1

Pr
otect
iveRel
ays
Pr
otect
iveRel
ays
A protectiver elayisadevi cet hatdet ectst hefaul tandi ni
tiat est heoperati
onoft hecircui
tbr eaker
toisolatet hedef ecti
veel ementf romt her estoft hesyst em.
The relaysdet ectthe abnor malcon di t
ionsi nt he elect ri
calci rcui tsby con stantly measuringt he
electr
icalquan t i
ti
eswhi charedi fferen tun dern or malan df aul tcon di
ti
ons.Theel ectri
calquan tit
ies
whichmaychangeunderf aul
tcondi tionsar evol tage,cur rent,f requen cyan dphas ean gl
e.Thr ought he
changesi noneormor eoft hesequan titi
es ,thef aultssignalt heirpr esence,typean dlocat i
ont ot he
protectiver elays .Havingdet ectedt hef ault,therel ayoper atest ocl osethetripcircuitoft hebreak er
.
Thisres ul
tsi nt heopen ingoft hebreak eran ddi scon necti
onoft hef aultycir
cuit
.
At ypicalr elaycircuitisshowni nFi g.21.1.Thisdi agr
ams howson ephas eof3- phas esystemf or

si
mpli
city.Ther elay
Circui
tconnect i
onscanbedi videdi ntot hreepar tsviz.
(i
)Firstpartisthepr imarywindingofacur renttransfor mer(C.T.)whichiscon nectedinserieswitht he
l
inet obepr otected.
(i
i)Secondpar tcon si
stsofsecondar ywi ndingofC. T.an dther elayoper ati
ngcoil.
(i
ii
)Thirdpar ti
st het r
ippi
ngcircuitwhi chmaybeei t
hera. cord. c.Itconsis
t sofas ourceofs uppl
y,t he
tri
pcoiloft hecircuitbreakerandt her elays tat
ionarycon t
acts .
Whenas hortcircuitoccursatpoi ntFont het r
an smissionli
ne,t hecurrentf l
owinginthelineincr
eas es
toanen ormousval ue.Thisresultsi naheavycur ren tflow thr
ought herelaycoil,causi
ngt herelayt o
operatebycl osi
n gitscontact s
.Thi si nt urnclos est het r
ipcir cui
toft hebr eaker,maki
n gtheci rcui
t
breakeropenan di solati
ngt he faultys ect i
onf rom t he restoft he system.Int hi
sway,t he relay
ensuresthes afetyoft hecir
cuitequi pmen tfromdamagean dnor malwor k
ingoft hehealthypor t
ionof
thesystem.
Fundament
alRequi
remen
tsofPr
otect
iveRel
ayi
ng
Thepr i
ncipalf unctionofpr ot ectiver elayin gist o caus et hepr omptr emovalf rom s erviceofan y
elemen toft hepowersyst emwheni ts tartst ooper ateinanabn ormalman ner .Inorderthatpr otect i
ve
relaysys temmayper formt hisf unctions atisfactor i
ly,itshoul dhavet hef oll
owi ngquali
ti
es:
i
()s electivity (ii
)speed (i
ii
)s en siti
vity
i
(v)r eli
abilit
y (v)si mpli
city vi
( )econ omy
(i
)Sel ectivity.Iti stheabi li
tyoft hepr ot ectivesyst emt osel ectcor rect l
yt hatpar toft hesyst emi n
troubleanddi sconnectt hef aultypar twi thoutdi sturbingt her estoft hesyst em.
Awel ldesi gn edandef f
ici
en trelaysys tems houldbes el
ect ivei .
e.itshouldbeabl etodet ectt hepoi nt
atwhi cht hef aultoccur sandcauset heopen ingoft heci rcuitbreak erscl osestt ot hef aultwi th
minimumorn odamaget ot hesyst em.
(i
i)Speed.Ther elaysyst emshoul ddi scon nectt hef aul t
ys ect ionasf astaspos si
blefort hef oll
owi ng
reason s:
(
a)El ect r
icalappar atusmaybedamagedi ft heyar emadet ocar ryt hefaultcur r
en tsf ora
longt ime.
(
b)A f ail
ureont hes ystem l eadst oagr eatr educt ioni nthes yst em vol t
age.I ft hef aulty
sect i
oni snotdi sconnect edqui ckly,thent hel ow vol t
agecr eatedbyt hef aul tmays hut
downcons umers’mot orsan dt hegen er ator sont hes ystemmaybecomeun st
abl e.
(
c)Thehi ghspeedr elaysyst emdecr easest hepos sibil
ityofdevel opmen tofon et ypeoff ault
 2

i
ntot heot hermor esever et ype.
i
(ii
)Sensi ti
vity.I
ti st heabi lityoft her elaysyst emt ooper atewithlowval ueofact uat ingquant i
ty.
Sen sitivi
tyofar elayi saf unct ionoft hevol t-amper esi nputtot hecoi loft her elayn eces saryt o
causei t
soper ation.Thes mal lert hevol t-amper einputr equiredt ocaus er elayoper ation,t hemor e
sensi ti
vei st herel ay.Thus,a1VA r elayi smor es ensi
tivet hana3VA r elay.Itisdes i
rablet hatr el
ay
syst ems houldbesens it
ives ot hati toper ateswi thlowval uesofvol t-amper einput.
(i
v)Rel i
abili
ty.Iti st heabi lityoft her elays ys tem tooper ateun dert hepr e-determi nedcon diti
on s.
Wi t
houtr eli
abil
it
y,t hepr ot ect ionwoul dber en deredl argelyi neffectivean dcoul devenbecomea
l
iability.
(v)Si mpl i
city.Ther elayingsyst em s houldbes imples ot hatitcanbeeas i
lymai nt
ai ned.Rel iabil
it
yi s
clos elyr elatedtos implici
t y.Thes i
mpl ert hepr otections cheme,t hegr eat erwillbeitsr eliabil
i
ty.
(vi)Economy.The mosti mpor tantf act ori nt he choice ofa par t
icularpr ot ect
ions cheme i st he
econ omicaspect .Somet i
mesi tisecon omi call
yun j
usti
fiedt ous eani deals chemeofpr ot ecti
onan da
compr omi semet hodhast obeadopt ed.Asar ule,thepr otectivegears houl dnotcos tmor ethan5%of
totalcos t.However ,whent heappar atust obepr otectedi sofut mos timpor t
an ce(e.g.gener at or,main
transmi ssionl i
neet c.),econ omi cconsi der ationsar eof t
ens ubordi
n at
edt or eli
abili
ty.
Basi
cRel
ays
Mostofther el
aysinserviceonelectri
cpowersystemt odayar
eofel
ect
ro-
mechani
calt
ype.
Theywor konthef ol
lowi
ngt womai noper
ati
ngpri
ncipl
es:
i
()Elect
romagneticattract
ion
i
(i
)Electromagneti
cinducti
on
El
ect
romagnet
icAt
tract
ionRel
ays
Elect
r omagnet i
cat tract i
onr elaysoper atebyvi r
tueofanar maturebeingattractedt ot hepol esofan
elect
romagnetorapl ungerbei ngdr awnintoas olenoid.Suchr el
aysmaybeact uatedbyd. c.ora. c.
quanti
t i
es.Thei mport antt ypesofel ect r
omagn eticat t
racti
onr el
aysar e:
(i
)Att ract edar maturet yper elay.Fig.21.
3s howst hes chematicarrangementofanat tract edarmature
typer el ay.I tcon si
st sofal aminatedel ectromagn etM car ryi
ngacoi lC an dapi vot edlaminated
armatur e.Thear matur ei sbalancedbyacoun terweightandcar ri
esapai rofs pri
n gcon tactfingersat
i
tsf ree en d.Undernor maloper ati
ngcon diti
on s,the currentthrought he r
elay coi lC i ssucht hat
counter wei ghtholdst hear mat ureint heposi
t i
ons hown .However,whena

