also said she wanted to hold a separate meeting at her home with other NLD leadersincluding detained Vice Chairman Tin Oo and central committee members Win Tin, Khin Maung Swe, Than Tun, Soe Myint, Hla Pe and Nyunt Wai. To make the NLDs activities more active and effective, I would like to invite and hold a meeting with all CEC members at my house, she said in her letter to Than Shwe. She also asked for a meeting with Than Shwe himself, saying it would be in the interests of Burma. The Irrawaddy, 16 December 2009 We aim to form youth working groups in townships in all 14 divisions in states across the country and to strengthen the youth network,NLD Youth Coordinator (2) Hla Oo said. We have called for a meeting on 1 January next year to discuss how to work on forming these working groups and what kind of responsibilities to set them. The head of the NLDs information wing, Khin Maung Swe, added that an office is being set up in the partys Rangoon headquarters for Suu Kyi, in spite of her continued house arrest. DVB, 22 December 2009 National League for Democracy womens wing members are donating water to villagers in Pegu Division where wells and ponds have dried up because of drought and severely hot weather, group officials said. More than 60 villages in Pegu Division are facing severe water shortages after record high temperatures across Burma have accelerated evaporation of ponds and reservoirs, according to earlier reports. Villagers in the townships of Pegu, Waw, Thanatpin, Kawa and Daik-U, all in Pegu Division, are lacking drinking water and water for hygiene needs as small dams have lain dry since the end of April. NLD womens affairs chief Dr. May Win Myint, central committee member Aye Aye Mar and Pegu Division NLD womens affairs chief Hla Hla Moe paid for 1,100 for 20-litre drinking-water bottles today in Thanatpin, party sources said. We started our drinking-water donation in Thanatpin today. Since there are high demands from donors and well-wishers like us, the drinking-water bottling plants cannot produce to meet our demand so well only be able to receive our water bottles the day after tomorrow. We have already paid for them, Dr. May Win Myint said. The bottles would be distributed to villages in need in co-operation with Pegu and Thanatpin NLD Youth members, a source said. Mizzima News, 11 May 2010 U Tin Oo, the Vice-Chairperson of NLD, stated that NLD leaders, in a meeting held at the NLD headquarters in Shwegondaing, decided to extend NLDs social activities from current projects, such as, supporting political prisoners and family members, nursing HIV/AIDS patients and legal support, to raising awareness about the issues of child soldiers conscription, forced labor and forced land confiscations. RFA, 15 June 2010 Page 132 of 188

Senior members of the NLD said they will continue to work for the Burmese people through humanitarian projects to support families of political prisoners, HIV/AIDS patients and Nargis victims. We will work in public politics and social politics even without party registration, said Win Tin. During his trip to Karen State, Win Tin also visited pagodas and met a Karen abbot known as Taungkalay Sayadaw to talk about national reconciliation and the current political situation. The Irrawaddy, 23 June 2010 U Tin Oo, the Vice-Chairperson of NLD, U Win Tin, member of Central Executive Committee of NLD, and some youth members of NLD visited the families of Ko Min Ko Naing and Ko Ko Gyi, leaders of 88 Generation Student Group, on 29 June and gave support and encourgament to the family members. RFA, 29 June 2010 U Tin Oo, the Vice-Chairperson of the National League for Democracy (NLD), stated that NLD would officially submit an objection regarding the submitted party logo of National Democratic Force (NDF) since they were using the bamboo hat symbol, which NLD used in the 1990 elections, in their party logo. DVB, 30 June 2010 U Tin Oo, the Vice-Chairperson of NLD, stated that NLD leaders such as U Win Tin, Dr. May Win Myint, Daw Lae Lae, Ma Phyu Phyu Thin and himself, and youth wing leaders of NLD visited families of political prisoners such as the comedian Ko Zargana, Ko Pyone Cho, a leading member of 88 Generation Student Group, on 2 July showing solidarity and providing some items for prison visits. RFA, 2 July 2010 The National League for Democracy party headquarters has transferred about 2.55 million Kyats to its state and division branches yesterday for distribution to families of 605 political prisoners. The funds donated by ordinary citizens were being distributed under the partys social aid programme for poor family members of some political prisoners, among the more than 2,100 serving sentences across the country, party vicechairman and leader of the programme, Tin Oo, said. There are more than 200 such families across the Burmese states and divisions and the rest are families in Rangoon Division, he said. The money will be distributed to appropriate prisoners via their families from their townships of origin. Recipients would also comprise human rights activists, those who took part in protests over fuel-price increases in 2007, political activists, students and young people, without them necessarily being affiliated with the NLD, Tin Oo said. NLD central executive committee member Win Tin added that, Previously headquarters managed this work but it has now been delegated to party branches in the states and divisions We give this money not only to our party members but to other prisoners as well. In the new programme, the fund-raising and distribution of money will be carried out by each branch office, he said. Since 1996, the party has assisted family members of political prisoners at the rate of 5,000 Kyats per month per prisoner, to enable them to visit their loved ones in jail. The party had spent more than 3 million Kyats each month, it said. The scheme was suspended temporarily on May 6, the deadline for the party to re-register or be annulled under the juntas electoral laws, but it has now resumed. Apart from the financial assistance for prison visits between political prisoners and their families, the NLD has since 1996 also given annual donations to students from these families towards education. Mizzima News, 7 July 2010 Two ethnic Shan women who were trafficked and sold as wives to Chinese men before being released in 2008 have now approached an UN agency to demand for help in rescuing the remaining victims. Six women in total from Burmas northeastern Shan state were sold for US$1,200 by a ring of Burmese human traffickers in 2008: three reportedly remain with their captors in China, while the third women released has since died of AIDS-related diseases. The two now back in Burma are filing a report to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), which has offices in Rangoon. Previous reports filed to the Burma Womens Affairs Federation and local police in Shan state were fruitless. Thet Wei, chairman of a Rangoon-township Page 133 of 188

National League for Democracy (NLD) committee, is helping the women. All six were sold to become wives. The traffickers tricked them into going to China by promising jobs that pay 80,000 kyat (US$80) per month. After they arrived in China, they were sold to the Chinese men to become their wives, he said. DVB, 13 July 2010 Win Htein, 68, told reporters that he would participate in social activities arranged by the National League for Democracy party, especially to help political prisoners and their families. The party was recently forced by law to dissolve after failing to register for an election supposed to be held this year. I have no faith in the elections, and I was happy that the NLD had decided not to re-register, said Win Htein. Critics have dismissed the election as a sham designed to cement nearly 50 years of military rule in Burma. Win Htein said he wanted to help political prisoners and their families materially, morally and spiritually. He said he had seen many deaths in prison due to lack of medical care and poor nutrition. However, he thanked the prison doctor who was moved to Katha prison a few years ago, saying that since that doctor has arrived no prisoners had died in Katha prison. Win Htein said he was in the same prison with other, younger political prisoners who remain defiant and committed to democratic struggle. Having a party signboard or not doesnt matter because a political party can stand as long as it enjoys public support. The NLD enjoys public support immensely, said Win Htein. Win Htein said he had invested 20 years of his life in prison for his beliefs. I will continue to work for democracy and for the country. Democracy will one day prosper in the country. If I dont see democracy in my lifetime, I will be happy if the next generation can enjoy democracy, he said. AP, 16 July 2010 Several leading members of Burmas disbanded National League for Democracy (NLD) raised nearly 40 complaints of forced labor, underage recruitment and land confiscation at a meeting with a representative of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in Rangoon on Thursday. Executive member Win Tin told The Irrawaddy that the ILO would cooperate with the NLD members and will solve what they can. Win Tin was accompanied at the meeting by NLD deputy chairman Tin Oo and executive members Than Tun and Nyan Win. The meeting was constructive, said the ILO representative, liaison officer Steve Marshall, in a phone interview with The Irrawaddy on Friday. The Irrawaddy, 30 July 2010 Having opted to boycott the countrys upcoming polls, leaders from Burmas primary opposition group are stepping up their campaign to reinvigorate the grassroots level of the partys apparatus. In keeping with the directive of Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy (NLD) leaders have met with grassroots members of the party in more than 200 townships within the past 50 days. From June 12 onwards, delegations led by party Central Executive Committee (CEC) members have taken their roadshow across the country. I have traveled to 60 townships in three divisions. Other party Central Executive Committee members have done the same. Now, we are in Twante. Later, we will visit here again to meet with the grassroots at the critical time of Burma, NLD CEC member Ohn Kyaing told Mizzima. Relaying the message from Aung San Suu Kyi, CEC member Win Tin has canvassed Karen and Mon States, Ohn Kyaing Mandalay and Magwe Divisions, May Win Myint Shan State and Han Thar Myint Kachin State and Sagaing Division. The CEC members reportedly told grassroots sections of the party that the NLD would implement a program of social work with political objectives, encouraging all party members to partake in the endeavor. Mizzima News, 4 August 2010 On 19 August, the NLD officially announced that it would boycott the elections because the 2008 constitution and the SPDC election laws do not guarantee democracy and human rights in Burma. On 24 August, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi endorsed the NLDs election boycott and told her lawyer Nyan Win that people who wanted to support the NLD should refrain from voting. NLD leaders continued their nationwide Page 134 of 188

tour to explain their election boycott to grassroots activists. Various NLD delegations met with local NLD activists in Pegu and Tenasserim Divisions and in Arakan State. Burma Bulletin, August 2010 Members of the disbanded National League for Democracy party (NLD) continued their election boycott activities despite the regimes warning of jail threats on Saturday. Referring to the boycott activities of the NLD, the regime media warned that those activities can amount to disruptions of voting and those responsible for the acts could be jailed for up to one year. Undeterred by the warning, however, a group of NLD leaders in Rangoon continue their tour of several towns in Central Burma, spreading the message of their detained leader Aung San Suu Kyi that the Burmese people have a right not to vote. We will not decrease or stop our activities, said Han Thar Myint, a central executive member of the NLD, speaking by phone from Yenanchaung, a city famous for its oil industry. If we care about what the government said, we will not able to do anything. The Irrawaddy, 20 September 2010 Officials from British Foreign Ministry led by Mr. Karen Maddock, Deputy Chief of the Asia and Pacific visited U Tin Oos residence and meet with NLD leaders including U Tin Oo, U Nai Nai and U Nyan Win. The officials inquired about the future plan of NLD after it was declared disbandment. U Tin Oo explained that NLD still exist and continues its activities within the legal fold. NLD News Bulletin, 21 September 2010 The Burmese regimes announcement that detained opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi will be permitted to vote in the Nov. 7 election is merely a cynical ploy to confuse the Burmese public, according to one of her closest political colleagues. I dont welcome this at all, said Win Htein, an aide to Suu Kyi, in response to reports on Friday that the National League for Democracy (NLD) leader and her two live-in maids were officially registered on the voters list in Rangoons Bahan Township. The regime is playing a trick. Daw Suu has already said that she is boycotting the election. So this is deliberately meant to confuse people, he said. It is also raises questions about Suu Kyis status as a political prisoner. According to election laws enacted in May, detainees are barred from voting or belonging to political parties. The same laws also forced her party to disband for refusing to register for this years election. According to media reports, officials said that Suu Kyi will not be allowed to go out on polling day, but might be given permission to vote in advance. Aye Thar Aung, the secretary of the Committee Representing the Peoples Parliament, an umbrella group of political and ethnic groups that won in Burma's last election in 1990, said that the announcement was probably a political trap. Daw Suu would decline to vote even if the regime offered her a chance to do so, he said. Then the regime could accuse her of not fulfilling her duties as a citizen. But no matter what they say, the public knows what theyre up to. Political dissidents in Rangoon said the news was an example of how arbitrarily the regime applies its own laws. Breaking its own laws is what the regime has been doing all along, said one dissident. The Irrawaddy, 25 September 2010 At an event marking the NLDs 22nd anniversary, Vice-chairman Tin Oo says the party is reconsolidating and will be revitalized when Suu Kyi is released from detention. As it marks its 22nd anniversary on Monday, the disbanded National League for Democracy (NLD) party has claimed that it is currently reconsolidating and will be revitalized when its leader Aung San Suu Kyi is released from detention. Under the surveillance of plainclothed security forces, the anniversary event was held at the home of party vicechairman Tin Oo in Rangoon and was attended by 300 party members and some veteran politicians. The NLD will become stronger when Daw Suu is released, said Tin Oo, 83, who founded the party in 1988 together with Suu Kyi. We are now consolidating our forces on a steady basis. Although the party was disbanded last month for failing to register for the Nov. 7 election, senior party officials claim that the party still exists and will continue its struggle for democracy in Burma. Party officials said the partys Page 135 of 188

headquarters in Rangoon still opens every day, but that meetings are held in its members homes in order to avoid confrontation with the regime. The Irrawaddy, 27 September 2010 Burmas detained Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi will try to sue the countrys military rulers for dissolving her political party after it decided to boycott next months election, her lawyer said today. Suu Kyi, who is currently under house arrest for breach of an internal security law, told lawyers of her now defunct National League for Democracy (NLD) party to file a lawsuit with the Supreme Court. On her behalf we will demand that the court declares that the NLD is still in existence, lawyer Nyan Win said. Malaysian Insider, 4 October 2010 III. 62. National League for Democracy Liberated Area NLD-LA (Korea) Through this statement, National League for Democracy (Liberate Area) Korea Branch demands the Burma Sangha Council not to recognise Than Shwe, the leader of SPDC and all the top military leaders as Buddhists. We condemn strongly such an act of SPDC military group. 19 September 2007 NLD-LA (Malaysia) We request that China, India and Russia, the most powerful nations who support the stability of the military junta, to stop their business and political friendship with the military," the group said in a statement. "Through their dealings, they are encouraging a path that leads to the devastation" of the Burmese people, it said. The group also urged China and Russia not to use their veto privilege to block U.N. Security Council measures that seek to keep a spotlight on the junta's abuses. Sinchew-i, 7 August 2007

NLD-LA (Thailand) The juntas decision to bar Tin Oo was, according to Nyo Ohn Myint, head of the Foreign Affairs Committee, a sign that the international community has an uphill struggle in pushing for democratic reform in Burma. The regime is trying to improve its public relations with the international community but it is still showing that it is reluctant to improve or provide any positive sign towards national reconciliation, he said. DVB, 6 November 2009

NLD-LA (UK) We urgently request for increased international efforts for the release of our national hero Aung San Suu Kyi and all other political prisoners in Burma. 19 June 2007 At the Strategic Meeting of international NLD-LAs and decided the following: 1. To try our best in all possible ways to get our detained leaders released as soon as possible 2. To call for the recognition of 1990 election results 3. To push for a sincere all inclusive round-table dialogue for the national reconciliation and democratization. 23 November 2008

III. 63. New Mon State Party (NMSP) Even though the junta will apply pressure during or after the NC, the NMSP will firmly stand to maintain its four principles; not to dissolve the NMSP, not to disband its military wing, Mon National Liberation Army Page 136 of 188

(MNLA), not to separate the party from its army, and not to give up the 14 territorial positions that were agreed during the cease-fire deal in 1995. Kaowao, 17 July 2007 General Secretary of the New Mon State Party, Mr Nai Hongsar, repeatedly states that they are playing a wait and see game in response to the SPDC sponsored National Convention and a new election on whether the party will contest or adopt a do nothing policy toward the military authorities. Kaowao, 20 July 2007 The New Mon State Party has ordered its soldiers to shoot at junta troops if they intrude into areas under its control, Mon military adviser Colonel Kaung Yuk (retired) said. The shoot-on-sight order was issued after a three-day NMSP central committee meeting, he said. We have issued orders to our troops to shoot at anyone intruding without prior notice into our five-mile (8-kilometre) radius base areas, Kaung Yuk said. We told our troops, they didnt have to seek orders from higher authorities and that they could shoot at anyone in pre-emptive strikes. The shoot-on-sight order is in effect for anyone intruding into our areas with a hostile objective without informing us, he added. During ceasefire negotiations with the junta, 14 base areas including Minywa near Kawbein village, on the banks of the Jai River in Mon State; Inngwa village, in Kyainnseikkyi Township, Karen State; and Pinchaungphya village in Tavoy District near the ThaiBurmese border, were designated NMSP-controlled areas. The junta has exerted increasing pressure of various kinds on the NMSPs 7,000-strong armed wing, the Mon National Liberation Army (MNLA), to bring its troops under junta command within the Burmese Armys Border Guard Forces (BGF). It has also brought its powers of persuasion to bear on local peoples militia outside the terms of the ceasefire agreement reached with the junta in 1995. However, the NMSP has defied the juntas pressure and ultimatums. Mizzima News, 27 September 2010 In the past, NMSP leaders were careful to avoid inflammatory language; this year the tone has become decidedly more combative. If the regime wants to eliminate us with their guns, we are also ready to destroy them with our guns, said Nai Hang Thar, the secretary of the NMSP. We are ready to deal with them together with the other members of our ethnic alliance, he said. The NMSP leaders said that the new alliance, called the Committee for the Emergence of a Federal Union, which brings together 12 ethnic armed groups, will pressure Burmas newly formed and ostensibly civilian government to address the countrys ethnic political issues. If there are cease-fire talks with the new government in the future, the Mon will not go alone but as part of a group with their ethnic allies, according to Nai Rot Sa. The Mon leaders said they did not recognize the new government because it was not elected by the people in a free and fair election. They also said that the new government would not be able to solve the countrys ethnic political conflicts. The leaders said that they would continue to support Burmas pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, who called for a second Panglong conference, which will lead to unity among the ethnic people and peace in the country. Also speaking at the Mon National Day ceremony in Banan Bon on Saturday were two respected Mon Buddhist abbots, U Palita and Apol Dot. Everyone has to die, but we need to die for our people, said U Palita. Be a slave of the Mon, but not a slave of the Burmese. If you are a slave of the Burmese, you will go to hell. About 100 members of the Mon National Liberation Army, including women, staged a military parade and sang the Mon national song while saluting the Mon flag. Mon National Day commemorates the day when the first Mon kingdom, Hongsawatoi, was established in 1116 of the Buddhist Era, or 573 CE. Irrawaddy, 21 February 2011

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III. 64. Norwegian Burma Committee (NBC) The NBC is cooperating with, and supporting, organizations in the Burmese pro-democracy movement. NBCs project partners are carrying out important work in refugee camps, across the border and as political advocates and watchdogs. The Norwegian Burma Committee (NBC) is a Norwegian NGO working only with Burma. NBC focuses both on information and advocacy work in Norway and development work on the border to and inside Burma. NBC was established as The Norwegian Burma Council at the initiative of a group of Norwegians and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on January 2, 1992 following the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Aung San Suu Kyi in 1991. From Council to Committee The Council was established with the mandate to facilitate and channel Norwegian political and humanitarian support to the Burmese democracy movement, both within Burma and in exile. In 2001 the Norwegian Burma Council changed its name to the Norwegian Burma Committee. The aim The aim of NBC's work is to achieve a democratic Burma where human rights are respected, and where everybody has equal rights and access to participate and make decisions, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, class, ethnical or religious belonging. NBC aims at developing a strong, democratic and wellorganized civil society that can be a driving force for change in Burma, and which can play an active role in the country when democratic changes start taking place. Location and staff Since June 2004, NBC has been part of the Human Rights House in Oslo in a cooperative of eight Norwegian human rights organisations. In addition to the board, which consists of nine members, NBC has three staff members: director, project coordinator and information officer. Email info@burma.no

III. 65. Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights The Oslo Center and other Norwegian organisations with an involvement on Burma, encourage the UN Secretary General to establish an international group of experts to report on whether serious violations of international humanitarian law have been committed in Eastern Burma, and to urge the Government of Burma to permit access to all parts of the country for international humanitarian assistance. The background for the letter is the precarious situation in Eastern Burma where the population lives in constant fear of the militarys systematic persecutions. The UN must do a thorough investigation of the violence taking place. Renowned organisations are of the opinion that the Burmese army commits crimes against humanity in Eastern Burma, says Hilde Salvesen, special advisor at the Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights. She believes a UN established group of experts could put pressure on the junta for compliance with international humanitarian law and push for a cease in the hostilities against the civilian population. oslocenter.no, 8 May 2009

III. 66. Pact, Inc. Pact, Inc. is an international nonprofit corporation helping to build strong communities worldwide and enabling people to earn a dignified living and participate in democratic life. Pact achieves this with over 100 programs in 62 countries strengthening the capacity of grassroots organizations, coalitions and networks and by forging linkages among government, business and citizens leading to social, economic and environmental justice. Founded in 1971, Pact is headquartered in Washington DC and has 26 field offices around the world. For more information, visit http://www.pactworld.org. Page 138 of 188

