Science Reviewer (Quarter 3 Preliminary)

What is Friction?

Friction, opposes motion. The application of friction is illustrated if you let a coin roll on the floor. It causes an
object that moves along a surface to slow down and eventually stop. When objects move through the air, the force of
friction opposes their motion.

*Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces sticking or touching together. Friction works in
any surface of an object.

*Air Friction affects the motion of falling objects by acting against the force of gravity. Friction is a force that
resists or opposes the relative sliding movement of surfaces in contact with one another.

Kinds of Friction (4 Types)

1.Rolling Friction- When an object rolls over, rolling friction is occurred. Less force needed to overcome rolling
friction. That is why you can easily move the block of wood with less force. Examples of rolling friction are: motor
vehicle tires on the road, rolling paint brush, ball bearing, roller, playing soccer, bowling, golf, tennis, basketball,
baseball, and etc.

2. Sliding Friction- Also called “Dry Friction” occurs when two objects rub against each other or slide against
each other. It is caused by bonding between surfaces. Example: when you move the block of wood is affected, when
you push an object like a book on floor or table, when sliding in slide, when you slide a smooth floor, when you slide
a rough surface floor, and etc. Sliding friction acts in a direction opposite the direction of motion. Sliding friction
slows down the movement of an object that is moving if there is a rough surface.

3. Fluid Friction- Is friction between moving objects and a fluid which can either be liquid or gas. Examples of
this are: swimmer swimming in water, a boat travelling in water, airplane flying in the air, diving on water, and etc.
This drag slows down the motion of the objects. In a moving boat drag acts in two ways: between the surface of the
boat and the water and between the surface of the boat and between the sails and the wind.

4. Static Friction- Occurs in stationary objects or objects at rest. It is a kind of friction that prevents an object
from moving against a surface. Examples: notebook/book placed on a table, rock on the ground, picture frame
display, a sticky note, phone on a bed, pencil case on a desk, and etc. This friction keeps an object from sliding off a
surface and if y9ou slightly tilt it, it will not fall. You can also pick up an object without it slipping through your fingers.

Effects of Friction

Desirable Effects (AHC)

1. Friction Allows us to grip things

2. Friction Helps people convert one form of motion into another
3. Friction converts some energy into heat

Undesirable Effects (MC)

1. Friction makes objects difficult to move at a constant speed

2. Friction converts some energy into heat and noise and causes wear and tear on materials

Ways to Overcome or Reduce Pollution

 Applying lubricants to a surface

Reducing the contact between moving surfaces
 Minimizing the contact between rough Surfaces
  Using aerodynamic shapes

Gravitational Force

 On Earth, what goes up comes down. All objects are attracted towards the center of Earth due to gravity.
The word “gravity” was found by Isaac Newton. According to legends Newton recognized that an apple fell
straight down because Earth attracted. He assumed that the force on the apple must be proportional to its
mass.
 Gravitational Force is a force of attraction between all the objects in the universe that has mass. The
gravitational force is weaker if it gets farther. Which mean that the gravitational force is greater between
the Earth and Moon compared to the gravitational force between Earth and Mars.

Which One Falls Faster?

 Imagine you have a coin and a feather and dropped at the same height and time. You will see that the coin
and the feather will fall to the ground. The force that acts on it is the gravitational force. You observed that
greater mass falls at a greater speed while the lesser the mass falls at a lesser speed. Remember heavy
object falls down faster than lighter ones.
 It is important to realize that objects falling on earth must pass through air. When you crumple a paper
and a plain sheet of paper at the same height and time you will see that the crumpled paper falls first. Air
offers resistance to the motion of an object.
 The speed of falling object will be different on Earth and Moon. If you drop a feather and a hammer at a
same height and time the hammer falls first on Earth. While on moon if you did this with the same height
and time you will see that they both fell first. The moon has no air therefore there is no resistance acting
on the falling object. You also realized that if scientist removed the air resistant objects with different
weight fall at the same time.
 Gravitational Force pulls down anything toward the center of Earth. Objects fall towards the ground due
to gravitational pull. The amount of matter contained in an object is called mass.

Our daily activities are also affected by gravity. Example going up the stairs, cyclist going up a hill, some sports like
basketball, even plants, and more are all affected by gravity.