short-ci
rcuitoccurs,thecurrentthrought her el aycoi lincr
eas ess uffi
cient
lyan dt her el
ayar matureis
attractedupwar ds.Thecont actsont her elayar maturebridgeapai rofs tat
ionarycon tactsat t
ached
tot herelayframe.Thi scompletest het ri
pci rcui twhichr esult
si nt heopen i
ngoft heci rcuitbreakeran d,
therefore,inthedisconnecti
onoft hef aul
t yci rcuit.
Themi ni
mum currentatwhi chther elayar mat ur eisat tr
act edt ocl osethetripcircuitiscalledpi ckup
current.Itisausualpr acti
cet oprovi dean umberoft appingsont herelaycoilsot hatt henumberof
turnsinusean dhencet heset t
ingval ueatwhi cht herelayoper atescanbevar i
ed.
(i
i)Solenoidtyper elay.Fi
g.21.4showst hes chemat i
car rangemen tofas ol
enoidt yper elay.Itcon si
sts
ofasol en oi
d
 3

andmovabl eironplungerar r
angedass hown .Undern ormaloperati
ngcon dit
ions,t hecur rentthroughthe
relaycoi lC i
ssucht hati thol dst hepl ungerbygr avityors pr
ingint hepos i
tions hown .However ,onthe
occurrenceofaf aul
t ,t
hecur r
entt hr
ought herelaycoi lbecomesmor ethant hepi ckupval ue,causing
theplungert obeat tractedt ot hesol en oi
d.Theupwar dmovemen toft heplungercl osest hetri
pcircuit
,
thusopeni ngthecircuitbr eakeranddi s connectingthef ault
ycircui
t.
(i
ii
)Bal ancedbeam t yper elay.Fi g.21 .5showst hes chematicarran gemen tofabal an cedbeam t ype
relay.Itcons i
stsofani ronar mat uref asten edtoabal ancebeam.Un dernormaloper ati
n gconditi
ons,
thecur rentthroughther elaycoi li ssucht hatt hebeam i sheldint hehor i
zon talpos i
ti
onbyt hes pri
ng.
However ,whenaf aultoccur s,thecur ren tthrought herelaycoilbecomesgr eat ert hant hepickupvalue
andt hebeam i sat tr
act edt ocl oset het r
ipcircuit.Thiscausest heopen i
n goft heci rcuitbreakerto
i
sol at
et hef aul
tycircuit.
I
nduct
ionRel
ays
Elect romagnet i
cinductionr elaysoper ateont hepr incipl
eofi n ductionmot oran dar ewidelyus edf or
prot ectiver elayingpurpos esi nvolvinga. c.quantiti
es .Theyar en otus edwi thd.c.quan t
iti
esowi ngt o
thepr i
ncipleofoper ati
on.Ani nductionr elayes sentiallycon si
stsofapi votedal umini
um discpl acedi n
twoal ter nat
ingmagn eti
cf i
eldsoft hes amef r
equen cybutdi splacedi ntimean ds pace.Thet orquei s
producedi nthedi scbyt heint eractionofon eoft hemagn eti
cf i
eldswi tht hecur rent
si nducedi nt he
discbyt heot her.Tounder s t
andt hepr oductionoft or queinani nduct ionrelay,refertot heel emen tary
arran gements howni nFig.21 .
6( i)
.Thet woa. c.f uxesф2an
l dф1di fferinginphasebyanan gle∞ i
nduce
e.m.f.s’int hediscandcaus et heci r
culationofeddycur rensi
t 2a ndi 1respecti
vely.Thes ecur r
en t
sl ag
behindt hei rrespectivef uxesby900.
l
Ref errin
gt oFig.21.6(ii
)wher et het woa. c.fluxesan di nducedcur r
en tsares howns epar ately

f
orcl
ari
ty,l
et

whereф1andф2aret
heinst
ant
aneousval uesoff
luxesandф2leadsф1byanan e∞.
gl
Assumi
ngthatthepathsinwhichther otorcur
rentsfl
ow haven egl
igi
bleself
-induct
ance,t
her
otor
cur
rent
swillbei
nphasewit
htheirvol
tages .
 4

(a)Thegr eat ert hephasean e∞ bet

gl weent hef luxes ,thegr eateri sthen etforceappl i
edt othedisc.
Obviously,t hemaxi mumf orcewi l
lbepr oducedwhent het wof l
uxesar e900outofphas e.
(b)Thenetf orcei sthes ameatever yi n st
an t
.Thi sf actdoesn otdepen dupont heas sumptionsmade
i
nar ri
vingatexp.( i).
(c)Thedi rect i
onofn etf orceandhencet hedirect i
onofmot i
onoft hedi scdepen dsuponwhi chfl
uxi s
l
eadi ng.
Thef ollowi ngt hreet ypesofst ructuresar ecommon l
yus edf orobt ai
ningthephas edi f
ferenceinthe
fluxesandhencet heoper atingtorquei ninductionr elays:
(i)s haded- polest ruct ure
(ii)wat thour -met erordoubl ewi n di
ngs tructure
(iii
)i nductioncups tructure
(i
)Shaded- polest ruct ure.Thegener alar rangemen tofs haded- poles tructureiss howni nFig.21
.7.It
cons i
stsofapi vot edal umi niumdiscf reet or otatei nt heai r
-gapofanel ectromagn et.On ehalfofeach
poleoft hemagneti ssur roundedbyacopperban dk nownass hadingr i
ng.Theal ternatingf uxфsi
l nthe
shadedpor tionoft hepol eswi l
l,owingt ot her eactionoft hecur r
en tinducedint her i
ng,lagbehindthe
fluxфuint heun- s
hadedpor t i
onbyanan gle∞.Thes et woa. c.fluxesdi fferi
ngin phas ewi l
lproducethe
necessar yt orquet or otat et hedisc.Aspr ovedear li
er,thedr i
vingt orqueTi sgivenby;

Thisshowst hatdri
vingt or
quei sproporti
on altothes quareofcurren tintherelaycoil
.
(i
i)Wat thour-met
erst ructur
e.Thi sstructureget sit
sn amef r
om t hef actthatiti
sus edinwatthour
met er
s.Thegener alarrangementoft histypeofr elayi sshowni nFi g.21.
8.Itconsi
stsofapi voted
alumin
ium disc ar
ranged t or otatef r
eely bet ween t he poles oft wo electr
omagnets.The upper
electr
omagnetcar ri
est wowi ndings;thepr i
maryan dt hes econdar y.Thepr i
marywindingcar
ri
est he
relaycurrentI
1whil
et hesecondar ywindingi sconnectedt othewi nding

oft
helowermagn et.Thepri
marycurr
enti
nducese.
m.f
.int
hesecondar
yands oci
rcul
atesacur
rentI
2
i
nit
.Thef ux ф2 i
l nducedinthelowermagnetbythecurr
enti
nt hesecondar
ywindi
ngoftheupper
 5

magnetwi l
llagbehindф1byanangl e∞.Thet wof uxesф1an
l dф2di fferinginphas eby∞ wi
llproducea
dri
vingt orqueont hedi scpr oporti
onaltoф1ф2s i
n∞.Ani mpor t
an tfeat ureoft hist ypeofr elayist hat
i
tsoper ati
oncanbecont rol
ledbyopen ingorcl osingt hes econ darywi ndingci rcuit.Ifthiscircuitis
opened,n ofluxcanbesetbyt hel owermagn ethowevergr eatt heval ueofcur rentint hepr i
mar y
windin
gmay be and con sequently no torque wil
lbe pr oduced.Ther efore,t he r elay canbe made
i
noper ativebyopen ingi tssecondar ywi n
dingcircui
t.
(i
i
i)Induct i
oncupst ruct ure.Fig.21.9showst hegen er alarrangemen tofani nduct i
oncups tr
ucture.It
mos tcloselyr esembl esani nductionmot or,exceptt hatt her otori r
oni ss tationar y,onlyt her otor
conduct orpor t
ionbein gf reet orotate.Themovi ngel emen tisahol lowcyl i
ndricalrot orwhicht urnson
i
tsaxi s.Ther otati
ngf ieldispr oducedbyt wo