III. 67. Pa-O National Liberation Organization (PNLO) Hkun Okker, President of the Pa-O National Liberation Organization (PNLO) and board member of the exiled Burma Lawyers Council (BLC), speaking to Shan State leaders yesterday, urged them to keep an open mind to the call for the 21st century Panglong Conference, also known as Panglong II, by Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi. We should take care not to rush headlong before everythings clear, the 64 year old lawyer-turned-rebel told the executive members of the Shan State Congress (SSC), a coalition set up in 2008 on the Thai-Burma border. We should wait until the aims and objectives have been clearly spelled out before we decide to go head over heels. He took his audience back to the 1947 situation when the Panglong Conference was held. It wasnt, as many have misunderstood, a meeting of representatives of ethnic groups, he reminded them. It was, on the contrary, a meeting of leaders of states: Burma, Federated Shan States, Kachin Hills and Chin Hills. As such, the leaders were legitimate. So were the conference and its outcome the Panglong Agreement. Karen, Arakan and Mon territories were then considered parts of Burma (Proper). The Karenni aka Kayah took part in the conference only as observers. The aims and objectives of the conference, according to him, were clear: to overthrow British rule and establish a federal democracy. However the Agreement had a few flaws. One, it did not say how the agreement would be implemented, he said. And two, while there were several leaders signing it for the Frontier Areas, there was only General Aung San to sign for Burma. That was one of the reasons why the Panglong Agreement has never been properly implemented. The new Panglong will therefore have a few issues to be resolved before it can be held: How to establish its legitimacy Its aims and objectives So far, it is not clear what the aims and objectives are, he said. The Lady has stated that she is not excluding the military and is not setting up a parallel parliament. But we will need more than that, if we are to throw our full support behind her. If it is to establish a genuine federal union by partners of equal footing, then we should support it and work hard for it together, he concluded. SHAN, 28 December 2010 III. 68. Peoples Movement Coordinating Committee Meanwhile, reports said, another activists group called Rangoon Division Peoples Movement Coordinating Committee on Tuesday began collecting the state-run news paper, Myanmar Alin, and set them blaze saying the paper carries no news but only juntas propaganda. Residents in Kyaukmyaung, Tamwe, Hletan townships were seen throwing the newspaper on the streets. And fences of some house had posters with the words Than Shwe is lying, a local resident in Rangoon told Mizzima. 7 November 2007

III. 69. Salween Watch Sai Sai, a member of Salween Watch, a local organization that deals with environmental issues in Burma, told The Irrawaddy on Monday, Thailand will be responsible for the displacement of thousands of people by the Tasang dam project. The Thai government knows about Burmas political instability and on-going conflicts inside the country, and they are using it as an opportunity to exploit things in Burma. The Thai government only considers its own business interests to get energy through the Burma mega-dam project, he said. The Thai government doesnt have any sympathy for the people of Burma and their suffering under the military regime. Irrawaddy, 17 March 2008

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III. 70. Shwe Gas Movement, India We believe in the power of solidarity and that we can together prevent abuses against the people and environment in Burma. shwe.org We strongly believe that the execution of the Shwe Gas Project will certainly lead to militarization, human rights abuses and environmental destructions as well as prolong tyrannical military rule in Burma. 18 August 2007 Therefore, we humbly request that your government and the Indian corporations involved in natural gas exploration and development in Burma namely ONGC Videsh, GAIL, and Essar Oil - act on the following recommendations: Take steps to build a positive relationship in solidarity with democratic leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, the future democratic government of Burma, and the pro-democracy movement Immediately stop all relations with the military junta, particularly those that involve financial transactions, and particularly those that involve the large scale extraction of natural resources Apply pressure to the relevant actors to postpone the construction of the Shwe gas pipeline and the extraction of the Shwe natural gas deposit until a time when the affected people in Western Burma can participate in decisions about the use of their local resources and related infrastructure development without fearing persecution. 31 May 2008 Activists called on Monday for China to halt construction of controversial oil and gas pipelines through Burma, warning of instability and civil unrest if Burmas ruling junta continued to starve its people of energy. Shwe Gas Movement, a group of Burma exiles in Bangladesh, India and Thailand, also said the militarys recent offensive against ethnic rebels near the pipeline route showed the regime had no concerns about providing stability for investors. People across Burma are facing severe energy shortages and this massive energy export will only fuel social unrest, Shwe Gas Movement said in a report released on Monday. These resources belong to our people and should be used for the energy needs of our country. Chinas largest oil and gas producer, China National Petroleum Corporation, is due to start construction of nearly 4,000 km of duel pipelines from Burmas western Arakan State to Chinas Yunnan province. The deal is expected to provide the military, which has ruled the country since a 1962 coup, with at least $29 billion over 30 years. The pipelines will supply China with oil shipped from the Middle East and natural gas from Burmas vast offshore reserves in the Bay of Bengal. The Shwe Gas Movement said foreign investors faced a perfect storm of financial and security risks by doing business with the junta and highlighted reports of forced labour, forced relocation and extortion by government troops in the construction of a much smaller pipeline to Thailand. uk.biz.yahoo.com, 7 September 2009

III. 71. Thakins Veteran politicians Thakin Chan Tun, Thakin Tin Mya, Thakin Thein Pe, Thakin Tin Mya and Thakin Hla Koon also celebrated National Day by calling for the release of all political prisoners and to address the problems of the country through a tripartite dialogue, involving the government, democratic opposition groups and ethnic groups. Irrawaddy, 1 December 2010 III. 72. Tibetan Womens Association (TWA) In a first of its kind training on democracy and organising mock elections, Tibetan women activists from Dharamshala visited various Burmese refugee camps in Thailand to conduct a two-week long training. At the invitation of the East Asia Burma Office of Democracy Promotion Fund for Burma and Tibet, Samten Page 140 of 188

Chodon, vice president and Nyima Lhamo, program coordinator of Empowerment through Action of the Daharamshala based Tibetan Womens Association (TWA) led the training on Mechanisms to organise a Mass Mock Election in Burma from August 2 - 14. TWA had in July last year carried out a mass mock election in the Tibetan exile community, ahead of the general elections for the 15th Tibetan Parliament-inexile and the third Kalon Tripa. In a release Friday, TWA said that the Burmese refugee activists working for the revival of democracy in Burma, currently reeling under the military Junta, were hopeful of conducting similar mock elections in Burma following the training. Noting the ongoing struggle for democracy in Burma, Samten Chodon said that the Burmese movement for restoring peace led by Daw Aung Sang Sui Kyi was effective in highlighting the oppression and hardships faced by the Burmese people. We feel Tibetan democracy is a gifted one, and are happy to share our gift with the people of Burma through this training, Chodon said. The TWA representatives also conducted a special training on Women and Democracy for members of the Womens League of Burma in Chiang Mai, Thailands second largest city. Disturbed by the growing repression on the movement of Tibetan refugees escaping through Nepal, the Burmese offered their support for the plight of the escaping Tibetan refugees. With the heightened repression of Tibetans in Nepal, if Burma became a free state and if meaningful democracy is restored in Burma, then this could also create another route for Tibetans to escape into exile, even if it meant to escape secretly, said Rev. Katsuyuki Imoto, Chairperson of the East Asia Burma Office said. Phayul, 21 August 2011

III. 73. Trades Union Congress (TUC), the umbrella grouping of labour unions in Britain Trade unions have been at the forefront of campaigns for longer holidays, but Burmese unions have asked us not to take those holidays in Burma, said the TUC general secretary Brendan Barber. Were urging the travel industry to drop Burma from their list of destinations because of the forced and child labour involved in Burmese tourist attractions and facilities, because of the money and endorsement tourism offers the bloody dictatorship that runs Burma, and because its simply immoral to holiday in a country-wide prison camp. Channel NewsAsia, 16 January 2008

III. 74. United Nationalities Federal Council. (UNFC) The United Nationalities Federal Council. (UNFC), the newest coalition formed in a 5-day conference last week on the Thai-Burma border, could well become the only non-Burman ethnic alliance worth talking about, according to some co-founding members. The Committee for the Emergence of Federal Union (CEFU), the core group that organized the conference, 12-16 February, declared its dissolution following the founding of UNFC. It was formed by three former ceasefire groups: Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), New Mon State Party (NMSP) and Shan State Army (SSA) North plus three non-ceasefire groups: Karen National Union (KNU), Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) and Chin National Front (CNF) in November. By contrast, other existing coalitions, notably the National Democratic Front (NDF), formed since 1976, and the Ethnic Nationalities Council (ENC), formed since 2001, are bound to be history soon, according to sources who request anonymity. For the NDF, the reason is all of its member organizations, except for Arakan Liberation Front (ALP), have decided to join the UNFC. As for the ENC, which has been credited for its outstanding State Constitution Drafting Movement that was launched in 2001, has long since bogged down in its efforts to become a state-based alliance. With the death of Padoe Ba Thin Sein (Karen leader) who was its staunch supporter in 2008, the coalition soon lost its momentum, said another source. Both the NDF and the ENC are expected to discuss their future in the coming months. One of the participants at the UNFC Conference however remarked, It is not necessary to dissolve these alliances. As the UNFC grows in stature, they will shrink to oblivion all by themselves. The Central Executive Committee (CEC) members of the UNFC are: Page 141 of 188

Gen Mutu Saypo Chairman KNU Lt Gen Gauri Zau Seng Vice Chairman #1 KIO Khun Abel Tweed Vice Chairman #2 KNPP Nai Hongsa aka Nai Hantha General Secretary NMSP Col Hkun Okker Joint Secretary #1 PNLO (PaO National Liberation Organization) Shwe Myo Thant Joint Secretary #2 KNPP Mahn Nyein Maung Member KNU Dr Laja Member KIO Dr Suikhar Member CNF Bawmwang Laraw Member KNO (Kachin National Organization) The new alliance has drummed up interest among Burma watchers due to its avowed intention to set up what it calls a Union Army. shanland.org, 21 February 2011 Leaders of an umbrella organization of ethnic parties, the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC), formed a peace talk group last week in preparation for future negotiations with the Burmese government. Speaking to The Irrawaddy on Wednesday, UNFC secretary Nai Hang Tha said, There are eight representatives within the group which includes Mon, Shan, Karenni, Chin, Arakanese, Karen, Kachin and Pa-O people. Nai Hang Tha explained that he will head the group with Colonel Lapai Hla, from the Kachin Independent Army (KIA), acting as deputy. We are prepared to talk about equal rights for ethnic people in the country. We will also talk about reforming the new constitution so that a genuine federal union will exist in Burma, he said. We will ask the government to stop their military offensives launched in ethnic areas and announce a nationwide ceasefire. If possible, we will ask them to have tripartite dialogue, he added. Leaders of the UNFC said that they want to hold peace talks with the government on the Burmese border or at a location within a neighboring country. It is best to talk within neighboring countries if those nations allow us to do so, said Nai Hang Tha. Or we can talk at the border where there is security for us, like Kachin people have done in the past as they control their area. UNFC leaders decided to invite neutral persons who are well respected in the countryincluding pro-democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyito witness talks, and aim to sign an agreement on paper as evidence of their commitment. The leaders do not want the government to offer peace talks on a group-by-group basis, as they do not believe this can solve problems in the country. State-run newspaper The New Light of Myanmar reported on Aug. 18 that the government offered an olive branch to the armed groups, encouraging them to contact their respective state or division authorities as a first step toward meeting with a union government delegation. The government should not divide groups to have peace talks individually because our countrys problems are not down to only one group. They need to talk with the UNFC as we represent all the ethnic groups, said Nai Hang Tha. The UNFC was formed in February at a meeting in northern Thailand attended by a dozen ethnic groups. These included the Kachin Independence Organization, Karen National Union, Karenni National Progressive Party, Chin National Front, New Mon State Party, Shan State Progress Party, Pa-O National Liberation Organization, Palaung State Liberation Front, Arakan National Council, Lahu Democratic Union, Wa National Organization and Kachin National Organization. Irrawaddy, 31 August 2011

III. 75. Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors (VBSW) We wont criticize other pro-democracy activists. On October 1, 1999, a group of armed Burmese seized the Burmese Embassy in Bangkok and held thirtyeight persons hostage. The hostage takers, members of the Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors (VBSW), demanded respect for human rights and democracy in Burma. Human Rights Watch Page 142 of 188

Ye Thiha wrote to his friend, I support Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's non-violent means, because if she succeeds, there would be no bloodshed. But we do not want to sit and wait in order to see the change. We want to do something significant which will catch the world's attention, to push for change and save our motherland from the darkness as soon as possible.'' Civil Society for Burma, 18 January 2000 The VBSW has released a statement condemning the participation of other opposition groups in Burmas upcoming National Convention. The SPDC views the Convention as the first stage of a seven-point roadmap toward democracy, while the VBSW maintains that it is a sham and takes no real steps toward integrating opposition parties into the Burmese government or lessening the influence of the military in Burmese politics. We dont need to accept the decisions of the dictators. We dont need to get confused by their decisions and believe them. We have only one decision, for all to take part in the fight against the dictators, said Ye Thiha. DVB, 23 December 2003

III. 76. Vision Beyond Borders Atrocities are mounting in Burma. Thousands of people have been killed by the military-led government. And many human rights workers say theres no end in sight. President of Vision Beyond Borders Patrick Klein just returned from the border of Burma and Thailand and says the situation is desperate. The government seems like its intent on genocide. 500,000 people have died already. They say it surpasses Darfur because they document more than 3,300 villages that have been completely burned to the ground. According to Klein, this is a strategic political move. The government is trying to get rid of everybody who is in opposition to this current military regime. So, its not just the Karen, but the Karen seem to be receiving the brunt of it. He says the Burmese military isnt the only offender. Burmese orphans, refugees in bordering Thailand, are being threatened by Thai officials. The Thai border police want to send them back into Burma. There are land mines everywhere. Theyre killing these people. And they want to send these kids back because theyre kind of working with the government, underhandedly, to get money kickbacks from the government to send these kids back in, to slaughter them. Christian actor Kirk Cameron has agreed to be the narrator for a documentary on the situation in Burma. We want to get that out around the nation, says Klein, to call the churches to pray and ask God to intervene in the country to bring down this wicked government. mnnonline.org, 24 December 2009

III. 77. Volunteers for the Vulnerable (V4V) After years of brutally suppressed street protests, many Burmese have adopted a new strategy that they say takes advantage of small political openings to push for greater freedoms. They are distributing aid, teaching courses on civic engagement and quietly learning to govern. We are trying to mobilize people by changing their thought process, said an entrepreneur in the city of Mandalay who is setting up classes on leadership. He added half in jest, Civil society is a guerrilla movement. But a growing number of educated, middleclass Burmese are pinning their hopes on what they call community-based organizations, finding outlets for entrepreneurship and room to maneuver politically in a country with one of the worlds most repressive governments. At first light on a recent Sunday, a dozen doctors piled into two old vans, stopped for a hearty breakfast of fish stew and sticky rice, then headed out to dispatch free medicine and consult villagers an hour outside Rangoon. The group first came together two years ago to care for demonstrators beaten by security forces during monk-led protests. When Tropical Cyclone Nargis hit in May 2008, killing an estimated 140,000 people, the doctors joined countless Burmese in collecting emergency supplies for survivors while the junta rebuffed foreign aid dispatches. Like many of those ad hoc groups, the doctors have since developed an informal nonprofit organization, meeting regularly and volunteering at an Page 143 of 188

orphanage and in villages near Rangoon. The groups leader secured funding from a foreign nonprofit agency and named his team Volunteers for the Vulnerable, or V4V. But to avoid having their activities labeled as activism, the leader negotiates weekly with the authorities for access to the villages under cover of an anodyne Burmese fixture the abbot of a local Buddhist monastery. For their own safety, the V4V founder said, not even all our members know the name of the group. Successive military governments in Burma since 1962 have clamped down on civil society and forbade associations of more than five people. Burmese say they have come to see the activities of semi-illicit groups such as V4V as rare outlets for entrepreneurship and for maneuvering politically. Washington Post / Nyunt Than, BADA, 24 August 2009

III. 78. Women's League of Burma (WLB) Women in Burma have a long history of active participation in the forefront of resistance movements during times of crisis, and again women are now taking a leading role to show their defiance against the regimes unlawful acts and injustice. The WLB has strongly condemned the State Peace and Development Council for unleashing violent attacks and unlawful arrests of protestors who were peacefully demonstrating against the regimes steep increases in fuel costs, which have driven up the prices of transportation and commodities. We demand that SPDC immediately stop these attacks using the Union Solidarity and Development Association and special police, and immediately release all the 88 Generation students including other peaceful protestors. asiantribune.com, 25 August 2007 On 19 June, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1820 condemning the use of sexual violence in conflict as a tactic of war to humiliate, dominate, instill fear in, disperse and/or forcible relocate civilian members of a community or ethnic group. The Womens League of Burma (WLB) welcomed the resolution and called on the Security Council to refer Sr Gen Than Shwe to the International Criminal Court under the new resolution. The WLB drew attention to the SPDCs ongoing campaign of sexual violence against women in Burma, and the system of impunity which allows sexual violence to go unpunished. 24 June 2008 The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) at its awards luncheon on December 15 handed the Madeleine K Albright Award to Womens League of Burma, an umbrella organization of 12 women's groups from different ethnic backgrounds in recognition of its effective work on the participation of women in the democratic movement in Burma. Receiving the award will make the world communities, particularly the people from United States, aware of Burmese womens activities in political movement in Burma, Thin Thin Aung, Coordinator of Political Empowerment Programme, Womens League of Burma told Mizzima. The WLB is at present training women on political leadership skills, advocates womens empowerment, inter-ethnic understanding, national reconciliation, peace and democratic reforms in Burma. Mizzima News, 16 December 2008

III. 79. World Association of Newspapers (WAN) Larry Kilman, Director of Communications, Public Relations of WAN said, the Board of directors of WAN which represents more than 18,000 publications in five continents, met on December 15, 2008 in Beirut, Lebanon and urged the military junta in Burma to release all detained journalists and to end restriction on freedom of expression. The Board of directors from WAN, while issuing the resolution and condemning the lack of press freedom in Burma, urged the military junta to stop arrests and the crackdown on the press, Kilman said. There is no press freedom in Burma. It is one of the most repressive regimes and is an embarrassment to the entire region, added Kilman. Mizzima News, 17 December 2008 Page 144 of 188

III. 80. World Council of Churches (WCC) A global churches team representing the World Council of Churches visited Burma this month, as part of the councils commitment to accompanying churches in conflict situations. The 4 to 9 August 2011 visit was a follow-up to a WCC Living Letters team visit to the country, officially known as Myanmar, in late 2010. The five participants in the international ecumenical solidarity team included WCC Central Committee members, Asian church representatives from neighbouring countries and WCC staff. The members of the solidarity team were given opportunities to understand the social and economic realities of the people under the new political dispensation in the country. Prior to the visit to Myanmar, the members of the delegation visited a refugee camp in Thailand populated by hundreds of Myanmar citizens who had to flee from conflict zones in Myanmar and who crossed the border to Thailand where they are now waiting for grants of asylum in other countries. The Rev Rothangliani Chhangte, a member of the WCC Central Committee representing the American Baptist Churches (ABC) in the USA observed that the international community needs to be more conscious of the problems in Myanmar, especially the plight of refugees who are seeking asylum in a third country. At the last WCC Central Committee meeting, Chhangte made an intervention on the need for ecumenical accompaniment to address the plight of Myanmar citizens and the situation of internally displaced people, refugees and migrant workers from Myanmar. Upon her return from Myanmar, she stated that a re-opening of the registration process in refugee camps in Thailand is much needed. There are more than 150,000 refugees living in crowded camps along the Thai-Burma border. In 2005, the Thai government allowed the UNHCR to register people who wanted to be resettled in a third country, However, she added, This was a one-time registration, and since then the Thai government has resisted requests to re-open registration. The United States has resettled the bulk of the refugees along with a few European countries, Canada and Australia. Chhangte coordinates the work of the ABC dealing with migrants from Myanmar in the United States. She reports that the American Baptist Churches currently have more than 100 congregations across the USA with sizable numbers of Myanmarese who have migrated to the US. More than 80,000 Myanmar refuges have migrated to the U.S since 2006. Semegnish Asfaw, who coordinates WCC Living Letters team visits, said that the members of the solidarity team noted that the youth and women were not so hopeful about their future, given the current situation in the country, although there has been a political change recently. After the long years of conflicts and political stalemate in the country, many young people think that their future seems pretty gloomy. The team heard stories of human trafficking, especially of women and young girls. Hundreds of women have been trafficked to neighbouring countries in recent years for forced marriages or forced labour. In a meeting with church leaders in Myanmar, the visiting delegation heard that since the last general election in November 2010, Myanmar is slowly evolving towards a more democratic state. However, the new political trend is to introduce changes in a rather slow process which may not be appreciated by the people, who have suffered long enough. Dr Mathews George Chunakara, director of the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs of the WCC, said that the church leaders in Myanmar are concerned about the resumption of the conflicts in several states where Christians constitute a large segment of the population. According to Mathews George, Over years the Myanmar churches have played roles in peace and reconciliation, and the effectiveness of that witness is visible in ceasefire agreements in areas like Kachin state, where the ethnic Kachin tribes represented by the Kachin Independent Army and Kachin independence organizations were in conflict with the Myanmar military for years. However, ceasefire negotiations have stalled since the end of June, posing a serious threat to any reasonable political changes in the country. Church leaders reported that in Kachin state, several thousand people have been displaced as a result of the conflict that broke out in past weeks, and people are facing serious food shortages as well as the spread of diseases including malaria. Ekklesia, 22 August 2011

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III. 81. Young Monks Union (Sangha Sammagi) The 1990 alms boycott has been the most radical political action by Burmas Buddhist sangha (monastic order), says U Pandavamsa, secretary of the Union for Upper Burma that organised the pattam nikujjana kamma declaration. The declaration is binding on every monk in Burma, he says. The boycott, decided by highly respected senior monks known as Auwadasariya, requires monks to refuse alms from military personnel and not to perform religious rites for them. The monks are well aware of the harm the boycott could bring to them. But U Pandavamsa, who once spent more than eight years in jail for being among those who refused donations from the countrys military rulers, also says, History shows that this action can topple a ruler. U Pandavamsa, who was the abbott of the Shwe Taung monastery near the Rangoon railway station when he was arrested along with 300 other monks in 1997, also cites the Buddhist monks resistance movement in Tibet. He notes, In Buddhism, we do not recognise the difference between personal and socio-political ethics. Their expression and form are the same. Here in Burma, he says, monks can play a constructive political role as mediators for dialogue, by lobbying, building awareness and, in its harshest form, boycotting and severing social and religious ties with the uncooperative. Buddhism forbids extreme forms of political action such as violence and terrorism, explains U Pandavamsa. But Buddhism endorses political democratisation, which is in keeping with Buddhas teachings, he says. We, the monks, are always involved in every process of social change, he adds. Only, maybe, the action and organisation are different. The Young Monks Union has 80,000 members and runs its activities from Ah Thiti Tazaung pagoda in Rangoon. We are not an underground organization, says its head, U Zawana. In December 2004, the Union boycotted the Buddhist World Summit being held in Burma at the time. The boycott was in protest against the continuing imprisonment of hundreds of Burmese monks. In 2006, the Sangha Mahanayaka, the only government-recognised Buddhist body in Burma, issued an order against a jailed monk resuming being part of the Buddhist religious after his release. This has become a powerful weapon in the hands of the military regime, says U Pandavamsa. The regulation really intimidates monks, he admits. They are not afraid of being imprisoned, but they are terrified of not being allowed to wear their priceless robe. The 47-member Sangha Mahanayaka is chosen from among 300 senior monks by a panel of 1,400 monks representing all provinces, districts and major monasteries. Under the supervision of the Department of Religious Affairs, it issues identity cards to monks. The Sangha can revoke a monks identity card. It also holds examinations for monks in religious scripture and Pali, the language of the Buddhist sermon. U Pandavamsa says, however, that monks are holders of Burmese cultural power and do not need official approval from any organisation before they act. He also says that many monks in Burma do not agree with the Sangha Mahanayaka. In any case, only abbots of prominent monasteries are required to avoid politics and this does not apply to all monasteries, he says. U Pandavamsa concedes, We are still traumatised by the killing of monks and students during the 1988 demonstration, the shooting and arrest of monks in Rangoon and Mandalay in 1990, the 1997 incident in Rangoon and the 2003 incident in Mandalay. The recent shift of the Burmese capital from Rangoon to Pyinmana in central Burma has merely increased the countrys isolation. Even Burmese are not allowed to visit Pyinmana, he says. But the Young Monks Union has not given up hope. He says, The Sangha is still strong as we embody the Burmese cultural power. Therefore, monks are the only one who still have a role in politics in Burma. Freelance Indonesian journalist Wahyuana, Southeast Asian Press Alliance, No. 598 Industy-1 minister Aung Thaung offers a meal to the monks at Mandalays Maha Gandhayon monastery, but only 100 of the 1,000 monks come to eat the meal. Others go out to collect alms around the town instead. DVB, 18 December 2007 Page 146 of 188

III. 82. Zomi National Congress (ZNC) The Arakan Liberation Party (ALP) and the Chin National Front (CNF) welcome the idea of convening a 21st Century Panglong Conference representing all ethnic parties and armed groups. If a Panglong agreement is really implemented, we would welcome it. Because the first Panglong Conference was intended to form a genuine Federal Union and it was based on equality. We understand that it intended to combine the states and build a Union, Khaing Thu Kha, an ALP spokesman, told Mizzima. Meanwhile, a third ethnic group, the Zomi National Congress (ZNC), issued a Kalay Declaration on Monday at a 22nd anniversary ceremony of the founding of the ZNC, calling for the reconvening of an all-inclusive Second Panglong Conference for national reconciliation. A movement calling for an all-ethnic group conference with the new Union government including ethnic armed groups and political parties has steadily grown during the past year. Talking about current fighting in ethnic areas, Pu Paul Sitha, the general-secretary of the Chin National Front, said, It is sure that internal affairs cannot be solved by war. The new government continues fighting, and we can see that nothing is solved. Day after day, the civil war has progressed. To quench the flames of civil war, a national conference is essential, said a Chin National Party member, adding: This is an issue that will not be solved easily. The Kalay Declaration supports building a Federal Union based on democracy and national equality rather than a unitary system. The declaration was signed by NLD leaders; Tin Oo and Win Tin, non-parliamentary groups and 11 prominent politicians. The Panglong Conference, held in February 1947, was an historic meeting that took place at Panglong in the Shan States in Burma between the Shan, Kachin and Chin ethnic minority leaders and Aung San, head of the interim Burmese government. On the agenda was the united struggle for independence from Britain and the future of Burma after independence as a unified republic. Mizzima, 26 October 2011

IV. Countries
IV. 1. ASEAN It is a matter of time before the generals will say, our time is up. Mr. Zaid Ibrahim, Malaysian Member of Parliament, head the ASEAN inter-parliamentary Burma Caucus, August 2006 The Burmese military junta must recognize before it is too late that there needs to be a genuine political shift away from its oppressive policies of the past. Mr. Son Chhay, a member of Cambodias opposition Sam Rainsy Party, parliamentary caucus on Burma, 25 August 2006 We can no longer tolerate the situation. Please do something more concrete rather than just paying lipservice diplomatically, which is no real solution in the situation. Mr. Djoko Susilo, Indonesian parliamentarian, member of the ASEAN Inter Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus, October 2006 He pointed to the one-year timeline given by the Thai junta for holding elections and urged Burma to also move toward democracy. Surayud Chulanont, Prime Minister, Thailand, November 2006 ASEANs initial belief in constructive engagement and quiet diplomacy may not have been effective or correct. Mr. Charles Chong, Member of Parliament, Singapore, member of ASEAN Inter-parliamentary Myanmar Caucus (AIPMC), Singaporean Parliamentary Caucus on Burma, December 2006 Aung San Suu Kyis Birthday 2007: Faced with the new edict for the extension of your house arrest, we will continuously call to your unconditional release. We strongly support your calls for the restorations of the Page 147 of 188

rights of the Burmese and for democratic changes in your country. We assure you that you will always have our support and friendship. ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus The situation in Burma is quite obviously not improving. AIPMC once again urges ASEAN to be stricter in its engagement with Burma and also urges China to consider the impact of its partnership with Burma. 9 July 2007 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong also encouraged Mr Gambari to press on with the UNs efforts, which offer the best hope for Burma and its people. straitstimes.com, 6 October 2007 We felt we should say a little bit more than usual, unlike before, when we just take whatever they say, the official said. He said the Burmese officials did not want any political developments mentioned in the draft, but as everybody else did they had no choice. AFP, 18 July 2008 In what is believed to be the first time in history, a total of 241 parliamentarians from all over Asia have sent a public letter to the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urging him obtain the release of all political prisoners from Burma by 31 December 2008. The letter comes just after a group of 112 former Presidents and Prime Ministers from 50 countries wrote to the Secretary General, also urging him to meet the year-end deadline in travelling to Burma to secure the release of all of the over 2,100 political prisoners in the country. Members of Parliament from Korea, Thailand, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia joined the effort by parliamentarians from Asia who are extremely concerned about the lack of progress in Burmas human rights situation. It is important that Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon travel to the country himself and engage in serious dialogue with the military regime and impress on them the calls by leaders and lawmakers from Asia and around the world for the release of all political prisoners, said Kraisak Choonhavan, President of the ASEAN Inter Parliamentary Burma Caucus, who hosted the petition. The suffering of the people must not be allowed to continue and the world can no longer sit idly by and only assist them when there is a devastating natural disaster, he added, in a separate cover letter to the UN Secretary General. asiantribune.com, 8 December 2008 We are a democratic society, an open society, and our foreign policy should reflect this, said Kasit Piromya, the new foreign minister, a veteran diplomat who has served in major capitals, including Washington D.C. and Tokyo. No personal business deals will shape our foreign policy. Our government will not mix business and politics, he added. When there are no business deals with the military junta, we can talk. We will not be blackmailed by economic interests. IPS, 30 December 2008 ASEANs three pillars are known as political security community, economic community and socio-culture community. chinaview.cn, 10 April 2009 Philippine President Gloria Arroyo called on Burma to release detained pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi at a recent meeting with Prime Minister Thein Sein, the foreign department said Friday. Arroyo asked Burmas ruling junta to release Aung San Suu Kyi once the extension of her house arrest expires next month, urging it to reach out to political opponents for the sake of national unity. The foreign department said Arroyo made her appeal when she met with the Burmese leader on the sidelines of the planned ASEAN summit in Pattaya, Thailand, on April 10 at the request of Thein Sein. Releasing Aung San Suu Kyi would result in tremendous goodwill for Burma from the international community, the department quoted Arroyo as saying. We only have your country and your peoples welfare at heart. This is the single, most concrete piece of advice and experience I can share with you, Arroyo said. AFP, 17 April 2009 Page 148 of 188

IV. 2. Australia Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer told reporters on the sidelines of the Manila meetings, Burmas leadership seems completely insensitive to and impervious to the views of the outside world. Downer said China and India, which have important economic ties with Burma, should make its ruling junta realize that current political conditions there jeopardize the small Southeast Asian nation's future. I said to the foreign minister, I suppose, this time next year, if Im back again, youll just give me the same answer constitutional reform still under way, he said. Its been under way for more than a decade. Asked what was the best approach toward Burma, Downer said governments have no choice but to persistently demand change. AP, 31 July 2007 The Australian government has strengthened financial sanctions against Burma and has also boosted diplomatic efforts to encourage China to abandon of its policy of non-interference regarding Burma. Chinas cordial relations with the junta are regarded as key to resolving the crisis, despite Beijings reluctance to intervene. theaustralian.com.au, 29 September 2007 The Australian government has refused the appointment of a Burmese general as ambassador to Australia because of the brutality of the military regime. Burma has a very brutal military regime and I refused to accept a general from that regime, who has had command in a couple of provinces in Burma over the years, said Mr Downer. The Minister said that a civilian and professional diplomat should be sent as a representative. We will not be accepting anybody from the military regime in Burma as a representative of Burma in Australia. That is completely unacceptable, he said. DVB, 4 October 2007 At the conclusion of the two-day Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations, the two countries agreed to continue to work together to achieve a free and democratic Burma. Leading the Australian delegation, Foreign Minister Stephen Smith and Defense Minister Joel Fitzgibbon held a wide range of talks on bilateral and regional issues with their American counterparts. The US side was represented by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Defense Secretary Robert Gates. While, Burma was not one of the major topics of discussions, it figured during the talks and was reflected in the joint communiqu issued at the end of the meeting on Thursday. Both countries reaffirmed their commitment to a free and democratic Burma that respects the rights of all its citizens. They agreed to work together in support of that goal, the communiqu said. The Irrawaddy, 10 April 2009

IV. 3. Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina, Bangladeshs Prime Minister in waiting has sought the release of Burmese democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from prolonged house arrest and friendly relations with all neighbouring countries. Awami League (AL) President Sheikh Hasina made the demand at the first press conference after her party and the Awami League-led grand alliances resounding victory in Mondays Parliament elections. The press conference was held at the Bangladesh-China Conference Centre in Dhaka on Wednesday. I have also been in prison for restoration of democracy in my country and she should not be in prison. We demand the release of Suu Kyi, Hasina said replying to a query. Mizzama News, 2 January 2009

IV. 4. Canada Mr. Maxime Bernier, Canadas Minister of Foreign Affairs, said Canada will ban all exports and imports as well as new investments. It will freeze assets in Canada of Burmese nationals connected with Burmas military regime, and prohibit the provision of Canadian financial services. Burmese ships and aircrafts will Page 149 of 188

not be allowed to enter Canada, and Canadian-registered ships and aircrafts will not be allowed to dock or land in Burma. Rights & Democracy, Canada, 14 November 2007 Bernier pointed out that Canada has implemented the most severe economic sanctions in the world against Burma, and expressed his pleasure that the France will join in acting against the regime. CanWest News Service, 17 November 2007

IV. 5. European Union (EU) According to EU officials, the common position is composed of three major focuses: Sanction, critical dialogue and assistance. 5 February 2007 The EU strongly reiterates its call on the authorities of Burma to release Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, the leader of the National League for Democracy, from house arrest and to free all other political detainees. Brussels, 24 May 2007 Ian McCartney, Minister for Trade, Investment and Foreign Affairs, has arrived in Hamburg to attend the 8th Asia Europe (ASEM) Foreign Ministers Meeting. Speaking from Hamburg today, Mr McCartney commented: I will also take this opportunity to raise the UKs increasing concerns about Burma. I shall be calling on the Burmese government to make tangible progress on the transition towards democracy, to end the human rights violations and to release all political prisoners immediately. I condemn the Burmese governments decision to extend the house arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi and call for her immediate release. The regimes stated aim of restoring democracy to Burma is disingenuous whilst political leaders are being denied the opportunity to take part in the process. It is vital that our partners in Asia and Europe to keep up the pressure for change in Burma. I hope that ASEM can use this meeting to discuss how Asia and Europe can work together to improve the situation in Burma. fco.gov.uk , 29 May 2007 EU views on Burma are defined in the Common Position, which was first adopted in October 1996. While confirming already existing sanctions, the Common Position has been strengthened and extended several times in view of the military regime's failure to make significant progress in areas of EU concern. Until 2004, EC assistance to Burma was limited to humanitarian aid. The current version of the Common Position opens the possibility for a more systematic approach to assistance while continuing to invoke the governments responsibility to attain the UN Millennium Development Goals. In accordance with the EU Common Position, EC programmes and projects will be implemented through UN agencies, nongovernmental organisations and through decentralised co-operation with local civilian administrations. So far, EC interventions in the country were based on ad hoc assessments and financed from a variety of budget lines. In order to ensure a strategic and focussed approach and to increase effectiveness of assistance provided to the population, the Commission will implement future interventions on the basis of this first EC-Burma Country Strategy Paper. Based on an in-depth needs assessment, assistance for the period 20072013 concentrates on two focal sectors: 1) education and 2) health. Flanking actions in support of sustainable livelihoods and uprooted populations will be financed from relevant thematic programmes. Taking into account the difficult political environment, governance will be a key cross-cutting issue and the Commissions assistance programmes will systematically integrate the promotion of democracy and human rights. The indicative budget for EC assistance to Burma for the period 2007-2013 is 65 million. ReliefWeb, 11 June 2007 Page 150 of 188

Ian McCartney, Minister of State, Department of Trade and Industry, UK: With the UN and other key partners, we will continue to press for an open and inclusive political process in Burma and an improvement in the human rights situation. The release of Aung San Suu Kyi is central to both objectives. TheyWorkForYou.com, 21 June 2007 The European Union on Tuesday condemned Burmas detention of opposition protesters and called for their immediate release. The European Union condemns this decision to detain individuals who were exercising their basic right to peaceful demonstration, the EUs Portuguese presidency said in a statement. AFP, 28 August 2007 Today has been declared a Europe-wide Day of Action on Burma in an effort to further raise the profile of events taking place in Burma and looking to force the European Union into adopting a more active and forceful stance regarding the military regime in Burma. Mizzima News, 31 August 2007 British Prime Minister Gordon Brown: I deeply deplore the Burmese governments violent suppression of peaceful demonstrations. I call upon the Burmese authorities to release immediately all those detained merely for protesting at the hardship imposed on them by the governments economic mismanagement and failure to uphold fundamental human rights. I also reiterate the British Governments call for the release of all political prisoners, including Nobel Prize winner, Aung San Suu Kyi who has now spent almost 12 years of her life under house arrest. As the lives of ordinary Burmese people continue to deteriorate, it is all the more important that all countries and organisations with an influence over the regime impress upon the generals the need for an early transition to democratic rule, full respect for human rights and genuine national reconciliation. I support calls for the grave situation in Burma to be considered by the UN Security Council at the earliest opportunity. I also call for the UN General Assembly to address this issue. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (National), number-10.gov.uk, 2 September 2007 The European Commission on Thursday called human rights violations in Burma a scandal and said its military government was a threat to the Southeast Asian region. Reuters, 6 September 2007 It is also important that France apply the international agenda as closely as possible. In a few weeks time I will be chairing a working meeting on child soldiers at the United Nations in New York. The European Union will present a resolution there on the human rights situation in Burma. Our country will have to use its full weight to convince our European partners of the failure of our strategy and the urgent need to rethink it. This is a moral obligation. Rama Yade, State Secretary responsible for Foreign Affairs and Human Rights, France, 14 September 2007 The junta will be held accountable before the international community for the security of the protesters, foreign ministry spokesman Frederic Desagneaux said. It is high time that the Burmese authorities agree to open the real process of reform and of national reconciliation that the country needs. Asserting that France was watching developments with great concern, the spokesman noted that the scale of the demonstrations and the participation of monks in the protest movements highlight the level of discontent of the Burmese people. AFP, 24 September 2007 British Prime Minister Gordon Brown called for an urgent UN Security Council meeting on the situation in Burma saying, the whole world is now watching Burma. Brown, whose country is the former colonial power in the reclusive Asian state, added that a UN envoy should be sent to the country to make the seriousness of the situation to the illegitimate and repressive regime. I hope the Security Council will Page 151 of 188

meet immediately, meet today and discuss this issue and look at what can be done, he said. AFP, 26 September 2007 French President Nicolas Sarkozy has urged French companies, including oil giant Total, to halt new investments in Burma, which is facing its biggest street protests in 20 years. AP, 26 September 2007 France circulated the draft on Friday night, the eve of U.N. envoy Ibrahim Gambaris return trip to Burma to try to promote reconciliation talks between the junta and the pro-democracy movement, and just days before the U.N. human rights expert on Burma, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, makes his first visit to the country since November 2003. The draft resolution strongly calls on the junta to provide Gambari with unrestricted access to all parties - including ethnic minority representatives, student leaders and dissident monks - and to engage with him to achieve effective progress towards the restoration of democracy and the protection of human rights in Myanmar.It also calls on the government to cooperate fully with Pinheiro by granting him full, free and unimpeded access and ensuring that no person or organization that cooperates with him is subjected to any form of intimidation, harassment or punishment. The draft strongly condemns the use of violence against peaceful demonstrators who were exercising their rights to freedom of opinion and expression and to peaceful assembly and association and expresses condolences to the victims and their families. AP, 3 November 2007 British Ambassador John Sawers said restrictions on Gambaris movements showed that the government had not met the Security Councils expectations. Sawers said he welcomed the small steps forward reported by the envoy, but warned that without sustained international pressure, signs of progress could also be a false dawn. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said on Tuesday the U.N. special rapporteur on human rights, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, was facing restrictions in his investigations into rights abuses on his first visit to Burma in four years. I heard from my reports that his activities there are not being fully guaranteed, Ban told Reuters during a South American visit. He has not been given access to all the places. Pinheiro met junta officials on Tuesday but that was overshadowed by the arrest of Su Su Nway. Sawers said her arrest raises question marks about the Burmese governments commitments to Gambari. 13 November 2007 The international community must continue to press for the liberation of Burmas opposition leader, Aung San Suu Kyi, and her participation in the countrys political reform, according to the European Unions special envoy, Piero Fassino. Fassino, a former Italian justice minister , was appointed by the EU to focus attention on Burma and support the efforts of UN special envoy, Ibrahim Gambari, in seeking reforms. I dont believe sanctions are useless if they are accompanied by intense dialogue and political persuasion, he said. adnkronos.com, 10 December 2007 On 25 March the Foreign Office Minister Meg Munn MP, in response to a question in the House of Commons, said: We are concerned about the lack of progress in Burma and, indeed, in some respects, matters have gone backwards. We would certainly consider pushing for the issue to be discussed further at the UN, and we would support a UN call for an arms embargo. Asian Tribune, 29 March 2008 Norways finance ministry Kristin Halvorsen said it also would sharpen a ban on investment in Burma covering 1,200 companies with activities there. In addition, it will prohibit companies that sell arms or weapons technology to Burma. Reuters, 4 April 2008 Aung San Suu Kyi has appealed to the global community to take up the cause of her country, asking us to use our liberty to promote her peoples freedom, said Kjell Magne Bondevik, former Prime Minister of Page 152 of 188