pai
rsofcoi lswoundonf ourpolesass hown.Ther otatingfi
eldinducescur rentsint hecupt opr ovide
theneces sarydr i
vingt orque.I fф1andф2 represen tthef l
uxespr oducedbyt her es pect i
vepai rsof
pol
es ,thentorquepr oducedi sproport
ionaltoф1ф2s n∞
i where∞ isthephas eInducti
onr elaydif
f erence
betweent hetwof l
uxes.A cont rolspr
ingandt hebacks topforcl osi
n goft hecon t
act scar ri
edonan
armar eattachedt ot hes pindleofthecupt opr eventt hecontinuousrot ati
on.Inductioncups tructures
aremor eeffi
cientt orquepr oducer
st haneithert hes haded-poleort hewat thourmet ers tr
uct ur
es.
Therefore,thi
st ypeofr elayhasver yhighspeedan dmayhaveanoper at i
ngtimel esst hen0· 1secon d.
I
mpor
tantTer
ms
I
ti sdes irabletodef i
nean dexplainsomei mport
an ttermsmuchus edi ncon necti
onwi thr
elays.
(i
)Pi ck-upcur r
ent .Itist heminimum currentinther elaycoilatwhi cht herelays tar
tstooper ate.So
l
ongast hecur renti nt her el
ayi slesst hanthepi ck -
upval ue,t her elaydoesn otoperatean dt he
break ercont r
oll
edbyi tremainsintheclos edpositi
on .However ,whent her el
aycoi lcur
rentisequalt o
orgr eat ert hant hepi ckupval ue,therelayoper atest oen ergi
s et het ripcoilwhichopen st hecir
cuit
break er.
(i
i)Cur rentset ti
ng.I tisof tendesi r
ablet oadjustt hepi ck
-upcur rentt oan yr equi
redvalue.Thisi s
knownascur r
ents et
tingan disusuallyachievedbyt heus eoft appingsont herelayoperatingcoi
l.The
tapsar ebr oughtoutt oapl ugbr i
dgeass howninFig.21 .
14.Thepl ugbr idgeper mitstoalterthenumber
oft urnsont her elaycoi l
.Thischangest he

torqueont hediscandhencet heti

meofoper ati
onoftherel
ay.Theval
uesassign
edt oeacht apare
expressed intermsofper centage f
ull
-l
oad r
ati
ngofC. T.wit
hwhichthe r
elay isassoci
ated and
represent
st hevalueabovewhichthedisccommencest
or ot
ateandfi
nal
lycl
osesthetri
pcircui
t.

Pi
ck-upcurrent=Rat edsecondarycurrentofC.T.x
Curr
ents et
ting
Forexampl e,supposet hatanover cur
rentr el
ay havi
ngcurrents ett
ingof1 25% i
scon nect
edt oa
supply cir
cuitthrougha cur renttr
ansformerof400/5.The r at
ed s econdary curr
entofC. T.is5
amperes.Ther efore,thepick-upval
uewi l
lbe25% mor ethan5A i .e.5x 1
·25=6· 25A.I tmean sthat
withabovecur r
ents etti
ng,therel
aywillactual
lyoperateforar elaycoilcurrentequaltoorgr eater
than6·25A.
Thecur rentplugsettingsusuall
yrangef r
om 50% to200% instepsof25% f orovercurr
entrelaysan d
 6

1
0% t o 70% inst
epsof1 0% foreart
hl eakage r
elays.The desir
ed cur
rents et
tingisobtai
ned by
i
nsert
ingaplugbetweent hejawsofabridgetypesock etatthetapvaluerequi
red.
i
(i
i)Pl
ug-sett
ingmult
ipl
ier(P.
S.M.
).I
tist
her at
iooff aul
tcurrenti
nrelaycoi
ltothepick-upcur
r ti
en .
e.

(iv)Time-set t
ingmulti
pli
er.Ar el
ayi sgenerall
ypr ovidedwithcon t
roltoadjustthetimeofoper at
ion.
Thisadjustmenti sknownast i
me- sett
ingmultipl
i
er .Thet i
me-setti
ngdialiscali
brat
edf r
om 0t o1in
stepsof0. 05sec( seeFig.21 .
15).Thesef i
guresaremul t
ipl
i
erstobeus edt oconvertt hetimederi
ved
fromtime/P. S.
M.curveintot heact ual
operati
ngt ime.Thusi fthet imeset ti
ngis0· 1an dt hetimeobt ai
nedfrom thetime/P.S.M.cur
vei s3
seconds,thenact ualrel
ayoper ati
ngt i
me=3 0·
1=0· 3second.Forinst
ance,i
nani nducti
onrel
ay,the
ti
meofoper ationiscontr
olledby

adjusti
ngt heamoun toftravelofthediscfromitsr esetpos i
ti
ont oitspickupposi
tion.Thi
sisachieved
byt headj ust
mentoft hepos i
ti
onofamovabl eback st
opwhi chcon t
rolsthet r
aveloft hediscan d
therebyvar i
est hetimeinwhichtherel
aywi llcl
osei t
scon t
actsf orgi
venval uesoffaultcurr
ent.As o
-call
ed“ ti
medi al”withanevenlydivi
deds caleprovidest hi
sadj ust
men t.Theacutalt i
meofoper ati
on
i
scal culat
edbymul ti
plyi
ngthet i
mesetti
ngmul t
ipl
ierwitht hetimeobt ainedfromtime/P.S.
M.curveof
ther el
ay.
Funct
ionalRel
ayTypes
Al
thought herear esever altypesofspecialfunct
ionr
elays,onl
ythef
oll
owi
ngi
mpor
tantt
ypeswi
l
lbe
di
scussedint hi
schapt er:
(i
)Induct i
ontypeover cur
rentr
elays
(i
i)Inducti
ont yper eversepowerrelays
(i
ii
)Di st
ancer elays
(i
v)Di fferent
ialrelays
(v)Tr ansl
ayscheme
I
nduct
ionTypeOver
cur
ren
tRel
ay(
non
-di
rect
ional
)
Thistypeofr el
aywor ksont hei nduct
ionpri
n ciplean dini
ti
atescor r
ectivemeas ur
eswhencur r
en tin
thecir
cuitexceedst hepr edeter minedvalue.Theact uati
ngs ourcei sacur r
enti
nt hecircui
ts uppliedt o
therelayf rom acur
r enttransf ormer.Theser elaysar eus edona. c.ci
rcuitsonl
yan dcanoper atef or
faul
tcurrentflowinei t
herdirect i
on.
Constructi
onaldetail
s.Fig.21 .
17s howst heimpor tantconstructionaldetai
lsofat ypicalnon-direct i
onal
i
nducti
ont ypeovercur r
entr elay.I tconsi
stsofamet al
li
c( alumi
n i
um)dis cwhichisf r
eet or otatei n
betweent hepolesoft wo
 7