Norway and Member of the Board of Directors of the Club of Madrid. We again call upon the Burmese regime to immediately and unconditionally release her and the close to 2000 political prisoners it holds as a first step toward Burmas reintegration into the world community. asiantribune.com, 25 November 2008 The foreign minister of the Netherlands says he is outraged that Burma has sentenced a well-known comedian to 45 years in prison. In a statement Wednesday, Maxime Verhagen said the sentences that Burmas military rulers have handed down for Zarganar and others defy belief. Verhagen urged authorities in Burma to stop intimidating and arresting its people for exercising their human rights. VOA, 26 November 2008 Karenni refugees are expecting that with the arrival of Frances Junior Human Rights Minister, Mrs. Rama Yade, support and help for Karenni refugee camps would be more forthcoming. Relief measures and items of daily necessity, which were earlier given to refugee camps, have been reduced after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma. A delegation of Frances Junior Human Rights Minister, Mrs. Rama Yade, the Thai Foreign Minister and representatives from NGOs arrived in the Karenni refugee camp on March 13. She met camp administrators and visited an orphanage. She asked about various problems. She said that she would put pressure to change Burmas military politics. Kantarawaddy Times, 19 March 2009 EU foreign ministers are set on Monday to prolong sanctions against Burma, while expressing their readiness to ease them and hold high-level talks if there is genuine progress. The European Union deems it necessary to extend the current EU common position by another year, including the restrictive measures, reads a draft text to be adopted by the foreign ministers when they meet Monday in Luxembourg. The 27nation bloc underlines its readiness to revise, amend or reinforce the measures it has already adopted in light of developments on the ground, the draft text adds. The EU member states will also renew their perennial call for the immediate release of all political prisoners especially opposition leader and Nobel prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi and for a peaceful transition to a legitimate civilian system of government. AFP, 24 April 2009 The release of political prisoners is still the key to progress in Burma, Britains ambassador to the country, Mark Canning, told an audience during a panel discussion hosted by the Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand in Bangkok on Wednesday. Citing the ruling juntas intensifying crackdown on dissent over the past two years, Canning described Burma as one of the most repressive places in the world, with more than 2,100 political prisoners, including Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. The Irrawaddy, 24 April 2009 EU foreign policy chief Javier Solana told reporters tougher steps were in order. Its not the moment to lower sanctions, its the moment in any case to increase them, he said. Reuters, 18 May 2009 The European Union will begin sustained political dialogue with Burma following the thawing of relations between the junta-led nation and the US, the regional blocs ambassador said Thursday. Ambassador David Lipman spoke to reporters in Burmas main city Rangoon after meeting with the countrys leader Senior General Than Shwe to obtain diplomatic credentials in the remote capital Naypyidaw a day earlier. Lipman said future engagement would follow three tracks general humanitarian assistance, the giving of financial aid through non-government organisations, and now political discussion. At the moment, we are working on the third track which is for political dialogue. The third track is now very much in the process of moving forwards, he said. DVB, 4 December 2009

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IV. 6. Indonesia As Indonesias Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa arrives in Burma on Friday on a visit deemed vital to advance Naypyidaws bid to chair the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) in 2014, observers from both countries have called on the respective parties to use the trip as an opportunity for Indonesia to assist in settling Burmas ongoing conflict with ethnic minorities. Burmas inability to end its ethnic conflicts---some of which have endured almost continuously for more than 60 years---is one of the priority issues on the agenda for the Indonesian foreign minister, alongside the release of political prisoners and democratic reform, as he schedules to meet Burmas President Thein Sein and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Indonesia, itself ruled by dictatorship when Suharto wielded power between 1967 and 1998, shares certain geopolitical similarities with Burma, one of which is its diversity of cultures, languages and religions. Several observers concurred that Indonesia could lend advice to Burmas new government by recounting its own transition from authoritarian rule to democracy, as well as building peace with ethnic rebels---such as in th case of Jakartas protracted war of 29 years with northern Sumatras Free Aceh Movement. Several experts who spoke to The Irrawaddy, echoed calls for Indonesia, as current chairman of Asean, to impose its authority by demanding Naypyidaw enact reforms because it is considered for the 2014 chairmanship, as well as using its experience to help facilitate democratization in Burma. After Suharto was forced to step down in 1998, Indonesia passed several constitutional amendments to promote political and economic reforms, as well as human rights. As a multi-ethnic nation like Indonesia, Burma must also respect the diverse culture of its ethnic minorities, said various observers. Between 35 and 40 percent of Burmas 55-million population is non-Burman---indigenous groups such as Karen, Shan, Karenni, Kachin, Mon, Chin and Arakanese, almost all of which have fought against the central government for independence or autonomy for decades. Irrawaddy, 28 October 2011

IV. 7. Japan Because much of the shooting took place in central Rangoon, it was witnessed by foreign diplomats. Among these was the Japanese ambassador, Hiroshi Ohtaka, who urged his government to freeze official developmental disbursements and delay formal recognition of the new military regime because of the political instability. On September 28, 1988, Ohtaka urged a peaceful, democratic resolution of the crisis in accordance with the general wishes of the people. To his great credit, Ohtaka joined other Rangoon diplomats in boycotting SLORCs celebration of Burmas independence day on January 4, 1989, although he had attended the state funeral of Daw Khin Kyi, wife of independence leader Aung San and mother of Aung San Suu Kyi, two days before. From September 1988 to February 1989, Japan's response to the political crisis in Burma could be called critical distance. Japan Policy Research Institute, September 1999 Japan lodged a protest over the killing of the journalist with Burma on Friday when Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura met with his counterpart Nyan Win at UN headquarters in New York. Deputy Foreign Minister Mitoji Yabunaka left for Burma on Sunday to press the military government to take steps toward democracy and to protest the killing of a Japanese journalist Kenji Nagai, 50, during a bloody crackdown on pro-democracy protesters. Officials were arranging meetings with Burmese Foreign Minister Nyan Win and Home Affairs Minister Maj-Gen Maung Oo, Kyodo News agency reported. A video broadcast by Japans Fuji Television Network appeared to show a soldier shooting him directly from the front. 30 September 2007 Japan on Friday welcomed a UN Security Council statement denouncing Burmas violent crackdown on protests and called for the junta to improve its human rights record. We welcome it, as it was issued with the consensus of the international community, Chief Cabinet Secretary Nobutaka Machimura said. AFP, 11 October 2007 Page 154 of 188

Japan, meanwhile, urged Burmas junta to hold talks with detained opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and work harder to implement democratic reforms. In a meeting Thursday, Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura also urged Nyan Win, his Burmese counterpart, to cooperate with the United Nations on improving human rights conditions in the military-ruled nation, the Foreign Ministry said. Burmas government should begin dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi to make concrete progress toward democracy. AP, 17 January 2008 Just as international reports on the chaos in burma faded away, so too did reports on Kenji Nagais death. But APF News President Toru Yamaji refuses to allow Nagais death to be forgotten. At a press conference on Nov. 4, 2007, Yamaji announced his hope that the Japanese government would sue the Burmese junta through the International Criminal Court over Nagais murder. In an interview with AsiaMedia, Yamaji discusses the progress of his efforts, his frustrations with the Japanese media and government, and Nagais legacy. 18 April 2008 Japanese film festival has been held annually in Burma since 2000, sponsored by the Japanese embassy in collaboration with the Japan Foundation. hindu.com, 18 January 2009 According to Yuki Akimoto, an attorney who serves as director of BurmaInfo, an NGO that disseminates information about Burma and lobbies Japanese politicians and officials, Japan has long been torn in its approach to the country. Tokyo, she says, basically favors cozying up to Burmas military junta, but also reluctantly supports international sanctions aimed at pressuring the junta to improve human rights, release political prisoners and engage in political reform. However, since 2007s point-blank shooting by a Burmese soldier of a Japanese news cameraman, Kenji Nagai, while he was working for APF covering a demonstration led by unarmed monks in the capital Rangoon, Tokyo has taken a tougher stand toward the junta. Japan Times, 8 February 2009 When I questioned the Japanese officials about their support, they said the Japanese governments policy is to remain in the middle, while recognising opinion from both the Burmese government and the opposition. He pointed to the difference between the US government, who has a great respect for public opinion, and the Japanese. In the States, the congress has power to make policies but in Japan, the authority of the parliament is barely anything, he said. The Japanese government is run by bureaucrats and thus it is always difficult for them to make changes in their policy. Aung Din, Director of USCB, DVB, 20 March 2009 The new Japanese government should undertake a thorough review of Japans policies designed to promote human rights in Burma, Human Rights Watch said in a letter today to the newly inaugurated foreign minister, Katsuya Okada. The past Japanese government promised to promote human rights, but that didnt really happen in terms of concrete and visible actions, said Kanae Doi, Tokyo director at Human Right Watch. The new government should make human rights a central pillar of Japanese foreign policy, and Burma is a good place to start. In the letter, Human Rights Watch said that Japans current policy toward Burma, focusing on dialogue and aid, has done little to improve human rights and in some cases has even been counterproductive. To help bring meaningful changes in Burma, the letter says, Japan should reconsider the idea that conciliatory talk alone will somehow change the Burmese military leaderships plans, and instead make more effective use of diplomacy, sanctions and aid. On diplomacy, Human Rights Watch recommended that Japan consider establishing a Burma Contact Group or some form of multilateral grouping in close contact with the United States, to meet and discuss regularly diplomatic engagement with the Burmese government on a range of issues. Such a group could help converge views and policies of Page 155 of 188

China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, and others, gradually minimizing the ability of Burmas military government to play states off against each other. On sanctions, Human Rights Watch urged Japan to impose targeted financial sanctions as part of a coordinated approach to put maximum pressure on Burmas leaders, in line with those imposed by the US, the European Union, Switzerland, Australia, and Canada. HRW, 17 September 2009 The newly elected Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) is seen to be taking a more active role in promoting democratization in Burma. The DPJ is believed to be a strong supporter of the Burmese democracy movement, unlike its predecessor, the Liberal Democratic Party, which rarely criticized the Burmese junta. The Irrawaddy, 15 October 2009 Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama has exhorted the Burmese military junta to release prodemocracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi and other political prisoners before the 2010 general elections in the country. Yukio Hatoyama on Saturday met Thein Sein on the sidelines of a two-day summit between Japan and the Mekong Region Countries at the Prime Ministers Office in Tokyo, according to the Japanese Foreign Affairs Ministry. During the meeting, the Japanese PM told his Burmese counterpart that it was extremely important that a substantive dialogue proceeds between the Burmese regime and the Nobel Peace Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi and her party the National League for Democracy (NLD). Her release and that of other political prisoners is essential in order to make the 2010 elections credible to the international community, the Japanese Foreign Ministrys statement said. Hatoyama, the statement said, specifically urged his Burmese counterpart to allow the re-opening of the NLD offices, and expressed his hope for an improvement of freedom of speech and association, and for a substantive dialogue between the regime and ethnic minorities. Mizzima News, 9 November 2009

IV. 8. New Zealand Foreign Minister Winston Peters expressed concern at the human rights situation in Burma when he met his counterpart Nyan Win in Manila today. I also told Win that the only way for Burma to rebuild its economy and improve the lives of its people will be to win back the confidence and support of the international community by restoring democracy. Press Release: New Zealand Government, 31 July 2007

IV. 9. Norway Norway barred its oil fund, the worlds third-biggest sovereign wealth fund, from investing in Chinas Dongfeng Motor Group Co. Ltd. and put its holding in Siemens AG under observation, citing ethical guidelines. The $297 billion fund will be barred from investing in Dongfeng Motor on a recommendation from the Council on Ethics because of sales of military trucks to Burma, the Finance Ministry said in Oslo today. Germanys Siemens AG, Europes largest engineering company, was put under observation because of the gross and systematic corruption the group has been involved in over many years, Norway said. I will ask the Council on Ethics and Norges Bank to keep Siemens under close scrutiny with regard to the general anticorruption efforts, and in case new cases of gross corruption are uncovered, Finance Minister Kristin Halvorsen added. We will have a low threshold for excluding Siemens if new cases of gross corruption are discovered, she said. The fund held a 1.34 percent stake in Siemens as of Dec. 31, 2008, making it one of the companys largest single shareholders. Norway set up rules in 2004 to ensure the fund doesnt invest in companies involved in human rights abuses, environmental damage, or the production of some weapons. The Finance Ministry is responsible for deciding whether to exclude any of the more than 7,000 companies the fund invests in, based on recommendations from the ethics council. bloomberg.com, 13 March 2009 Page 156 of 188

IV. 10. Thailand Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva said Friday he would pay his first official visit to Burma next month, ahead of rare elections in the military-run country. Arrangements are being made for a one or two day visit, Abhisit told reporters. Abhisit did not disclose who he would meet during the early August trip but said it would kick off a round of overseas engagements aimed at explaining the political situation in Thailand in the wake of deadly opposition protests. The Thai premier had planned to travel to Burma last July, but the visit was postponed because it would have coincided with the trial of democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi over an incident in which a US man swam to her lakeside home. Burma is set to hold its first elections in two decades sometime later this year, although Suu Kyi has been barred from standing and the polls are widely thought to be a sham aimed at entrenching the power of the generals. In an interview with AFP this week, the Thai leader said he would like to see inclusiveness in the elections, although he added that there was still a lot of uncertainty. Thailand, along with Burmas other Asian neighbours, has come under criticism from the international community for not putting enough pressure on the junta. I do not think we have different objectives, Abhisit said when asked about the pressure from Western allies to take a tougher line against Burma. The problem is what is appropriate in terms of the way you pursue that objective might differ when you are afar and when you are right next door, he said. Instead of criticising each other, I have always supported the idea that we might undertake different tracks that lead to the same destination, he added. AFP, 9 July 2010

IV. 11. United Kingdom The British government has teamed up with two prominent rights groups to highlight the story of Burmas political prisoners in a bid to pressure the ruling junta as it prepares for elections next year. Each week the British foreign and commonwealth office (FCO), in collaboration with Burma Campaign UK (BCUK), Human Rights Watch (HRW) and the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners-Burma (AAPP), will tell the story of one of Burmas 2,100 political prisoners. Its a sobering thought that there are so many prisoners of conscience in Burma that it would take over forty years to profile them all, the FCO website said. Foreign office minister Ivan Lewis said in a statement that the intention is to make countrys detained activists, lawyers, journalists and religious figures more than a number. Elections in Burma will have no credibility or legitimacy until these prisoners are released. The deputy head at the FCOs Southeast Asia division, Gill Lever, told DVB that the campaigns use of digital media, such as Facebook and Twitter, will take it to an international level. In some areas of the world the Burma issue will have greater resonance than others, so our particular emphasis is on Europe and the Asia-Pacific area; the countries of influence in Burmas region, she said. This is particularly resonant now with the elections coming up in Burma next year, and with the EU and UN calling for the release of all political prisoners. Out of the 2,173 political prisoners in the countrys 44 prisons, 178 are women, 251 are monks and 21 are cyclone relief workers, and 12 are lawyers, according to AAPP. Around 130 are thought to be in poor health. DVB, 11 December 2009 The head of the UK governments aid department in Burma says more access should be granted to the 20,000 internally displaced persons (IDP) in Kachin state currently suffering food shortages due to Naypyidaws blockade on foreign aid reaching non-government controlled areas. Paul Whittingham told DVB that the Burmese governments denial of access to these people is of grave concern to to the humanitarian community. Reports suggest that vital supplies are running low in the region controlled by the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), where thousands have sought shelter away from Burmese offensives. We are pressing the UN to in turn press the government to open up the entire conflict area to humanitarian access, because that is a fundamental humanitarian principle, Whittingham said. At the Page 157 of 188

moment its difficult but not impossible to reach big numbers, so thats something we will be demanding when our ambassador visits Naypyidaw. Groups such as the World Food Program, the UKs Department for International Development (DFID) and others are providing assistance to some 5,000 IDPs in Burmese government-controlled areas, but that is believed to be a small proportion of the total displaced by heavy fighting since June. The UN has however come under fire for failing to publicly push for aid to be channelled to the remaining IDPs. The New York-based Human Rights Watch has claimed that civilians have not only fled fighting but the many sought to escape the likelihood of being coerced into portering for the Burmese army, and other rights abuses. Whittingham further called on UN envoy Vijay Nambiar, who is currently visiting Burma, to press Naypyidaw for UN access. We hope that Nambiar will be raising this as a matter of priority, he told DVB. DFID said they were able, through working with local partner organisations, to reach some of those in non-government controlled areas. We can reach some, but not enough said Whittingham. The KIA is believed to be offering support and aid to IDPs in their territory but this has its limits, as fighting lags on and supplies and resources diminish. Whiitingham did add that dialogue with Burmese government had increased significantly since the new government took over and that granting access for international aid groups to IDPs, despite being minimal, was a departure from the actions of previous administrations. China has officially closed many roads into Kachin state and allegedly strengthened its military presence on the border, with some suspecting that large numbers of civilians will cross the border in search of sanctuary as the conflict between the KIA and Burmese forces intensifies. The fighting began in June after a 17-year ceasefire between the Burmese government and KIA ended. The KIA has refused to bow to demands to become a government-controlled Border Guard Force. The governments actions in Kachin state has caused consternation amongst commentators in Rangoon and elsewhere as relations between Naypyidaw and the Kachin, and indeed civil society in the northern Burmese state, had appeared healthy. The conflict erupted despite President Thein Sein promising peace in ethnic areas. DVB, 4 November 2011

IV. 12. United Nations The United Nations General Assembly in 1994 adopted a resolution that called for a Tripartite Dialogue to solve the problem and build a sustainable democracy. This means a dialogue among the military, democracy advocates, and the ethnic nationalities. This was the first time that the world body had recognized that the ethnic nationalities struggle for their rights is as legitimate as the struggle for democracy. It means that while the ethnic nationalities are part of the democracy movement, they also have a unique and different role to play in rebuilding Burma. Harn Yawnghwe U.N. human rights investigator Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Burma, cautioned the United States and European Union on Friday against megaphone diplomacy aimed at the military rulers of reclusive Myanmar. If you dont have diplomacy, you cannot reach the government, he said. 27 October 2005 United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon looks forward to the cooperation of the Government of Burma and all relevant parties to the national reconciliation process, with a view to making tangible progress towards the restoration of democracy and the protection of human rights. UN News Centre, May 2006 A UN panel has found that Myanmars democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi is being detained in violation of international law and called for her immediate freedom, according to the ruling released by her familys US lawyer Thursday. The deprivation of liberty of Ms Aung San Suu Kyi is arbitrary and in contravention of three provisions of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, said the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Page 158 of 188

Detention. The independent UN tribunal, whose membership comprises experts from Algeria, Iran, Hungary, Paraguay, and Spain, informed Myanmars military junta of the ruling three weeks ago before it was relayed to attorney Jared Genser, who is also president of US rights group Freedom Now. It is a strongly-worded ruling, he told AFP. The Working Group believes that under the circumstances the adequate remedy would be the immediate release of Ms Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma Related News, 31 May 2007 During his two visits, May and November 2006, Ibrahim Gambari, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moons Special Adviser, appealed to the government to release all political prisoners, open its political process to all political parties, stop hostilities against ethnic minorities and allow unhindered humanitarian access. AP The best approach is to combine, to recognise progress where it has been made and to encourage them to move further along the lines of democratisation and respect for human rights, Ibrahim Gambari told Reuters in an interview, I dont know whether pressure is the right word, but certainly to encourage. 12 July 2007 United Nations Security Council appeals for the increased protection of civilian populations threatened by continued violence, including those populations in Burma. Burma Bulletin, 22 June 2007 If there is one thing we need to do above all, it is to end the culture of impunity which underlies so many abuses, stated John Holmes, United Nations Emergency Relief Coordinator. 26 June 2007 Kofi Annan, Former U.N. Chief, urged Southeast Asias regional bloc to be more bold and aggressive in prodding military-ruled Burma to democratize. AP, 13 July 2007 UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called on Burmas military rulers to ensure that their constitutional talks be as inclusive and transparent as possible. BBC, 19 July 2007 In New York, Ban called on Burmese authorities to exercise maximum restraint in responding to any demonstrations and encourages all parties to avoid any provocative action. Reuters, 23 August 2007 In a statement, U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour urged the Burmese government to engage in a dialogue with the demonstrators. The U.N.'s humanitarian chief in Burma, Charles Petrie, told the Associated Press the fuel price increase will make it more difficult for many Burmese to survive. He says almost 90 percent of Burmese live below or near the poverty line of one dollar a day. VOA, 27 August 2007 The Government should recognize in this discontent that Burmese people are not only suffering the denial of their civil and political rights, but are also feeling the severe impact on their economic, social and cultural rights, Mr. Pinheiro said in a statement issued on Friday. With over 100 people reported to have been arrested since 21 August, he stated that no progress is possible as long as ordinary citizens cannot freely express their views, peacefully and in public. un.org, 27 August 2007 UN special advisor on Burma Ibrahim Gambari told reporters in New York that the militarys recent crackdown on peaceful protests represented a significant political setback. The UN envoy also said that some of the provisions listed in the draft constitution would seemingly run counter to the objectives of national reconciliation and democratisation. Mr. Gambari also said the UN is focusing its efforts on a much broader range of issues than before not only the release of political prisoners, but also questions of Page 159 of 188

humanitarian access and progress towards implementing the anti-poverty targets known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly in health and education. We feel that the broader the agenda, the higher the likelihood of finding common ground in order to make progress where progress can be made and demonstrated. un.org, 6 September 2007 The Special Rapporteurs said that Burma and the international community have a responsibility to safeguard the universal right to freedom of expression and association and urged countries in the region to assist the military junta in upholding the principles of democracy and rule of law. The call was made by SR on the situation of human rights in Burma, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, the SR on the promotion and protection of the rights to freedom of opinion and expression, Ambeyi Ligabo, and the SR on the independence of judges and lawyers, Leandro Despouy. There will be no progress in Burmas political transition unless ordinary people have space to express their views and discontent, peacefully and in public, they said. bernama.com, 14 September 2007 The top UN envoy on Burma, Ibrahim Gambari, was trying to convince junta leaders to end a deadly crackdown on demonstrators that has sparked international outcry, and China and Japan urged their political and economic ally to resolve the crisis peacefully. Channel 4 News, Belfast, 30 September 2007 Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said Wednesday that his special envoy delivered the strongest possible message to Burmas military leaders about their bloody crackdown on democracy activists, but added that he couldnt call the trip a success. Ban said he would meet with the U.N. Security Council on Friday to discuss what to do about human rights abuses in Burma, calling the situation there a top international concern. We will discuss closely with the Security Council members what action to take in the future, he said. AP, 3 October 2007 I must reiterate that the use of force against peaceful demonstrators is abhorrent and unacceptable, Ban said, calling on the government to release all detainees without further delay. AP, 5 October 2007 Paulo Srgio Pinheiro, the UNs independent rights investigator for Burma, had been barred from visiting the country since November 2003. He has said he will abandon his current visit unless he gets full support from the junta. International Herald Tribune, 11 November 2007 Burmas ruling junta has admitted 15 people died during its crackdown on protests - five more than previously stated, the UNs rights envoy says. Speaking after a five-day visit to the country, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro called for the international community to unite to help end the crisis there. nationmultimedia.com, 16 November 2007 United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moon said the world was running out of patience with the Burmese government and the current situation was politically unsustainable. Speaking at a media conference in Bangkok on Monday, Ban also called for Suu Kyi to be able to play a role in political reform. adnkronos.com, 10 December 2007 United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today convened the first meeting of a group of 14 nations to assist him in his efforts to spur change in the troubled South-East Asian nation. Consisting of Australia, Indonesia, Russia, United States, China, Japan, Singapore, Viet Nam, France, Norway, Thailand, India, Portugal and the United Kingdom, the Group will meet as needed in an informal format. un.org, 19 December 2007 Page 160 of 188

Security Council reform must be about more than just changing the composition of its membership, General Assembly President Srgjan Kerim says, calling on the body to be based on an equilibrium of interests rather than a balance of power. In an opinion column for the United Kingdom-based pan-Arab Al-Hayat newspaper, published yesterday, Mr. Kerim wrote that reform of the Council must lead to a new culture of international relations based on full respects for human rights, human security, responsibility to protect and sustainable development. While changing the Councils composition is a necessary first step, it should not be viewed as an end in itself. Instead, Council members should be ready to share responsibility, willing and able to act to protect human life as the body of last resort whatever and wherever the threat may be. Mr. Kerim said such ideas are needed because our present institutional structures are too rigidly anchored in an international system where pre-eminence is given to the State as the primary interlocutor and agent of change. UN News Centre, 11 April 2008 Burmas UN representative, Kyaw Tint Swe, said in a confidential report to Burmas Ministry of Foreign Affairs that there will be pressure on Burma at the UN Security Council, particular from Western countries. Also, he said, the West will have more influence in the Security Council when Japan and Uganda replace Indonesia and South Africa in January. Kyaw Tint Swes accused Western countries of trying to eliminate the UN good offices mission on Burma because of its failure to achieve progress. Even though there has been criticism and suggestions to replace Gambari, he is still in office with support from Russia and Asian countries, the report said. Wai Moe, The Irrawaddy, 24 December 2008 For Ibrahim Gambaris part, the UN envoy went with limited expectations and goals, according to UN sources. His objectives have remained largely the same for some time, said a western diplomat based in Rangoon. These are the release of all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi, the start of a dialogue between the regime and Aung San Suu Kyi, the creation of a National Economic Forum to help eliminate poverty and boost development, and the establishment of a liaison office in Rangoon to support the UNs role in helping the political process. asiasentinel.com, 6 February 2009 African and other developing nations joined several European powers at the United Nations to denounce the veto rights of the five official nuclear powers on the U.N. Security Council, diplomats said. The chorus of criticism began on Monday and continued on Tuesday at a closed-door session of the General Assembly on reforming and expanding the most powerful U.N. body. Diplomats said most speakers attacked the blocking powers of the United States, Britain, France, China and Russia. As the main allies against Germany and Japan in World War Two, the five received permanent seats on the council with veto rights. The five later acquired special status as official nuclear weapons states under the 1970 Non-Proliferation Treaty. The critics also complained that it has repeatedly prevented the council, which can impose trade embargoes or authorize the use of military force, from fulfilling its responsibility to maintain international peace and security. The veto has been used 261 times since 1946. But Italys U.N. Ambassador Giulio Terzi said that even when not used, the veto can alter or block the discussion of urgent issues. Again and again the hidden veto has prevented substantial discussions of questions that are crucial to international peace and security, he said. Recent examples where veto powers have stopped the council from taking effective action include Israel and the Palestinian territories, Burma, Georgia and Zimbabwe, diplomats say. Reuters, 17 March 2009 The UN has said the detention of Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi violates both international legislation and the laws of Burma. The UN working group on arbitrary detentions called for Ms Suu Kyis immediate release. BBC, 24 March 2009

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The United Nations on Friday condemned what it called systematic human rights violations in Burma and urged the ruling military junta to release all its political prisoners, believed to number 2,100. The resolution called on Burmas military rulers to halt politically motivated arrests and immediately release without conditions all political prisoners held in harsh conditions, in unknown locations or without charge. The Human Rights Council also called on Burmese authorities to review the harsh sentences handed down against critics since November at closed-door trials and to end impunity for human rights abusers. The council also extended for one year the mandate of its special investigator on Burma, Tomas Ojea Quintana, saying the situation in the country needed careful monitoring. Reuters, 27 March 2009 Halfway through a five-year term at the helm of the United Nations, U.N. chief Ban Ki-moon has faced a wave of criticism from detractors who say his low-key approach to the job does not work. He is eager to prove them wrong, U.N. diplomats say. Ban made clear he was under no illusions about how difficult it would be to persuade the military junta to free prisoners and take concrete steps towards democracy ahead of the elections. Reuters, 3 July 2009 Widespread government impunity in Burma has allowed the countrys alarming human rights situation to continue unabated, the United Nations special rapporteur for Burma said yesterday. Tomas Ojea Quintana, who was speaking at a press conference, also called for special attention to be paid to the plight of Muslim communities in Burma, who face frequent religious persecution. The issue of food security in Burma has made headlines in recent weeks, with a human rights group warning that Karen state in the east of the country was facing its worst food crisis in over a decade. Quintana referred to the starvation situation in many regions of the country, including the Arakan, Chin, and Shan states. He also voiced concern over the dire social and economic conditions within the country. I told the Government thatfreedom of speech, movement and association should be guaranteed in the country, and of course that all prisoners of conscience should be released before those elections, he said. He also called on the government to take prompt measures to establish accountability and responsibility with regard to human rights violations. Included in a four-point plan outlined by Quintana was the installation of an independent judiciary in Burma, and the reform of the military, which needs to respect international humanitarian law in conflict areas, as well as the rights of civilians. DVB, 23 October 2009 The United Nations will appoint a veteran Indian diplomat, Vijay Nambiar, as its new special envoy to Burma, replacing Ibrahim Gambari, according to a report on Dec. 14 by New York-based Inner City Press. Nambiar, 66, has been the chief of staff under UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon since January 1, 2007, and was previously under-secretary-general and special adviser to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. Prior to joining the UN, Nambiar served the Indian government as head of the National Security Council Secretariat, and in 2002-04 was Indias permanent representative to the UN in New York. Nambiar also served as Indian ambassador in Pakistan, China, Malaysia, Afghanistan and Algeria. He joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1976. The Irrawaddy, 18 December 2009 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said on Wednesday that he is closely monitoring the situation in Burma, and Sr-Gen Than Shwe should set clear deadlines and dates for the 2010 election.Than Shwe recently was quoted in the Burmese media that a general election would be held, but no date was announced. The Irrawaddy, 7 January 2010 Four strategic priorities and key elements of the new Strategic Framework for the United Nations in Burma were presented today at the monthly Humanitarian Partnership Group meeting, attended by over 80 experts, heads of missions and UN agencies, diplomats and aid workers. The priorities, which are the result of extensive analysis of humanitarian and development challenges in the country, will guide UN engagement Page 162 of 188

and programming and form the basis of a new Strategic Framework for the period 2012-2015. The UN Strategic Framework aims to be a collective, coherent and integrated programming and monitoring framework for UN contributions in Myanmar, based on the UN's comparative advantages. The UN Strategic Framework is based on the analyses of the countrys situation, development challenges that it faces and opportunities ahead of it, said Bishow Parajuli, UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator, who chaired the meeting. The UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator explained that consultations had been held with focal points from all relevant government ministries, the latest in February. Based on these consultations it had been agreed that UN engagement would focus on four Strategic Priorities, namely: 1. Encourage inclusive growth (both rural and urban), including agricultural development and enhancement of employment opportunities 2. Increase equitable access to quality social services 3. Reduce vulnerability to natural disasters and climate change 4. Promote good governance and strengthen democratic institutions and rights. ReliefWeb, 15 March 2011

IV. 13. United States On 10 August 1988 Sen. Daniel P. Moynihan introduced S. Res. 464, condemning the government of Burma for 26 years of human rights violations. On 18 April 1989 he introduced S. Res. 822 in the Senate to ban the importation of teak and fish products from Burma. In a statement made on 11 May 1990 Sen. Edward Kennedy urged the US administration to support economic sanctions against Burmas military dictatorship and to take concrete steps to back efforts of international and private voluntary organizations in aiding Burmese refugees. In Washington, a group of lawmakers urges that we support those struggling for democracy in Burma. The United States should recognize the democratic government in exile, argues Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R., Calif.), who journeyed to Manerplaw in 1988. We should provice medicine, communications equipment and training. American policy should be on the side of those laying their lives on the line. Readers Digest, December 1991 The American people and I salute you on this special occasion, 60th birthday, and reaffirm that the United States stands with you and all others in your struggle to free the Burmese people. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, 18 June 2005 Unfortunately, Aung San Suu Kyi will celebrate her 60th birthday under continued house arrest. She has called on individuals, organizations, and governments to support Burma's democracy movement saying: Please use your liberty to promote ours. I commend Aung San Suu Kyi for her courage and her leadership. We will stand with the freedom-seeking people of Burma in their just cause. US House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi, June 2005 The American government is to seek UN Security Council action against Burmas military junta next month. The mooted UN resolution is expected to call for Ms Suu Kyis immediate release from house arrest; the release of an estimated 1,100 political prisoners; an inclusive dialogue for national reconciliation under UN auspices; unrestricted access to Burma for the UNs special envoy and aid agencies; and regular followup reports to the security council. 30 September 2005

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On 13 December 2006, the US introduced a UN Security Council draft resolution urging the SPDC to release all political prisoners and end the use of rape as an instrument of war. The draft expressed grave concern that the overall situation in Burma has deteriorated and poses serious risks to peace and security in the region. It also called on the SPDC to cease military attacks against civilians in ethnic minority regions and in particular to desist immediately from the use of systematic rape of women and girls as an instrument of armed conflict. The text further urged the military junta to take concrete steps to allow full freedom of expression, association and movement by unconditionally releasing Aung San Suu Kyi and all political prisoners, lifting all constraints on all political leaders and citizens, and allowing the NLD and other political parties to reopen their offices. The US draft also said that the regime should begin without delay a substantive political dialogue which would lead to a genuine democratic transition" and allow international humanitarian groups to operate without restrictions in the country. It also pressed the SPDC to cooperate fully with the International Labor Organization in the eradication of forced labor. John Bolton, former U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. The Burmese people yearn for change, and the leaders fear change. The leaders have skillfully used divide and rule tactics to keep the vast majority who want change from uniting. They use fear and intimidation to prevent people from coming together, building trust, and pursuing a common agenda. But they do not offer anything to give people hope for a better future, say by permitting more debate, investing in education, or improving the business climate. This dictatorship has the income to support itself, but not a country of 55 million feeling increasingly desperate. Change will come and we will continue to work with our friends and allies toward the day when all Burmese people are free to rebuild their once prosperous society. Ms. Shari Villarosa, Charge dAffaires, U.S. Embassy in Rangoon remarks to the Asia Society Washington Center. 31 May 2007 America has a moral obligation to continue to stand by the Burmese people against the countrys dictatorial regime. Mitch McConnell, Republican, United States Senate, Mizzima News, 15 June 2007 Yet despite the ongoing horrors, supporters of a free Burma have new reasons for hope. A new generation of dissidents is advancing the twin causes of Ms. Suu Kyis release and Burmas peaceful transition to democracy. They are led by members of Ms. Suu Kyis NLD party, and the 88 Generation Students, who first won respect when they challenged military rule as university students 19 years ago. President Bush has called for the immediate and unconditional release of Ms. Suu Kyi, most recently at a dissidents conference in Prague. When I met last month with the Charg dAffaires of our Embassy in Burma, Shari Villarosa, she told me that she keeps an open door to Burmese dissidents and activists. And just last week, Sens. Mitch McConnell and Dianne Feinstein introduced the Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act, which reauthorizes U.S. sanctions on the junta. President Bush looks forward to signing this bill into law. And today, Ill meet with the U.N. Special Envoy for Burma, Ibrahim Gambari, to discuss how the international community can hold the generals to account. In Burma, as in all unfree nations, voices of support from the outside eventually make their way to the voiceless. Last week, I met at the White House with traveling representatives of Burmas Ethnic Nationalities Council Delegation who told me: When America speaks, it gives us hope. Today is a chance to speak the names of those who labor for Burmas freedom -courageous democrats like Su Su Nwe, Phyu Phyu Thinn, Min Ko Naing, Ko Ko Gyi, and Htay Kywe. By supporting them, we can help ensure that a name synonymous with courage the world over, Aung San Suu Kyi, belongs to a woman who can celebrate her next birthday in freedom. First Lady Laura Bush, 19 June 2007

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A sense of the Senate resolution condemned the ruling junta on Friday for its incarceration of Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi and other political prisoners as well as demanded that the SPDC release Suu Kyi and the others immediately. Mitch McConnell, Republican, United States Senate, AP, 22 June 2007 Jackie Sanders, United States Deputy Ambassador, told the UNSC, "there are widespread reports of serious human rights abuses, including rape, by Burmese military personnel in conflict areas and other ethnic minority areas." She went on to infer that there comes a time when, due to the lack of political will or capability of domestic government, the international community should consider intervening in the affairs of member states. The people of Burma are just yearning for that day. 26 June 2007 Todays vote to renew US import restrictions on the military regime in Burma sends a clear message that those fighting for democracy and human rights in Burma do not stand alone in their struggle, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said after lawmakers unanimously adopted a resolution on the ban. AFP, 24 July 2007 As we renew our import sanctions, we aim both to pressure directly the military junta in Burma and to influence those in the international community who are currently asleep at the wheel of justice and human rights, said Tom Lantos, the head of the powerful House panel on foreign relations. Oppressive power can only be de-legitimized when it is fully isolated, he said, regretting that too many other nations -- India and China in particular - continue to prop up the government through shockingly direct deals, including arms trading, with this cruel junta. AFP, 24 July 2007 The State Department explained after the Beijing talks that they took place at Burmas request. The Chinese capital was chosen because Burma refused to allow Eric John to meet Suu Kyi, who has spent 11 years under house arrest since she returned to the country in 1988. Kyodo, 27 July 2007 We certainly wouldnt want China not to be involved, but, in many ways, its influence can be unproductive, Eric John, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in charge of Southeast Asia, said at the Heritage Foundation think tank. It's a country that has allowed, for example, corruption to flourish with its assistance. 26 July 2007 Eric John sited four primary preconditions driving U.S. policy: to see the junta enter into a direct dialogue with the National League for Democracy, the release of all political prisoners, permission for international non-governmental organizations and the United Nations to work unrestricted inside Burma, and an end to ethnic violence. Mizzima News, 27 July 2007 President George W Bush signed into law a one-year extension of sanctions against Burma that aim to change the Southeast Asian countrys human rights policies. The Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act bans imports from Burma and denies US visas to the generals who run the country. It also dictates US opposition to international loans or technical assistance to Burma. Sen Mitch McConnell, minority leader in the US Senate and a leader of opposition to the Burmese junta, said the law sends a strong message that the United States will continue to stand shoulder to shoulder with the people of Burma in their struggle for freedom and democracy. AP, 2 August 2007 At the beginning of August 2007, a group of U.S. Representatives introduced a resolution calling for the United States to take immediate steps to boycott the Beijing Olympic games unless the Chinese regime stops engaging in serious human rights abuses against its citizens and stops supporting serious human rights abuses by the Governments of Sudan, Burma, and North Korea against their citizens. Page 165 of 188