elect romagnet s.The upperel ect romagn ethasa pr i

mary an das econ dar y wi nding.The pr i
mar yi s
conn ect edt ot hesecondar y ofaC. T.i nt hel i
net o bepr ot ectedan di st appedati ntervals .The
tappin gsar econn ect edt o apl ug-set ti
n gbr i
dgeby whi cht hen umberofact ivet urnsont her elay
oper at i
ngcoi lcanbe var ied,t hereby gi vi ngt he des i
red cur rents et ti
ng.The s econ dar y windingi s
ener gisedbyi nduct ionf r
om pr imar yan di scon nectedi ns eri
eswi tht hewi ndingont hel owermagn et .
Thecon tr
olli
ngt or quei sprovi dedbyas pirals pri
ng.
Thespi ndleoft hedi sccar riesamovi ngcon t
actwhi chbr idgest wof ixedcon tact s( conn ectedt ot ri
p
circuit)whent hedi scr otatest hroughapr e- setan gle.Thisan glecanbeadj ustedt oan yval uebet ween
00 an d3600.Byadj ust i
ngt hisangl e,t het raveloft hemovi ngcon tactcanbeadj us tedan dhen cet he
relaycanbegi venan ydes iredt i
meset t
ing.
Oper at i
on.Thedr ivingt orqueont heal umi niumdi sciss etupduet ot hei nduct ionpr i
ncipleasdi scus sed
i
nAr t.21.5.Thist or quei sopposedby t her estrai
ningt orquepr ovi dedby t hes pri
ng.Un dern or mal
oper at i
ngcondi tions,r estrain i
ngt orquei sgr eat erthant hedr i
vingt or quepr oducedbyt her elaycoi l
cur r
en t.Ther efor e,t heal umi nium di scr emai nss tati
on ar
y.However ,i ft hecur r en tint hepr otect ed
circuitexceedst he pr e-s
etval ue,t he dr ivingt orque becomesgr eat ert hant he r estraini
ngt orque.
Cons equen t
ly,thedi scr otat esandt hemovi ngcon tactbr i
dgest hef ixedcon tact swhent hedi s chas
rotat edt hroughapr e- setangl e.Thet ri
pci rcuitoper at
est heci r
cuitbr eak erwhi chi solatest hef aulty
sect i
on .
I
nduct
ionTypeDi
rect
ionalPowerRel
ay
Thist ype of r
elay operat
es when powerint he ci
rcui
tfl
ows i
na s pecif
ic di
recti
on.Unl
i
k ea
*nondi
recti
onalovercurr
entrel
ay,adi
recti
onalpowerrel
ayissodesi
gnedthatitobt
ainsit
soperat
ing
torquebytheinteract
ionofmagnet
icfi
elds
 8

FIG:21 .18
der i
vedf rom bot hvol tageandcur rents our ceoft heci rcuititpr otects.Thust hist ypeofr elayi s
ess entiallyawat tmet erandt hedi rectionoft het orques etupi nt her elaydepen dsupont hedi rection
oft hecur rentrelativet ot hevol t
agewi thwhi chi tisas soci ated.
Const ruct i
onaldet ails.Fi g.21 .
18s howst hees s en t
ialpar tsofat ypicalinducti
ont ypedi rectionalpower
relay.I t cons i
sts of an al umi ni
um di sc whi ch i sf ree t or otat ei n between t he poles of t wo
elect romagnet s.Theupperel ect romagn etcar r i
esawi ndi ng(cal edpot
l enti
alcoi l)ont hecen tralli
mb
whichi sconn ectedt hr oughapot enti
alt r
an sf ormer( P.T.)t ot heci r
cuitvol tages ource.Thel ower
elect romagnethasasepar atewi nding(cal edcur
l rentcoi l)con nectedt othes econ daryofC. T.int he
l
inet obepr otected.Thecur rentcoi lispr ovi dedwi than umberoft appingscon n ectedt ot hepl ug
sett i
ngbr idge( notshownf orcl arity).Thisper mi tstohavean ydes iredcurren tset ti
n g.Ther estraini
ng
torquei spr ovidedbyaspi ralspr ing.
Thes pin dleoft hedi sccar riesamovi ngcon tactwhi chbr idgest wof i
xedcon tact swhent hedi schas
rotat edt hroughapr e- setangl e.Byadj ust i
ngt hisan gle,t het raveloft hemovi n gdis ccanbeadj usted
andhen ceanydesi redt ime- sett i
ngcanbegi vent other elay.
Oper at i
on.Thef luxф1duet ocur rentint hepot enti
alcoi lwi l
lben early90ºl aggingbehi ndt heappl ied
volt ageV.Thef luxф2duet ocur rentcoi lwillben earlyi nphas ewi t htheoper at i
ngcur r
entI*wher ethe
dr
ivi
ngt
orquei
sduet
othei
nter
act
ionofmagn
eti
cfi
eldsder
ivedf
romcur
ren
tint
her
elaywi
ndi
ng.
[Seevectordiagr
aminFi
g.21
.18(i
i)
].Theint
eract
ionoff
luxesф1andф2wi
tht
heeddycur
rent
sinduced
i
nthediscproducesadr
ivi
ngtorquegivenby:

I
tiscl eart hatt hedirectionofdr i
vi n
gt orqueont hedi scdependsupont hedi rect i
onofpowerf l
ow in
thecircuittowhi chther elayisassoci ated.Whent hepoweri nt
hecir cui
tf lowsi nthen ormaldi recti
on,
thedrivingt orqueandt her estr
ainingt orque( duet os pri
ng)hel
peachot hert ot urnawayt hemovi ng
contactf rom t hef i
xedcont act
s.Cons equen tl
y,t her elayremainsinoperat ive.However ,ther eversal
ofcurr entintheci rcui
tr eversest hedi r
ect ionofdr i
vingt or
queont hedi sc.Whent herever seddr i
ving
torquei slargeenough,t hedi scrot at
esi nt her ever sedirecti
onan dthemovi ngcon t actclosest hetrip
cir
cuit
.Thi scausest heoper ati
onoft heci rcui
tbr eakerwhi chdisconnectst hef aultys ect
ion.
I
nduct
ionTypeDi
rect
ion
alOver
cur
rentRel
ay
Thedi recti
onalpowerr el
aydi scussedabovei sun sui
tableforuseasadi rectionalprotect
iver el
ay
unders hor
t-ci
rcuitcondi
t i
ons.Whenas hort-
cir
cuitoccurs,thesystemvoltagef all
st oalowval ueand
there may be *insuff
ici
entt orque developed inthe rel
ay to causeit
soper ation.Thisdif
ficul
tyis
overcomei nt hedirecti
onalover currentrel
aywhi chisdes i
gnedtobeal mos tindependentofs ystem
voltageandpowerf actor.
*Dir
ecti
onalpowerr
elaybei
ngofwat
tmet
ert
ype,t
hedr
ivi
ngt
orqueont
hedi
scal
sodepen
dsupont
hesyst
em
vol
tage.
 9

Const r
uct i
onaldet ails.Fi g.21 .
19 shows t he con struct ion aldet ail
s of a t ypi cali nduct i
on t ype
direct i
onalovecur rentr elay.I tcon sistsoft wo r elay el emen tsmoun tedonacommoncas e viz.( i
)
direct i
onalel emen tand( ii
)non- direct ionalel emen t.
(i
)Di rect ionalel ement .Itisess ent iall
yadi rect ion alpowerr elaywhi choper ateswhenpowerf lowsi na
speci fi
cdi r
ect i
on.Thepot ent ialcoi loft hisel emen tiscon nect edt hroughapot ent i
alt ran sformer( P.T.)
tot hes yst em vol tage.Thecur rentcoi loft heel emen ti sen ergisedt hroughaC. T.by t heci rcuit
curren t.Thi swi ndi ngi scar riedovert heuppermagn etoft hen on -dir
ect ion alelemen t.Thet ri
pcon tact s
(1an d 2)oft he di rect i
onalel ementar e con n ect ed i ns er i
es wi tht he s econ dary ci rcuitoft he
over cur rentel ement .Ther efor e,t hel atterel emen tcan nots tar tt ooper at eun tilits
secondar yci rcui tiscompl eted.I not herwor ds ,t hedi rection alel emen tmus toper atef i
r st(i.
e.cont act s
1and2shoul dcl ose)i nor dert ooper at et heover cur ren tel emen t.
(i
i)Non -direct ionalel ement .I ti sanover cur ren tel emen ts imilari nal lr espect st o an on -
direction al
over cur rentr el ay descr ibedi nAr t.21 .11.Thes pindl eoft hedi scoft hisel emen tcar riesamovi n g
cont actwhi chcl osest he f ixed cont act s( tripci rcui tcon tact s)af tert he oper at i
onofdi rection al
elemen t .Itmaybenot edt hatpl ug-set tingbr idgei sal sopr ovi dedi nt her elayf orcur r
en ts ett i
ngbut
hasbeenomi ttedi nt hef i
gur ef orcl ar i
tyan ds impl icity.Thet appi ngsar epr ovi dedont heuppermagn et
ofover currentel emen tandar econ nect edt ot hebr idge.
Oper ation.Undernor maloper at ing con dition s ,powerf lows i nt he n or maldi rect i
on i nt he ci rcuit
prot ectedbyt her elay.Ther efor e,di rect ion alpowerr elay( upperel emen t)doesn otoper ate,t her eby
keepi ngt heover currentel ement( lowerel emen t )un ener gised.However ,whenas hor t-circuitoccur s,
ther eisat enden cyf ort hecur rentorpowert of low i nt her ever sedi r
ect i
on .Shoul dt hishappen ,the
discoft he* upperel ementr ot at est obr idget hef ixedcon tact s1an d2.Thi scompl et est heci rcui
tf or
over cur rentel ement .Thedi scoft hisel emen tr ot at esan dt hemovi n gcon tactat tachedt oi tclos es
thet ri
pci rcui t.Thi soper at est heci r
cuitbr eak erwhi chi sol atest hef aul tys ect i
on .Thet wo r elay
elemen t sar eso ar rangedt hatf i
nalt r
ippi ngoft hecur ren tcon trolledby t hem i sn otmadet il
lt he
followingcon ditionsar es at i
sf i
ed:
(i
)cur rentf lowsi nadi rectionsuchast ooper at et hedi rect i
on alel emen t
.
(i
i)cur renti nt her ever sedi rect ionexceedst hepr e- setval ue.
(i
ii
)exces sivecur rentper sistsf oraper i
odcor res pon dingt ot het i
mes et tingofover cur r
en tel emen t.
Di
stanceorI
mpedanceRel
ays
Theoper ati
onoft her el
aysdiscussedsof ardepen dedupont hemagn i
tudeofcur r
entorpoweri nthe
protect
edci r
cuit
.However ,thereisanothergroupofr elaysinwhichtheoper ati
onisgovernedbyt he
rati
o ofappl i
ed voltage to curr
entint he prot ect
ed ci r
cuit.Such relays ar
e call
ed dist
ance or
**i
mpedancer el
ays.Inanimpedancer el
ay,thet orquepr oducedbyacur r
en tel
ementisopposedbyt he
torque pr
oduced by a voltage element.The r el
ay wi l
loper ate whent he r
ato V/Ii
i slessthana
 1
0

predeterminedval ue.Fi g.21.20il

lust
ratesthebas i
cpr incipl
eofoper ati
onofanimpedancerel
ay.The
voltageel emen toft her elay i
sexci t
edt hroughapot enti
alt ransfor
mer(P.
T.)fr
om theli
net o be
protected.Thecur rent
elementoft herelayi sexcit edfromacur ren ttransf
or mer( C.T.)inseri
eswi
ththeli
ne.Theport
ionAB
oft helineist hepr otectedzone.Undern or maloper ati
n gcon diti
ons,thei
mpedanceoftheprotected
zonei sZL.Ther elayi ssodesi gnedt hati
tcl osesitscon tactswhen everi
mpedanceoftheprotected
sectionfall
sbel owt hepre-determinedvaluei .
e.ZLint hi
scas e.

Now supposeaf aultoccur satpoi ntF1i nt hepr ot ectedzon e.Thei mpedan ceZ( =* V/I)betweent he
pointwher et he r el
ay i si nstall
ed an dt he poin toff aultwil
lbe l esst han ZL an d hence the r
elay
oper ates .Shoul dt hef aultoccurbeyon dt hepr ot ectedzon e(saypoi ntF2) ,thei mpedan ceZ willbe
great ert hanZLan dther elaydoesnotoper ate.
Types.A di stance ori mpedance r elay is es sen ti
all
y an ohmmet eran d operates when evert he
i
mpedanceoft hepr otect edzonef al
lsbel owapr e- determi
nedval ue.Ther ear etwot ypesofdi stance
relaysi nusef ort hepr otect ionofpowers upply,n amely;
(i
)Def ini
t e-distancer elay whi choper atesi nstant aneouslyforf aultupt o apr e-determineddistance
fromt her elay.
(i
i)Ti me-di stancer el
ayi nwhi cht het i
meofoper at ionisproporti
on altot hedi stanceoff aul
tf r
om t he
relaypoi nt.Af aultnear ert ot herelaywi lloper atei tearli
erthanaf aul
tf artherawayf romt herelay.
I
tmaybeaddedher et hatt hedi stancer elaysar epr oducedbymodi fyin
gei theroft wot ypesofbas i
c
relays;t hebal ancebeamort heinductiondi sc.
Def
ini
te–Di
stanceTypeI
mpedanceRel
ay
Fig.21 .
21showst heschemat i
carrangementofadef ini
te-di
stancetypeimpedancerelay.Itconsi
stsof
a pivot ed beam F and t wo electromagnet
s en ergised respecti
vely by a curr
en t and vol
tage
transf ormerint he protected ci
rcuit
.The armat uresoft he two elect
romagnetsar e mechani
call
y
coupl edt othebeam ont heopposites i
desoft hef ul
crum.Thebeam i sprovi
dedwi t
habr i
dgi
ngpiece
fort het r
ipcont
act s.Ther el
ayissodes i
gnedt hatthet orquesproducedbyt hetwoel ectr
omagn et
s
areint heopposi
t edirecti
on.

Operat
ion.Undernor maloper ati
ngconditi
ons,thepullduetothevol t
ageelemen tis**greatert hant hat
ofthecurrentelement .Therefore,therel
aycon tactsremainopen.However ,whenaf aultoccur sint he
prot
ectedzon e,theappl iedvoltaget other el
aydecr easeswhereasthecur rentincreases .Ther atio
ofvoltagetocur rent( i
.
e.impedance)f al
lsbelow thepre-det
erminedvalue.Therefore,t hepulloft he
curr
entelementwi l
lexceedt hatduet othevol tageelementan dthi
scaus esthebeam t otilti
na
2
di
recti
ont ocloset het ripcontacts.Thepul lofthecur r
entelementispr oporti
onalt oI andt hatof
2
volt
ageelementt oV .Con sequentl
y,therelaywilloperat
ewhen
 1
1

Thevalueoft heconst sk
ant 1andk2dependsupontheamper
e-t
urn
soft hetwoel
ect
romagnet
s.By
pr
ovi
dingtappi
ngsonthecoi
ls,t
hesett
ingvalueoft
herel
aycanbechanged.
Ti
me-
Dis
tanceI
mpedan
ceRel
ay
Atime-di
stancei
mpedancer
elayisonewhichaut
omat
ical
lyadj
ust
sit
soper
ati
ngt
imeaccor
dingt
othe
di
stanceoft her
elayf
romthefaul
tpointi
.
e.

Constructi
on.Fi g.21.
22s howst heschemati
car rangementofat ypi
calinductiontypetimedis t
an ce
i
mpedancer el
ay.I tconsi
s t
sofacur r
entdriveninducti
onelements i
milartot hedoublewindingtype
i
nductionover currentrel
ay( r
eferbackt oFig.21.8)
.Thes pi
ndlecar r
yingthedi scofthiselemen tis
connectedbymean sofaspi r
alspri
ngcoupli
n gt
oas econdspindl
ewhi chcarri
est hebri
dgingpi
eceof
therelaytri
pcont acts.Thebridgeisnormal
lyheldintheopenpos i
tionbyan
armatureheldagai nstthepolef aceofanel ect
romagn etexci
tedbyt hevoltageoft hecircui
ttobe
prot
ect ed.