President George W Bush strongly condemns the ongoing actions of the Burmese regime in arresting, harassing, and assaulting pro-democracy activists for organizing or participating in peaceful demonstrations. These activists were voicing concerns about recent dramatic increases in the price of fuel, and their concerns should be listened to by the regime rather than silenced through force. The Burmese regime should heed the international calls to release these activists immediately and stop its intimidation of those Burmese citizens who are promoting democracy and human rights. I also call on the regime to release all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi, and to lift restrictions on humanitarian organizations that seek to help the people of Burma. Office of the Press Secretary, 30 August 2007 The US State Department said yesterday that the Burmese militarys National Convention was a total sham and that it did not represent a step towards democracy. Certainly, its an issue that the US brought to the Security Council because we believe that the actions of the Burmese regime are something the international community needs to be concerned about and should want to take action on, State Department deputy spokesman Tom Casey told reporters. DVB, 5 September 2007 President George W Bush said the Burmese regime must be pressed to stop arresting and harassing prodemocracy activities, the Thai military regime must hold free elections and he looked forward to the time when North Koreans enjoyed the same rights as the people of South Korea. He also took aim at China and Russia. Well continue to work with nations like Russia to advance our shared interests while encouraging Russias leaders to respect the checks and balances that are essential to democracy, Mr. Bush said. The Western Australian, 8 September 2007 Certainly, we are watching very carefully and the President George W. Bush has been very outspoken about what is happening in Burma, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice told reporters with her Chinese counterpart Yang Jiechi beside her, ahead of their talks on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly. AFP, 23 September 2007 Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, New York: I stand in solidarity with the people of Burma and continue to support sanctions against the Burmese regime in order to pressure the regime to end human rights violations and restore the democratic government. I add my voice to those praising the courage and commitment of the demonstrators and echo their call for the immediate release of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi and other political prisoners by the Burmese government, who have dedicated their lives to the peaceful, non-violent movement for democracy and reconciliation. I hope that the Burmese Government will avoid violence and heed the wishes of the Burmese people for greater freedom. 25 September 2007 I want to say to the armed guards and to the soldiers: Dont fire on your people. Dont fire on your neighbors, First Lady Laura Bush said in a Voice of America interview held in New York, where President Bush had been attending meetings at the United Nations. 26 September 2007 In Beijing on Thursday, a U.S. assistant secretary of state, Christopher Hill, who was taking part in international talks on North Koreas nuclear program, said, We all need to agree on the fact that the Burmese regime has got to stop thinking that this can be solved by police and military. 27 September 2007 China is the key to political change in Burma, not UN envoy Ibrahim Gambari who has met the military junta, the former US ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton said Sunday, cited by AFP. But there was no sign that Beijing would change tack and pressure the junta, Bolton said while attending Britains Page 166 of 188

opposition Conservative party conference in Blackpool, England. Focus Information Agency, 30 September 2007 China needs to make it clear that its unacceptable that those monasteries have been cleared of monks, that people have been loaded into trucks and driven off into God knows where, said Democratic Senator John Kerry. Kerry warned at a hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations committees Asia sub-panel that if China did not use its close economic relationship with Burma to forge change, the 2008 Olympics in Beijing would be under a cloud. AFP, 4 October 2007 The United States threatened to introduce a resolution seeking sanctions, including an arms embargo, against Burma if it does not move quickly toward national reconciliation and release thousands of detainees. AP, 5 October 2007 Couldnt we use other military and intelligence capabilities to put more stress on the regime? As Sen. Joseph Lieberman has suggested, The junta has tried to cut off the ability of peaceful demonstrators to communicate to the outside world through the Internet and cell phone networks; we should be examining how the juntas ability to command and control its forces throughout the country might itself be disrupted. What about limited military actions, overt or covert, against the regimes infrastructure - its military headquarters, its intelligence apparatus, its rulers lavish palaces? Couldnt such actions have a deterrent effect, or might not they help open up fissures in the regime? Have we really done all we can to avert the disaster that is unfolding? Shan-EU, 7 October 2007 US Ambassador to the UN Zalmay Khalilzad urged Burmas ruling generals to do what the statement demands, warning: We will not relent, we will persist until the situation is put on a right trajectory. AFP, 11 October 2007 Members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee will soon present draft legislation, after the former Burma crushed pro-democracy protests last month, said Keith Luse, a senior committee staff member. Theres a thought to encourage the equivalent of a six-party process within the region to include Burma, China, India, Russia, Japan, ASEAN and perhaps other countries, understanding that the Burmese leaders might initially boycott, he said, drawing a parallel to the six-nation nuclear disarmament negotiations with North Korea. Reuters, 11 October 2007 President George Bush directed the U.S. Treasury Department to freeze the financial assets of members of the military regime not covered by previous measures. We are confident that the day is coming when freedoms tide will reach the shores of Burma, he said. Washington has already imposed substantial trade, investment, and diplomatic sanctions, freezing assets and imposing visa bans on senior generals and their families. RFA, 19 October 2007 US First Lady Laura Bush on Friday urged the world to condemn Burmas shameful abuses of human rights and urged the countrys military rulers to free democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi. Today, 4 January 2008 is the 60th anniversary of Burmas independence. Instead of celebrating their freedom, the Burmese people live in fear, poverty, and oppression under Senior General Than Shwe and his military regime, said Laura Bush. AFP US First Lady Laura Bush has pressed Panama, which holds the UN Security Councils rotating presidency, to help keep pressure on Burmas junta, the White House said Friday. AFP, 1 February 2008 Page 167 of 188

Fresh international pressure is necessary to push Burmas military rulers toward reform because the momentum for change after last years demonstrations has been lost, the top US diplomat in the country said Friday. The appeal by Shari Villarosa, charge daffaires at the US Embassy in Rangoon, followed signs that the ruling junta was again stepping up repression of dissidents. Arakan Bulletin, 2 February 2008 Burmas ruling junta faces a bleak future if it continues to reject the national reconciliation process being pushed by United Nations Special Envoy Ibrahim Gambari, a senior US diplomat warned Friday. The future of that regime is bleak, so they should try to respond, Christopher Hill, assistant secretary of state for East Asia and Pacific affairs, told a seminar in Bangkok. EARTHtimes.org, 29 February 2008 The United States April 2 vehemently denounced the Burmese ruling military junta for continuing to arrest political dissidents who are peacefully opposing the draft constitution. State Department spokesman Sean McCormack issued the following statement at the daily briefing: We renew our call for the Burmese regime to release all detainees and political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi, and begin a genuine dialogue between the regime leadership and Burmas democratic and ethnic minorities leading to a transition to democracy, as called for by the people of Burma and the UN Security Council in its October 2007 Presidential Statement. Asiantribune.com The United States broadened financial sanctions against Burma to include three prominent state-owned companies. The United States already restricts most trade with Burma but says these sanctions would prevent even indirect dealings with the companies Burma Gem, Burma Timber and Burma Pearl on international markets. nytimes.com, 2 May 2008 Democratic Sen. John Kerry said in a statement that the cyclone could be remembered as the moment when the United States and the world came to the aid of the Burmese people and made it clear that while we loathe the junta that has isolated Burma from the world and oppressed its citizens, we find common cause with the people of Burma and we will be there by their side at this difficult time. AP, 8 May 2008 The United States warned Burmas military rulers that they must cooperate with UN mediator Ibrahim Gambari or face increased pressure from the Security Council. US ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad told reporters after closed-door consultations with Gambari that the 15-member council expected concrete results from the UN troubleshooters visit to Burma next month. My message to the regime is to take advantage of Mr. Gambaris visit, the US envoy said. Absent political progress, we see the potential for increased political instability and the council cannot remain indifferent to that. AFP, 25 July 2008 Democrat Barack Obama supports U.S. trade and investment sanctions to demonstrate our strong, principled condemnation of the regimes oppressive rule and our solidarity with the Burmese people, according to his Web site. Fox News, 2 November 2008 US President George W. Bush has decided to nominate a former top adviser on Asian affairs, Michael Green, to be his special envoy and policy chief for Burma, the White House announced Monday. The post was created by the US Congress with an eye on increasing pressure on the military junta that rules Burma. The legislation said the special representative will work with democracy advocates in Burma, nongovernmental organizations there and in neighboring countries with an eye on bringing democratic rule to the country. AFP, 10 November 2008 Madeleine Albright during her tenure as State Secretary in the Clinton administration strongly criticized Burmas repressive policies and supported the role of the U.N. urging the Burmese regime to begin a Page 168 of 188

dialogue with democratic opposition parties. She also met Burmese democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi in 1995. Madeleine Albright, in recently released report on preventing genocide, urged US, if necessary, to use military force to intervene in the human rights abuse committed by the Burmese military regime. The report also labeled the existing situation in eastern Burma, where over 650,000 people have been displaced and some 3,500 villages destroyed as the Burmese Army continues with its attacks and coercive policies against local ethnic minority populations, as genocide. Mizzima News, 16 December 2008 The United States slapped additional sanctions against alleged key financial backers of the Burmese military regime Thursday, citing the countrys imprisonment of democracy advocates. The US Treasury Department announced its Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) had added two people and 14 companies to its lists of sanctions targets for Burma. Congress and the administration have made clear the need to apply vigorous sanctions against the Burmese junta as long as it continues to suppress democratic dissent, said OFAC director Adam Szubin in a statement. AFP, 16 January 2009 The United States wants Burma to stop hounding Rohingya Muslims, a stateless minority from the Burmas northwest region, Assistant Secretary of State Richard Boucher said on Sunday. Its a matter of concern and the U.S wants that Burma stops the persecution of Rohingyas, Boucher said during a visit to Bangladesh. Reuters, 8 February 2009 Separately the US ambassador to ASEAN, Scot Marciel, called on the region to push Burmas rulers for political progress using their contacts and access to the country. AFP, 26 February 2009. Scot Marciel, the new US special envoy to ASEAN, said at a conference held in late February at the Institute of Security and International Studies at Bangkoks Chulalongkorn University, The USs goals and objectives for Burma remain the same. He went on to specify those objectives as a unified, peaceful and stable Burma, the release of political prisoners, and genuine dialogue between the government and the political opposition. Asia Times Online, 25 April 2009 US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, on Thursday called Burmas imprisoned Nobel Peace Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, a Beacon of Hope, for people around the world. During her speech, at the State Department on the occasion of Womens History Month on Thursday, Clinton encouraged women globally to draw inspiration from courageous women, including Burmese pro-democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi. Mizzama News, 13 March 2009 A surprise meeting this week between a senior U.S. official and Burmas junta does not signal a change in U.S. policy towards the military-ruled nation, the State Department said Wednesday. Stephen Blake, the State Departments director of Southeast Asian Affairs, met Foreign Minister Nyan Win in the Burma capital Naypyidaw on Tuesday, State Department spokesman Gordon Duguid said. AFP, 26 March 2009 President Barack Obamas administration is reviewing strategy on Burma whose ruling junta has crushed dissent and kept Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest for 19 years. In a letter to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, 17 members of Congress said they were greatly concerned by indications that the United States was considering lifting sanctions on Burma. The lawmakers, led by longtime Aung San Suu Kyi champion Joseph Crowley, said that Burmas leader Than Shwe had shown no desire to engage with the worlds only detained Nobel laureate. Than Shwes regime continues to perpetuate crimes against humanity and war crimes so severe that Burma has been called Southeast Asias Darfur, they wrote. They noted that Congress approved a law last year subjecting the Burmese junta to sanctions until it releases all political prisoners and starts dialogue on bringing in democracy. We urge you to join us in standing firmly alongside Aung San Suu Kyi and Burmas democracy movement, they said. But Jim Webb, who heads the Page 169 of 188

Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee on Asia, said the United States needed a more constructive policy on Burma. Certainly the way that we approach it now I dont believe has had the results that people want it to have, Webb, a member of Obamas Democratic Party, told a luncheon at the Council on Foreign Relations. What I think we should be doing in Burma is trying to open up diplomatic avenues where you can have confidence builders and through that process work toward some way where you can remove sanctions, he said. AFP, 4 April 2009 At the conclusion of the two-day Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations, the two countries agreed to continue to work together to achieve a free and democratic Burma. Leading the Australian delegation, Foreign Minister Stephen Smith and Defense Minister Joel Fitzgibbon held a wide range of talks on bilateral and regional issues with their American counterparts. The US side was represented by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Defense Secretary Robert Gates. While, Burma was not one of the major topics of discussions, it figured during the talks and was reflected in the joint communiqu issued at the end of the meeting on Thursday. Both countries reaffirmed their commitment to a free and democratic Burma that respects the rights of all its citizens. They agreed to work together in support of that goal, the communiqu said. The Irrawaddy, 10 April 2009 The review, announced on Wednesday, is set to find more effective ways in spurring democratisation and achieving Western goals in Burma, said a statement released by the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The US Senate is said to be frustrated that current sanctions are not moving Burma towards democracy, the release of political prisoners, and other reforms. The source cited a growing feeling that pressure on countries that are the subject of sanctions should be complemented by dialogue, and that pressure without a strategy about how to effect change will not bring that change about, the statement said, quoting a congressional source who asked to remain anonymous. DVB, 10 April 2009 If there are to be any changes to US policy towards Burma, they wont likely take place until this autumn or later. The US has yet to appoint an assistant secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs or one for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, the two bureaus that have primary responsibility for Burma. US President Barack Obama this week nominated Kurt Campbell for the East Asia post, but until he is confirmed and the other assistant secretary slot is filled, a full review of Burma policy can not be undertaken. Brian McCartan, Asia Times Online, 25 April 2009 The United States is not considering lifting sanctions against Burma as part of a review of policy toward the junta, a State Department official said in a letter seen by AFP on Tuesday. The sanctions that the United States and other countries maintain against the regime are an important part of our efforts to support change in Burma, Richard Verma, the assistant secretary for legislative affairs, wrote to Representative Peter King. Verma, who handles relations between the State Department and Congress, said reports that the United States would lift sanctions were incorrect. While we are currently reviewing our Burma policy, we can assure you that we remain committed to delivering a firm message on the need for real reform, including the initiation of a credible and inclusive dialogue with the democratic opposition and the release of political prisoners, Verma said. AFP, 28 April 2009 Let me take this opportunity to brief you on the overarching assessments that helped shape our review. The Administration launched a review of our Burma policy seven months ago, recognizing that political and humanitarian conditions in Burma were deplorable. Neither sanctions nor engagement, implemented alone, have succeeded in improving those conditions and moving Burma forward on a path to democratic reform. Moreover, it was clear to us that the problems Burma presents, not only to its people, but to its neighbors, the wider region and the world at large, demand that we review and reconsider our approach. In addition to Page 170 of 188

taking a hard look at the current situation inside Burma, we also focused on emerging questions and concerns regarding Burmas relationship with North Korea, particularly in light of the passage of UN Security Council Resolution 1874, which prohibits member states from engaging in trade with North Korea in virtually all conventional weapons as well as in sensitive technologies, including those related to ballistic missiles and nuclear and other WMD programs. We have consulted widely throughout the review process with Congress, other governments, and key stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations, business leaders, academics, and representatives of international organizations. We also have consulted with the National League for Democracy and other democratic activists inside Burma. The conclusions of our policy review, just announced this week, reaffirmed our fundamental interests in Burma: we support a unified, peaceful, prosperous, and democratic Burma. While our goals in Burma remain the same as before, the policy review confirmed that we need additional tools to augment those that we have been using in pursuit of our objectives. A policy of pragmatic engagement with the Burmese authorities holds the best hope for advancing our goals. A central element of this approach is a direct, senior-level dialogue with representatives of the Burmese leadership. As the Secretary previewed in her remarks to the Friends of Burma last week, we hope a dialogue with the Burmese regime will lay out a path forward towards change in Burma and a better, more productive bilateral relationship. Through a direct dialogue, we will be able to test the intentions of the Burmese leadership and the sincerity of their expressed interest in a more positive relationship with the United States. The way forward will be clearly tied to concrete actions on the part of the Burmese leadership addressing our core concerns, particularly in the areas of democracy and human rights. We expect engagement with Burma to be a long, slow, and step-by-step process. We will not judge the success of our efforts at pragmatic engagement by the results of a handful of meetings. Engagement for its own sake is obviously not a goal for U.S. policy, but we recognize that achieving meaningful change in Burma will take time. We will work to ensure that the Burmese leaders have an absolutely clear understanding of our goals for this dialogue and the core issues on our agenda. A fundamentally different U.S.-Burma relationship will require real progress on democracy and human rights. We will continue to press for the unconditional release of Aung San Suu Kyi and all political prisoners; an end to conflicts with ethnic minority groups; accountability of those responsible for human rights violations; and the initiation of a genuine dialogue among the Burmese government, the democratic opposition, and the ethnic minorities on a shared vision for the way forward in Burma. This last issue is critical, since only the Burmese people themselves can determine the future of their country. Our intent is to use our dialogue with the Burmese authorities to facilitate that process. Only if the government of Burma makes progress toward these goals will it be possible to improve our bilateral relationship in a step-by-step process. In parallel to the dialogue on our core democracy, human rights and nonproliferation concerns, we hope to identity some initial positive steps the Burmese could take in other areas that would help build momentum in the talks and could potentially allow the United States to respond in an appropriate manner. There are a number of areas in which we might be able improve cooperation to our mutual benefit, such as counter-narcotics, health, environmental protection, and the recovery of World War II-era Missing-in-Action remains. Our dialogue with Burma will supplement rather than replace the sanctions regime that has been at the center of our Burma policy for many years. Lifting or easing sanctions at the outset of a dialogue without meaningful progress on our concerns would be a mistake. We will maintain our existing sanctions until we see concrete progress, and continue to work with the international community to ensure that those sanctions are effectively coordinated. We believe any easing of sanctions now would send the wrong signal to those who have been striving for so many years for democracy in Burma, to our partners in the region and elsewhere, and to the Burmese leadership itself. Through our dialogue, we also will make clear to the Burmese leadership that relations with the United States can only be improved in a step-by-step process if the Burmese government takes meaningful actions that address our core concerns. Moreover, we will reserve the option of tightening sanctions on the regime and its supporters to respond to events in Burma. Kurt Campbell, US Department of State, 30 September 2009 Page 171 of 188

President Barack Obama says lasting peace requires human rights and economic opportunity for individuals, and sanctions against regimes that violate international rules. As Obama accepted the Nobel Peace Prize Thursday he said war is sometimes necessary but a resilient peace can be achieved if the world imposes several conditions. He said the international community must impose meaningful sanctions on nations such as Iran and North Korea when they violate limits on nuclear development. He said the same applies to nations such as Darfur and Burma when they abuse their citizens. Obama said governments also must grant basic human rights and provide economic security and opportunity to their people. He said true peace is not just freedom from fear, but freedom from want. AP, 10 December 2009 Swiss bank major Credit Suisse has agreed to pay $536 million to the United States for flouting laws and doing business with and for countries which America had specifically banned from its financial systems. The violations relate to transactions Credit Suisse illegally conducted on behalf of customers from Iran, Sudan, Burma and other countries, violating the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and New York state law. Indeed, as set forth in the court documents filed today, this case offers a stark and disturbing example of the lengths to which some corporate wrongdoers are willing to go in seeking illgotten financial gains, said the US Attorney General, Eric Holder, at a news conference yesterday. For more than a decade, he alleged, Credit Suisse did business with and for countries on which the US had imposed sanctions, prohibiting financial transactions. business.standard.com, 17 December 2009 A US Congressional report has said that Aseans official policy of constructive engagement with military rulers in Burma has proven to be ineffective. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) in its latest report US Relations with the Association of Southeast Asian Nationsalso noted that the proposed 2010 elections in Burma may prove critical to Aseans future relationship with Burma. While few expect a free and fair election, if the results provide some space for opposition views in the government and indicate a possible shift in power to civilian rule, then Asean will likely continue its policy of modified constructive engagement, said the CRS in the 24-page report. The Irrawaddy, 18 December 2009

IV. 14. Zimbabwe Zimbabwean opposition MP Trudy Stevenson said in an interview with DVB yesterday that Burmese and Zimbabwean activists could benefit from closer links in their struggles for democracy. Drawing on her experience as an opposition representative in Zimbabwe, Stevenson said that strategic planning and the flexibility to adapt to new circumstances were key factors in the struggle for democracy. One has to think as a military strategist. And what you must not do is give up; you must keep going because democracy is everyones human right and the Burmese people will not develop until you have freedom and democracy. That is what will allow you to develop your country. DVB, 29 October 2008

V. News Media
V. 1. Aahara Sazaung, Tokyo, Japan Democracy war will surely win! aaharasazaung.com

V. 2. Agence France Presse (AFP) Toru Yamaji, head of the Tokyo-based AFP news agency, said his agency was considering suing the juntas New Light of Myanmar newspaper for insulting Nagai Kenjis professionalism in an article on the Sept. 27 shooting that killed him. The piece really was a big insult to Kenjis journalistic integrity, Yamaji told Page 172 of 188

RFAs Burmese service. Nagai Kenji followed the Burmese democratic movement with great interest since 1997 up until his death. He had watched the movement with great admiration. 31 December 2007

V. 3. Amnesty International (AI) URGENT ACTION BURMESE MONK NEEDS URGENT MEDICAL CARE U Gambira, a Buddhist monk imprisoned in Burma because of his role in antigovernment protests in 2007, is seriously ill in prison. Amnesty International has recently received information that his injuries resulted from torture he suffered in 2009. He urgently needs to be transferred to a hospital and treated for his injuries. Please write immediately in English or your own language: Calling for U Gambira to be admitted to hospital immediately for a full and independent medical examination, and for him to be given all necessary medical treatment; Calling for U Gambira to be released immediately and unconditionally, as he is a prisoner of conscience, detained solely as a result of his peaceful activism; Urging the authorities to conduct a full and impartial investigation into the reports that U Gambira was tortured, with the results made public and those responsible brought to justice; Note that torture and other forms of ill-treatment are absolutely prohibited under international law. PLEASE SEND APPEALS BEFORE 12 DECEMBER 2011 TO: Minister of Home Affairs Lt Gen Ko Ko Ministry of Home Affairs Office No. 10 Nay Pyi Taw Union of Myanmar Fax: +95 67 412 439 Email: ddg.gad@gad.gov.mm Salutation: Dear Minister Chairman U Win Mya Myanmar National Human Rights Commission 27 Pyay Road Hline Township, Yangon Republic of the Union of Myanmar Fax: +95 67 412 439 Salutation: Dear Chairman And copies to: Warden of Kale Prison U Go Kyin Paung Kale Prison Sagaing Division Union of Myanmar Salutation: Dear Warden Also send copies to diplomatic representatives accredited to your country. Please check with your section office if sending appeals after the above date. 31 October 2011 Page 173 of 188

V. 4. Alternative Asean Network on Burma (ALTSEAN-Burma) The National Convention, which is tasked with producing detailed principles for a new constitution, remains a fundamentally flawed and inherently illegitimate process aimed at formalizing and prolonging military rule in Burma. July 2007 We support the common aspiration of the diverse ethnic groups for peace, justice and development and renew our determination to see the achievement of political reforms in Burma in the near future. We call upon the international community, in particular, the governments of ASEAN, India, China and East Asia, to actively support political and economic reforms in Burma. 8888 Dont Forget, Dont Give Up! 8 August 2007 In any case, a weakening of sanctions would face tough opposition in Washington, where the policy carries emotional resonance and has many backers in Congress and among human rights groups. I think we have to stay the course and use this form of pressure to push the regime to greater dialogue, said Debbie Stothard, coordinator of Altsean-Burma, a regional human rights group. If you want to throw away the best cards that you have, you are setting yourselves up for failure. International Herald Tribune, 15 March 2009

V. 5. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners, Burma, Thailand What we do 1. Assist families of political prisoners to visit their loved ones 2. Support political prisoners by providing essential food and medicines 3. Monitor and report on prison conditions 4. Publicize arrests, and the life stories of political activists 5. Work with AI, HRW, the UN and others to advocate on behalf of political prisoners 6. Assist with the rehabilitation of ex-political prisoners What we can do 1. Make a donation to support AAPP's work 2. Put pressure on companies that are dealing with the military junta in your respective countries to cut ties with Burma 3. Campaign for the release of all Burma political prisoners 4. Condemn arbitrary arrest and all forms of torture 5. Tell friends and family about political prisoners and ask them to support the work of AAPP, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch

V. 6. Associated Press (AP), New York, USA Information about the worlds oldest and largest newsgathering organization. Burma faces condemnation from much of the world community for its hard-line toward nonviolent dissent, particularly its rough handling of demonstrations that began Aug 19 to protest a hike in fuel prices and rise in the cost of consumer goods. The protests took a more confrontational tone last week in northern Burma, when Buddhist monksangry at being beaten up for protesting fuel pricestemporarily took government officials hostage and later smashed up a shop and a house belonging to junta supporters. 9 September 2007

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V. 7. Bangkok Post, Thailand Outgoing Army Commander-in-Chief Gen Sonthi Boonyaratkalins recent trip to Burma to meet with toplevel military figures in the ruling junta there was misguided at best, and wholly inappropriate at worst. Gen Sonthis smiling pictures taken with the Senior Gen Than Shwe and other top figures in the Burmese junta will do nothing to end the repression that our Burmese neighbours have been struggling under for decades. Constructive dialogue and mutual engagement are clearly not working in Burma. bangkokpost.com, 31 August 2007

V. 8. Boston Globe, USA Ibrahim Gambari should brief the UN Security Council on his recent trips to Asia. He needs to explain which positive steps Burmas military dictators are taking, because he is the only one who sees any. 19 July 2007

V. 9. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), United Kingdom There are so many rumours being whispered by people. Burmese people are always suspicious about the government and they dont believe what they say. So we never know what is really happening inside the country. People have to rely on foreign media. Burmese Voices, bbc.co.uk, 23 August 2003

V. 10. Aims

Burma Digest, United Kingdom To increase international awareness of Human-rights abuses happening in Burma To increase awareness among people from Burma about their natural rights or human-rights Ultimately, to help improve human-rights situations in Burma. tayzathuria.org.uk

One last word, for the generals about sanctions, generals need to understand that sanctions are the fruits of their own wrong doings. As long as military dominance is persisting in Burma, so also will the sanctions be on the businesses of military generals, their families and cronies. Sanctions nowadays are a default response mechanism of international community to any authoritarian regime. So if they really want lifting of sanctions, Burmese generals need to show that they deserve it by making solid credible, even if gradual, reforms in the right direction. Thuria Tayza, 21 March 2008

V. 11. Burma for Democracy, listserv, Australia What do we want? DEMOCRACY FOR BURMA NOW! FREE AUNG SAN SUU KYI AND POLITICAL PRISONERS NOW! DOWN WITH MURDEROUS DICTATORS IN BURMA! Unity of purpose, diversity of action. What is really needed are not lip services, but the action. The only way to oust the military regime is by force. We all need each other to make a better world. Page 175 of 188

Support the movement to free the oppressed and to stand for freedom, justice and human dignity in Burma. You must never become tired of doing right. The day will come...It may not be for some time to come but, eventually the citizens of Burma will find a way to arm themselves and overthrow their Military oppressors. The more people working to make a difference, the more it will happen. Remember: Anything will work as long as you truly believe it as individual, If you truly want it, it happens. Democracy for Burma network members from Australia and around the globe strongly condemns the Human rights abuse in China and against the 2008 Olympics being hosted by China. 21 November 2007

V. 12. Burma Issues Our enemy is a system or an act which provokes injustice. For example, the act of ethnic chauvinism by the Burmese government is our enemy, but the Burmans are not our enemy. Therefore we do not cooperate with the acts of the Burmese government. We accept them as human beings, but we reject their acts of chauvinism. Burma Issues has chosen to use the "inside-out" option because we believe that working together with people caught in armed struggle and sharing different options with them will reduce the degree of violence and encourage people to strive for more comprehensive solutions to the civil war in Burma. We reject the "outside-in" option because we believe that if we isolate ourselves from the people who are caught in the violence, we will push them deeper into violence and this will severely increase their own suffering and prolong the war. Many non-violent tactics are more appropriate to the urban communities than they are to the rural and jungle settings. Sit down strikes, walkouts, mass marches, hunger strikes, etc. can be effective in the urban areas but are totally ineffective in the jungle villages. The weakness of both urban movements in Burma and international campaigns to effectively curb the activities of the military has allowed the military to become more aggressive in the rural and jungle areas. This has forced people in these areas to see armed struggle as their only way of fighting back. Without working closely with them to identify effective non-violent forms of struggle for the rural and jungle areas, we can never hope to eliminate violence. Burma Issues believes that in order to carry out an innovative movement for peace with justice, we must work closely with people who are caught in violence rather than isolating ourselves from them. burmaissues.org V. 13. Burma Lawyers Council (BLC) Some Generals in the Army may desire a genuine national reconciliation and hold the belief that the military should not interfere in politics. However, Sen. Gen. Than Shwe and other military officials have been committing heinous crimes repeatedly, to strengthen their political power, with impunity given that judiciary did not take any action, denying the principles of the rule of law. If there is no rule of law, a genuine national reconciliation will never become a reality in Burma. The Burma Lawyers Council requests the international community to work together to restore the rule of law in Burma, by seeking the power of the International Criminal Court. May 16, 2009

V. 14. Burma Media Association (BMA), USA Page 176 of 188

The BMA is an independent organization established in January 2001 by overseas Burmese journalists, reporters and writers who practice and advocate freedom of expression in Burma. bma-online.org

V. 15. Burma National News (BNN) Historically, the news media have been the fourth pillar of the citizen against feudal oppression and despotic rulers creating massive problems of crimes against humanity, abuse of power, crony capitalism, lawlessness, deforestation, poverty, unemployment, corruption, price rise and so on. Thus, carefully investigate any news items that are basically socio-economic in nature before publishing it, the news we present is accurate and serve the interest of our cause and our country. Gaining the respect and support of the people, we fulfill our true role in a democracy for Burma. Burma News Comprehensive News Coverage. Free Political Prisoners http://www.burmanationalnews.org

V. 16. Burma News International (BNI) The Burma News International was established in 2003 with four Burmese news organizations based in the western border of Burma, India and Bangladesh. It was later expanded, with other Burmese news organizations based in Thailand and the Thai-Burma border areas joining in. At present, it has ten independent Burma media/news organizations as members. They are Mizzima News, Narinjara News, Kaladan Press, Khonumthung News, Network Media Group, Independent Mon News Agency, Shan Herald Agency for News, Kao Wao News, Kantarawaddy Times and Kachin News Group. The Burma News International aims to promote Burma related news and reports in South Asia and South East Asia. It is also serves as a bridge for mutual-understanding, sharing experiences, expertise and resources and cooperation among the Independent Burma Media Organizations. BNI is a network of ten independent media organisations from Burma catering daily reliable, accurate and balanced news from different parts of the country to the local, regional and international community, presenting Burma as a nation of diverse peoples. We help to create knowledge and understanding about the different ethnic nationalities and regions of Burma. bnionline.net

V. 17. Burma Solidarity Focus, Burma Office, Sydney, Australia Since the junta will not accept the facilitating role of anyone, there is no alternative but to carry out bold political initiatives that will shake the position of the junta. In this regard, domestic political forces, particularly student and worker groups, must be empowered to be able to continue their fight and international pressure must be strengthened to push the junta to the negotiating table. At the same time, the international pressure on the junta must be intensified. Although current small-scale political movements will not be able to threaten the dictatorship, they will be catalysts for another peoples power movement in the near future. Big trees grow from small seeds. Eighteen years ago, students and workers had successfully mobilised people from all walks of life to participate actively in the nation-wide, pro-democracy uprisings, which overthrown three successive military-dominated juntas led by Gen Ne Win, Brig-Gen Sein Lwin and Dr. Maung Maung, respectively. Guns cannot always put out the flame of freedom. Tyranny will endure unless brave people stand up and speak. Thus, now is time for individual citizens to stand up with brave students and workers and fight for a free and flourishing life in a democratic Burma. April 2007

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V. 18. Christian Science Monitor, USA Under a stormy sky, the emerald fields of Burmas rice bowl seem to glow with vitality. Farmers stoop to replant seedlings in waterlogged fields, part of the annual cycle of rural life in the Irrawaddy Delta. But the vital signs of Burmas rice industry are less healthy. Declining yields, indebted farms, and falling incomes have sown desperation among farmers and stunted economic growth in the countryside, where 70 percent of people live and work. The misery was compounded by a May 2008 cyclone that killed more than 130,000 people and laid waste to the delta. The cyclone opened the door to more humanitarian aid for Burma, the poorest country in Southeast Asia. It also led to a rare debate between its military rulers and foreign donors over how to tackle poverty among farmers and fishermen left at the mercy of natural disasters. The result has been tentative efforts to reform the dismal rice sector and channel more assistance to rural communities. Development experts say much more outside help is needed, including commercial bank loans, to boost productivity and reverse a longtime trend of rice farmers falling into debt and losing their land. The end goal, say these experts and independent economists, should be a vibrant rice industry that can underpin broader economic growth, as it has in Thailand and Vietnam, the worlds largest rice exporters, a title that Burma last held in the 1930s. By contrast, few buyers snap up Burmese rice, which is grown from lowquality seeds and milled in rusted factories. If you want to revitalize the country, you must look at the rural economy, says Noleen Heyzer, United Nations undersecretary general and head of its Asia headquarters in Bangkok. 6 July 2010

V. 19. Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), Norway Our mission: To provide accurate and unbiased news to the people of Burma To promote understanding and cooperation amongst the various ethnic and religious groups of Burma To encourage and sustain independent public opinion and enable social and political debate To impart the ideals of democracy and human rights to the people of Burma. dvb.no Demonstrations by Buddhist monks and the crackdown that followed put Burma at the top of the news agenda at the end of September. Reporters Without Borders and the Foundation de France decided to award the prize in the Media category to the Democratic Voice of Burma TV and radio, one of the most reliable sources of news during the crisis in Burma. 5 December 2007 Foreign news channels and banned programming like the Democratic Voice of Burma a channel run by dissidents out of Norway were the main source of information for people in Burma during the crackdown. AP, 1 January 2008 The networks chief editor, Aye Chan Naing, said daily satellite broadcasts of about an hour would begin 4 January 2008, and would include reports from inside Burma, as well as news from the outside world that is likely to be censored by Burmas military regime. AP, 3 January 2008 The Associated Press announced today that AP Archive has reached an agreement with Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), an independent, nonprofit Burmese media organization, to license DVBs video coverage to third parties around the world. With this agreement, AP Archive is the only international news agency with the rights to sell DVBs archival video footage of Burma from the past five years. This representation agreement is of particular importance because Burma is preparing to hold general elections in November for the first time in 20 years and the footage includes coverage of recent anti-government uprisings. The content partnership with DVB is the latest in a growing number of significant partnerships with broadcast and media Page 178 of 188

organizations that AP Archive now represents, including ABC News, Chinese Central Television, Vatican Television and WWF, the conservation organization. AP Archive holds a large and growing amount of footage created by DVB and will add to the collection with more footage from DVBs television archives. Since the anti-government protests of 2007, there has been much international attention on this complex nation, said Alwyn Lindsey, director of international archives for Associated Press. Democratic Voice of Burma produced strong video coverage of those events, and continues to do so, complementing APs own coverage. The archival footage includes anti-government protests, widespread damage caused by Cyclone Nargis and its aftermath, and the continued detention of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi. AP Archive is well regarded within the footage industry and we are happy to be partnering with them. This agreement will allow us to concentrate on our core television operations, whilst knowing that our footage is available for producers to access and use, Aye Chan Naing, chief editor of DVB, said. Webwire, 1 October 2010 Seventeen journalists for the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB) are serving lengthy prison sentences, some more than 60 years, in Burma for their work documenting atrocities committed by the military and government. The rise of video journalist (VJ) networks in Burma has been fuelled by developments in technology that have allowed undercover teams to send material out of the country to exiled and foreign media. In 1988, when millions of Burmese took to the streets demanding an end to military rule and the establishment of a democratic government, the military killed some 3000, and sent many more to jail. Yet the world knew little about it. But nearly 20 years later, when a Japanese journalist was shot dead by Burmese soldiers in the midst of the 2007 Saffron Revolution, VJs were there to capture the incident, and within hours it appeared on television screens around the world. As a result, the Burmese regime realised that they no longer had a free hand to kill peaceful demonstrators. The death toll in 2007 was estimated at around 100, far fewer than that of 1988, partly thanks to VJs who reported the atrocities in a timely manner. Video journalists again played an important role in reporting the countrys worst-ever disaster. When cyclone Nargis struck in May 2008, the regime banned reporters from entering the devastated Irrawaddy delta region, fearful that international scrutiny would again trigger widespread criticism of Burmas rulers. But undercover reporters managed to gain access, and exposed the true extent of damage and the regimes indifference to victims. The awarding of prestigious international media and journalism awards to VJs is an acknowledgement of their performance and contribution to press freedom in a closed country. All VJs and potential VJs know the importance and impact of the work they do. Yet they are also paying a high price for their priceless work. There have been murmurings of hope from sections of the international community that the new government will initiative positive change in Burma. Whether such changes include the release of we are so eagerly waiting for. In his recent speech, President Thein Sein pledged a respect for the role of the media, acknowledging its role as the fourth pillar of the state, in addition to the executive, legislature and judiciary institutions. Today, on World Press Freedom Day, we must remember DVBs journalists who are languishing in prisons across the country, and do our outmost to ensure their freedom. That is why were are launching the Free Burma VJ Campaign today to mobilise international efforts towards their release. Ultimately, however, it is the governments final say, but we can use their fate to gauge whether progress toward greater freedom in Burma can be expected in the near future. Khin Maung Win, deputy executive director of the Democratic Voice of Burma, 3 May 2011

V. 20. The Economist, United Kingdom TunisiaEgyptLibyaYemenSyriathe spread of the Arab Spring has breathed new life into the domino theory of political upheaval. But is this unrest and revolution confined to the Arab world? Could the winds of change, as alluded to by US Senator John McCain on a recent visit to Burma, sweep east and envelop the Burmese hills and plains? Page 179 of 188

At first glance there are a number of shared societal traits between Burma and Arab countries on the brink of government collapsefrom social inequality to soaring unemployment and underemployment; from pervasive corruption to entrenched economic cronyism. According to Professor Jeffrey Sachs of Columbia University, unemployment among youth in the Middle East and North Africa is more than 30 percent, a figure closely mirroring independent estimates of the Burmese state. In early February, The Economist produced a Shoe-throwers Index in an attempt to gauge the vulnerability of a number of Middle Eastern and North African countries confronted with the turbulent winds of an Arab Spring; the throwing of shoes being a cultural response to displeasure. The model weighted seven criteria, including duration of a governments tenure in office and percentage of population under the age of 25, along with data relating to such social scourges as corruption and the lack of press freedom and democratic underpinnings. Though the model has proven to modestly hold its own in predicting uprisings in the Arab world following from Egypt, surprisingly the country serving as the origin of the Arab Spring registered one of the more stable scores. Nonetheless, while clearly not a perfect tool to forecast rebellion, if data for Burma is plugged into the model the Southeast Asian country would rank the third most vulnerable of 18 countries studied, trailing only Yemen and Sudan. The table below contains selected findings of the Index incorporating Burma. Country Vulnerability of government Yemen 90.7 Burma 80.5 Libya 78.1 Egypt 74.7 Syria 72.9 Algeria 69.5 Saudi Arabia 61.2 Bahrain 53.3 Tunisia 52.3 Data for all countries other than Burma compiled by The Economist. All figures represent the status of the country prior to any change in government, with a score of 100 denoting the highest degree of vulnerability. Consideration of the commonalities and contrasts between countries experiencing the Arab Spring and Burma would not be complete without briefly exploring a vital component in opposition strategy: mass communication. With infants in Cairo being christened Facebook, there can be little doubt of the impact of the Internet and telephonic social networking in the toppling of governments. The following table summarizes the position of the Burmese population vis--vis that of five Arab Spring countries: Egypt Libya Syria Tunisia Yemen Burma Internet users 25% 5.5% 20% 33% 10% 2% Internet hosts 187,000 12,000 8,000 500 250 170 Mobile/cell phone users 67% 75% 43% 92% 34% 9.5% Percentage figures indicate percentage of overall population and are rounded estimates. Source: CIA Factbook By any method of comparison, Burmas communication infrastructure lags far behind Arab Spring countries, further highlighting a Burmese populace confronted by an even tighter social environment than that experienced by many North African and Middle Eastern citizens. While Tunisias high level of interconnectivity, not measured in The Economist model, may help in shedding light on the speed and success of protests in Tunis, the corresponding comparatively low sums for Syria and Yemen may assist in explaining opposition difficulties in achieving definitive victory in their respective countries. Mizzima, 22 June 2011