Oper ati
on.Undernor malloadcondi ti
ons,thepullofthear matur
ei smor ethanthatoft hei nduct i
on
elemen tandhencet hetri
pcircuitcontactsremainopen.However,ont heoccurr
enceofas hort
- ci
r cui
t,
thedi scoft heinducti
oncur rentelemen tstart
stor otateatas peeddependingupont heoper ating
current.Asther otati
onoft hedi scproceeds ,t
hespir
als pr
ingcoupli
ngiswoundupt il
lthet ens i
onof
thes pri
ngissuffici
enttopullt hearmat ureawayf rom thepolefaceoft hevol t
age-excit
edmagn et.
 1
2

I
mmedi atelythi
soccur s,t
hes pindl
ecar ryingthearmatureandbri
dgi
ngpi
ecemovesr apidlyinrespon se
t
ot het ensionofthespr i
ngandt ri
pcon tactsareclosed.Thi
sopenstheci r
cuitbr
eak ertoisolatet he
f
aultysect i
on.Thespeedofr ot at
ionoft hediscisapproxi
matel
ypropor
tionaltotheoper ati
ngcur ren t
,
negl
ect i
ngt heeff
ectofcont r
olspr i
ng.Al s
ot heti
meofoper ati
onofther elayisdi
rectlyproportion al
t
ot hepul lofthevoltage-excitedmagn etan dhencet otheli
nevolageV att
t hepointwheret herel ay
i
scon nected.Theref
or e,thetimeofoper ati
onofr el
aywouldvaryasV/Ii .
e.asZordi st
ance.
Di
ffer
ent
ialRel
ays
Mos toft her el
aysdi scuss edsof arreliedonexces sofcur r entf ort heiroper ation.Suchr elaysar e
l
es ss en siti
vebecauset heycannotmak ecor rectdi sti
n cti
onbet weenheavyl oadcon ditionsan dmi nor
faultcon diti
on s.Inordert oover comet hisdi fficulty,di fferen t
ialr elaysar eus ed.
A differ entialr elayisonet hatoper ateswhent hephasordi ff erenceoft woormor esi mil
arel ectr
ical
quantiti
esexceedsapr e- det erminedvalue.
Thusacur r
entdi f f
erentialr elayisonet hatcompar est hecur renten teri
ngas ectionoft hes ys temwi th
thecur r entl eavi ngthesect i
on.Undern or maloper atingcon ditions ,thet wocur rentsar eequalbutas
soonasaf aul toccur s,t hiscondi t
ionn ol on gerappl i
es.Thedi fferencebet weent hei ncomi ngan d
outgoingcur r entsisarran gedt of l
ow thr ought heoper ati
ngcoi loft her el
ay.I fthisdifferenti
alcur rent
i
sequalt oorgr eatert hant hepi ckupval ue,t her elaywi lloper atean dopent heci rcuitbr eakert o
i
solatet he f aulty section.I tmay be n oted t hatal mos tan yt ype ofr elay whencon nect ed i
na
parti
cul arwaycanbemadet ooper ateasadi f f
er en ti
alr elay.I not herwor ds,itisn ots omucht he
rel
aycon structionast hewayt her el
ayi scon nect edi naci rcuitt hatmak esi tadi fferent i
alrelay.
Ther ear etwof undamen talsyst emsofdi f f
er en t
ialorbal an cedpr ot ectonvi
i z.
(i
)Cur rentbal ancepr otect ion( i
i)Voltagebal an cepr otect i
on
Cur
rentDi
ffer
ent
ialRel
ay
Fig.21 .
23s howsanar rangementofanover cur
rentrelaycon nectedtooper at
easadi fferent
ialrel
ay.
A pai rofi denti
calcur renttransfor
mer saref i
tted oneitheren d oft he sectionto be protected
(alternatorwi ndi
ngi nt hiscase).Thes econdari
esofCT’ sarecon nect
edi nser i
esinsuchawayt hat
theycar ryt heinducedcur rentsinthes amedirecti
on.Theoper atingcoiloft heovercurrentrelayis
conn ectedacr osst heCT s econdarycircui
t.Thisdiff
erenti
alrelaycompar est hecurrentatt hetwo
endsoft heal ternatorwi ndi
ng.
Un dern ormaloper atingcondi ti
ons,supposetheal t
ernatorwindingcarr
iesan or malcurr
entof1 000A.
Thent hecur rentsint het wosecondar i
esofCT’ sar eequal[
SeeFi g.21.
23].Thes ecurr
entswillmerely
circulatebet weent het wo

CT’sandn ocurrentwil
lfl
owt hrought hedifferenti
alr elay.Therefore,therelayr emainsinoperati
ve.If
agr oundfaul
toccur sontheal ternatorwi ndingass howni nFig.21.24(i)
,thet wos econ darycur r
ents
wil
ln otbeequalandt hecur rentf l
owst hroughtheoper ati
ngcoiloft her elay,causingt herelayt o
operate.Theamountofcur r
entf l
owt hrought herelaywi l
ldependupont hewayt hef aultisbeingfed.
(i
)Ifsomecur rent(500Aint hiscase)f lowsoutofon esidewhileal ar
gercur rent(2000A)en tersthe
othersideasshowni nFi
g.21.
24( i
),thent hediffer
en ceoft heCTs econdarycur r
entsi.e.10−2·5=7· 5
Awi llf
lowthroughtherel
ay.
 1
3

i
(i
)Ifcurr entf l
owst ot hefaultf r
om bot hs i
desass howni nFi g.21.
24( ii
),thens um ofCT secon dary
currentsi
.e.1 0+5=1 5Awi l
lflowt hr oughther elay.
Disadvant ages
(i
)Thei mpedan ceoft he*pil
otcabl esgen eral
lycaus esas l
ightdiffer
en cebet weent hecur r
entsatt he
two endsoft hesect ionto bepr ot ected.Ift her elay isver ysensiti
ve,t hent hes malldif
f er
ential
currentfl
owi ngt hrought herelaymaycaus eittooper at eevenun dern of aultcon di t
ions.
(i
i)Pil
otcabl ecapaci tancecausesi ncor rectoper at
ionoft her elaywhenal ar get hrough-currentfl
ows .
(i
ii
)Accur atemat chingofcur r
en ttransf ormerscan notbeachi evedduet opi lotcir cuitimpedance.
Theabovedi sadvant agesareover comet oagr eatext enti
nbi asedbeamr elay.
BiasedBeam Rel ay.Thebi asedbeam r elay( al
s ocal ledper centagedi fferentialr elay)isdes i
gnedt o
respondt ot hedi fferenti
alcurrenti nt ermsofi tsf r
act i
onalrelati
ont ot hecur r
en tf l
owingt hr
ought he
protecteds ect i
on.Fig.21 .
25showst hes chemat i
car ran gemen tofabi as edbeamr elay.Itisess enti
all
y
anover cur r
entbal ancedbeamr el
ayt ypewi th