V. 21. The Irrawaddy, Thailand Page 180 of 188

The Irrawaddy seeks to promote press freedom and access to unbiased information. irrawaddy.org The regime believes it can afford to ignore international demands and condemnation. Why? The thickskinned generals are used to hearing official rhetoric and know these are just empty words followed by little action. Supported by China, India and neighboring countries, the Burmese junta knows that it has friends who will ignore the brutal suppression of its own people as long as they can maintain lucrative trade deals and exploit Burmas natural resources. These friends are morally bankrupt and only provide more ammunition to the regimes authoritarian behavior. The world community must finally act decisively in drawing up a proper strategy to bring about peaceful change in Burma. This rare opportunity wont come twice. 6 September 2007 We would like to inform you that The Irrawaddy Web site was restored to its normal operation starting October 3. You can now access all of our regular sections including our archives. The Web site was impaired by a virus starting on 27 September 2007. A computer virus called Magwe FC is currently spreading around computers in Naypyidaw, according to sources in the capital. The computer virus has been found since Saturday on many memory sticks and computers that occupy various government departments and private companies in the city, according to a technician in Naypyidaw. When I open my computer, a Magwe FC pop-up appears on the Start menu, said a government staffer. All the files and installed programs on the computer were empty. I had to send my computer to a shop to install a new Windows program. According to technicians affected by the virus, all the files will be erased on a computer if a Magwe FC pop-up appears on the Start menu at the bottom left-hand corner on the screen. Magwe FC is the name of the Burmese football club that represents Magwe Division in Burma and competes in the Burma National League. Another technician in Rangoon said, This kind of virus is found when we open files and don't know what's insidesuch as zip files, rar file and exe files. The Magwe FC virus is an exe file. Viruses written by technicians and hackers first spread in Burma in 1994. The most common viruses were named Win Naing, Thayet Myot, I love you and Loikaw, according to technicians. The Irrawaddy, 5 July 2010 Major funding cuts of some $US300,000 a year have forced leading exiled Burmese news organisation, The Irrawaddy, to cease printing its influential magazine. The magazines informative news and analysis of political and humanitarian affairs was often critical of the Burmese regime, and thus like other independent Burmese media outlets, was banned inside Burma. Although it was able to generate between six and eight percent of its revenue from subscriptions and commercial funding, editor-in-chief Aung Zaw tells DVB however that the problems were both economic and political. The main donor agency to cease funding was Denmarks Danida. Some saw their cessation of funding as policy-driven, in that The Irrawaddy was viewed by some as too belligerent towards the ruling military and the elections in November last year. Aung Zaw said however that we will never ever compromise our editorial independence. He believes the donors decisions may have been swayed by civil society groups in Burma who do not share the Irrawaddys commitment to free media and expression. Indeed a number of exiled Burmese groups were said to be suffering from funding cuts due to what Aung Zaw calls donor fatigue, which has forced them, as he says, to suspend printing indefinitely. The magazine had been forced to reduce printing volume in 2008 after similar cuts. There is also a perception, Aung Zaw says, that following the widely-doubted elections, the necessity to fund external groups is no longer there. In any case most individuals returning to the country would face the same punitive measures from the government, and Burmas draconian press censorship shows no sign of abating. There had also been calls for the publication to achieve a more commercial, or sustainable, business model. However, name a single exiled media outlet that turns profit, Aung Zaw says. Indeed The Irrawaddys economic woes reflect a wider malaise in media funding, with few turning a profit. Page 181 of 188

International broadcasters that are publicly funded, such as the BBC, are also facing budget cuts due to the global economic downturn. The Irrawaddy will still remain active however. Perhaps in a sign of the times, we will focus on our website and the multimedia aspect, said Aung Zaw, noting that the organisation will produce a radio show for Radio Free Asia (RFA) and a TV show aired on DVB that will reach millions of viewers inside the country. The Irrawaddy is also confident that the slow yet steady penetration of the internet into Burma will allow more readers to access their content. DVB, 25 January 2011 A recently leaked cable from the US embassy in Bangkok released by WikiLeaks on Friday states that the Burmese exiled media, including the widely-acclaimed news outlet Irrawaddy magazine, plays an important role in countering the propaganda broadcast by Burmas state-controlled media and promoting dialogue relating to Burmas political situation. According to a second leaked US diplomatic cable, The Irrawaddy was frequently smuggled inside Burma and distributed to political dissidents such as Tin Oo, the aging deputy chief of the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD). The cable related to a conversation between a US diplomat in Rangoon and Tin Oos wife, Dr Tin Moe Wai, in early 2009 when the NLD leader remained under house arrest. He was released last year. Tin Moe Wai was quoted as telling the US official about the difficulties she faced in communications with the government authorities over her husbands medical status. She expressed nostalgia for the deposed military intelligence chief Gen Khin Nyunt who attended quickly to the needs of her detained husband. The US embassy cable asked the State Department for clear instructions on how to help the families of dissidents inside Burma. According to the cable, Tin Oo, a former army general turned democratic opposition leader, passed his time in detention reading magazineshis favorites being National Geographic and The Irrawaddy. There were times when I had to destroy The Irrawaddy magazine for security concerns, Tin Oo said in an interview on Monday. However, it is no longer much of a problem to read it openly. Senior NLD leader Win Tin also said that he sometimes illegally managed to read the Chiang Mai-based political magazine during the 19 years he spent in jail. Since early 2000s, The Irrawaddy print magazines have been distributed to leading dissidents, political prisoners and politicians through Western embassies in Rangoon, according to the magazines founder and editor Aung Zaw. But due to a funding shortage, the magazine stopped its monthly print edition at the end of last year, reducing it to a three-monthly issue which is still circulated inside Burma on a more limited scale. By the end of 2011, the magazines print version is scheduled to cease altogether because of increasing financial constraints. The Irrawaddy's online edition is banned inside Burma while its printed publication remains illegal. Aung Zaw said that the magazine served as an effective tool in helping break down the iron curtain of Burma, referring to the countrys tight control of information. He added that he intends to publish the magazine inside Burma as and when it becomes possible under the new government in Burma. In 2004, when the then military intelligence chief Khin Nyunt met with the late Karen ethnic rebel leader Gen Bo Mya in Rangoon, the former asked the Karen leader not to believe reports in The Irrawaddy magazine that he [Khin Nyunt] was involved in drug trafficking and murder. At that time, Bo Mya said: If your side could prove that you have done no such thing, The Irrawaddy would not have dared to write it. Irrawaddy, 5 September 2011

V. 22. Kaowao News Kaowao Newsgroup is committed to social justice, peace, and democracy in Burma. We hope to be able to provide more of an in-depth analysis that will help to promote lasting peace and change within Burma. Editors, reporters, writers, and overseas volunteers are dedicated members of the Mon activist community based in Thailand. Working together for change and lasting peace. The regaining of our fundamental rights such as the selfdetermination and recognition as a nationality is our Mon peoples utmost and ultimate political goal. Page 182 of 188

Kaowao News will continue to grow to serve better the needs of those seeking social justice in Burma. kaowao.org

V. 23. Mizzima News, India At Mizzima, we believe an independent and free press is vital to democracy and that the medias role in the education of Burmas peoples cannot be underestimated. We are committed to the struggle against censorship and we support and stand in solidarity with Burmese journalists who fight daily for this freedom. One of Mizzima News Agencys long-term aims is to establish itself as an institution playing a central and active role in the Burmese democracy and federation movements. We also hope to produce a new generation of Burmese media personnel able to play a part in a post military-ruled Burma. mizzima.com

V. 24. Moe Ma Ka Online Newsletter, moemaka.com To share news and information covering Burmese community. To present voice and opinion from Burmese people. To preserve and promote the value of the nation, culture and language. To be part of the freedom loving Burmese society. moemaka.org

V. 25. Narinjara News (NN) Narinjara News (NN) was founded by a group of Arakanese in exile in Bangladesh from Burma in 2001 seeking to voice for the people depriving of human and democratic rights and to pave the way for them who are struggling for those rights.

V. 26. Nation Newspaper, Thailand Whether ASEAN members like it or not, the progress in Burma or the lack thereof will serve as a most critical issue for the drafters of the charter and will set the tone of their consultation. The future of ASEAN and the substance of its charter are inevitably tied to Burmas domestic development. Kavi Chongkittavorn, blacklisted by the Burmese military junta, Executive Editor of the Nation newspaper, Thailand, 19 December 2005 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon arrived in Bangkok yesterday for a three-day stay. Apart from meeting Thai luminaries and having an audience with His Majesty the King, he must take this opportunity to go to Burma and demonstrate his seriousness and interest in the situation there. He must show that the United Nations, which he leads, is following up on the developments there closely. 10 December 2007 For too long, the UN, and much of the international community, has been dealing with Burma without a clear objective and strategy. We have to move beyond just telling the junta what we dont like, and the UN must develop a more comprehensive plan of action for all stakeholders in Burma. In other words, the Burmese generals need to know what awaits them - harsh jail terms or a Cabinet position under a civilianled government. 23 February 2009

V. 27. New Era Journal, Thailand The journal includes in-depth news about Burmas pro-democracy movement and opinion and commentary from democracy activists living inside Burma and in exile. khitpyaing.org Page 183 of 188

V. 28. NDD Weekly Inside News Commentary (WINC) It is evident that the peoples spirits have been raised and unity as well as self-confidence is emerging among them. Indeed, changes are brought about by causes and the need to respond to them. In order to bring up causes, it is essential for the people themselves to act ardently and confidently. WINC 277, 2006

V. 29. Radio Free Asia (RFA), USA RFA is a private, nonprofit news organization dedicated to broadcasting news and information to people in those Asian countries where thorough, objective, and balanced news reporting is unavailable. RFA can offer extensive expertise on international broadcasting, international newsgathering, and a range of Northeast Asian and Southeast Asian issues and countries. rfa.org Radio Free Asias mission is to provide accurate and timely news and information to Asian countries whose governments prohibit access to a free press. rfa.org

V. 30. Redo 8-8-88 Fight for freedom! If not now when? United we stand. Divided we fall. redo8888.com

V. 31. Shan Herald Agency for News (S.H.A.N.) The S.H.A.N. seeks to fill the information void and shed light on the current situation in Shan State. Due to its size and the active participation of its leadership in national politics, Shan State acts as an important barometer of regime pressure and policies in the ethnic states. For one thing, investments in Burma by regime-friendly neighbors China, India and Thailand over the past decade have not revived its economy, increased political dialogue or brought political reform by the military junta. 13 November 2007

V. 32. Surrend, a satirical art group An advertisement placed in Mondays English-language Myanmar Times newspaper had a hidden message calling the country's military ruler Gen. Than Shwe a killer. It was placed by Danish-based Surrend, which has experience placing clandestine ads under the noses of repressive regimes, group member Pia Bertelsen said in a telephone interview from Denmark with The Associated Press in Bangkok, Thailand. The ad, published in Myanmars commercial capital Rangoon, looked like an innocent call for tourists visiting Burma from Scandinavia, with the drawing of a palm tree and sun and text praising Burmas beautiful country and friendly people. At the bottom of the half-page ad was The Board of Islandic Travel Agencies Ewhsnahtrellik and the Danish Industry BesoegDanmark, including the long Danishlooking word Ewhsnahtrellik. When read backward it said, killer than shwE. Bertelsen said the ad was a way to show even autocratic leaders could be criticized. What we want to achieve with the ad is to show that there are cracks in even the worst regimes. That with art you can find these holes and fly under the censorships radar and hit the despots, she said. CNBC, 23 July 2007

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V. 33. Tai Freedom Radio, Shan, Burma Sai Sang walks up the muddy trail through the mist cloaking the Shan mountains to the hut that houses the transmitter for Tai Freedom Radio. The resistance radio station at Loi Taleng finally emerged from a period of unintended hibernation early this September after broadcasting went silent for almost three months. The radio mast perched on the mountain was damaged by a powerful storm in June, and Shan soldiers have just finished repairing it. Heavy rain and clogging mud slow down operations in the rainy season. Tai Freedom Radio provides a beacon for the Shan people in this region of Shan State in Burma. It is the radio broadcasting operation for the Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS), the political wing of the Shan State Army (or SSA). It is early September and rains and low-lying clouds shroud life in a claustrophobic swirl of mist. Tai Freedom Radio was established in 2002, and it has a team of more than 10 broadcasters, and transmits news on fighting and current affairs to people living in the area surrounding Loi Taleng, the SSA headquarters. It also broadcasts the Four Noble Principles and the Six Policies of the RCSS to citizens in Shan state in the Shan (Tai Yai) language. This is the epicentre of the rallying cry for freedom from the RCSS. Is Tai Freedom Radio ethno-nationalist propaganda? Or is it Shan news for Shan people? Its both, according to Sai Sang, 27, who has been a broadcaster at the station for three years. The most important thing about Tai Freedom Radio is to get real information to the civilians so that they will know the real situation, he said. The SPDC (State Peace and Development Council) wants to close their eyes and ears to knowledge. The SPDC wants the ethnic people to have no abilities or knowledge. The SPDC may have been dissolved and elections held, but Sai Sang believes that the Burmese government is still dominated by former military generals, pulling the strings from behind the scenes. We want to make the citizens understand about our policies, and to understand about the SPDC and what they are doing; the reality and the falsehoods, he said. In 2010, the RCSSs Information and Communications departments joined forces. From a village in central Shan State, Sai Sang came and spent eight months training as a soldier in the SSA before working in the communications department of the RCSS. The consequences for Shan civilians caught listening to Tai Freedom Radio by the Burmese government authorities could be severe. Sai Sang says that they can broadcast to an area of about 50 kilometres around Loi Taleng, a relatively small area. The head of the Information and Communications department told Mizzima that plans for Tai Freedom Radio to be broadcast on the Internet in October are underway, which although it has the potential to vastly increase the number of Shan listeners who live outside of Burma, is unlikely to have a significant effect in Shan State where access to the Internet is limited. Broadcasting news from the RCSS in Shan language is Sai Sangs way of fighting the central Burmese governments monopoly on the dissemination of knowledge, he told Mizzima. It is also his platform for forging a strengthened unity among the different ethnic groups in Shan State, and Shan people scattered across Asia. Aside from the call for an independent Shan state, one of the RCSSs policies that Sai Sang broadcasts is to seek for unity among the nationalities and equal rights for all ethnic groups of which there are some 15 different groups in Shan State. Our Shan people are in China, India, we have many millions of Shan, but we cannot know about our culture, and in other places, about their cultures, he said. If we have a broadcast on the radio, it will create more friendship and more unity. Its very powerful for us. He said that citizens in Shan state are forced to lose their Shan identity by having to listen to propaganda via the Burmese state-run newspapers and radio. As well as transmitting the RCSSs policies, his work at Tai Freedom Radio involves broadcasting programmes created by the RCSS on Shan history, culture and health. The dissemination of the RCSSs policies over Tai Freedom Radio is essential to create unity amongst Shan, said Sai Sang. He recalled when he was a child in his village, listening to the radio meant listening to broadcasts in Burmese. He wants to help keep the Shan ethnic identity alive via Tai Freedom Radio. I wanted to take up this job, because its from my heart. Before, when I was younger, I couldnt hear Shan on the radio, and so I really wanted to work. The radio station is the RCSSs embodiment of what its sees as its right to self-determination in the fight against what they say is the governments attempt to destroy the identities of ethnic minorities in Burma. It is also the platform for the political rhetoric that they hope will be accepted into the hearts of Shan Page 185 of 188

people and unifies them in their fight for Shan independence. Tensions are high and feelings are strong. Some soldiers in Loi Taleng resent the word rebel, because it implies their position outside of nation-state central control is invalid, the Foreign Affairs Secretary of the RCSS told Mizzima. I dont want to be called a rebel; we call it resistance. Resistance is better, he said. We have a country, we lost our power; we lost our power to occupy our country. Now the Burmese regime, or the SPDC, they are invaders in our country We have to fight back until they get out of our country, and then we can occupy our motherland. We have to be leaders. We need to lead by ourselves, not by other people, coming to be our leaders. This is our right, our land. Sai Sang says he strives to transmit the truth about the conflict and human rights abuses that are occurring in Shan State. He also wants to create unity among the Shan people and a sense of ethnic identity. The radio mast is erected again as of early September and clandestine broadcasts are on the air. Sai Sang is back on the airwaves. Mizzima, 19 September 2011

V. 34. United Press International (UPI), Washington, D.C., USA An image processing system that hides the position from which photos are shot may help protesters in repressive regimes avoid arrest, an Indian researcher says. The inspiration for the technology came in 2007 when the government of Myanmar, formerly Burma, began arresting people who had taken photos of police violence against pro-democracy protesters, many of whom were monks, NewScientist.com reported Thursday. Burmese government agents video-recorded the protests and analyzed the footage to identify people with cameras, security engineer Shishir Nagaraja of the Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology in New Delhi said. By examining the perspective of pictures subsequently published on the Internet, the police could determine who had taken them, he said. People taking such pictures need location privacy for their personal safety, Nagajara said, which inspired him to work with European colleagues to create a way of disguising the viewpoint from which a photographer takes the picture. We use a computervision technique called view synthesis to combine two or more photographs to create another very realisticlooking one that looks like it was taken from an arbitrary viewpoint, security researcher Peter Schaffer of the University of Luxembourg said. The images can come from more than one source as long as they were taken at around the same time of a reasonably static scene from different viewing angles, he said. Software then examines the pictures and generates a 3D depth map of the scene, from which a user can choose an arbitrary viewing angle for a photo to be posted online. The image then goes through a dewarping stage in which straight lines like walls and curb angles are corrected for the new point of view, and hole filling in which nearby pixels are copied to fill in gaps in the image created because some original elements were obscured. The result is pretty convincing, Schaffer said. There are some image artifacts but they are acceptable, he said. The team said it intends to make the software open source. UPI, 8 July 2011

V. 35. Voice of America (VOA), USA The long-range interests of the United States are served by communicating directly with the peoples of the world by radio. To be effective, the VOA must win the attention and respect of listeners. These principles will therefore govern VOA broadcasts: 1. VOA will serve as a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news. VOA news will be accurate, objective, and comprehensive. 2. 2. VOA will represent America, not any single segment of American society, and will therefore present a balanced and comprehensive projection of significant American thought and institutions. 3. 3. VOA will present the policies of the United States clearly and effectively, and will also present responsible discussions and opinion on these policies.

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V. 36. Washington Post, USA Aung San Suu Kyis steelly will keeps a countrys hopes alive. washingtonpost.com, 13 October 2003 If the constitutional referendum goes through as planned, it will help the government falsely legitimize these consistently repressive policies. Through targeted banking sanctions -- which the United States has ordered but which the European Union, China and other countries have so far been too timid or self-interested to pursue -- the international community should prove it sees through the charade and force Burma into true democratic reform. 24 February 2008 For Chinas Communist Party, repression in Burma is not an obstacle but a convenience, enabling the exploitation of natural resources with a minimum of well-targeted corruption, the newspaper said in an editorial. The Irrawaddy, 27 November 2008 A Washington Post editorial this week on Burma advised caution in any review of US policy towards the regime. It may be that the US review can lead to smarter and more targeted sanctions, with better coordination among allies and neighbors, the editorial said. Then it rightly noted: Certainly, we hope that Ms Clinton will make clear to Burmas government that the United States could never ease sanctions without first conducting full and free consultations with Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmas rightful ruler. Aung San Suu Kyis party overwhelmingly won an election in 1990, but the junta ignored the results and has kept her isolated and under house arrest for most of the time since. Her release, and that of thousands of other political prisonersand their familiesremains essential. The Irrawaddy, 18 March 2009 Many diplomats and regional analysts say the most likely solution is a combination of carrot and stick: expanding aid and lifting some of the broad sanctions that have helped slow Burmas economic development to a crawl, while at the same time crafting sanctions that more effectively hit the bank accounts and travel plans of those who run and benefit from the regime. We are examining what we would call intelligent engagement , a senior Western diplomat said recently. Washington Post, 13 April 2009

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The biggest enemy of all ethnic nationalities, democracy, freedom and peace is the dictatorial generals. Burma Needs 2nd Anti-Fascist Movement. Bo Kyaw Zaw, Thirty Comrades, Aung Sans old warrior and former Defence Minister Burma Compatriots Citizens for Peace, Liberty, Justice, Equality, Stability, and Prosperity Revolutionaries against censorship, lawlessness, slave labor, rape, torture, corruption, and crony capitalism Contact Info: burmacompatriots@gmail.com

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Note: In honor of the strong will of the Burmese people, we would like to use the conventional English only in all of our documentations regarding Democracy for Burma.

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