anaddi ti
onalr estrai
ningcoi l.Ther estr
ain i
ngcoi lproducesabi asfor cei nt heoppos i
tedirect iont ot he
operat ingf or ce.Un dern ormalandt hroughl oadcon dit
ion s,thebi asf orceduet or estrainingcoi li s
greatert hant he oper atingf orce.Ther efore,t he relay r emainsi noper ative.Whenani nternalf aul t
occur s,t heoper at i
ngf or ceexceedst hebi asf or ce.Con sequently,t het ripcontactsar ecl osedt o
opent he ci rcuitbr eaker .The bi asf orce canbe adj us ted by var yin gt he numberoft urnsont he
restrainingcoi l
.Theequi val en tcircui
tofabi asedbeam r elayiss howni nFi g.21
.26.Thedi fferential
curren tint heoper atingcoi li spropor t
ion altoi 2− i
1andt heequi valentcur rentintherestrain i
ngcoi li s
propor tion alt o* (i
1+i 2)
/2si ncet heoper atingcoi lisconn ect edtot hemi d-pointofther es traini
ngcoi l
.
I
ti scl eart hatgr eatert hecur rentf l
owi ngt hrought her es tr
aini
ngcoi l,thehi ghertheval ueofcur ren t
requiredi nt heoper ati
ngwi ndingt ot r
ipt her elay.Thusun deraheavy l oad,agr eaterdi fferential
curren tt hrought her elayoper ati
ngcoi lisr equiredf oroper ati
ont hanun derl i
ghtl
oadcon diti
on s.Thi s
relayi scal ledper centager el aybecauset heoper atingcur rentrequiredt ot ri
pcanbeexpr essedasa
percen tageofl oadcur rent .
Vol
tageBal
anceDi
ffer
ent
ialRel
ay
Fi
g.21.
27showsthearrangementofvol tagebal
ancepr
otecti
on.Inthi
ss chemeofpr ot
ecti
on,t wo
si
mil
arcur
renttr
ansf
ormersar e connect
ed atei
therend ofthe el
ementt o be pr
otect e.
ed ( g.an
 1
4

al
ter
nat
orwi
ndi
ng)bymean
sofpi
l
ot

wires.Thesecon dariesofcur r
entt r
ans f
or mer sar econ nect edi ns eri
eswi thar elayi ns uchawayt hat
undern ormalcondi ti
ons,t heiri
nducede. m.f.s’areinoppos it
ion .Un derhealthycon di
t i
ons ,equalcurrent s
(I
1=I 2)flow inbot hpr i
mar ywindings.Ther efore,t hes econ dar yvol tagesoft het wot ran sf
ormersar e
balancedagai nsteachot herandnocur ren twillf l
ow t hrought her elayoper at i
ngcoi l
.Whenaf aul t
occur sinthepr otect edzon e,thecur rentsi nthet wopr imar i
eswi l
ldifferfrom on ean ot her(i
.e.I
1≠I 2)
andt heirsecon daryvol tageswi l
lnol ongerbei nbal ance.Thi svol tage†di ffer
en cewi llcaus eacur ren t
tof l
owt hr
ought heoper ati
ngcoi loft her elaywhi chcl osest het ri
pci r
cuit.
Disadvant ages
Thevol tagebal ancesyst emsuf fersf romt hef ollowi ngdrawback s:
(i
)A mul ti-
gapt ransformerconst ructionisr equi
redt oachi evet heaccur atebal an cebet weencurren t
transformerpai rs.
(i
i)Thes ystem issuitablef orprot ectionofcabl esofr elativelys hortlengthsduet ot hecapaci t
an ce
ofpi l
otwi res.Onl ongcabl es,thechar gi
n gcur ren tmaybes ufficienttooper at et her elayeveni fa
perfectbal anceofcur renttransformer sisat t
ained.
Theabovedi sadvantageshavebeenover comei nTr an sl
ay( modi fied)balancedvol t ages ystem.
Tr
ansl
aySyst
em
Thiss yst em ist he modi fi
ed f orm ofvol t
age- balance s ys tem.Al thought he pr inci
ple ofbal an ced
(opposed)vol tagesisretained,itdiffersf r
omt heabovevol tage-balances ys temi nt hatt hebal anceor
oppositioni sbet weenvol tagesi nducedi nt hes econ darycoi lswoun dont her elaymagn etsan dn ot
betweent hesecondar yvol tagesoft helinecur rentt ransfor mers.Sincet hecur rentt ransformer sus ed
withTr ans layschemehaveonl yt osuppl yt oar el
aycoi l,t heycanbemadeofn or maldes i
gnwi thout
anyairgaps.Thi spermitst heschemet obeus edf orf eedersofan yvol tage.
Construct ionaldet ai
ls.Fig.21 .
28showst hes implifi
eddi agr am ill
ustratingt hepr inci
pleof* Tr anslay
scheme.I tconsi stsoft woi denticaldoubl ewi ndi n
gi nductiont yper el
aysf i
t tedatei t
heren doft he
feedert obepr otected.Thepr i
maryci r
cuits( 11,11a)oft hes erelaysar es uppl i
edt hr oughapai rof
currentt r
ansf ormers.Thesecondar ywi ndings( 12,13an d1 2a,1 3a)oft hetwor elaysar econ nectedi n
seri
esby pi l
otwi resinsucha way t hatvol tagesi nduced i nt he for meroppos est he other .The
compen sat ingdevices(18,1 8a)neutralis
et heef fect sofpi l
ot -
wirecapaci tancecur ren t
san dofi nherent
l
ackofbal ancebet weent het wocur ren ttransfor mers.

Oper
ati
on.Underheal
thycondi
ti
ons,cur
rentatt
het
woendsoft
hepr
otect
edf
eederi
sthesameand
 1
5

thepr imar ywi ndings( 11,1a)oft

1 her elayscar ryt hes amecur ren t.Thewi ndings11an d1 1ainduceequal
e.m.f.sint hes econ dar ywi ndings1 2,1 2aan d1 3,1 3a.Ast hes ewi n di
ngsar es ocon nect edt hatt heir
i
nducedvol t
agesar ei nopposi tion,nocur rentwi l
lf low t hrought hepi l
ot soroper atingcoi lsan dhen ce
not or quewi llbeexer tedont hedi scofei therr elay.I nt heeven toff aultont hepr otectedf eeder,
currentl eavingt he f eederwi lldi fferf rom t he cur ren ten ter i
ngt he feeder .Con sequen tl
y,un equal
voltageswi l
lbei nducedi nthesecondar ywi ndi ngsoft her elaysan dcur r
en twi l
lcirculat ebet weent he
two wi ndings,causi ngt he tor que t o be exer ted ont he dis c ofeach r elay.Ast he direct i
onof
secondar ycur ren twi llbeopposi tei nt het wor el ays ,t herefor e,t het orquei non er elaywi llten dt o
closet het r
ipci r cuitwhi l
ei nt heot herr el
ay,t het or quewi llhol dt hemovemen ti nt hen ormalun -
oper atedposi tion .I
tmaybenot edt hatr esul
tingoper atin gtorquedepen dsupont hepos i
ti
onan dn ature
oft hef aultint hepr otectedzoneandat l
easton eel emen tofei t
herr elaywi lloper ateun deran yf ault
condi t
ion.
I
ti swor thwhi leher et omen t
iont her ol eofcl os edcopperr ings( 18,18a)i nneut ral
isingt heef fect sof
pil
otcapaci t
ivecur rents.Capaci tivecur ren t
sl eadt hevol tagei mpr essedacr osst hepi l
otsby90ºan d
whent heyf low int heoper at i
ngwi nding1 3an d1 3a( whichar eofl ow in ductan ce)
,t heypr oducef l
uxes
thatal sol eadt hepi l
otvol tageby90º .Si ncepi l
otvol tagei st hati nducedi nt hes econ darywi ndings1 2
and1 2a,i tlagsbyas ubstantialangl ebehi ndt hef luxesi nt hef ieldmagn etairgapsA an dB.Thecl os ed
copperr ings( 18,18a)ar esoadj ust edt hatt hisan gl eisappr oximat ely90º .
I
nt hiswayf luxesact i
ngont hedi scar ei nphas ean dhen cen ot orquei sexer t
edont her elaydi sc.
TypesofPr
otect
ion
Whenaf aultoccursonanypar tofel ect ri
cpowers ys tem,itmus tbecl earedquicklyinordert oavoi d
damageand/ori nterferencewi tht her es toft hes ystem.I ti
saus ualpracti
cet odividethepr ot ecti
on
schemein t
ot wocl assesvi z.pr imar yprot ect ionan dback -uppr otect i
on.
(i
)Pri
mar yPr otection.Itist hepr ot ecti
ons chemewhi chisdes ignedt oprotectthecompon entpar tsof
thepowersyst em.Thusr ef er r
ingt oFig.21 .29,eachl inehasanover currentrel
ayt hatprotectst heline.
Ifafaultoccur sonanyl i
ne,i twi llbecl ear edbyi t
sr elayan dci r
cui tbreaker.Thi
sf ormsthepr imar yor
mainprotect i
onandser vesast hef ir
stl ineofdef ence.Thes ervicer ecordofpr i
mar yrel
ayin gisver y
highwit
hwel loverni netyper centofal loper ationsbei ngcor rect.However ,sometimesfaultsar enot
clear
edbypr imaryr elaysyst em becaus eoft roublewi thinther el ay,wiri
ngs yst
em orbr eaker.Un der
suchcon di
tions,back-uppr ot ectiondoest her equiredj ob.

(i
i)Back -
uppr otect i
on.Itisthesecon dli
neofdef encei ncaseoff ailureoft hepri
marypr otecti
on.I
tis
des i
gn edt ooper atewi t
hsuf fi
cientti
medel ays ot hatprimaryr elayi ngwillbegivenen ought i
met o
funct i
oni fitisabl eto.Thusr ef
er r
ingtoFig.21.
29,relayA provi
desback -
upprotecti
onf oreachoft he
fourl i
nes.I fal i
nef aultisnotcl earedbyi tsrel
ayan dbreaker
,t her elayA ont hegroupbr eakerwil
l
oper ateaf t
eradef ini
tetimedel ayandcl eartheen ti
regroupofl i
n es .I
tisevidentthatwhenback -up
relaying f uncti
ons,a l argerpar tis di
scon nect
ed t han when primar yr el
ayingfuncti
on s corr
ectl
y.
Ther ef ore,greateremphas isshouldbeplacedont hebettermainten an ceofpr i
maryrelaying.
 1
6

QUESTI
ON:
1
.Fi l
linthebl anksbyi nser ti
ngappr opri
at ewor ds/figures.
i
()Ar elayper for mst hef unct i
onof. .
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
i
(i
)Ther el
ayoper ati
ngcoi lissuppl iedthrough. .
..
.
..
...
.
..
..
..
..
..
i
(i
i)A1VAr elayi s...
.
....
.sen sit
ivet hana3VAr elay.
i
(v)Themi ni
mumr el
aycoi lcurrentatwhi cht her elayoper atesiscal
led..
.
...
.
..
..
.
..
.
(v)Inductionr elays.....
.
...
.
...
.beus edwi t
hd. c.quant iti
es.
vi
( )Anover curren tr elay havi ngacur rents et ti
ngof1 25% iscon nectedt o asupply cir
cui
tthroughacur r
ent
t
ransf ormerofr atio400/5.Thepi ck-
upval uewi l
lbe. ..
.
...
.
..
..
.
..
..
vi
( i)Thepi ck-upval ueofar el
ayi s7·5Aan df aultcurrentinrelaycoili
s30A.I t
splug-set
t i
ngmult
ipl
ieri
s..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
vi
( ii
)Back -
uppr otectionf unct i
on swhen. ..
..
..
..
...
.
...
..
ANSWERS
1.(i)faultdetection( i
i
)instr
umen ttransformers(i
ii
)mor e(i
v)pick -
upvalue( v)cannot(vi)6·25A(vii
)4( vi
ii
)pri
mary
prot ecti
onf ai
ls
2.Pi ckupt hecor rectwor ds/f i
guresf rombr acketsandf i
lli
nt heblanks.
(i
)Mostoft herelaysons er viceonel ect r
icpowers ystemar e...
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..r
elays.el
( ectr
onic,electr
o-mechanical
)
(i
i)Inductionrelaysar eusedwi th..
..
.
...
.
..
..
..
..
.quanti
ti
es.(a.c.
,d.
c.,botha.c.andd.c.)
(i
ii
)Back -
uppr otectionisgener allyempl oyedf orprotecti
onagai nst..
.
..
..
..
.
..
.fault shor
s.( t-
circui
t,otherthanshort
-
circuit)
(i
v)Back- upprotectionisgen erall
yof. ..
..
..
..
.
.type.(unt
il
,non-uni
t )
ANSWERS
i
2.()el
ect
ro-
mechani i
cal(i
)a. i
c.(i
i
)shor
t-ci
rcui
t(i
v)non-
uni
t.

QUESTI
ONS
1.Whati spr ot ectiver elay?Expl ainit sf uncti
oni nanel ect ri
calsys t
em.
2.Di scusst hef undamen talr equiremen t sofpr ot ect i
ver elaying.
3.Descr i
bebr iefl
ys omei mpor t
antt ypesofel ect romagn eticat tr
actionr elays.
4.Der ivet heequat ionf ort or quedevel opedi nani nduct ionr elay.
5.Wr i
teabr iefnot eonr elayt i
ming.
6.Def i
neandexpl ai nt hef ollowingt ermsasappl i
edt opr ot ectiverelaying:
(i
)Pi ck-upval ue( ii
)Cur r entset ti
ng(ii
i)Pl ug-sett i
ngmul ti
plier( i
v)Time- settingmul
ti
pli
er
7.Sk etchat ypi calt ime/P. S.M.cur ve.
8.Descr i
bet hevar iouss tepsf orcalcul at i
ngt heact ualr elayoper atingtime.
9.Expl ainwi tht hehel pofn eatdi agramt hecon structionandwor kingof:
(i
)Non- direct i
on alinduct i
ont ypeover cur rentr el
ay
(i
i)Inductiont ypedi rect ionalpowerr elay
10.Descr ibet hecons truct i
onandpr i
n cipleofoper ationofani nducti
ont ypedi r
ecti
onalover
cur
ren
trel
ay.
11.Expl ai
nt hewor kin gpr incipleofdi st ancer elays.
12.Wr i
teadet ail
ednot eondi fferentialr elays.
13.Descr ibet heTr ansl ays chemeofpr otect i
on .
14.Wr i
teshor tnot esont hef oll
owing:
(i
)Per cent agedi f
f er ent i
alr elays( i
i)Def i
nitedi stancer elays( ii
i
)Time- distancerel
ays

QUESTI
ONS
1.Whatisthedif
fer encebetweenafuseandar el
ay?
2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanovercurr
entrel
ayan dcurrentdif
ferenti
alrel
ay?
3.Back-
upprotectionisnotagoodsubstit
uteforbett
ermaintenance.Discuss.
4.Whyar edif
ferent i
alr
elaysmoresensi
ti
vethanovercurr
entrelays?
5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenabalancedvolt
agerelayandaTr ansl
ayrelay?

6thSemester Branch:Electri
calEngg. Subject:SGP Chapt
er:3
AssignmentNo.2
1. What i s pr otecti
ve r elay? Expl ai
n i t
s f uncti
on in an el ect
rical syst
em.
1+4=5
2.Discusst
hefundamentalrequi
rementsofprot
ecti
ver el
aying.
4
 1
7

3.Deri
vetheequat
ionf
ort
orquedevelopedinaninduct
ionr
elay.
5
4.Expl
ainpr
imar
y&backupprotect
ionwithdi
agram.
5

POSTERPRESENTATI
ONNO.
1(
Drawi
ndr
awi
ngsheetandusecol
ourpens)

1
. Explain wi th t he hel p of n eat di agram t he con st
ruct
ion and wor
king of
:
7
i
()Non-dir
ect i
onalinductiont ypeovercur rentr el
ay- --
----Gr oup-1
i
(i
)Inducti
ont ypedi recti
onalpowerr elay----
----
---
---
---
--Gr oup-2
(i
ii
)Inductiontypedi rectionalovercur rentrelay---
---
----
--Gr oup-3
(i
v)Di st
ancer elays----
---
----
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
----
---
---
--Gr oup-4
(v)Differenti
alrelays- -
-----
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
----
---
---
---Gr oup-5

(
vi)Tr
ansl
ayschemeofpr
otect
ion-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-Gr
oup-6